酚醛树脂缩写

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酚醛树脂的hs code

酚醛树脂的hs code
酚醛树脂的HS编码是39094000。

酚醛树脂，又称为酚醛塑料，是一种热固性树脂。

它由酚和醛通过缩聚反应制得。

酚醛树脂具有优异的机械性能、电绝缘性能和耐热性能，因此广泛用于制造电器、家具、建筑材料、汽车零部件等领域。

酚醛树脂的HS编码为39094000，其中39表示塑料及其制品，09表示其他塑料，4000表示其他酚醛树脂。

酚醛树脂是一种热固性塑料，具有良好的耐热性和机械性能。

它可以在高温下保持稳定性，并具有较高的强度和硬度。

这使得酚醛树脂成为一种理想的材料，适用于制造需要耐高温和高强度的零部件。

酚醛树脂还具有优异的电绝缘性能，可以阻止电流的流动。

因此，它常用于制造电器和电子设备的绝缘部件，如插座、开关、绝缘板等。

酚醛树脂还具有耐化学腐蚀性，可以在腐蚀性环境中长期使用。

除了上述特点外，酚醛树脂还具有良好的耐磨性和耐磨损性。

它可以抵抗摩擦和磨损，因此常用于制造滑动零部件，如轴承、齿轮、刷子等。

酚醛树脂的耐磨性还使其成为一种优秀的涂料材料，可以用于涂装汽车、船舶和建筑物。

酚醛树脂还具有较好的耐候性和耐老化性。

它可以在室外环境中长
期使用而不受影响。

这使得酚醛树脂成为一种常用的建筑材料，可用于制造外墙板、屋顶瓦片和装饰材料。

酚醛树脂是一种多功能的热固性塑料，具有优异的机械性能、电绝缘性能和耐热性能。

它在电器、家具、建筑材料、汽车零部件等领域有广泛的应用。

酚醛树脂的HS编码为39094000，通过该编码可以方便地进行国际贸易和海关申报。

酚醛树脂的简介

热塑性线性酚醛树脂
熔融纺丝固化处理
酚醛纤维
防化服耐燃织物等等酚醛纤维为主体材料, 浸渍PTFE及特种润滑剂,经编织制成的绳状或环状密封产品
高温性能
保温隔热材料
（以酚醛树脂的发泡材料为主）
保温、隔热、防火、质轻
优异的防火性能
保温层
防火隔离带
粘结性能
与其他材料相容性好，交联后，可以为磨具、耐火材料，摩擦材料，绝缘材料等。
路线A
酚/醛=1：（1.2~2.0） PH>7
苯酚和甲醛
路线B
酚/醛=1：（0.8~0.9） PH<3
甲阶酚醛树脂
加热或加酸
线性热塑性酚醛树脂
加入固化剂加热
乙阶酚醛树脂
加热或加酸
丙阶酚醛树脂
■发展历史 ■原理与制法
■性能与应用
高残碳率
重要抗化学性性能
热处理
高温性能
酚醛树脂在高温下也能保持其结构的整体性和尺寸的稳定性。经适当改性，可应用于多个领域
酚醛树脂的一些局限性
酚醛树脂的生产和使用会给环境带来一定程度的污染对策
废旧酚醛树脂产品及其复合材料的循环利用
废水处理
酚醛树脂的发展方向
1.高附加值尖端领域如军事，航天航空等 2.环保型如不含甲醛的新酚醛树脂（由苯酚和芳烷基醚替代）
LOGO
谢谢大家！
酚醛树脂
热固性型
原料配比官能度大小催化剂类型
热塑性型
加入固化剂（如六亚甲基四胺）后才可反应形成具有三向网络结构的固化树脂。
1、加成反应 2、缩聚反应(以苯酚与甲醛为例）
1、加成反应：苯酚与甲醛作用，在苯酚的邻位或对位上引入羟甲基

酚醛树脂概述

酚醛树脂概述酚醛树脂（Phenol-Formaldehyde Resin，PF），也称为电木或电木粉。

酚醛树脂是由酚类化合物（如苯酚、甲酚、二甲酚、间苯二酚、叔丁酚、双酚A等）与醛类化合物（如甲醛、乙醛、多聚甲醛、糠醛等）在碱性或酸性催化剂作用下，经加成缩聚反应制得的一类聚合物的统称。

它是合成树脂中发现最早、最先实现工业化生产的树脂品种，已有百年历史。

1872年，德国化学家Bayer首先发现酚和醛在酸的存在下可以缩合得到无定形棕红色的不可处理的树枝状产物，但未开展研究；1902年，布卢默（Blumer）用酒石酸作催化剂，得到了第一个商业化酚醛树脂，命名为Laccain，但没有形成工业化规模；1905—1907年，酚醛树脂创始人美国科学家贝克兰（Baekeland）对酚醛树脂进行了系统而广泛的研究，并于1909年提出了关于酚醛树脂“加压、加热”固化的专利，实现了酚醛树脂的实用化，解决了重大的关键问题。

1910年在柏林吕格斯工厂建立通用酚醛树脂公司，实现了工业生产。

1911年，艾尔斯沃思提出用六亚甲基四胺固化热塑性酚醛树脂，并制得性能良好的塑料制品，获得广泛的应用。

1913年，德国科学家阿尔贝特（Albert）发明在苯酚-甲醛酸性缩合物中加松香，制得了油溶性酚醛树脂。

这一发明开辟了酚醛树脂在涂料工业中的应用。

1969年，由美国金刚砂公司开发了以苯酚-甲醛树脂为原料制得的纤维，随后由日本基诺尔公司投入生产。

酚醛树脂作为三大热固性树脂之一，其产量在合成高分子聚合物中居第五位，在热固性树脂中居第一位。

以选用催化剂的不同，酚醛树脂可分为热固性和热塑性两类。

以酚醛树脂为主要成分并添加大量其他助剂而制得的制品称为酚醛塑料，主要包括PF模塑料制品、PF层压制品、PF泡沫塑料制品、PF纤维制品、PF铸造制品、PF封装材料等。

1.酚醛树脂的生产酚醛树脂的生产可以按两条具有显著差异的工艺路线来生产，即通称为热塑性树脂（又称二步法树脂、线型树脂、Novolak树脂）路线和热固性树脂（又称一步法树脂、甲阶或A阶树脂、Resole树脂）路线，两条工艺路线示意图如图2-12所示。

酚醛树脂（PF）

概述
酚醛树脂（PF）是最早合成的高分子化合物和用于胶粘剂工业的品种之一。

它是由苯酚（甲酚、二甲酚或间苯二酚）与甲醛在酸性或碱性催化剂存在下缩聚而成的，
酚醛树脂胶具有优良的耐热性、耐化学介质性、耐老化、耐水性和电气绝缘性，其胶接强度高，能耐高温，在300℃下仍有较高的胶接强度。

例如胶接金属（钢）时，剪切强度在300℃为6Mpa，但最大缺点是胶层脆性较大且剥离强度低。

为此采用丁腈橡胶、聚乙烯醇缩醛和尼龙进行改性。

在工业上由于原料和催化剂的不同，其牌号很多，可分为：热固性酚醛树脂、热塑性酚醛树脂和水溶性酚醛树脂。

1.在热固性PF中加入苯甲醇约10%树脂，可减少羟甲基的缩合反应，延长树脂的贮存期。

2.用20%的二氯丙醇醚化PF，其100℃下的固化物能耐30%的NaOH溶液，加入环氧树脂亦能提高PF的耐碱性能。

国产树脂牌号与性能
酚醛树脂合成化学
酚类（苯酚、甲基苯酚、间苯二酚）和醛类（甲醛和糠醛）进行缩合反应就得到酚醛树脂。

在苯酚分子中酚羟基的对位和两个邻位都能与甲醛反应，生成各种羟甲基苯酚的异构体。

反应的总进度与介质PH值和原料克分子比有关：
①、与介质PH值的关系。

当PH=4-5，PH变化对反应速度影响很小，PH< 4时，反应为酸催化型，反应速度与HP的浓度成正比或跟PH值成反比；PH > 5，反应为碱催化型，反应速度与[OH-]成正比，跟PH成正比。

②、当等克分子或甲醛过量时，产物为热固性甲阶酚醛树脂（碱催化）；当苯酚过量，产物为线性酚醛树脂（酸催化）。

酚醛树脂(phenolic resin)

酚醛树脂（phenolic resin）1. introduction:Phenolic resin is the world's first found and thermosetting synthetic resin industry, as raw materials, synthesis process and convenient, has the mechanical strength and good heat resistance, has excellent mechanical properties and electrical properties, has the characteristics of high temperature creep resistance heat resistance, flame retardant, it is still widely used in plastics, friction material, adhesive, coating, casting resin, foam and other fields. However, with the rapid development of industrial economy, more and more requirements for the properties of phenolic resin have been put forward. The reaction mechanism, structure and properties of phenolic resin are still deeply studied. Many achievements have been made in toughening, reinforcing and modifying of phenolic resin. A variety of phenolic composite materials have also been listed as human engineering plastics series. Phenolic hydroxyl groups and methylene groups in phenolic resin structure are easily oxidized, so that their heat resistance is affected, and phenolic resin is brittle after curing. Therefore, until now, how to improve phenolic resin and apply it to industry is still an important topic.2. technology development:The development of bakelite, after all to the modification of phenolic resin modified phenolic resin, now mainly in the following aspects: 1. using natural plant oil modified phenolic resin; 2. using thermal plastic resin modified phenolic resin;3. low molecular chemical modified phenolic resin; modifiedphenolic resin 4. thermosetting resin; 5. rubber modified phenolic resin; 6. nano material toughened phenolic resin; 7. thermotropic liquid crystal toughened phenolic resin.2.1 natural vegetable oil modified phenolic resinThe natural plant oil modified phenolic resin is chemically modified, flexible long chain molecular structure in vegetable oil containing double bond or conjugated triple bond, by double or triple bond phenolic resin synthesized in the reaction process, the flexible long chain into rigid phenolic molecule chain, play in the role of toughening, thereby improving the phenolic resin brittle.2.1.1 cashew nut shell oil modified phenolic resinCashew nut shell oil is a by-product of cashew processing, and it is a very rich biological resource. Compared with phenol, cashew nut shell oil is much cheaper. From the structure of main components can be seen, the characteristics of cashew oil both phenolic compounds, aliphatic compounds and flexible, with the modified phenolic resin, heat resistance and toughness were significantly improved and modified products used for friction materials, friction performance, flexible film formed on the surface of carbonization process of friction easy to fall off, the friction and heat state of the material surface evenly, ensure stable friction properties. A cashew oil modified phenolic resin was synthesized by Novalac Liu Xuemei, the middle shell oil content is continuous, notched impact strength and flexural strength of cashew oil modified phenolic resins and molding materials were increased by 10.7% and 14.8%. Thisis because the long alkane chain structure of cashew shell oil in existence, the equivalent in phenolic resin matrix are introduced in the flexible chain, to the toughening effect of phenolic resin, so as to increase the notched impact strength of molding materials prepared and bending strength.2.1.2 tung oil modified phenolic resinWhen tung oil reacted with phenol, tung oil became positive ion under the action of acid catalyst, and then reacted with phenol instead of phenol. When the ratio of phenol / tung oil is greater than 6, the interpenetrating network of phenolic resin modified by tung oil and tung oil is obtained, thus improving the toughness of phenolic resin. Shang Shibin with tung oil, bismaleimide maleic anhydride, reaction with phenolic resin, prepared Eleostearic Acid Anhydride imide phenolic resin by thermal analysis method of tung oil anhydride imide resin at 170 degrees bake for 4 h, the measured temperature index of up to 165.8 DEG C, indicating a good heat-resistant resin. Li Chao of tung oil / phenolic resin and nano SiO2 / 2 phenolic / tung oil modified phenolic resin were studied. The results show that the decomposition temperature in 420 degrees Celsius above their initial heat, nano SiO2 / tung oil / phenolaldehyde system heat resistance is better than that of phenolic / tung oil, and 600 C, the former than the latter in each a focus on the loss of heat temperature has increased by 30 to 50 DEG C. A friction material made of this tung oil modified phenolic resin,Not only the friction coefficient of low temperature (100~200 DEG C) remains at 0.45 ~ 0.51, but also the friction coefficient at high temperature (200~300 DEG C) is up to 0.38 ~ 0.51, andthe friction factor recovery performance is good, and can be maintained at more than 0.40.2.1.3 Catalpol modified phenolic resinThe phenolic resin modified by catalpa oil is a kind of resin which reacts the excess phenol with vegetable oil under acidic conditions, and then reacts with formaldehyde under alkaline condition to produce the resin. The principle is similar to that of Tung oil. It was found that the toughness and heat resistance of phenolic resin modified by catalpa oil were improved.2.1.4 linseed oil modified phenolic resinLinseed oil is eighteen carbon three acid esters of glycerol, 3 non conjugated double bonds in the molecule, in the presence of acid and linseed oil non conjugated three ene of nuclear phenol alkylation reaction, obtained linseed oil modified phenolic resin, improve the toughness of resin. Study on phenolic resin modified by linseed oil on Yuan Xinhua's show in 320 ~ 600 DEG C linseed oil modified phenolic resin was 53.11%, while the ordinary phenolic resin 73.51% weight loss; the peak temperature of thermal decomposition, common phenolic resin 400 ~ 425 and 540 ~ 600 DEG C, and linseed oil modified is 440 ~ 470 C and 600 to 660 DEG C. Linseed oil modified phenolic resin for testing wear properties and mechanical properties of friction material showed that the modified resin adhesion and toughness are improved, the friction coefficient of the material is large and stable, low wear rate, impact strength, hardness, can be used as matrix resin for high performance friction materials.2.2 thermoplastic resin modified phenolic resinThe blending of thermoplastic resin with phenolic resin is a simple and easy way to strengthen and toughen. Thermoplastic resins for strengthening and toughening include polyether, polyamide, polyvinyl alcohol and polyvinyl acetals.2.2.1 polyether modified phenolic resinGe Dongbiao et al modified phenolic resins with a series of different molecular weight polyethylene glycol (PEG) and active polyethers. The tensile strength and elongation at break of PEG modified phenolic resin begin to increase with the increase of molecular weight of PEG. When the molecular weight is 1000, the peak value is reached, and then decreases with the increase of molecular weight of PEG. For the same molecular weight PEG and active polyether, the tensile strength and elongation at break of the modified polyether are better than those of the corresponding PEG modification. Among them, the tensile strength and elongation of PEG1000 modified phenolic resin 11.546MPa and 2.358% respectively; the tensile strength and elongation of 1000 active polyether modified phenolic resin 19.032MPa and 3.779% respectively. In addition, the effect of toughening modification of active polyether is better than that of carboxyl terminated nitrile rubber. This is mainly because the hydroxyl of -NCO based active polyether resin reaction more easily and makes the introduction of flexible ether phenolic resin chain network system, and the reaction probability of hydroxy carboxyl and hydroxyl of PEG1000 resin and carboxyl terminated nitrile rubber in the very small, tend to be morephysical modification.2.2.2 polyamide modified phenolic resinPolyamide has good toughness and mechanical properties. It can be co cured with phenolic resin or form a partially interpenetrating network structure to improve mechanical properties of the resin. Gao Yuejing, with three yuan of nylon modified phenolic resin was found in modified phenolic resin system, nylon as dispersed phase, phenolic resin as continuous phase copolymerization of dispersion phase particle size distribution was narrow, the mechanical properties of plastic is much better than that of blends of plastic material. The impact strength of modified nylon resin modified by unmodified resin, blending three yuan nylon and copolymerization three yuan is 57 KJ/m2, 47.1 KJ/m2 and 112 KJ/m2 respectively. The properties of copolymer modified resins are best due to the formation of graft phase copolymers during the synthesis and curing of modified resins. In addition, the phenolic resin toughened with nylon 3 has obtained good results. The nylon 3 molecule contains amide groups which react with hydroxymethyl groups in the phenolic resin, thereby improving the impact toughness and adhesion of the phenolic resin, and maintaining the advantages of the phenolic resin. The impact strength of the resin before and after modification is 3.5 to 4.5KJ/m2 and 5~12 KJ/m2 respectively, and the tensile strength is 7 to 11MPa and 15 to 20MPa respectively.2.2.3 polyvinyl alcohol modified phenolic resinIn the curing process of phenolic resin, if the PVA is added, the hydroxyl groups on the polyvinyl alcohol will react with the hydroxymethyl group of the phenolic polymer to form the graft copolymer. Jiang Detang in the development of a new HF- I modified epoxy resin, adding polyvinyl alcohol modifier. The results show that the addition of modifier to improve resin adhesion, improve the brittleness of phenolic resin, reduce the curing rate, thereby reducing the molding pressure, the toughening effect of phenolic resin on. However, the amount of use should not be too high, otherwise it will affect its strength.2.2.4 polyvinyl butyral modified phenolic resinThe phenolic resin modified with polyvinyl alcohol acetal is a modified phenolic resin which is applied earlier in industry. Under heating conditions, hydroxyl groups in polyvinyl acetals can undergo dehydration reactions with hydroxyl groups in phenolic resins to form graft or block copolymers. Polyvinyl alcohol acetal can improve the brittleness of phenolic resin, improve adhesion and mechanical properties, and reduce molding pressure. However, because of the introduction of longer fat chains in the structure of phenolic resins, heat resistance is affected. In order to improve the heat resistance, the polyvinyl alcohol acetal with higher heat resistance is often used, and a certain proportion of organosilicon monomer is added.2.3 low molecular chemical modified phenolic resin2.3.1 dicarboxylic acid modified phenolic resinThe molecular weight of the polymer molecules can also be used to improve the brittleness of resole resin (DA4), adipic acid, suberic acid (DA6), sebacic acid (DA8) and twelve alkyl acid (DA10) can be used to improve the brittleness of resole resin.A study found that the elasticity of dicarboxylic acid and resole resin in curing process in the reaction of ester bond formation, and also can be formed in the dibasic acid ester bond of carboxyl and hydroxyl methyl reaction into phenolic resin in brittle tensile strength of modified resin, toughness and fracture elongation increased with the increase of DA8 content, but the content in per gram of resin DA8 is over 0.014mol the performance decreased. Indicating the incorporation of flexible groups containing dibasic acid can improve the brittleness of resin. The performance of the modified resin decreased after the content of DA8 exceeded 0.014mol, indicating that more DA8 would lead to a decrease in the properties of the resin, or an unreacted DA8 would become defective in phase separation. When the phenolic resin was modified with DA6 with the best molecular chain length, the tensile strength of the resin increased by 54% and the toughness increased by 64%.2.3.2 halogenated phenolic resin modified by cyanogenLinear phenolic resins can react with cyanogen halides to form phenolic three - triazine resins. Novolac resin first with cyanogen bromide and three yuan amine reaction of Novolac Cyanate Ester and Novolac Cyanate Ester in the heat under the action of the cyclization reaction of three, eventually formingthree phenolic cyanate resin mesh structure. Phenol three Benzoxazine Resin has the following characteristics: the solubility of melt viscosity and gel time length, thermal oxidative stability, long-term in a low boiling solvent high low, under different curing conditions of Tg can reach 399 DEG C, polyimide system elongation and fracture mechanics with high performance, low toxicity, low the flame retardancy and smoke rate. At the same time, the network structure of phenolic three triazine contains tenacity ether bond, so it has better toughness after modification.2.3.3 molybdenum modified phenolic resinMolybdenum phenolic resin (Mo2PF) is a modified phenolic resin in which the metal element molybdenum is chemically bonded to the main molecular chain of the phenolic resin by chemical reaction. Is the reaction by molybdate and phenol in the presence of catalyst into molybdate benzene ester, phenyl ester and molybdate addition reaction and condensation reaction with formaldehyde, generation of phenolic resin, after cooling is a green solid, with the increase of molybdenum content in the resin resin, the initial decomposition temperature rise. Liu Xiaohong et al made aluminum phenolic resin with aluminum modifier, phenol and formaldehyde as main raw materials. The metal molybdenum could enter the molecular chain of phenolic resin, and the great bonding O - MO - O bond could connect the benzene ring to improve the heat resistance. The thermal decomposition temperature of modified phenolic resin prepared by this method can reach 522 DEG C, and the weight loss is only 17.5% at 600 centigrade,Other properties are comparable to that of ordinary phenolic resins. In addition, the in situ polymerization method was used to improve the heat resistance, impact properties and tensile properties of the molybdenum phenolic resin /TiO2 nanocomposite by filling and modifying the surface treated nano TiO2. Zhang Shuangqing with phenol and formaldehyde in the first synthesis of hydroxymethyl phenol, and molybdic acid and hydroxymethyl by esterification reaction to obtain a new thermosetting phenolic resin and its carbon residue rate was 56.31%, the rate of 13 percentage points higher than the average carbon residue of thermosetting phenolic resin.2.3.4 boron modified phenolic resinThe modification of phenolic resin with boron compounds, the change of its structure, the formation of B - O bond with higher bond energy and the formation of boron - containing three - direction crosslink structure are one of the effective methods to improve its heat resistance. Che Jianfei by in situ synthesis method with TiO2 nanoparticles added to the boron phenolic resin, can significantly improve the heat resistance and toughness, when 5% TiO2 was added, the initial decomposition temperature is increased by about 150 degrees, the impact strength increased 231%. In addition, the processing technology of modified phenolic resin was also improved obviously. The introduction of boron is also beneficial to improve the flame retardancy of phenolic resin. Modified phenolic resin with boric acid and Aman Chang [16], the product still has a solid residue 75.3% in 700.8 DEG, 900 DEG C without decomposition residue is still above 64%, far higher than similar foreign products (700 C solid residue 63%). Theflexural strength, flexural modulus and impact strength of the composites obtained by Qiu Jun and other carbon fiber composite boron phenolic resins have been greatly improved. Tung oil, high performance double boron modified phenolic resin was synthesized by two steps such as Wang Manli, used it as a non asbestos braided brake belt has good friction performance of matrix resin, reached the level of similar foreign products.2.3.5 amine modified phenolic resinIs the main aromatic amine compounds and total phenol and formaldehyde condensation reaction in the presence of catalyst, introducing aromatic amine unit structure and good heat resistance in the structure of the phenolic resin, aromatic amines are commonly used melamine and melamine methylol compound and aniline. Amine modified phenolic resin, the heat resistance is improved, thermogravimetric analysis results show that aniline modified phenolic resin thermal decomposition temperature is 410 DEG C, melamine modified resin is 438 DEG, 380 DEG C than the pure phenolic resin to improve its heat resistance is high, reason is the introduction of a more stable heterocyclic the construction and curing resin crosslinking density increased. The prepared friction material has good friction property at high temperature, and it is a common modification method.2.3.6 silicone modified phenolic resinSilicone modified phenolic resin has high heat resistance, thermal stability, toughness and other excellent properties, the modified method is: the phenolic resin is reacted withorganosilicon compounds containing alkoxy groups, forming a three-dimensional network structure containing silicon oxygen bond, there is a competitive reaction from poly phenolic reaction process, so two kinds of reactivity is the key to the success of the modified. Allyl phenolic resin reacted with organosilicon compound to form organosilicon modified phenolic resin with excellent heat resistance. The tribological properties of the friction material modified with silicone resin are stable and the wear rate is low. The friction coefficient varies little (=0.136 ~ 0.140) at the temperature range of 100 ~ 350 DEG CPhenolic resin modified by 2.3.7 aromaticsThe modified aromatic hydrocarbons are toluene, xylene, substituted benzene, naphthalene and so on. The modified principle is introduced so that the stability of the aromatic molecules increased, increased rigidity, thereby improving the heat resistance modification methods were as follows: the main aromatic hydrocarbons (Ar) reacts with formaldehyde to produce aromatic alcohols, and then generate the phenol and formaldehyde resin. Aromatic hydrocarbon, phenol and formaldehyde react simultaneously to form resin. The heat resistance of the modifier depends on the structure of the aromatic compound. The 53 Research Institute of ordnance industry has achieved satisfactory results by using the tower substrate (aromatic compound) extracted from xylene to modify phenolic resin. The modified route using first methods, modified phenolic thermal decomposition temperature above 450 degrees, thanThe phenolic resin is higher than 50 DEG C, and the weight loss rate at high temperature increases slowly,Suitable for high temperature use, the friction material produced has good friction performance, high temperature coefficient of friction is high and stable, low wear rate.2.4 thermosetting resin modified phenolic resin2.4.1 polyimide modified phenolic resinPolyimide is composed of two aromatic amines and two anhydrides. It has excellent heat resistance and flame retardancy, and can remarkably improve the heat resistance of phenolic resin. Yan Yehai and so on were synthesized bismaleimide modified phenolic resin I, the cured resin has outstanding heat resistance, the thermal deformation temperature (HDT) is 273 DEG C, and the glass temperature is 288 DEG C. The structure content of high phenyl ring and high cross linking density are the structural basis for the excellent heat resistance of cured resins. Phenolic resin II was obtained by blending resin I with appropriate high temperature curing agent. Resin II with deformation temperature and glass transition temperature of the bending performance of more excellent and more heat than resin I, use this source in high temperature curing agent to improve the crosslinking density of the cured resin, so as to ensure the heat resistance of the cured resin. Resin I and II with glass cloth composite materials with excellent mechanical properties and heat resistance based at 300 DEG C based on the flexural strength and modulus of I resin composite material retention rate is respectively 65% and 78%, the II phenolicresin composites flexural strength and modulus retention rate of up to 73% and 83% respectively.2.4.2 polysulfone modified phenolic resinPolysulfone has excellent heat resistance, outstanding creep resistance and dimensional stability, excellent electrical insulation and other characteristics. It has become a comprehensive engineering plastics, and occupies an important position in plastic varieties. Dong Ruiling, Qi Shuhua and others found that polysulfone modified phenolic resin, polysulfone in the form of grafting and blending exist simultaneously. The modified phenolic resin glass fiber reinforced plastic toughness is improved, the impact strength increased from 200KJ/m2 to 283KJ/m2, the tensile strength of 960MPa, the dielectric strength reached 20KV/mm, Martin heat resistance temperature more than 310 DEG C. The glass fiber reinforced mould plastics made of this kind of polysulfone modified phenolic resin have been successfully applied to aerospace products.Phenolic resin modified with 2.4.3 maleimide polymerIn order to improve the toughness and heat resistance of phenolic resin, maleimide resin was used as modifier. The modified resin had high toughness and heat resistance, and the modification effect was obvious. Novolac resin with maleimide groups (PMF) is composed of phenol and N- mixture and 4 hydroxy phenol formaldehyde polyimide under acid catalysis reaction and its curing, mainly through maleimide group addition polymerization. This system greatly improved the heatresistance of phenolic resin and improved the thermal stability of the resin in the higher temperature region, but the toughness was not improved. Someone uses a new addition curing system to improve the toughness of resin system, this system is composed of PMF resin and novolac resin containing allyl group (PAF) according to the different ratio of mixed into, in the reaction with allyl blends.With the increase of the content of propyl phenol, the crosslinking density of the cured matrix decreases, the toughness increases, and the mechanical properties increase. Under the curing conditions, the optimum performance is obtained when the equivalence ratio of allyl and maleimide is 1 to 3.2.4.4 epoxy modified phenolic resinPhenolic hydroxyl groups and hydroxymethyl groups on phenolic resins can react with epoxy groups and hydroxyl groups in epoxy resins to form an cross-linked structure, which reduces the crosslinking density of the cured products and increases the flexibility of the molecules. The study of Jiang Detang and others showed that the brittleness of phenolic resin was improved and the mechanical properties were obviously improved after adding epoxy resin. When the equivalence ratio between epoxy and phenolic resin was 1 to 3, two diglycidyl ether bisphenol A epoxy modified phenolic resin was obtained with the largest KIC (0.85MPa, m1/2). The properties of the composites are also considerably improved than those of DDS curable materials. When the content of novolac resin in thecross-linked network structure increases, the Tg of themodified resin decreases and the toughness increases. In addition, with the increase of linear phenolic resin content, the flame retardancy of the modified resin will increase significantly. Therefore,We can obtain a dense system with excellent mechanical properties and flame retardancy by controlling the content of novolac resin.2.5 rubber modified phenolic resinMany large molecules such as Ding Jing, styrene butadiene rubber and natural rubber were used to toughen phenolic resin. The rubber toughened phenolic resin is a kind of physical mixing modification, but there are different degrees of graft or block copolymerization in the course of curing. Li Xinming et al [17 study found that without nitrile rubber, the impact strength of pure phenolic resin was 5.43 KJ/m2, adding 1% nitrile rubber, the impact strength reached 8.60KJ/m2, an increase of about 58.4%; nitrile rubber with 2%, the impact strength of phenolic resin reached 11.49 KJ /m2, increased by about 116%, improve the the amplitude is the other modification methods can not be compared. With the increase of NBR dosage, the impact strength of phenolic resin is further improved, but the amplitude increases. In addition to the nitrile rubber, rubber containing active functional groups such as epoxy based liquid butadiene rubber, acrylic acid carboxylated nitrile rubber and epoxy adduct can also toughened phenolic resin, and the toughening effect, improved heat resistance. Especially in the liquid rubber toughening system, because the liquid rubber is easy to form the island structure, the form structure which improvedthe impact strength of the composite hardness, heat resistance and little influence on the materials, is an ideal toughening system.Phenolic resin toughened with 2.6 nanometer materialThere are two main methods: 1 nanoparticles toughened polymer nanoparticles and polymer blends; using nano material intercalation method, namely the first polymer monomer is dispersed into layered silicate layers, then in situ polymerization. The polymerization of the released heat can be put into the stripping layer structure of silicate structure unit thickness 1nm width and length of about 10nm, which are uniformly dispersed in the phenolic resin, composite resin and stripping unit structure on the nanometer scale. The toughened phenolic resin has better toughness and thermal stability than the conventional toughened phenolic resin.2.7 thermotropic liquid crystal toughened phenolic resinToughening of thermosetting resins with thermotropic liquid crystals improves toughness and toughness while maintaining heat resistance and stiffness of the resin. Liquid crystalline macromolecules contain a large number of rigid mesogenic units and a certain amount of flexible spacers, and their structural characteristics determine their excellent properties. The presence of a small amount of thermotropic liquid crystalline polymer fibrils can prevent cracks and improve the toughness of the brittle matrix without decreasing the heat resistance and stiffness of the material. Compared with thermoplastics, the same toughening effect can be obtained by using only 25%- 30% of thermoplastic3. conclusionAt present, the toughening modification of phenolic resin on maturity, there have been many modified phenolic resin with high performance, such as excellent mechanical properties, high temperature resistance, electrical insulation, flame retardant, low smoke and low toxicity and mechanical processing of new phenolic resin. It can be predicted that with the continuous development of aviation, aerospace, automobile and electronics industry, study on modified phenolic resin constantly, will make "phenolic resin old" further development, play a greater role in more and more fields.Reference[1]., Min, Ho, Choi, Ho, Yun, Byun, In, Jae, Chung., Theeffect, of, chain, length, of, flexible, diacid, on, Morphologyand, mechanical, property, of,, modified, phenolicresin.Polymer, 2002,43 (): 4437 ~[2]. He J, Raghavan D, Hoffman D, Hunston D. Theinfluence of elastomer concentration on toughness in dispersions containing preformed acrylic elastomeric particles in an epoxy matrix?.Polymer1999,40 (8): 1923 ~ 1933.[3]., Reghunadhan, N, C, P., Advances, in, cure, phenolic, resins., Progress, addition-, in, Polymer, Science.2004,29 (5): 401 ~。

酚醛树脂

酚醛树脂(一)简介:名称:酚醛树脂phenolic resin,简称PF 。

化学式:颜色:固体酚醛树脂为无色或黄褐色透明物,市场销售往往加着色剂而呈红、黄、黑、绿、棕、蓝等颜色形状:有颗粒、粉末状。

溶解性 :不溶于水,溶于丙酮、酒精等有机溶剂中化学稳定性:耐弱酸与弱碱,遇强酸发生分解,遇强碱发生腐蚀。

分类:因选用催化剂得不同,可分为热固性与热塑性两类(二)酚醛树脂合成原理:热固性酚醛树脂得生成原理与制备工艺热固性酚醛树脂得生成原理热固性酚醛树脂得生成条件:碱催化,醛过量。

聚合反应过程:加成反应缩合反应加成反应机理:用无机碱或叔胺(没有活性氢)催化时O+H C O HOCH 2OHOHCH 2OH+ OHO+H C O HOCH 2HO OCH 2OH在碱性条件下,上述产物组分复杂,为各种羟甲基酚得混合物。

缩合反应机理:当温度进一步升高时,各种羟甲基酚之间发生缩合反应,生成二酚核与多酚核得低聚物。

OHOCH OH CH 2OH HOCH 2OCH 2CH 2OHOHOHOHHOCH 2OCH 2OH +H 2O OCH 2OH+H 2O +CH 2O(1)(2)随着反应温度升高,反应时间延长,最后将生成高度交联得体型结构。

工业上生产热固性酚醛树脂时,常用氨水做碱性催化剂,此时氨水有两个作用:① 起催化作用② 参与树脂生成反应OH+CH 2O+NH 3OHCH 2NH 22CH 2O O CH 2CH 2NH+65OHCH 2NH CH 2OH22OHCH 2N CH 2OCH 265OHCH 2N CH 2OHCH 2(3)反应特点:1、碱性介质中,各种羟甲基酚都稳定,加成反应快,缩合反应慢。

2、放热较少,反应进行较缓与。

3、根据反应程度,一般将反应过程分为三个阶段,各阶段产物性质不同。

A 阶段:产物为液体或固体,含较多得羟甲基,极性较强,能全部或部分溶于水中,有时称水溶性树脂或可溶性酚醛树脂。

不饱和聚酯树脂分类

不饱和聚酯树脂分类
不饱和聚酯树脂是一类合成树脂，根据不同的结构和特性，可以分为以下几个主要类型：
1. 酯基聚合物：由酸酐和醇反应形成的聚合物，例如无增塑剂的对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯（UP）树脂和邻苯二甲酸异丙醇酯（ISOUP）树脂。

2. 酚醛树脂（PF）：由酚和醛反应形成的树脂，具有较高的热稳定性和耐化学品性能。

常见的酚醛树脂包括酚醛树脂（PF）和酚醛树脂（UF）。

3. 环氧树脂（EP）：由环氧基物质和胺或酸酐反应形成的树脂，具有优异的物理性能和耐化学品性能。

常见的环氧树脂包括环氧树脂（EP）和丙烯酸树脂。

4. 不饱和聚酯树脂（UPR）：由不饱和酸、醇和单体反应形成的树脂。

根据单体的不同，不饱和聚酯树脂可以分为不饱和聚酯树脂（UP）和丙烯酸树脂。

5. 聚醚树脂：由聚醚基物质和异氰酸酯反应形成的树脂，具有优异的耐磨性和耐候性能。

以上是几种常见的不饱和聚酯树脂分类，不同类型的树脂具有不同的性能和用途，可以根据需要选择合适的材料。

酚醛树脂

酚醛塑料（PF）酚醛树脂也叫电木，又称电木粉。

原为无色或黄褐色透明物，市场销售往往加着色剂而呈红、黄、黑、绿、棕、蓝等颜色，有颗粒、粉末状。

耐弱酸和弱碱，遇强酸发生分解，遇强碱发生腐蚀。

不溶于水，溶于丙酮、酒精等有机溶剂中。

苯酚与甲醛缩聚而得。

性能：1、一般工业电器用：具有良好的可塑性，适用于一般压塑成型，工艺性良好，机电性能好，光泽性好（如塑11-1，塑11-4，塑18-1，塑19-1）2、高电绝缘用：适宜于压缩成型，除力学性能良好外，有优良的电绝缘性及耐水性（如塑14-1，塑14-1T，塑17-1，塑21-1）。

产品代号有“T”者表示有抗霉性3、高频率用：有优良耐水、耐热性、耐高频率性，宜用于湿热带气候条件用（如塑14-5，塑14-6，塑14-8，塑14-9，塑17-3）4、耐水、耐热、耐油、耐腐蚀、防湿防霉用：有良好的机电性能外，还有上述各种性能（如塑11-2，塑11-18）5、耐冲击用：有高抗拉冲击强度，电绝缘，防湿，防霉，耐水性能（如塑32-1，塑32-1T，塑32-5）6、自然防霉，耐湿，耐酸特性及具有高度防湿，防霉，耐高频特性（如塑11-6，塑35-1）7、日用品用：有一定机械强度，工艺性好，价格便宜（如塑44-1等）用途：1、可用工业电器开关及零件，仪表壳，纺织机械零件，矿灯零件，旋钮灯头，开关，插座等日用电器零件2、可作电绝缘性，耐水性要求较高的电器仪表及电讯工业零件，交通电工器材几无线电零件3、可作耐高频的短波和超短波电讯器材，高绝缘试验仪器，无线电，雷达，电子管灯座等电器零件4、可作要求耐热、耐水、防霉、防腐的各种电器零件，用于船舶，湿热带气候条件时5、可用于有金属嵌件的复杂塑件，或用于防震，防湿，防霉场合时作真空管插座，电磁开关座，蓄电池箱盖，通讯机外壳6、可作蓄电池零件，人造纤维工业用零件，卫生医药用具，有酸，蒸气侵蚀的工作条件时零件以及湿度大，频率高、电压高的电器，机械零件7、可作瓶盖，纽扣等日用品零件。

§2.3(1)酚醛树脂(PF)

§2.3 常用塑料简介
1.布质及玻璃布酚醛层压塑料布酚醛层压塑料： 1.布质及玻璃布酚醛层压塑料：布质具有优良的力学性能、具有优良的力学性能、耐油性能和一定的介电性能。电性能。用于制造轴瓦、导向轮、无声齿轮、用于制造轴瓦、导向轮、无声齿轮、轴承及电工结构材料和电气绝缘材料。电工结构材料和电气绝缘材料。 2.木质层压塑料： 2.木质层压塑料：木质层压塑料适用于制作水润滑冷却下的轴承及齿轮等。适用于制作水润滑冷却下的轴承及齿轮等。 3.石棉布层压塑料： 3.石棉布层压塑料：石棉布层压塑料适用于制作高温下工作的零件。适用于制作高温下工作的零件。
§2.3 常用塑料简介
4.酚醛纤维状压塑料： 4.酚醛纤维状压塑料：酚醛纤维状压塑料具有优良的电气绝缘性能，耐热、耐水、具有优良的电气绝缘性能，耐热、耐水、耐磨，可以加热模压成各种复杂的机械零件和电器零件—— 器零件可制作各种线圈骨架、接线板、可制作各种线圈骨架、接线板、电动工具外壳、风扇叶片、耐酸泵叶轮、齿轮、凸轮等。风扇叶片、耐酸泵叶轮、齿轮、凸轮等。
§2.3 常用塑料简介
(1)酚醛树脂(PF) (1)酚醛树脂(PF) 酚醛树脂 ——是最早工业化的塑料产品；是最早工业化的塑料产品；是最早工业化的塑料产品在我国热固性塑料中占第一位。在我国热固性塑料中占第一位。酚醛树脂：酚醛树脂：由酚类化合物和醛类化合物缩聚而成。由酚类化合物和醛类化合物缩聚而成。酚醛树脂的特点：酚醛树脂的特点： 1.本身很脆呈琥珀玻璃态，本身很脆， 1.本身很脆，呈琥珀玻璃态，必须加入各种纤维或粉末状填料后才能获得具有一定性能要求的酚醛塑料。求的酚醛塑料。
§2.3 常用塑料简介
2.与一般热塑性塑料相比， 2.与一般热塑性塑料相比，酚醛塑料具有刚与一般热塑性塑料相比性好，变形小，耐热、耐磨等性能，能在150 性好，变形小，耐热、耐磨等性能，能在150 200℃温度范围内长期使用温度范围内长期使用；～200℃温度范围内长期使用； 3.具有良好的电绝缘性能， 3.具有良好的电绝缘性能，在水润滑条件下具有良好的电绝缘性能有极低的摩擦系数。有极低的摩擦系数。 4.但它的冲击强度较差，质地较脆。 4.但它的冲击强度较差，质地较脆。酚醛塑但它的冲击强度较差料具有良好的成型性能，常用于压缩成型。料具有良好的成型性能，常用于压缩成型。 5.模具的温度对其流动性有较大影响模具的温度对其流动性有较大影响， 5.模具的温度对其流动性有较大影响，硬化时放出大量热量，时放出大量热量，厚壁大型塑件内部温度易过发生硬化不匀及过热现象。高，发生硬化不匀及过热现象。

酚醛树脂

酚醛树脂，简称PF树脂，是由酚类化合物与醛类化合物缩聚而得的一种重要树脂。其中以苯酚和甲醛缩聚得到的酚醛树脂应用最为广泛。该树脂具有优良的综合性能，包括耐热性、耐燃性、耐水性和绝缘性等。酚醛树脂的合成原理主要是苯酚羟基邻位上的氢原子与甲醛醛基上的氧原子结合，脱去水分子后形成高分子化合物。此外，酚醛树脂还可以根据需要进行改性，以获得不同的特性，如耐碱性、耐磨性、耐油性和耐腐蚀性。由于其独特的性质，酚醛树脂被广泛应等。特别是在高温领域，如耐火材料、摩擦材料、粘结剂和铸造行业，酚醛树脂发挥着重要作用。然而，文档并未直接提及磁性酚醛树脂，但可推测磁性酚醛树脂可能是在酚醛树脂的基础上通过引入磁性材料或进行特殊改性而得到的一种具有磁性的树脂。

酚醛树脂及塑料的简介酚醛树脂1热塑性酚醛树脂2热固性酚醛树脂

酚醛树脂及塑料的简介以酚类化合物与醛类化合物经缩聚反应而制成的聚合物称为酚醛树脂，其中以苯酚和甲醛为原料缩聚的酚醛树脂最为常用，英文简称为 PF。

以酚醛树脂为主要成分并添加大量其他助剂而制成的制品称为酚醛塑料。

酚醛树脂为第一个工业化的合成树脂品种。

它于 1909 年由比利时裔美国科学家贝克莱特(BacklanU 首先实现工业化生产，因此人们又习惯称 PF 为贝克莱特。

酚醛树脂因价格低廉、原料丰富、性能独特而获得迅速发展，其目前产量在塑料中排第六位，在热固性塑料中排第一位，产量占塑料的 5%左右。

纯 PF 树脂因性脆及机械强度低等缺点，很少单独加工成制品。

一般酚醛树脂的制品为在树脂中加人大量填料以进行政性，并以填料的品种不同而具有不同的优异性能，并应用在不同领域。

酚醛树脂常制成如下塑料制品:PF 模塑料制品、PF 层压制品、PF 泡沫塑料制品、PF 纤维制品、PF 铸造制品及 PF 封装材料等六种，并以前三种最为常用。

我国酚醛树脂的生产厂家有：上海塑料厂、大泽树脂厂、长春化工二厂、重庆合成化工厂及哈尔滨绝缘材料厂等。

酚醛树脂酚醛树脂为酚类单体和醛类单体在酸性或碱性催化条件下合成的高分子聚合物。

酚类单体主要为苯酚，其次为甲酚和二甲酚等;醛类单体主要为甲醛，有时也用糠醛及乙醛。

在酚醛两种单体中，甲酚具有三个活性点，但常用邻位、对位两个活性点;醛类具有两个活性点。

在反应中，如果醛的比例大于酚，则多余的醛会同酚的第三个活性点反应，从而生成体型交联聚合物;反之，如果醛的比例小于酚，则生成线型聚合物。

酚醛树脂的具体成分十分复杂，虽己应用近100年，但至今仍不能准确测定其固化树脂的具体结构。

在具体合成反应中，酚和醛两种单体的比例及催化剂性质不同，可以分别合成热塑性树脂和热固性树脂两种。

1、热塑性酚醛树脂热塑性酚醛树脂为线型结构，具有可溶可熔的特点。

纯熟塑性酚醛树脂加热也不交联固化，只有加入适当的固化剂时才可固化。

kn树脂组成成分

kn树脂组成成分
KN树脂，也称为酚醛树脂，是一种由酚类化合物和醛类化合物通过缩聚反应合成的热固性树脂。

其组成成分及特性如下所述。

酚类化合物是KN树脂的主要组成部分之一，常见的酚类化合物包括苯酚、甲酚、二甲酚等。

这些酚类化合物在缩聚反应中提供酚羟基，与醛类化合物发生加成反应，形成酚醛树脂的基本结构。

醛类化合物是KN树脂的另一重要组成部分，常用的醛类化合物包括甲醛、乙醛、丙醛等。

在缩聚反应中，醛类化合物提供醛基，与酚类化合物的酚羟基发生加成和缩聚反应，形成交联结构，使树脂具有热固性。

除了酚类化合物和醛类化合物外，KN树脂的合成过程中还可能加入一些催化剂、填料和增塑剂等添加剂。

催化剂可以促进缩聚反应的进行，提高树脂的合成效率；填料可以增加树脂的体积，降低成本；增塑剂则可以改善树脂的加工性能和柔韧性。

KN树脂具有优异的耐热性、耐腐蚀性、机械强度和电绝缘性能等特点，广泛应用于涂料、粘合剂、模塑料、铸造粘结剂等领域。

在涂料领域，KN树脂可用于制备高温涂料、防腐涂料等；在粘合剂领域，KN树脂可用于制备木材、金属、塑料等材料的粘合剂；在模塑料领域，KN树脂可用于制备电器绝缘件、耐磨件等。

总之，KN树脂的组成成分主要包括酚类化合物和醛类化合物，通过缩聚反应合成得到。

其优异的性能使其在多个领域得到广泛应用。

酚醛树脂的简介

酚醛树脂的简介酚醛树脂也叫电木，又称电木粉，英文称: phenolic resin, 简称PF。

原为无色或黄褐色透明物，市场销售往往加着色剂而呈红、黄、黑、绿、棕、蓝等颜色，有颗粒、粉末状。

耐弱酸和弱碱，遇强酸发生分解，遇强碱发生腐蚀。

不溶于水，溶于丙酮、酒精等有机溶剂中。

固体酚醛树脂为黄色、透明、无定形块状物质，因含有游离酚而呈微红色，比重1.25~1.30，易溶于醇，不溶于水，对水、弱酸、弱碱溶液稳定。

液体酚醛树脂为黄色、深棕色液体。

酚醛树脂由苯酚和甲醛在催化剂条件下缩聚、经中和、水洗而制成的树脂。

因选用催化剂的不同，可分为热固性和热塑性两类。

热固性酚醛树脂具有很强的浸润能力，成型性能好，体积密度大，气孔率低，用于耐火制品，该树脂在15C- 20C下可保持三个月。

酚醛树脂制品优点主要是尺寸稳定，耐热、阻燃，电绝缘性能好，耐酸性强，它主要应用于运输业、建筑业、军事业、采矿业等多种行业，应用广泛。

在NH4OH、NaOH或NaCO3等碱性物质的催化下，过量的甲醛与苯酚(其摩尔比大于1)反应生成热固性酚醛树脂。

其反应过程如下:在碱性催化剂存在下使反应介质PH 大于7，苯酚和甲醛首先发生加成反应生成一羟甲基苯酚。

室温下，在碱性介质中的酚醇是稳定的，一一羟甲基苯酚中的羟甲基与苯酚上的氢的反应速度比甲醛与苯酚的邻位和对位上的氢的反应速度小，因此一羟甲基苯酚不容易进一步缩聚，只能生成二羟甲基苯酚和三羟甲基苯酚。

热塑性酚醛树脂(或称两步法酚醛树脂)，为浅色至暗褐色脆性固体，溶于乙醇、丙酮等溶剂中，长期具有可溶可熔性，仪在六亚甲基四胺或聚甲醛等交联剂存在下，才固化(加热时可快速固化)。

主要用于制造压塑粉，也用于制造层压塑料、清漆和胶粘剂。

由于采用酚、醛的种类、催化剂类别、酚与醛的摩尔比的不同可生产出多种多样的酚醛树脂，它包括:线型酚醛树脂、热固性酚醛树脂和油溶性酚醛树脂、水溶性酚醛树脂。

主要用于生产压塑粉、层压塑料; 制造清漆或绝缘、耐腐蚀涂料;制造日用品、装饰品;制造隔音、隔热材料、人造板、铸造、耐火材料等。

酚醛树脂与塑料介绍

酚醛树脂与塑料介绍酚醛树脂（Phenolic resin）是一种以酚类（主要是苯酚）与醛类（主要是甲醛）经缩聚而制得的合成树脂。

根据其工艺配方不同又分为热固性酚醛树脂和线型热塑性酚醛树脂两大类。

它是合成树脂中最早被发现并最先实现工业化生产的塑料品种。

酚醛树脂用途广泛，可制成模塑料，层压制品、铸造树脂、涂料、胶粘剂、泡沫塑料、摩擦材料等。

由于其原料易得，价廉、综合性能也较好，因此在各应用领域仍受到青睐。

但酚醛树脂在性能上也有其不足之处，如性脆、色暗等。

通过不断改性和发展新品种，尤其是开发了热固性树脂与塑料的注射成型，并出现了片状或型料（SMC）的成型方法以及各种改性的酚醛塑料品种,其性能得到了改善。

新发展的酚醛工程塑料主要用于耐高温、高强度场合，可用于汽车工业的金属替代品，小型马达部件计算机盒、线圈绕轴和接插件等。

尖端复合材料主要用于火箭发动机喷管，宇航和火车内装饰材料等。

1酚醛树脂种的应用1.1通用酚醛树脂热塑性酚醛树脂（novolac）主要用于制造模塑粉，也用于制造层压塑料、清漆和胶粘剂。

热固性酚醛树脂主要用于制造层压塑料、表面被覆材料、刹车片衬里、铸塑料、泡沫塑料（包括微球泡沫塑料）、烧蚀材料、涂料、木材浸渍剂、胶粘剂及其他改性高聚物。

(1) 模塑粉生产酚醛模塑料的模塑粉是酚醛树脂的一种主要用途。

树脂大多采用固体热塑性酚醛树脂，也有少量用热固性酚醛树脂者。

采用辊压片、螺旋挤出法或乳液法使树脂浸渍填料并与其他助剂混合均匀，再经粉碎过筛即得。

其性能因填料种类而异。

模塑粉可采用模压、模塑和注射成型等方法制成各种塑料制品。

主要用于制造开关、插座、插头等电器零件，以及日用品及其他工业制品。

(2) 增强酚醛塑料是以酚醛树脂溶液或乳液浸渍各种纤维及其织物，经干燥、压制成型的各种增强塑料。

其力学强度高，综合性能好，可以进行机械加工。

以纸、棉布、玻璃布、石棉布、木材片等片状填料浸渍甲阶酚醛树脂，干燥后热压成型的酚醛层压塑料，既可用于装饰板也可用于线路板等工业领域。

酚醛树脂

酚醛树脂（一）简介: 名称：酚醛树脂phenolic resin,简称PF。

化学式：颜色：固体酚醛树脂为无色或黄褐色透明物，市场销售往往加而呈红、黄、黑、绿、棕、蓝等颜色形状：有颗粒、粉末状。

溶解性：不溶于水，溶于、酒精等中化学稳定性：耐弱酸和弱碱，遇强酸发生分解，遇强碱发生腐蚀。

分类：因选用催化剂的不同，可分为热固性和热塑性两类（二）酚醛树脂合成原理：热固性酚醛树脂的生成原理和制备工艺热固性酚醛树脂的生成原理热固性酚醛树脂的生成条件：碱催化，醛过量。

聚合反应过程：加成反应缩合反应加成反应机理：用无机碱或叔胺（没有活性氢）催化时OH+ OHO+ H 2OO+H C O HOCH 2OHH 2OOHCH 2OH+ OHO+H C O HOCH 2HO OCH 2OH在碱性条件下，上述产物组分复杂，为各种羟甲基酚的混合物。

缩合反应机理：当温度进一步升高时，各种羟甲基酚之间发生缩合反应，生成二酚核和多酚核的低聚物。

OHOCH OH CH 2OH HOCH 2OCH 2CH 2OHOHHOCH 2OCH 2OH +H 2O OCH 2OH+H 2O +CH 2O(1)(2)随着反应温度升高，反应时间延长，最后将生成高度交联的体型结构。

工业上生产热固性酚醛树脂时，常用氨水做碱性催化剂，此时氨水有两个作用：① 起催化作用② 参与树脂生成反应OH+CH 2O+NH 3OHCH 2NH 222O CH 2CH 2NH+65OHCH 2NH CH 2OH22OHCH 2N CH 2OCH 265OHCH 2N CH 2OHCH 2(3)反应特点：1、碱性介质中，各种羟甲基酚都稳定，加成反应快，缩合反应慢。

2、放热较少，反应进行较缓和。

3、根据反应程度，一般将反应过程分为三个阶段，各阶段产物性质不同。

A 阶段：产物为液体或固体，含较多的羟甲基，极性较强，能全部或部分溶于水中，有时称水溶性树脂或可溶性酚醛树脂。

B 阶段：由A 阶段树脂加热或长期存放继续反应而得，固体状，加热可软化，但不能熔化，能拉成长丝，冷却变成脆性物质，易粉碎成粉末。

酚醛树脂性能综述

热固性聚合物是从低粘度液体开始,通过催化剂或外加能量〔热或射线〕固化为固体.最早的热固性基体是酚醛,紧随其后的是环氧,接着是不饱和聚酯、脲醛,再接着是硅树脂,以与更新的基体.从实用的角度看,最重要的仍然是前三种：酚醛、环氧和不饱和聚酯二、简介酚醛树脂也叫电木,又称电木粉,英文名称phenolic resin,简称PF,比重1.25～1.30是热固性塑料家族中最古老的成员,可以追溯到1870年.合成酚醛树脂的两种单体是苯酚和甲醛,通过聚合形成, 酚醛树脂原为无色或黄褐色透明物,因含有游离分子而呈微红色,市场销售往往加着色剂而呈红、黄、黑、绿、棕、蓝等颜色,有颗粒、粉末状.耐弱酸和弱碱,遇强酸发生分解,遇强碱发生腐蚀.不溶于水,溶于丙酮、酒精等有机溶剂中.对水、弱酸、弱碱溶液稳定.由苯酚和甲醛在催化剂条件下缩聚、经中和、水洗而制成的树脂.酚与醛的摩尔比大于一,用酸类物质作催化剂,生成热塑性酚醛树脂.酚与醛的摩尔比小于一,用碱类物质作催化剂,生成热固性酚醛树脂.主要包括：线型酚醛树脂、热固性酚醛树脂和油溶性酚醛树脂.三、酚醛树脂固化原理酚醛树脂只有在形成交联网状<或称体型>结构之后才具有优良的使用性能,包括力学性能、电绝缘性能、化学稳定性、热稳定性等.酚醛树脂的固化就是使其转变为网状结构的过程,表现出凝胶化和完全固化的两个阶段,这一转变不仅是物理过程,更要强调的是,这是一个化学过程.表现出以下一些特点：<1>树脂在固化前的结构因素<组成、分子量大小、反应官能度等>影响显著； <2>固化反应受催化剂、固化剂、树脂pH值等的影响显著；<3>固化过程有热效应；<4>固化速率受温度、压力的影响显著；<5>固化过程有副产物<如水、甲醛等>产生；<6>固化反应是不可逆过程.酚醛树脂有热塑性和热固性两类.热塑性酚醛树脂〔或称两步法酚醛树脂〕,为浅色至暗褐色脆性固体,溶于乙醇、丙酮等溶剂中,长期具有可溶可熔性,仅在六亚甲基四胺或聚甲醛等交联剂存在下,才固化<加热时可快速固化>.主要用于制造压塑粉,也用于制造层压塑料、清漆和胶粘剂.热塑性酚醛树脂压塑粉主要用于制造开关、插座、插头等电气零件,日用品与其他工业制品.热固性酚醛树脂〔或称一步法酚醛树脂〕,可根据需要制成固体、液体和乳液,都可在热或〔和〕酸作用下不用交联剂即可交联固化.热固性酚醛树脂压塑粉主要用于制造高电绝缘制件.为指导树脂合成和成型加工,常将其固化过程分为A、B、C三个阶段.具有可溶可熔性的预聚体称作A阶酚醛树脂;交联固化为不溶不熔的最终状态称C阶酚醛树脂；在溶剂中溶胀但又不完全溶解,受热软化但不熔化的中间状态称B阶酚醛树脂处于此阶段的酚醛树脂为脆性固体,可以制成粉末,与添加剂一起模压成型.添加剂中除固化剂外,主要成分是木粉,它赋予酚醛材料强度与韧性,其压缩强度可达275MPa.酚醛具有优良的电绝缘性,低吸潮性和较高的使用温度〔204℃〕.,树脂存放过程中粘度逐渐增大,最后可变成不溶不熔的C阶树脂.因此,其存放期一般不超过3～6个月.热固性酚醛树脂可用于制造各种层压塑料、压塑粉、层压塑料；制造清漆或绝缘、耐腐蚀涂料；制造日用品、装饰品；制造隔音、隔热材料等. 常见的高压电插座、胶粘剂和改性其他高聚物.酚醛树脂具有良好的耐酸性能、力学性能、耐热性能,广泛应用于防腐蚀工程、胶粘剂、阻燃材料、砂轮片制造等行业.并且价格低廉,可以说酚醛是性能价格比最高的一种高分子材料.四、酚醛树脂的重要特点1、高温性能酚醛树脂固化后依靠其芳香环结构和高交联密度的特点而具有优良的耐热性,即使在非常高的温度下,也能保持其结构的整体性和尺寸的稳定性.酚醛树脂在200℃以下基本是稳定的,一般可在不超过180℃条件下长期使用.正因为这个原因,酚醛树脂才被应用于一些高温领域,例如耐火材料,摩擦材料,粘结剂和铸造行业.2、粘结强度酚醛树脂一个重要的应用就是作为粘结剂.卓越的粘结性酚醛树脂卓越的粘附性首选源于其大分子结构上的大量极性基团,极性强是促成其对材料浸润、粘附的有利因素.当酚醛树脂复合型材料加工成型为最终制品后,其中酚醛树脂粘结剂已经转变为交联网状结构并固化,得以保证粘结界面的稳定和持久.酚醛树脂是一种多功能,与各种各样的有机和无机填料都能相容的物质.设计正确的酚醛树脂,润湿速度特别快.并且在交联后可以为磨具、耐火材料,摩擦材料以与电木粉提供所需要的机械强度,耐热性能和电性能.水溶性酚醛树脂或醇溶性酚醛树脂被用来浸渍纸、棉布、玻璃、石棉和其它类似的物质为它们提供机械强度,电性能等.典型的例子包括电绝缘和机械层压制造,离合器片和汽车滤清器用滤纸.酚醛是普通电器行业中的首选材料.它可以经受短路,但仍能继续工作；它可能受电击炭化,但从不燃烧；甚至还能经受电弧的打击.3、高残碳率在温度大约为1000℃的惰性气体条件下,酚醛树脂会产生很高的残碳,独特的抗烧蚀性酚醛树脂交联网状结构有高达80%左右的理论含碳率,在无氧气氛下的高温热解残炭率通常在55%～75%之间.酚醛树脂在更高温度下热降解时吸收大量的热能,同时形成具有隔热作用的较高强度的炭化层,当用于航天飞行器的外部结构时,在其返回地面穿过大气之际,酚醛树脂的热降解高残炭特性就起到了独特的抗烧蚀性作用和对航天飞行器的保护作用.4、低烟低毒与其他树脂系统相比,酚醛树脂系统具有低烟低毒的优势.在燃烧的情况下,用科学配方生产出的酚醛树脂系统,将会缓慢分解产生氢气、碳氢化合物、水蒸气和碳氧化物.分解过程中所产生的烟相对少,毒性也相对低.这些特点使酚醛树脂适用于公共运输和安全要求非常严格的领域,如矿山,防护栏和建筑业等.5、良好的阻燃性阻燃性对于建筑材料、石油化工设备和管道保温材料、交通运输工具的结构和装饰材料都是极其重要的性能.酚醛树脂制成的泡沫塑料以与酚醛树脂基复合材料在这些领域都有极高的利用价值,这是因为酚醛树脂有良好的阻燃性.大多数高分子树醋都是易燃的,需要加入阻燃剂才能达到阻燃效果.但是酚醛树脂是少有的例外,它不必添加阻燃剂可达到阻燃要求,且具有低烟释放、低烟毒性等特征,其燃烧发烟起始温度在500℃以上,而且表征发烟程度的最大消光系数为0.02.6、抗化学性交联后的酚醛树脂可以抵制任何化学物质的分解.例如汽油,石油,醇,乙二醇和各种碳氢化合物.7、高弹性模量酚醛在普通塑料中具有最高的弹性模量,具有良好的电绝缘性质.它可与任何增强材料配合,可以用纸增强、布增强、玻璃纤维增强,甚至还有用芳香尼龙增强的.用石棉、金属粉增强的酚醛用于汽车的刹车片和离合器片.酚醛在机械行业中有广泛的应用,可制成任何形式的标准件如棒、板、带、片、齿轮、凸轮等.酚醛具有极高的压缩强度,高达215MPa.另一个主要用途是线路板,有一系列不同的增强材料满足不同线路板的需求.8、加工形式多样酚醛树脂的一大优点是可制成B阶〔段〕树脂.B阶树脂是尚未固化的树脂,分子链仍为线形.这使得酚醛树脂可以像热塑性树脂那样进行预浸,再进行成型加工.但是在加热加压条件下固化,就成为不熔不溶的固体.五、性能参数一些非金属材料的介电性质与电阻率胶木[酚醛树脂〔木粉填充〕]物理性能六、注塑工艺注塑比压塑和传递摸塑效率提高5～10倍,节能达50%,工人劳动强度降低.1、原料要求在料桶和喷嘴内要有很好的流动性和热稳定性,以利于冲摸和防止堵流道.技术要求拉西格流动度＞200mm在80～95度保持流动时间＞10min在75～85度保持流动时间＞60min提高树脂流动性主要措施1添加该性剂,如增塑,DBP;释剂苯酚甲醇丙酮糠醛等;结晶水化合物CaCl2.2H2O,Ba〔OH〕2.8H2O;润滑剂底分子量聚乙烯蜡等.2颗粒料进行表面处理,在表面施加涂层.涂层为脂肪酸金属盐,芳香酸烷基酯等.提高固化速度的主要措施有1合成高邻位酚醛树脂；2在甲阶树脂中,加入有机羧酸盐或硼酸盐以加速固化.提高树脂热稳定性的措施可以添加热稳定剂如对叔丁基苯酚等.2、工艺条件为使生产正常运行,必须掌握工艺参数和严格操作规X.物料进入料筒,经过螺杆预塑和积料过程,温度由起始的40-60度升高到大致为80-85度,此时物料主要发生物理变化,黏度不断降低,注射时,由于物料在喷嘴处流速变高,剪切产生的摩擦热使温度升高,射出的熔体温度一般控制在120-130度,这时的熔体呈现最好的流动状态,并接近硬化的临界塑性状态.在工艺制定中参考上述的情况制订相应的参数.通用酚醛树脂注塑工艺参数七、注塑设备八、我国生产的树脂种类我国主要生产有210、211、2112、2116、2118与2119等牌号.211树脂是用甲酚与甲醛缩合、松香改性、甘油酯化工艺得到；2118树脂由二酚基丙烷与甲醛缩合、松香改性、季戊四醇酯化工得到；2119树脂由二甲酚与甲醛缩合、松香改性、甘油酯化工艺得到；2112与2116树脂均采用一酚醛浆配制,只是加成、酯化过程的配方不同；210树脂松香苯酚甲醛甘油一步法生产制的.各牌号的技术指标不同210 颜色<=12<鉄钴色> 酸值<=20mgKOH/g 软化点:135~150 ℃溶解度<苯1:1>:全溶211 颜色<=12<鉄钴色> 酸值<=20mgKOH/g 软化点:>=133 ℃溶解度<苯1:1>:清2112 颜色<=12<鉄钴色> 酸值<=20mgKOH/g 软化点:>=135℃溶解度<苯1:1>:清2116 颜色<=12<鉄钴色> 酸值<=18mgKOH/g 软化点:151~162 ℃溶解度<亚麻油1:1加热到240℃>:全溶2118 颜色<=12<鉄钴色> 酸值<=20mgKOH/g 软化点:157~165℃象2116全溶2119 颜色<=12<鉄钴色> 酸值<=20mgKOH/g 软化点:>=130℃九、酚醛树脂的最新发展与展望有关酚醛树脂的开发和研究工作,主要围绕着增强、阻燃、低烟以与成型适用性方面开展,向功能化、精细化发展,各国科学家部以高附加值的酚醛树脂材料为研究开发对象.不含甲醛的环保型新酚醛树脂新酚醛树脂<xylok>为高分子化合物,是由苯酚和芳烷基醚通过缩合反应而产生的,新酚醛树脂具有良好力学性能、耐热性能,广泛应用于金刚石制品、砂轮片制造等行业.新酚醛树脂粘结力强,化学稳定性好,耐热性高,硬化时收缩小,制品尺寸稳定.粘结强度比酚醛树脂提高20%以上,耐热性提高100℃以上.新酚醛树脂制品可在250℃下长期使用,制品耐湿耐碱.新酚醛树脂可做为金刚石砂轮的结合剂,使用方法为: 新酚醛树脂与酚醛树脂按1 ：3混合使用,不仅提高了酚醛树脂的强度,还提高了耐热性和磨削比.如单独使用新酚醛树脂,砂轮的寿命是酚醛树脂８倍,在生产工艺上比酚醛树脂制品强度高出约30%。

酚醛树脂简介

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酚醛胶应用防腐蚀材ຫໍສະໝຸດ 隔热保温材料OFF谢谢观看
By：陈磊 @chanckchen
酚醛树脂简介
By：陈磊
简介
酚醛（ Phenol Formaldehyde，简称苯酚和甲醛在酸触媒或碱触媒条件 PF）树脂也叫电木，又称电木粉。原下进行缩聚，生成酚醛树脂和水 . 酚醛树脂的化学简式为无色或黄褐色透明物。
历史
1907年，出生于比利时的美国化学家利奥〃亨德里克〃贝克兰（ Leo Hendrik 酚醛树脂是德国化学家阿道夫〃冯〃拜尔 Baekeland ，1863年－ 1944年）改进了酚（Johann Friedrich Wilhelm Adolf von 醛树脂的生产技术，将树脂实用化、工业 Baeyer）（1835年－1917年）于1872年首化。 [1]1910年，他建立通用贝克莱特公司次合成。（General Bakelite），并用根据自己的名字赋予酚醛树脂商标名“Bakelite”。