太原理工大学考博英语大纲
考博英语提纲作文模板
考博英语提纲作文模板英文回答：Abstract。
The advancement of technology has brought about unprecedented opportunities and challenges for businesses and organizations. In the realm of marketing, the digital landscape has transformed the way brands connect with their target audiences. One of the most significant changes has been the shift towards omnichannel marketing, which involves integrating multiple channels to deliver a seamless customer experience. This essay will delve into the transformative impact of omnichannel marketing, examining its key benefits, challenges, and future implications.Introduction。
In today's highly competitive business environment,organizations must find innovative ways to reach and engage their customers. Omnichannel marketing has emerged as a game-changer, providing businesses with a comprehensive approach to deliver a consistent and personalized experience across all touchpoints. By integrating online and offline channels, businesses can create a synergistic effect that amplifies their marketing efforts and drives better results.Body。
太原理工大学研究生基础英语试卷及答案
07-1 PART II VOCABULARY (10 minutes, 10 points)Section A (0.5 point each)21. If innovators are not financially rewarded for their innovations, the incentive forpath-breaking innovation will eventually dry up.A. investmentB. resourceC. inspirationD. stimulus22. These illegal immigrants have to work long hours a day despitethe appalling workingconditions.A. bewilderingB. exasperatingC. dismayingD. upsetting23. Many critics agreed that by and large, this movie was a success in terms of acting andphotography.A. all at onceB. by and byC. to some extentD. on the whole24. The country carried on nuclear tests without feeling apprehensive about theconsequences.A. optimisticB. anxiousC. uncertainD. scared25. There is the fear that babies might be genetically altered to suit the parents' wishes.A. enhancedB. revisedC. alternatedD. modified26. The American Civil War is believed to have stemmed from differences over slavery.A. arisen fromB. contributed toC. patched upD. participated in27. Experts said the amount of compensation for sick smokers would be reduced if cooler jurorsprevailed.A. resignedB. compromisedC. persistedD. dominated28. Hamilton hoped for a nation of cities while Jeffersoncontended that the countryshould remain chiefly agricultural.A. inclinedB. struggledC. arguedD. competed29. There have been some speculations at times as to who will take over the company.A. on occasionB. at presentC. by nowD. for sure30. TWA was criticized for trying to cover up the truth rather than promptly notifyingvictims' families.A. brieflyB. quicklyC. accuratelyD. earnestlySection B (0.5 point each)31. New York probably has the largest number of different language _________ in the world.A. neighborhoodsB. communitiesC. clustersD. assemblies32. Nuclear wastes are considered to _____ a threat to human health and marine life.poseB. imposeC. exposeD. pose33. Some states in the US have set _____ standards concerning math and science tests.A. energeticB.vigorousC. rigorousD. grave34. This school promised to make classes smaller and offer more individualized ___________.A. presentationB. instructionC. convictionD.obligation35. Because of ______ ways of life, the couple has some difficulty getting along witheach other.A. incomprehensibleB. incomparableC. inconceivableD. incompatible36. As __________China and other emerging export powers, efforts to strengthenanti-corruption activities are gaining momentum.A. in the light ofB. in the event ofC. in the case ofD. in the course of37. According to an Australian research, moderate drinkers ________ better thinkers thanheavy drinkers or those who never drink.A. end upB. take upC. put upD. turn up38. Strangely enough, an old man ______ me and introduced himself, who turned out tobe a friend of my father’s.A. stood up toB. walked up toC. lived up toD. added up to39. Many children often _____ why airplanes can fly like birds while we humanscannot.A. assumeB. anticipateC. assureD. wonder40. The FDA was created to _______ the safety of products, review applications and grantapprovals.A. manipulateB. adjustC. regulateD. managePART III CLOZE TEST (10 minutes, 10 points, 1 point each)Tall people earn considerably more money throughout their lives than their shorterco-workers, with each inch adding about US$789 a year in pay, according to a new study."Height 41 career success," says Timothy Judge, a University of Floridaprofessor of management, who led the study. "These findings are troubling since, with afew 42 , such as professional basketball, no one could argue that height issomething essential required for job 43 ," Judge points out.Judge analyzed results of four large-scale studies in the US and Britain that followedthousands of people from childhood to adulthood, examining details of their work andpersonal lives. "If you take this 44 the course of a 30-year career, we're talkingabout literally hundreds of thousands of dollars of earnings 45 that a tall personenjoys," Judge said.Greater height boosted both subjective ratings of work performance--a supervisor's 46 of how effective someone is-- and 47 measures of performance--such assales volume. Being tall may boost self-confidence, improving performance. Otherpeople may also give higher 48 and greater respect to a tall person, giving theman edge in negotiating states, he says.The commanding influence of height may be a remainder of our evolutionary49 . Maybe from a time when humans lived among animals and size was 50 power and strength used when making "fight or run" decisions.41. A. makes out B. works in C. takes on D. matters for42.A. cases B. exceptions C. examples D. problems43. A. performance B. operation C. condition D. environment44.A. on B. with C. over D. to45. A. deficiency B. advantage C. lossD. necessity46. A. imagination B. decision C. judge D. evaluation47. A. relative B. absolute C. objective D.initiative48. A. state B. status C. situation D. statue49. A. origins B. sources C. courses D. organizations50.A. a time in B. a hold on C. a work at D. a sign ofPART IV READING COMPREHENSION (45 minutes, 30 points, 1 point each)Passage OneAt the University of California at Los Angeles (UCLA), a student loaded his classnotes into a handheld e-mail device and tried to read them during an exam: a classmateturned him in. At the University of Nevada at Las Vegas (UNLV) students photographedtest questions with their cellphone cameras and transmitted them to classmates. Theuniversity put in place a new examination-supervision system. "If they'd spend as muchtime studying, they'd all be A students," says Ron Yasbin, dean of the College ofSciences of UNLV.With a variety of electronic devices, American students find it easier to cheat. Andcollege officials find themselves in a new game of cat and mouse. They are trying to fightwould-be cheats in the exam season by cutting off Internet access from laptops, demanding the surrender of cellphones before tests or simply requiring that exams betaken with pens and paper."It is annoying. My hand-writing is so bad," said Ryan Dapremont, 21 who justfinished his third year at PepperdineUniversity in California. He had to take his examson paper. Dapremont said technology has made cheating easier, but plagiarism(剽窃) inwriting papers was probably the biggest problem. Students can lift other people's writingsoff the Internet without attributing them.Still, some students said they thought cheating these days was more a product of themindset, not the tools at hand. "Some people put too much emphasis on where they'regoing to go in the future, and all they're thinking about is graduate school and the nextstep," said Lindsay Nicholas, a third-year student at UCLA. She added that pressure tosucceed "sometimes clouds everything and makes people do things that they shouldn'tdo."Some professors said they tried to write exams for which it was hard to cheat,posing questions that outside resources would not help answer. Many officials said thatthey rely on campus honor codes. They said the most important thing was to teachstudents not to cheat in the first place.51. One student at UCLA was found cheating ________________.A. when he was loading his class notes into a handheld e-mail deviceB. when he was trying to tell the answers to his classmatesC. after the university put in place a new examination-supervision systemD. after his classmate reported his cheating to the authority52. According to Ron Yasbin, all the cheating students _____________.A. should be severely punished for their dishonestyB. didn't have much time to study before the examC. could get the highest grades if they had studied hard enoughD. could be excused because they were not familiar with the new system53. To win the new game of cat and mouse in examinations, the college officials have to______________.A. use many high-tech devicesB. cut off Internet access on campusC. turn to the oral exanimation formsD. cut off the use of high-tech devices54. According to Ryan Dapremont, ______________.A. examinations taken with pens and paper were useless in fighting cheatingB. his examination paper was under-graded because of his bad hand-writingC. cheating was more serious in writing papers than in examinationsD. it was more difficult for him to lift other people's writings off the Internet55. Which of the following is probably the most Significant measure to fight cheating?A. Putting less emphasis on where the students are going to go in the future.B. Letting students know that honesty is more important.C. Writing examinations for which it is hard to cheat.D. Setting up more strict campus honor codes.56. The best title of the passage might be_____________.A. Cheating Has Gone High-techB. Game of Cat and MouseC. A New Examination-supervision SystemD. Measures to Fight Against DishonestyPassage TwoTop marathon runners tend to be lean and light, star swimmers are long thighs withhuge feet and gold medal weightlifters are solid blocks of muscle with short arms andlegs. So, does your physical shape--and the way your body works--fit you for aparticular sport? Or does your body develop a certain way because of your chosen sport?"It's about 55:45, genes to the environment," says Mike Rennie, professor of clinicalphysiology at Britain's University of Nottingham Medical School. Rennie cites the caseof identical twins from Germany, one of whom was a long-distance athlete, the other apowerful sportsman, so, "They look quite different, despite being identical twins."Someone who's 1.5-meters tall has little chance of becoming an elite basketballplayer. Still, being over two meters tall won't automatically push you to Olympic gold."Unless you have tactical sense where needed, unless you have access to good equipment,medical care and the psychological conditions, and unless you are able to drive yourself through pain, all the physical strength will be in vain," said Craig Sharp, professor ofsports science at Britain's Brunel University.Jonathan Robinson, an applied sports scientist at the University of Bath's sportsdevelopment department, in southwest England, points to the importance of technique."In swimming only 5-10 per cent of the propelling force comes from the legs, sotechnique is vital."Having the right physique for the right sport is a good starting point. Seventeenyears ago, the Australian Institute of Sport started a national Talent Search Program,which searched schools for 14-16-year-olds with the potential to be elite athletes. One oftheir first finds was Megan Still, world champion rower. In 1987, Still had never pickedup an oar in her life. But she had almost the perfect physique for a rower. After intensivetraining, she won gold in women's rowing in the 1996 Atlanta Olympics.Other countries have followed the Australian example. Now the explosion of geneticknowledge has meant that there is now a search, not just for appropriate physique but alsofor "performance genes."57. It can be concluded from the passage that__________.A. physical strength is more important for sportspersons' successB. training conditions are more important for sportspersons' successC. genes are more important for sportspersons' successD. psychological conditions are more important for sportspersons' success58. The case of identical twins from Germany shows that_________.A. environment can help determine people's body shapeB. genes are the decisive factors for people's body shapeC. identical twins are likely to enjoy different sportsD. identical twins may have different genes for different sports59. Which of the following is NOT mentioned by Craig Sharp as a required quality for asportsperson to win an Olympic gold medal?A. The physical strength.B. The right training conditions.C. The talent for the sports.D. The endurance for pains.60. Seventeen years ago Megan Still was chosen for rowing because____________.A. she had the talent for rowingB. her body shape was right for a rowerC. she had the performance genesD. she was a skillful rower61. The word "elite" in Paragraph 5 means ________ .A. the most wealthyB. the most skilledC. the most industriousD. the most intelligent62. The elite athletes of the future may come from people who naturally possess___________.A. the best body shapes and an iron purposeB. the extremes of the right physique and strong willsC. the right psychological conditions and sports talentsD. the right physique and genes for sportsPassage ThreeFor years, a network of citizens' groups and scientific bodies has been claiming thatscience of global warming is inconclusive. But who funded them?Exxon's involvement is well known. ExxonMobil is the world's most profitablecorporation. It makes most of its money from oil, and has more to lose than any othercompany from efforts to tackle climate change. To safeguard its profits, ExxonMobilneeds to sow doubt about whether serious action needs to be taken on climate change.But there are difficulties: it must confront a scientific consensus as strong as that whichmaintains that smoking causes lung cancer or that HIV causes Aids. So what's itsstrategy?The website , using data found in the company's official documents,lists 124 organizations that have taken money from the company or work closely withthose that have. These organizations take a consistent line on climate change: that thescience is contradictory, the scientists are split, environmentalists are liars or lunatics, andif governments took action to prevent global warming, they would be endangering theglobal economy for no good reason. The findings these organizations dislike are labeled"junk science". The findings they welcome are labeled "sound science".This is not to claim that all the science these groups champion is bogus. On thewhole, they use selection, not invention. They will find one contradictory study - such asthe discovery of tropospheric (对流层的) cooling - and promote it relentlessly. They willcontinue to do so long after it has been disproved by further work. So, for example, JohnChristy, the author of the troposphere paper, admitted in August 2005 that his figureswere incorrect, yet his initial findings are still being circulated and championed by manyof these groups, as a quick internet search will show you.While they have been most effective in the United States, the impacts of theclimate-change deniers sponsored by Exxon have been felt all over the world. Bydominating the media debate on climate change during seven or eight critical years inwhich urgent international talks should have been taking place, by constantly seedingdoubt about the science just as it should have been most persuasive, they have justifiedthe money their sponsors have spent on them many times over. 63. Which of the following has NOT been done by the organizations to establish theirposition on climate change'?A. Damaging the reputation of environmentalists.B. Emphasizing the lack of consensus among scientists.C. Stressing the unnecessary harm to tile global economy.D. Protecting the scientific discoveries from being misused.64. Which of the following is closest in meaning to "bogus' (in Paragraph 4)?A. Reasonable.B. Fake.C. Limitless.D. Inconsistent.65. John Christy is mentioned to show_______________.A. how closely these organizations work with scientistsB. how these organizations select scientific findings for theirownpurposeC. how important correct data are for scientists to make sound discoveriesD. how one man's mistake may set back the progress of science66. The organizations sponsored by Exxon ___________.A. have lived up to their promisesB. have almost caused worldwide chaosC. have failed to achieve their original goalD. have misunderstood the request of the sponsor67. The passage is mainly focused on____________.A. Exxon's involvement in scientific scandalsB. Exxon's contributions to the issue of climate changeC. Exxon's role in delaying solutions to global warmingD. Exxon's efforts to promote more scientific discoveries68. What is the author's tone in presenting the passage?A. Factual.B. Praiseful.C. Biased.D. Encouraging.Passage FourWhere anyone reaching the age of 60 was considered to be near death's door at theturn of the 20th century, it is barely old enough for retirement at the turn of the 21stcentury. And scientists are still not holding back. They say that as new anti-ageingtreatments become available, our species will get even older. While few would argue thatliving longer is an attractive idea, therapid increase in the number of years begs aquestion: Can our health expectancy be as close as possible to our life expectancy?Predictions for future health expectancy have changed over the past few decades. Inthe 1980s, life expectancy was increasing but the best data suggested that for everyincreased year of life expectancy, a greater fraction was disabled life expectancy. Whatwe would see was a piling up of chronic illness and related disability which medicalscience couldn't prevent.But that world view changed suddenly in the early 1990s with the publication of astudy by researchers at DukeUniversity, who had been following the health of 20,000people for almost a decade. They showed that disability among the elderly was not onlydropping, but it was doing so at an ever-increasing rate.Arian Richardson, director of the Barshop Institute for Ageing and Longevityresearch, predicts that understanding the mechanisms behind calorie restriction and othergenetic reasons behind ageing could be used within the next two decades to give peopleseveral extra healthy years of life. Restrict how much an animal eats, for example, and itwill live longer. In lab experiments, rats on calorie-restricted diets were found to bephysiologically younger, got diseases later in life and, at any rate, had less severe cases."From the models that have been looked at, the increase in lifespan is usually in the rangeof 15-30% maximum," says Richardson. Cutting calories is thought to trigger a switch inan animal's behaviour from normal to a state of stasis in which growth and ageing aretemporarily put on hold. When food becomes available again, the animal's behaviourswitches back.Richardson says that thinking about stopping ageing is a "little bit silly" at themoment but doesn't dismiss it altogether, arguing that none of the illnesses related toageing should be inevitable. Start with a high-quality body (and that means eating yourgreens, not smoking and doing lots of exercise in your younger days) and you can keep itgoing for longer with high quality maintenance. "It'll be like the difference between aRolls-Royce and a cheap car."69. It can be seen from the first paragraph that people have doubts on whether _____________.A. is possible to live a longer healthyandlifeB. humans can live as long as scientists predictC. living longer is still considered a good ideaD. new anti-ageing treatments are safe for humans70. In the 1980s, the data on people's health expectancy_______________.A. gave an optimistic predictionB. showed an unclear futureC. led to a pessimistic perceptionD. turned out to be a mixed blessing71. In the lab experiment on rats,_____________.A. food restriction is not the only factor proved to have workedB. responses to food restriction vary from animal to animalC. the animals' lifespan increases with the amount of food eatenD.different amounts of food cause a change in the animals' behavior72. Richardson believes that_________.A. it is impossible for humans to stop ageingB. it is worthless to talk about stopping ageingC. stopping ageing is a dream that may come trueD. illness is the biggest obstacle to stopping ageing73. Rolls-Royce is used to convey the idea that_______________.A. quality life is out of reach for most peopleB. quality life can slow down the process of agingC. how long one can live depends on the genes one carriesD. the more money one invests in health, the healthier one will be.74. The most suitable title for the passage is“___________”.A. Problems of An Ageing SocietyB. Health Care for the ElderlyC. Eating Healthier, Living LongerD.The Future of Old AgePassage FiveIn dealing with a student who is acting aggressively toward his classmates, you wantto send a strong message that aggressive behavior will not be tolerated in your classroom.In addition, you want to help him develop more appropriate ways of settling disputes withhis peers.If two elementary school students are engaged in a fight, use a strong loud voice tostop it. If that doesn't work, you might say something odd ("Look up! The ceiling isfalling!") to divert their attention. If they still don't stop and you can't separate them,send a student to the office to get help. If a crowd of children is gathering, insist that theymove away or sit down, perhaps clapping your hands to get their attention: After theincident is over, meet with the combatants together so they can give you their versions ofwhat happened and you can help them resolve any lingering problems. Also notify theparents.Speak in a firm, no-nonsense manner to stop a student's aggressive behavior: usephysical restraint as a last resort. When responding to the student, pay attention to yourverbal as well as non-verbal language. Even if he is yelling at you, stay calm. Allow himto express what he is upset about without interrupting him and then acknowledge hisfeelings. Avoid crossing your arms, pointing a finger or making threats: any of thoseactions could intensify his anger and stiffen his resistance.You might conclude that a student's aggressive behavior warrants separating himfrom the rest of the class, either to send him a strong message that what he did merits aserious consequence or to protect the other students. You can do that by giving him a timeout in class or by sending him to the office.Although he might expect you to react punitively, surprise him by reactingsupportively. Express your confidence that he can resolve problems without being hurtfulto his peers. Tell him that you think he must be upset about something to lose control ashe did and you want to understand what might be bothering him. If he does open up toyou, listen attentively without interrupting. Speaking m a calm voice, tell him that youunderstand why he was upset, but stress that he has to find a way to express his angerwith words rather than with his hands.You don't want to force an aggressive student to say he is sorry because that mightfuel his anger, however, you do want to strongly encourage him to make amends with thestudent he hit. If he is willing to do that, it will help soothe hurt feelings and avoid futureconflicts.75. What is the purpose of saying something odd when seeing students in a fight?A. To please the students.B. To surprise the students.C. To get the students' attention.D. To distract the students' attention.76. What is to be done about a student's aggressive behavior?A. Respond calmly but finny.B. Tell the student's parents immediately.C. Ask other students for help to stop the action.D. Have the student go to see the principal.77. What is NOT encouraged to do toward an aggressive student?A. Use physical restraint.B. Give the student a time out.C. Point at the student or make threats.D. Talk with the student privately.78. What does the word "'punitively" (in Paragraph 5) probably mean?A. Surprisingly.B. Depressingly.C. Involving persuasion.D. Involving punishment.79. What might be the last step to help all aggressive student?A. Encourage the student to be nice to the student he hit.B. Ask the student to promise he'll never do it again.C. Force the student to apologize for his behavior.D. Persuade the student to open up to you.80. Which of the following is the best title of the passage?A. Problems in Classrooms.B. Dealing with Student Aggression.C. Aggressive Behavior in Classrooms.D. Settling a Student Fight.PART V TRANSLATION (30 minutes, 20 points)Section A (15 minutes, 10 points)One of the unintended consequences of the flattening world is that it puts differentsocieties and cultures in much greater direct contact with one another. It connects peopleto people much faster than people and cultures can often prepare themselves. Somecultures thrive on the sudden opportunities for collaboration that this global intimacymakes possible. Others are frustrated, and even humiliated by this close contact, which,among other things, makes it easy for people to see where they stand in the world inrelation to everyone else. All of this helps to account for the emergence of one of themost devastating forces today - the suicide bombers and other terrorist organizationswhich have no regard for human lives and which it is in our best interest to wipe out.Section B (15 minutes, 10 points)该法案旨在对美国中小学进行教育改革并使所有儿童有机会得到高质量的教育。
太原理工考研大纲
太原理工考研大纲
太原理工大学考研大纲主要包括以下内容：
1. 化工原理基础知识：包括热力学、传质学、动力学、固体物理化学等方面的基础知识。
要求掌握热力学基本概念、能量守恒定律、熵增原理、化学势等热力学基本原理；了解物质传质的基本原理，包括扩散、对流、传递理论等；了解反应动力学的基本概念，包括速率常数、速率方程等；了解固体物理化学的基本概念，包括晶体结构、晶体缺陷等。
2. 化工流程原理：包括化学反应工程、分离工程、生物工程等方面的知识。
要求掌握化学反应工程的基本原理，如反应动力学、反应器设计等；了解分离工程的基本原理，如萃取、吸附、精馏等；了解生物工程的基本原理，如细胞培养、基因工程等。
3. 数学基础知识：包括高等数学、线性代数、概率论与数理统计等方面的知识。
要求掌握高等数学的基本概念和计算方法，如极限、导数、积分等；了解线性代数的基本概念和计算方法，如矩阵、向量等；了解概率论与数理统计的基本概念和计算方法，如概率分布、统计推断等。
4. 英语知识：要求考生具备较高的英语阅读和写作能力，能够熟练阅读和理解英文文献和资料，能够用英语进行学术交流和写作。
以上是太原理工大学考研大纲的主要内容，具体考试内容和要求可能会根据不同的专业和研究方向有所差异。
建议考生在备考时仔细阅读太原理工大学的官方网站和招生简章，了解具体的考试要求和考试内容。
2022年考研考博-考博英语-山西大学考试预测题精选专练VII(附带答案)卷6
2022年考研考博-考博英语-山西大学考试预测题精选专练VII（附带答案）第1套一.综合题(共25题)1.单选题I was（）by their kindness and moved to tears.问题1选项A.preoccupiedB.embarrassedC.overwhelmedD.counseled【答案】C【解析】考查形容词辨析。
A选项preoccupied“使全神贯注，抢先占有”；B选项embarrassed“使困窘”；C选项overwhelmed“（情感）难以承受”；D选项counseled“被劝告”。
句意：我被他们的善良（），感动得流下眼泪。
overwhelmed“（情感）难以承受”和带有情绪色彩的move to tear 搭配使句子通顺。
因此C选项正确。
2.单选题Some years ago, Houston airport faced a troubling issue. Passengers were（1）about the long waits at baggage claim (行李提取处).（2）, the executives increased the number of baggage handlers. The plan（3）: the average wait fell to eight minutes, well within industry standard.（4）the complaints persisted.（5）, the airport executives undertook a more careful analysis. They found that it（6）passengers a minute to walk from their arrival gates to baggage claim and seven more minutes to get their bags. （7）, roughly 88 percent of their time was spent standing around waiting for their bags.So they decided on a new approach:（8）reducing wait time, they moved the arrival gates farther away from the main terminal. Passengers now had to walk six times longer. Complaints dropped to near（9）.This story shows that the experience of waiting is defined only partly by the objective （10）of the wait. Occupied time (walking to baggage claim) feels（11）than unoccupied time (（12）at baggage claim). Research on queuing has shown that, people on average,（13）how long they’ve waited in a line.This is also（14）one finds mirrors next to elevators. The（15）was born during the post-World War II boom, when the spread of high-rises（16）complaints about elevator delays. The reason behind the mirrors was（17）to the one used at the Houston airport: give people something to occupy their time.（18）overnight, the complaints ceased.We’ll never（19）lines altogether, but a better understanding of the psychology of waiting can help make those（20）delays more bearable. And when all else fails, bring a book.问题1选项A.warningB.thinkingC.askingplaining问题2选项A.In responseB.In factC.In theoryD.In turn问题3选项A.failedB.workedC.stoppedD.continued问题4选项A.SoB.ButC.OrD.And问题5选项A.PuzzledB.ScaredC.DelightedD.Relieved问题6选项A.spentB.neededC.costD.took问题7选项A.In generalB.In additionC.In any caseD.In other words问题8选项A.in spite ofB.instead ofC.by means ofD.because of问题9选项A.nothingB.zeroC.noneD.no问题10选项plaintB.reachC.feelingD.length问题11选项A.shorterB.betterC.longerD.harder问题12选项A.lookingB.standingC.servingD.pointing问题13选项A.dislikeB.disagreeC.overestimateD.misunderstand 问题14选项A.howB.whatC.whyD.when问题15选项A.reasonB.problemC.standardD.idea问题16选项A.called forB.pointed outC.led toD.began with问题17选项A.accustomedB.specificC.helpfulD.similar问题18选项A.RatherB.QuiteC.EntirelyD.Almost问题19选项A.crossB.eliminateC.drawD.create问题20选项A.inadequateB.impatientC.impossibleD.inevitable【答案】第1题:D 第2题:A第3题:B第4题:B第5题:A第6题:D第7题:D第8题:B第9题:B第10题:D第11题:A第12题:B第13题:C第14题:C第15题:B第16题:C第17题:D第18题:D第19题:B第20题:D【解析】1.考查动词辨析。
理工考博英语
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山大考博英语作文模板
山大考博英语作文模板标题，An Analysis of Academic Writing Templates for the English Doctoral Entrance Examination at Shandong University。
Abstract:This essay examines the prevalent academic writing templates used by candidates preparing for the English doctoral entrance examination at Shandong University. It explores the structure, content, and linguistic features of these templates, aiming to provide insights into their effectiveness and implications for test takers.Introduction:The English doctoral entrance examination at Shandong University is a significant milestone for aspiring scholars seeking to pursue advanced studies in English literature, linguistics, and related fields. Among the various sectionsof the examination, the writing component holds particular importance as it assesses candidates' ability to articulate ideas, analyze arguments, and demonstrate proficiency in academic discourse. In this essay, we delve into the commonly employed templates for academic writing in the context of this examination, analyzing their structure, content, and linguistic characteristics.I. Overview of Academic Writing Templates:A. Introduction:The introduction serves as a roadmap for the essay, providing context, outlining the main points, and presenting a thesis statement. Common features include:1. General background information on the topic.2. Statement of the problem or issue.3. Preview of the main arguments or points to be discussed.B. Body Paragraphs:The body paragraphs constitute the substance of the essay, where arguments are developed, evidence is presented, and analysis is conducted. Key elements include:1. Topic sentences to introduce each main idea.2. Supporting evidence such as quotations, statistics,or examples.3. Analysis and interpretation of the evidence, demonstrating critical thinking.C. Conclusion:The conclusion summarizes the main points, reiterates the thesis, and offers insights or recommendations. Components may include:1. Restatement of the thesis in light of the argumentspresented.2. Summary of key findings.3. Implications or suggestions for further research.II. Linguistic Features:A. Formal Language:Academic writing necessitates the use of formal language characterized by:1. Objective tone: Avoidance of personal pronouns and emotive language.2. Precision and clarity: Clear articulation of ideas with precise vocabulary.3. Cohesion and coherence: Use of cohesive devices such as conjunctions and transition words to connect ideas.B. Complex Sentence Structures:Sophisticated writing often employs complex sentence structures, including:1. Subordination: Use of subordinate clauses to add nuance and complexity.2. Relative clauses: Incorporation of relative clauses to provide additional information about nouns.3. Parallelism: Structuring sentences in parallel form for clarity and emphasis.III. Analysis of Template Effectiveness:A. Strengths:1. Organizational clarity: Templates provide a clear framework for structuring essays, aiding coherence and readability.2. Argumentative rigor: By outlining main points and supporting evidence, templates facilitate the development of well-constructed arguments.3. Linguistic proficiency: Exposure to model essays enhances candidates' command of academic vocabulary and sentence structures.B. Limitations:1. Formulaic expression: Overreliance on templates may lead to formulaic writing devoid of originality or critical engagement.2. Rigidity: Strict adherence to templates may constrain creativity and inhibit candidates' ability to adapt to diverse writing tasks.3. Linguistic mimicry: While templates promotelinguistic proficiency, excessive imitation of model essays may hinder the development of candidates' unique voice and style.Conclusion:The analysis of academic writing templates for the English doctoral entrance examination at ShandongUniversity reveals both their merits and limitations. While providing a valuable framework for organizing ideas and enhancing linguistic proficiency, templates should be approached with caution to avoid stifling creativity and critical thinking. Test takers are encouraged to engage critically with model essays, adapting them to suit the specific requirements of the examination while striving for originality and clarity in their writing.。
太原理工大学2015年考博必知：公共课、专业课科目介绍
太原理工大学2015年考博必知：公共课、专业课科目介绍又到了一年一度决定毕业出路的时刻了。
大二的暑期，同学们亟待解决的一个问题就是考虑自己本科毕业之后的去向。
由于目前社会就业压力大，整个人才市场上对学历也有着严苛的标准，拒绝接收研究生以下学历的公司亦不在少数。
因此，众多的考生因各种原因走上了考博的道路。
联系我们扣扣：四九三三七一六二六。
电话：四零零六六八六九七八。
考博共考2个科目，分别为：公共课和专业课。
在这里，老师就跟大家详细的介绍一下这4个科目的考试情况。
一、公共课有：考博政治、考博外语和考博数学。
1.考博政治只要是参加中国“全国硕士研究生入学统一考试”的考生，每个人都得考政治。
(FYI:报考管理类中6个专业学位(工商管理、公共管理、旅游管理、工程管理、会计、图书情报)和审计硕士的初试取消政治科目，思想政治理论考试由招生单位在复试中进行。
)2.考博外语外语科目针对报考的专业不同，可以选择英语、法语、德语、日语等不同的语种，这个主要是由你所报考的院校和你即将报考的专业决定的。
如果你报考英语专业的研究生，那么你的外国语应该就是英语以外的语种，如法语、德语等。
很多同学报考计算机专业，有的学校外语科目就可以选择日语。
但对于考博时考英语的学生来说，英语还分为英语(一)和英语(二)。
一般情况下，参加学术类硕士考试的学生参加英语(一)考试，而参加专业类硕士考试的学生参加英语(二)考试。
3.考博数学很多工科、理科或经济专业的考生都是要参加考博数学考试的。
数学作为公共课来考，有以下几种考试：全国硕士研究生入学统一考试数学考试(简称考博数学)是各大高校、科研院所为招收工学、经济学、管理学硕士研究生而设置的具有选拔性质的考试。
各学科、专业对硕士研究生入学所应具备数学知识和能力的不同要求，从2009年数学考试分为3个卷种，其中针对工学门类的为数学一、数学二，针对经济学和管理学门类的为数学三。
需要选择数学一的专业：1)工学门类中的力学、机械工程、光学工程、仪器科学与技术、冶金工程、动力工程及工程热物理、电气工程、电子科学与技术、信息与通信工程、控制科学与工程、计算机科学与技术、土木工程、测绘科学与技术、交通运输工程、船舶与海洋工程、航空宇航科学与技术、兵器科学与技术、核科学与技术、生物医学工程等20个一级学科中所有的二级学科、专业。
博士研究生招生考试英语大纲
第三部分：翻译。共 2 题，分为 A、B 两节。测试时间 50 分钟。 A 节为英译汉，主要测试考生对英语原文理解的准确性，要求考生将 所给 150 词左右的英语短文译成中文。B 节主要测试考生分析理解母 语、基本掌握西方思维方式和汉英两种语言的异同、有效地进行遣词、 造句、谋篇的能力，要求考生将所给的 100 词左右的中文短文译成英 文。选材原则：短文为学生熟悉的常识性或知识性内容。测试目的： 测试考生正确理解英语文章并用中文正确表达的能力，以及考生的英 语语言运用能力。要求译文忠实于原文，语言通顺。
能力。
三、答题与计分方法
该试卷第一部分为客观性试题，计 60 分。要求考生从每题四个 选项（A、B、C、D）中选出一个最佳答案，每题只能选一个答案， 答案涂在答题卡上。试卷第二部分为主观性试题，计 40 分，要求考 生把答案直接做在答题纸上。该考试为闭卷考试，考生不得使用任何
形式的参考工具。该卷以百分计算。
要生词词义并
进行推断等
50 （每题 2 分）
完形填空
1 篇文章 英语知识综合 选择题
10
II
20
(Cloze Test) （150 词 运用能力 （四选一）
（每题
3
左右）
0.5 分）
1 段英文 理解和表达准
英译汉
文章（150 确、完整、通顺，
1
（15 分）
翻译
词左右） 忠实于原文
000@1001英语@全部专业
博士研究生入学考试英语考试大纲本大纲的各项规定作为太原理工大学博士研究生入学考试英语（第一外语）考试考题编写参考以及质量检查的依据。
一、考试对象报考太原理工大学相关专业拟攻读博士学位，并把英语作为第一外语的考生。
二、考试目的博士研究生入学英语考试是为了考察考生的英语应用能力是否达到非英语专业研究生英语教学大纲中《硕士研究生英语教学与考试》规定的要求。
考试成绩用于博士研究生的入学选拔。
三、考试类型、考试内容及考试结构本考试共分三个部分：阅读理解（40%）、英汉互译（20％），英语写作（40％）。
一、阅读理解（40%）本部分测试考生是否具备博士研究生英语学习要求的词汇量，以及在规定时间内通过阅读获取信息的能力，即对阅读材料的细节、事实、要点、作者观点和态度的理解，并进行相关的判断和推理能力。
文章题材包括社会、文化、史地、科普及人物传记等内容，体裁涉及叙事、议论、描述、说明和应用文等。
阅读理解共有4篇文章，包括4篇400词至700词左右的英文短文。
每篇文章后面附5个问题，每个问题设四个备选答案。
要求考生根据文章内容每题选出一个最佳选项。
二、英汉互译（10%＋10%）本部分测试考生在语篇层次上的理解能力以及对词汇表达方式和结构掌握的程度，考察考生是否能正确理解原文的意思，并从语篇的角度出发，用准确、达意的词语进行语言转换。
翻译分为A，B两部分。
A部分考试形式为英译汉，要求考生阅读一篇400词左右的英语短文，并将文章中的5个句子翻译成汉语。
B部分考试形式为汉译英，要求考生将一段150字左右的中文短文翻译成英语。
两部分原文内容涉及社会、文化、史地和科普等相关领域知识。
三、英语写作（15%＋25%）本部分测试考生用英语表达思想或传递信息的能力及英语写作基础知识的实际运用能力。
英语写作分为“写作一”和“写作二”两部分。
“写作一”为应用文写作，要求考生根据题目要求用英语完成文章摘要、图表描述、数据分析、学术信函等有关内容的写作，字数为150词左右。
《博士研究生英语》教学大纲资料.doc
《博士研究生英语》教学大纲（English for Postgraduates）一、编写说明本课程学分4分，总课时4 x 15周 = 60 课时，必修课。
课程简介：本课程由英语读写和英语视说组成。
上课主要学习精读课文、解疑释惑、视说训练，课后需要完成听、说、读、写等各种形式的作业。
（一）、本课程的教学目的和要求本课程的对象为博士生，其英语水平在6级或以上。
教学目的：巩固和提高博士生的英语阅读水平，英语交流水平，尝试用英语撰写学术论文的水平，用英语参加国际学术会议的水平。
教学要求：读：能运用各项阅读技能，熟练阅读并正确理解难度较大、结构复杂的文献。
读后能够理解文章内容，归纳中心思想。
阅读应该以准确理解与大量阅读并重。
在博士生阶段，总阅读量一般不低于20万词，为达到上述要求，应理解性掌握至少6000个常用单词及600个左右词组，复用性掌握其中2300个左右的基本词。
认知200个左右词根和词缀，并能根据构词法识别派生词。
写、译：较熟练地运用基本写作技能，按要求在一小时内写出300词左右的短文，正确表达思想，无重大语言错误，基本符合英语表达习惯。
能借助词典，将难度较大、结构复杂的文章译成汉语，理解正确，译文达意。
速度为每小时350个左右英文词。
能借助词典，将中等难度的短文译成英语，无重大语言错误，基本符合英语表达习惯。
速度为每小时250左右汉字。
视、听、说对语速为每分钟140词的一般性题材和科普材料可以一遍听懂，理解中心思想和主要内容。
对基本标准语音语调的一般原版视频节目能看懂大意。
能基本听懂本专业的学术报告，并作简要的笔记。
能进行一般性对话，能基本表达自己的学术见解。
要求学生积极配合课堂教学，参与课堂讨论，认真完成视听、说写等各项作业。
（二）、大纲的教学体系精读为主，提高原作阅读水平。
视听为辅，提高话语理解水平。
说写并举，提高学术表达水平。
二、教学大纲内容第一单元Text A: Cyberspace Writing：Four Kinds第二单元Text A: Why is it so hard ……Writing: Expressive Discourse第三单元Text A: The Case against Man Writing: Affirming Discourse 第四单元Text A: The Future of English Writing: Persuasive Discourse第五单元Text A: Love in L.A. Writing: Letters & Invitations第六单元Text A: Billion-dollar Babies Writing: Application Letters 第七单元Text A: They Dared Cocaine ……Writing: Resume三、考核方式及成绩评定标准考核方式：闭卷成绩评定标准：总成绩（百分制）= 平时成绩30% + 期末考试70% （其中平时成绩由课堂表现、作业、小型测试组成。
太原理工大学考博英语模拟真题及其解析
太原理工大学考博英语模拟真题及其解析No company likes to be told it is contributing to the moral declineof a nation.Is this what you intended to accomplish with your careers?Senator Robert Dole asked Time Warner executives last week.You havesold your souls,but must you corrupt our nation and threaten ourchildren as well?At Time Warner,however,such questions are simplythe latest manifestation of the soul-searching that has involved thecompany ever since the company was born in1990.It’s a Geng duo yuanxiao wan zheng kao bo ying yu zhen ti ji qi jie xi qing lian xi quanguo mian fei zi xun dian hua:si ling ling liu liu ba liu jiu qi ba,huojia zi xun qq:qi qi er liu qi ba wu san qi self-examination that has,at various times,involved issues of responsibility,creative freedomand the corporate bottom line.At the core of this debate is chairman Gerald Levin,56,who tookover for the late Steve Ross in1992.On the financial front,Levinis under pressure to raise the stock price and reduce the company’smountainous debt,which will increase to$17.3billion after two newcable deals close.He has promised to sell off some of the propertyand restructure the company,but investors are waiting impatiently.The flap over rap is not making life any easier for him.Levinhas consistently defended the company’s rap music on the grounds ofexpression.In1992,when Time Warner was under fire for releasingIce-T’s violent rap song Cop Killer,Levin described rap as lawfulexpression of street culture,which deserves an outlet.The test ofany democratic society,he wrote in a Wall Street Journal column,liesnot in how well it can control expression but in whether it gives freedom of thought and expression the widest possible latitude, however disputable or irritating the results may sometimes be.We won’t retreat in the face of any threats.Levin would not comment on the debate last week,but there were signs that the chairman was backing off his hard-line stand,at least to some extent.During the discussion of rock singing verses at last month’s stockholders’meeting.Levin asserted that music is not the cause of society’s ills and even cited his son,a teacher in the Bronx, New York,who uses rap to communicate with students.But he talked as well about the balanced struggle between creative freedom and social responsibility,and he announced that the company would launch a drive to develop standards for distribution and labeling of potentially objectionable music.The15-member Time Warner board is generally supportive of Levin and his corporate strategy.But insiders say several of them have shown their concerns in this matter. Some of us have known for many,many years that the freedoms under the First Amendment are not totally unlimited,says Luce.I think it is perhaps the case that some people associated with the company have only recently come to realize this.63.Senator Robert Dole criticized Time Warner for________.（A）its raising of the corporate stock price（B）its self-examination of soul（C）its neglect of social responsibility（D）its emphasis on creative freedom64.According to the passage,which of the following is TRUE?（A）Luce is a spokesman of Time Warner.（B）Gerald Levin is liable to compromise.（C）Time Warner is united as one in the face of the debate.（D）Steve Ross is no longer alive.65.In face of the recent attacks on the company,the chairman ________.（A）stuck to a strong stand to defend freedom of expression （B）softened his tone and adopted some new policy（C）changed his attitude and yielded to objection（D）received more support from the15-member board66.The best title for this passage could be________.（A）A Company under Fire（B）A Debate on Moral Decline（C）A Lawful Outlet of Street Culture（D）A Form of Creative Freedom答案及试题解析63.（C）意为：它对社会责任的忽视。
博士基础英语考试资料(复习使用版)
科技英语翻译1.当今社会，选择的观念无孔不入，种种选择会导致人们越发感到焦虑不安和力不从心。
总有人向我们灌输这样的理念：我们可以选择自己的生活方式，可以选择自己的身材，甚至可以选择子女的未来。
我们因为这种无所不能的虚假承诺而洋洋得意，同时却忘记了，自己做出的选择往往并不理智——要么受到别人选择（社会认同）的影响，要么受到自己内心无意识动机的影响。
1.The ideology of choice is all-pervasive in today’s society, and has contribute d to growing feelings of anxiety and inadequacy among consumers.We’re told that we can choose the type of life we live, the type of body we have, even the way our kids will turn out. But while we bask in the false promise of mastery, we forget that the choices we make are often irrational-either linked to other people’s choices (what is socially acceptable), or our own unconscious motives.2.鉴于甲方拥有合同产品的生产及销售所涉及的技术信息，包括设计、技术、工艺、配方、技能和其他资料的专有权；鉴于乙方以生产、使用和销售合同产品为目的，希望获得使用上述协助的许可权利；鉴于乙方希望使用甲方所有的下述商标；双方兹就下列内容达成一致：2. Whereas Party A possesses proprietary technical information including designs, techniques, workmanship, formulas, skills and other data useful in the manufacture and marketing of certain products; and whereas Party B desires to acquire the right and licence to use the above-mentioned technical assistance for the purpose of manufacturing, using and selling such products; and whereas Party B desires to use the following trademarks owned by Party A. Now Therefore, the parties hereby agree as follows:3.版权是一种无形资产。
博士学位英语考试大纲
8. A. The woman argued for her innocence at court. B. The woman complained that she was forced to pay the fine. C. The woman has got away with many violations of traffic law. D. The woman pleaded ignorance this time of her violation of the traffic law.
5. A. He forgot to mail the letter. B. He left the letter in his office. C. The letter slipped off his desk. D. He should have put the letter in his bag.
Questions 11 to 15 are based on a talk about the concept of community.
You now have 30 seconds to read Questions 11 to 15.
11. A village, or town, or ____________ can be called an area of social life. 12. The speaker states that it is ____________ that people in a community should
2024年博士研究生入学考试英语考试大纲
2024年博士研究生入学考试英语考试大纲全文共10篇示例，供读者参考篇1Hey guys! Are you ready for the 2024 Ph.D. entrance exam? Here's a sneak peek at the English exam outline:1. Reading Comprehension:You'll read passages on various topics, like science, history, and literature. Then, answer questions to test your understanding.2. Vocabulary:Brush up on your word skills! You'll be asked to define words, match them to their meanings, and use them in sentences.3. Grammar:Watch out for those tricky grammar rules! Be prepared to identify errors in sentences and fix them.4. Writing:Show off your writing skills by composing essays on given topics. Remember to organize your ideas, use proper grammar, and support your arguments with examples.5. Listening:Listen to recordings of conversations, lectures, or interviews. Then, answer questions to show how well you understood the spoken English.6. Speaking:Finally, the speaking section! You'll have to talk about a given topic for a certain amount of time. Practice speaking clearly and confidently.Remember to study hard, stay focused, and do your best on the exam. Good luck, future Ph.D. students! You got this!篇2Title: Entrance Exam Outline for 2024 Doctoral StudentsHey guys! Are you ready to ace the entrance exam for your Ph.D. program in 2024? I'm here to give you all the deets on what to expect so you can totally crush it!1. Reading Comprehension: You'll be asked to read a few passages and answer questions about them. Make sure to read carefully and go back to the text to find the answers.2. Vocabulary: Get ready to show off your word knowledge! You'll need to know the meanings of some tricky words and how to use them in sentences.3. Grammar: Brush up on your grammar rules because you'll be tested on things like verb tenses, subject-verb agreement, and punctuation.4. Writing: You might have to write an essay or a short response to a prompt. Make sure to organize your thoughts and use clear, concise language.5. Listening: There will be some listening exercises where you'll have to answer questions about what you hear. Pay attention and take notes if it helps!6. Speaking: You might have to do a speaking task like describing a picture or answering questions about yourself. Speak clearly and confidently!Remember, the key to doing well on the exam is to prepare ahead of time. Study your English skills, practice with samplequestions, and get plenty of rest before the big day. Good luck, future doctors! You've got this!篇3Hello everyone, I am little Timmy, and today I am going to tell you all about the entrance exam for the 2024 Doctoral Program in English. Are you ready? Let's get started!First of all, there will be a listening section where you have to listen to a short audio clip and answer questions about it. It could be a conversation between two people or a story. Make sure to pay attention and take notes if you need to.Next, there will be a reading comprehension section where you will read passages and answer questions to show your understanding. Make sure to read carefully and take your time. Don't rush!After that, there will be a writing section where you have to write an essay on a given topic. Make sure to organize your thoughts and write clearly. Don't forget to check for spelling and grammar mistakes!Lastly, there will be a speaking section where you will have to talk about a topic for a few minutes. Practice speaking English as much as you can before the exam so you feel confident.Remember, the key to doing well on the exam is to practice, practice, practice! Study hard and don't be afraid to ask for help if you need it. You can do it!Good luck to all the little scholars taking the exam. You can do it!篇4Hello everyone! Today I'm going to tell you all about the entrance exam for doctoral students in 2024. It's going to be super exciting, so buckle up and let's dive in!First off, the English exam is going to test your reading, writing, listening, and speaking skills. You'll need to show that you can understand complex passages, write a cohesive essay, listen to lectures and discussions, and participate in conversations. It's important to prepare in advance by studying vocabulary, grammar, and practicing your English skills every day.In the reading section, you'll be asked to read passages on various topics and answer questions to show your comprehension. Make sure to read carefully and take your time to understand the main points of each passage. Practice reading academic articles, essays, and scientific papers to get used to the type of reading you'll encounter in the exam.Next, the writing section will require you to write an essay on a given topic. You'll need to organize your ideas cohesively, support your arguments with evidence, and demonstrate your critical thinking skills. Practice writing essays on different topics and ask for feedback from teachers or peers to improve your writing skills.For the listening section, you'll listen to lectures, discussions, and conversations and answer questions to demonstrate your listening comprehension. Pay close attention to the main ideas, key details, and relationships between speakers to answer the questions accurately. Practice listening to podcasts, TED talks, and academic lectures to improve your listening skills.Lastly, the speaking section will test your ability to communicate verbally in English. You'll be asked questions and engage in conversations with examiners to demonstrate your speaking skills. Practice speaking English regularly with nativespeakers or language partners to improve your pronunciation, fluency, and confidence in speaking.In conclusion, the 2024 doctoral entrance exam will be a challenging but rewarding opportunity to showcase your English skills and pursue your academic goals. Remember to study hard, practice consistently, and stay confident in your abilities. Good luck to all the aspiring doctoral students out there - you've got this!篇5Title: 2024 Ph.D. Graduate School Entrance Exam English Exam OutlineHey there, future doctoral students! Are you ready to rock the 2024 entrance exam for graduate school? We've got you covered with the English exam outline to help you prepare and succeed in the big test. Let's dive into it!1. Reading Comprehension:You will be tested on your ability to understand and analyze academic texts. You'll be asked to read passages on various topics and answer questions to demonstrate yourcomprehension skills. Make sure to read carefully and pay attention to details.2. Vocabulary and Grammar:You'll need to show off your knowledge of English vocabulary and grammar. Be prepared to identify synonyms, antonyms, and complete sentences with appropriate words. Brush up on your verb tenses, prepositions, and sentence structure to ace this section.3. Writing Skills:Get ready to put your writing skills to the test! You'll be asked to write essays or short responses on given prompts. Make sure to organize your thoughts coherently, use proper grammar and punctuation, and develop your ideas with clear examples. Practice writing before the exam to improve your skills.4. Listening Comprehension:Listening skills are crucial for academic success. You'll be required to listen to lectures or conversations and answer questions based on the information provided. Focus on understanding the main ideas, key details, and supporting arguments.5. Speaking Skills:The speaking section will assess your ability to communicate effectively in English. You may be asked to participate in conversations, present ideas, or give a speech. Practice speaking fluently, clearly, and confidently to showcase your communication skills.Remember, preparation is key to success! Study regularly, practice different types of questions, and seek help from teachers or tutors if needed. Stay confident, stay focused, and give it your best shot on exam day. Good luck, future scholars! You've got this!篇6Hello everyone! I'm super excited to share with you the English exam outline for the 2024 doctoral entrance exam. Okay, let's dive in!1. Reading Comprehension- Read a passage and answer questions to test your understanding of the text.- Questions may include identifying main ideas, making inferences, and analyzing the author's purpose.2. Vocabulary and Grammar- Complete sentences with the correct words or phrases.- Identify grammatical errors and correct them.- Choose the best synonym or antonym for a given word.3. Writing- Write an essay on a given topic, expressing your opinions and supporting them with reasons and examples.- Summarize a passage in your own words.- Write a formal email or letter in response to a given situation.4. Listening Comprehension- Listen to conversations or lectures and answer questions based on what you hear.- Fill in missing information in a dialogue.- Identify the main idea or purpose of a recording.5. Speaking- Participate in a conversation with the examiner, discussing a given topic.- Give a short presentation on a specific topic, using visuals if necessary.- Answer questions on the spot, demonstrating your ability to think quickly and articulate your thoughts clearly.Don't forget to review your English grammar and vocabulary regularly, practice reading and listening to English materials, and work on your writing and speaking skills. Good luck with your exam preparation, and remember to have fun while learning English!篇7Hey guys, guess what? I have some super cool news for you!I just found out about the English exam outline for the 2024 Ph.D. graduate school entrance exam! Isn't that awesome?So, in the exam, we're gonna have to show off our English skills in a bunch of different ways. We'll have to do things like reading comprehension, writing essays, and answering grammar questions. But don't worry, I know we can totally rock this exam!First up, there's gonna be a reading comprehension section where we read some passages and answer questions about them.We gotta make sure we understand what we're reading and can find the main ideas and details.Next, we'll have to write some essays on different topics. We gotta make sure our writing is clear, organized, and has good grammar and vocabulary. I know we're all super smart, so we can totally nail this part!And finally, there's gonna be some grammar questions to test our knowledge of English grammar rules. We gotta know things like verb tenses, prepositions, and punctuation. But I know we've all been studying hard, so we'll totally crush this part too!Overall, the exam is gonna test our English skills in a bunch of different ways. But I know we've all been working super hard and we're gonna do amazing. Let's go show everyone how awesome we are at English! Woo hoo!篇8Hello everyone! Today I'm going to share with you the English exam outline for the 2024 Doctoral Entrance Exam. It's going to be super duper fun, so let's get started!1. Reading Comprehension- Read a passage and answer questions about the main idea, details, and vocabulary.- Might have multiple-choice questions, true/false questions, and short-answer questions.- Practice reading different types of texts like articles, stories, and reports.2. Vocabulary and Grammar- Fill in the blanks with the correct word or phrase.- Identify the parts of speech (noun, verb, adjective, adverb, etc.).- Correct the grammar mistakes in sentences.- Learn new words and practice using them in sentences.3. Writing- Write a short essay on a given topic.- Include an introduction, body paragraphs, and a conclusion.- Use linking words to connect your ideas.- Check your spelling, punctuation, and grammar.4. Speaking- Talk about a topic for a few minutes without stopping.- Answer questions about yourself and your opinions.- Practice speaking clearly and confidently.- Listen to recordings and practice repeating after them.5. Listening- Listen to a recording and answer questions about the content.- Pay attention to the main idea, details, and speaker's tone.- Practice listening to different accents and speeds.- Take notes while listening to help you remember key points.Remember to practice a little bit every day to prepare for the exam. Good luck, future scholars! You can do it!篇9Hello everyone! Today I'm gonna share the big news about the entrance exam for the doctoral program in 2024. Are youexcited? Well, let me break it down for you in a simple and fun way!First of all, the exam will have three main parts: listening, reading, and writing. In the listening section, you'll have to listen to conversations and answer questions about them. So make sure to practice your listening skills by watching English movies and TV shows!Next up is the reading section, where you'll have to read passages and answer questions. Remember to pay attention to details and take your time to understand the text. You can also practice by reading English books and articles.Last but not least is the writing section. You'll have to write essays on various topics, so make sure to practice your writing skills by writing every day. Remember to use proper grammar, punctuation, and vocabulary to impress the examiners!In addition to these three main sections, there will also be a speaking test where you'll have to have a conversation with the examiners. So practice speaking English with your friends or even in front of a mirror to boost your confidence!Overall, the key to doing well in the exam is to practice, practice, practice! Don't worry if you make mistakes, just keeplearning and improving. With hard work and dedication, I'm sure you'll do great in the 2024 entrance exam for the doctoral program. Good luck everyone, you got this!篇10Dear students,Welcome to the 2024 PhD entrance examination! We're so excited to have you all here to take part in this big test. We know it can be a little nerve-wracking, but don't worry, we believe in you!First off, let's talk about what's going to be on the exam. You can expect to see questions on a variety of topics, including your field of study, general knowledge, critical thinking, and problem-solving skills. The exam will be divided into multiple sections, each testing different aspects of your abilities.In the first section, you'll be asked to demonstrate your knowledge of your field of study. This might include questions about key concepts, major figures in the field, and recent developments. Make sure to review your notes and textbooks before the exam to refresh your memory!The second section will test your general knowledge. You might be asked questions about current events, popular culture, or historical events. Stay up to date on the news and try to read widely to prepare for this section.The third section will focus on critical thinking. You'll be presented with scenarios or arguments and asked to analyze them, identify flaws, and make logical conclusions. Practice thinking critically about the world around you to do well on this part of the exam.Finally, the fourth section will test your problem-solving skills. You might be given a complex problem and asked to come up with a solution, or asked to explain your thought process for solving a puzzle. Practice thinking creatively and approaching problems from different angles to excel on this section.Remember, the most important thing is to stay calm and do your best. Good luck, and we look forward to seeing all the amazing things you will accomplish in your future academic career!Sincerely,The Examination Committee。
全国博士英语词汇大纲2
magnetic a．磁性的；有吸引力的magnificent a．壮丽的；宏伟的；豪华的magnifier n．放大镜；放大器magnify v．放大；扩大magnitude n．大小；数量；重要性；巨大maid n．侍女；女仆；少女；处女maiden n．处女；少女；未婚女子maintenance n．维持；保养majestic a．雄伟的，壮丽的；庄严的；威严的；崇高的majesty n．威严，尊严；(M-)陛下majority n．多数，过半数malaise n．不适，欠安malaria n．疟疾malformation n．畸形，变形malfunction n．故障；功能碍障malicious a．恶意的；蓄意的malignant a．恶性的；有害的malnutrition n．营养不良mammal n．哺乳动物managerial a．经理的；管理人的；管理上的，经营上的mandatory a．强制的；委托的maneuver n．手法，操作法manifest v．表明；证明；显示a.明白的；明显的manipulate v．操作；处理；使用；操纵manometer n．压力计；血压计mansion n．大厦，大楼manual a．手的；用手的；手工做的；体力的n．手册，指南manuscript n．手稿；原稿；打字稿marble n．大理石march v．／n．前进；进行；行军margin n．页边空白；边缘；余地；幅度v．加边于marine a．海的；海生的；航海的marrow n．骨髓；精华；活力marsh n．沼泽地marshal n．元帅martyr n．烈士；(因疾病等)长期受痛苦的人marvel n．惊奇；奇观;奇迹v.惊奇;惊异marvelous a．惊人的；奇迹般的;了不起的Marxism n．马克思主义Marxist n．马克思主义者masculine a．男性的；男子气概的n.阳性；阳性词mask n. 面具;口罩v.遮盖;戴面具mass n．团，块，堆；众多，大量v．集聚n．(或M-)弥撒n．(p1．)群众，民众massage n．按摩，推拿v．按摩，推拿massive a．粗大的，大而重的；大规模的，巨大的masterpiece n．杰作；名著mastery n．控制；统治;优势;优胜;掌握，精通mat n．席子；垫子;地席;v.铺上垫子maternal a．母亲的；母系的maternity n．母性；产科医院；怀孕matron n．护士长；女总管；总干事maturate v．成熟；化脓mature a．成熟的；周到的v.成熟,成长maxim n．格言，箴言maximal a．最大的，最高的；最带总括性的maximize v．把…增加到最大限度；充分重视；作尽量广义的解释maximum n．最大量；最高点；顶点；极限a．最大的，最高的115maze n. 迷惑；混乱v.使迷惑;使困惑meadow n．草地；牧草地measles n. 麻疹mechanism n. 机制,机理;机械装置;手法；途径meddle v．干涉，干预median a．中央的，当中的n．中部;中线；中值medicare n．医疗照顾方案／项目medication n．药疗法，药物处理；药物;药剂medicinal a．药的；药用的；治疗的medico-athletics n．医疗体育medico-legal a．法医学的meditate v．沉思，冥思；反省；考虑;策划Mediterranean n．／a．地中海(的)medium a. 中等的，适中的n．中间,适中；媒介；媒介物；传导体medulla n．髓(质)melanin n．黑(色)素melody n．旋律，曲调；歌曲melon n．瓜；甜瓜membrane n．膜memorable a．值得纪念的；难忘的memorandum n．备忘录memorize v．记住；熟记；记录；存储menace v．／n．威胁；恐吓mend v．修补，修理，缝补；改正;改进n．修补；好转meningitis n．脑(脊)膜炎menstrual a．月经的；每月一次的mental a．思想的，精神的；智力的,脑力的merchandise n．商品；货物v．经商；推销merchant n．商人；零售商mercury n．汞，水银mercy n．仁慈；怜悯；宽恕merge v．使(企业等)合并；使结合；吞没；并吞merit n．价值；优点；功绩v.值得；应得merry a．欢乐的，兴高采烈的mesh n．网眼；网络；网状结构mess n．混乱，混杂；脏乱v.弄糟；弄乱；妨碍metabolism n．(新陈)代谢metallic a．金属的；金属制的；含金属的；产金属的；像金属的metastasis n．转移；转移灶；转移瘤meteorology n．气象学methodology n．方法论；(某一学科)一套方法meticulous a．过细的，细致的metropolitan a．大城市的，大都会的；宗主国的n．大城市人；大都市派头的人microbe n．微生物；细菌microbiology n．微生物学microfilm n．缩微胶卷；缩微照片v.用缩微法拍摄microorganism n．微生物midst n．中部，中间migrate v．迁移；移居mild a．温暖的，暖和的；温和的；温柔的；(烟、酒)味淡的military a．军队的；军事的；军用的mill n．磨坊；磨粉机；制造厂，工厂v．碾磨millionaire n．百万富翁mimic a．模仿的；摹拟的mince v．切碎；绞碎n．肉馅mingle v．混合，相混合miniature n．小画像；小型物minibus n．小型公共汽车minister n．部长；大臣；牧师v．伺候，照顾(to)ministry n．部minor a．较小的；较少的；较次要的n．兼修学科v．兼修(in)minority n．少数；少数派；少数民族mint n．薄荷minus a．减去的；负的prep．减(去)n．减号，负号；负数，负量minute a．微细的，微小的；详细的；精密的miracle n．奇迹；令人惊奇的人(或事)misbirth n．堕胎；流产miscarriage n．失败；误投；小产；流产;堕胎miserable a. 悲惨的；痛苦的misery n. 痛苦；悲惨；不幸mismatch v．／n．配错；配合不当missile n．导弹；发射物mission n．使节；代表团；使命,任务；v．派遣mist n．薄雾，霭v．下薄雾；模糊mitigate v. 缓和；镇静；安慰mitral a. 僧帽形的；二尖瓣的moan n．呻吟声；悲叹声v．呻吟,悲叹mobile a．运动的；活动的；易变的；流动的，机动的；活动装置的n．运动物体mobilize v．动员；活动mock v．嘲弄，嘲笑a.假的,虚幻的moderate a. 中等的,适度的;温和的;稳健的n.温和主义者v.变(使)和缓modest a．端庄的, 朴素的；谦虚的,羞怯的modesty n．谦逊，虚心；端庄，稳重;羞怯;朴素modification n．缓和;减轻; 更改，修改modify v．改变,改变;修饰；减轻；缓和modulate v．调整；调节moist a．湿润的，潮湿的moisture n．潮湿；湿气；湿度molar n．磨牙，臼齿a．克分子的mold 同mouldmole n．胎块；痣；克分子molecular a．分子的；克分子的molecule n．分子；克分子；微小颗粒molten a．熔化的；熔融的moment n．片刻，瞬间，时刻；重大，重要monetary a. 钱的；货币的；金融的monitor n. 班长；监听员；监听器;监视器；(病人)监护仪v.监视，监听；监护monocyte n．单核细胞monotonous a．单调的；一成不变的monster n. 怪物;妖怪a.异乎寻常地大的(只作定语)mood n. 心境；情绪；语气moral a．道德的；道义的；有道德的n．寓意；道德上的教训morality n．道德，美德；教训，寓意morbid a．病的；致病的；病态的；可怕的morbidity n. 发病率morphine n．吗啡morphology n．形态学；结构；词法mortal a．致命的；终有一死的；人世间的，凡人的n．凡人moaquito n．蚊子moss n．苔藓，地衣v．长苔藓motel n．汽车旅客旅馆moth n．蛾；蛀虫mothball n．卫生球；樟脑球motto n．箴言；格言；警句mould n．模子，模型，铸模；霉；霉菌v．造型，浇铸；发霉mount v．登上，爬上，骑上；增长；固定；镶嵌n．登上，骑马，支架；底座，底板mourn v．哀悼，悲悼mouse n．鼠；耗子v．捕鼠mucosa n．粘膜mucus n．粘液multiple a. 复合的；多样的；多重的；多倍的；复杂的；并联的n．multiplication n．增加，增多，倍增；增殖，繁殖；乘法multiply v．乘；增加；繁殖multitude n．大批；大群；大量mumps n．流行性腮腺炎municipal a．市的；市政的；市立的murmur n．咕哝；(心脏)杂音mushroom n．蘑菇musk n．麝香mustard n. 芥末mutate 变异；突变mutter v．／n．轻声低语；咕哝：抱怨mutton n．羊肉mutual a．相互的;共同的mycology n．真菌学myopia n．近视mysterious a．神秘的；可疑的；难理解的mystery n．神秘；神秘之事；神秘小说；侦探小说nail n．钉；指甲；爪v．钉,钉住naive a．天真的；朴素的naked a．裸体的；毫无遮掩的napkin n．餐巾(纸)naprapathy n．推拿疗法；矫正疗法narcotherapy n．麻醉疗法；睡眠疗法narcotic a．麻醉的narrate v．讲(故事)；叙述narration n．讲述；故事；记叙体narrative a．叙述的n．记事；叙述;记叙文narrow a．狭的，狭窄的；狭隘的v．弄窄nasal a．鼻的；鼻音的nasty a. 龌龊的；极脏的；令人作呕的naught n．零；无naughty a．顽皮的；淘气的nausea n．恶心；晕船naval a．海军的；军舰的navigation n．航行；航海；航海术;导航；领航；海上交通navy n．海军necessitate v．使成为必需；迫使(常用被动语态)necessity n．必要性；必然性；必需品necropsy n．尸体剖解；验尸necrosis n．坏死negligence n．疏忽；玩忽；粗心大意negligent a．疏忽的；玩忽的；粗心大意的negligible a．可以忽略的；微不足道的negotiate v．谈判；协商negotiation n．谈判；协商neonate n．不满一个月的婴儿neoplastic a．新生物的；赘生的;(肿)瘤的nephew n．侄子；外甥nephritis n．肾炎neural a．神经的neuralgia n．神经痛neurology n．神经病学neuron n．神经元，神经细胞nib n．钢笔尖；尖头nickle n．镍；五分镍币v.镀镍nicotine n．尼古丁niece n．侄女；外甥女niggard a．／n．小气的(人);吝啬的(人) nightwalker n．梦游病患者nil n．无，零nip v. 夹,钳,咬;剪断,夹断nipper n．钳子；镊子；螯nipple n．乳头；乳头状隆起nitrogen n．氮noble a．高尚的；贵族的n．贵族nocturia n．夜尿nocturnal a．夜间的；夜发的node n．节；结；瘤；中心点nodule n．小结节，小瘤nomenclature n．名称；术语；命名(法),术语集nominate v. 提名；指定；任命nomination n．提名；任命nonreversible a．不可逆的nonsense n. 胡说；废话nonsignificant a．无足轻重的,无意义的nonspecific a．非特异性的nostril n．鼻孔notable a. 值得注意的;著名的;显著的n.名人notary n．公证人，公证员noticeable a．显而易见的；值得注意的;重要的notion n．概念；想法；打算，意图notorious a．臭名昭著的；声名狼藉的notwithstanding prep．尽管ad．尽管，还是conj．虽然；尽管nought n．／a．无，零nourish v．施肥于；提供养分；养育nourishment n．食物，滋养品novel a．新颖的；新奇的n．长篇小说novelty n. 新奇;新颖noxious a．有害的；不卫生的；有毒的nuclear a．核的；核心的；原子核的nucleus n．核；核心；原子核；细胞核nude n．裸体的；光秃的；肉色的nuisance n．麻烦事；讨厌的人(或事)numb a．麻木的；失去感觉的numberical a．数字的，用数字表示的，数值的numerous a．众多的，大批的，无数的nursery n．托儿所，保育室;苗圃;繁殖场nurture n．营养物，食物；培育;养育；教养nutrient n．营养品a．营养的；滋养的nutriology n．营养学nyctalopia n．夜盲症nylon n．尼龙oaf n. 畸形儿；痴儿；笨汉oak n. 橡树，橡木a．橡木制的oar n. 桨，橹v．划船，划行oat n. 燕麦oath n. 誓约；誓言oatmeal n. 燕麦片；燕麦粥obesity n. 肥胖症obligation n. 义务,责任oblige v. 迫使;责成;使感激，施恩obliterate v．擦去；涂抹；去掉…痕迹；消失；除去oblivious a．忘却的；健忘的obscure a．暗的；朦胧的；模糊的;不清楚的；偏僻的v．使暗,使黑暗；遮掩；使失色observation n．观察；监视；言论，意见observe v．遵守；奉行；观察，注意到；看到；说，评述observer n．遵守者；观察员，观察家；评述者obsess v．使着迷；迷(缠)着;使烦扰obstacle n．障碍；妨碍obstetrics n．产科学；助产术obstinate a．固执的；顽强的obstruct v．阻塞，堵塞；阻挡，,阻止;设置障碍obstruction n．阻塞，堵塞；障碍物occasion n．场合，时节；时刻v．引起occasional a．偶然的；不时的v. 闭塞的；堵塞；(牙齿)咬合occult a．隐(伏)的；潜隐性的；秘密的ocular a．眼的；视觉的;目击的odds n．不平等；差异;差距;可能性odo(u)r n．气味；香气；臭气offence(-se) n．犯法；犯规，过错；冒犯;触怒；进攻offend v．冒犯；触犯；得罪;使不快；使恼火offensive a．冒犯的，攻击的n．攻势;进攻officinal a．药房现成有售的；依据药典配制的；药用的n．成药；药用植物officious a．过分殷勤的；好管闲事的；非官方(正式)的offset n．／v．分支；抵消；补偿omen n．预兆，兆头ominous a．不祥的，不吉的；预兆的，预示的oncology n．肿瘤学onion n. 洋葱opaque a．不透光的；不反光的,不传导的；晦涩的opera n．歌剧ophthalmology n．眼科学opiate n．鸦片制剂opium n．鸦片；麻醉剂opponent n．对手；敌手a.对立的;反对的opportunity n．机会oppress v．压迫；压制；压抑oppression n．压迫，压制；压制物;沉闷；压抑opt v．抉择，选择optical a．眼的，视力的; 视觉的;光学的optics n．(用作单或复)光学optimal a．最适宜的；最理想的;最令人满意的optimism n．乐观；乐观主义optimistic a．乐观的；乐观主义的optimize v．使尽可能完善；(表示)乐optimize v．使尽可能完善；(表示)乐观optimum n．最佳；最适条件；最适当的食物量option n．选择；选择权；选择自由optional a．可任意选择的；非强制的optometrist n．配镜师orbit n．眼眶，眼窝；轨道v.作轨道运行orchard n．果园orchestra n．管弦乐队ordeal n．严峻；考验；折磨organ n．器官；风琴organelle n．细胞器；小器官organic a．器官的；有机的organism n．有机体；生物orient n．东方v．定位oriental a．东方的n．东方人orifice n．孔，口originality n．创造力；独创性；创见，创举originally ad．最初地；有独创性地originate v．起源，发生；首创；创始ornament n．装饰，装饰品v．装饰ornamental a．装饰的；作装饰用的n．装饰品；观赏植物orphan n．孤儿a．无父母的；无父(或母)的；孤儿的orthopedics n．矫形外科学osmosis n．渗透(作用)osteoma n．骨瘤ostrich n．鸵鸟otitis n．耳炎otorhinolaryngology(otolaryngology) n．耳鼻喉科学outpatient n．门诊病人outrageous a．蛮横的；残暴的；无耻的outskirts n．郊区oval a．卵形的；椭圆形的n.卵形物ovary n．卵巢oven n．炉，灶；烘箱overactivity n．活动过度；过度活跃overall a．全面的；综合的n．工作服；罩衫；(pl．)工作裤overcast n．阴天a．阴暗的；郁闷的overflow v．使涨满；溢出；流出；漫出oversleeve n．袖套overt a．公开的；明显的overthrow v．／n．推翻；颠覆overwhelm v．压倒；制服ovum n．卵细胞oxide n．氧化物oyster n. 牡蛎ozone n. 臭氧pad n．垫，衬垫；便笺本v．填塞paddle n．桨v．用桨划pagoda n．塔pail n．提桶painstaking a．苦干的；艰苦的,费力的;刻苦的pal n．好朋友，伙伴v.成伙伴palate n．腭palliate v．减轻；缓和palliative a. 姑息的；治标的pallor a. 苍白；灰白palm n. 手掌；棕榈palpation n. 触诊palpitate v. 悸动；急速地跳动palsy n．瘫痪；中风，痉挛pamphlet n．小册子pancake n．薄煎饼pancreas n．胰(腺)pandemic a. 流行的；传染的n．传染病panel n．专门小组；面；板；控制板，操纵盘panic n. 恐慌;惊慌a.恐慌的;惊慌的pant n．v．气喘；心跳pants n．裤子pap n．软食；半流质食物papula n．丘疹；小突起parachute n．降落伞v．用降落伞降落parade n．游行；检阅v．游行paradise n．天堂paragraph n．段落，节；短讯；短评parallel a．平行的，与…平行的n.平行线，纬线；对比paralyse v．使麻痹，使瘫痪paralysis n．麻痹，瘫痪paralyze v．使麻痹，使瘫痪paraphrase n．释义；意译v．将…释义(意译)parasite n．寄生虫；寄生菌；食客parcel n．小包，包裹；(土地的)一块parenterally ad．不经肠道parish n．教区parliament n. 国会；议会parliamentary a．议会的；国会的parlo(u)r n．客厅；休息室paroxysm n．阵发；突发parrot n．鹦鹉partial a．部分的，局部的；偏爱的，不公平的participant n．参加者；参与者a．参与的participate v．参与；参加；分享；分担participation n. 参与；参加；分享particle n. 粒子；微粒；小品词；虚词partition n．分开；隔开物；隔开部分passion n．热情，激情；爱好；激怒；大怒passionate a．热情的；热烈的；激昂的；易动情的；易怒的；性情暴躁的passive a. 被动的；消极的paste n. 浆糊,糊状物v.粘,贴patch n．小片；小块；补钉;膏药;斑v．补，修补patent a．专利的；特许的n．专利；专利权v．给予…专利权；获得…专利权pathogen n．病原体pathology n．病理学pathophsiology n．病理生理学patience n．耐心；忍耐patient a．有耐心的；能忍耐的n.病人，患者patriot n．爱国者patriotic a．爱国的patrol n．巡逻；巡逻队v．巡逻pattern n．模式；式样；图案；花样v．仿制；模仿pave v. 铺砌；铺路pavement n. 人行道pavilion n. 亭子pearl n．珍珠v．呈珍珠状;用珍珠装饰peck v．／n．啄peculiar a．特殊的；独特的；古怪的peculiarity n．独特性，特色；特殊的东西；怪癖pedagogy n．教育学；教学法pedal a．足的；脚踏的n.脚踏v.骑自行车pedestrian n．行人a．步行的pediatrics n．儿科学peel v．削皮，剥皮n．果皮peep v．／n．偷看；窥看peer v．盯，窥，凝视n．同事;前辈peg n．木(或金属)钉；衣夹v.钉木钉pelvis n．骨盆penalty n．罚；惩罚pendulum n．摆；钟摆penetrate v．穿透；渗入；看穿penetration n．穿透；穿人；渗透peninsula n．半岛peninsular a．半岛的；半岛状的penny n．便士；一分pension n．抚恤金；养老金；年金v．给予…养老金(抚恤金等) pepper n．胡椒粉；胡椒；辛辣(或富于刺激性)的事物v．撒胡椒粉于pepsin n．胃蛋白酶peptic a．消化性的；助消化的；消化液的perceive v．察觉，发觉；理解；领悟perceptible a．感觉得到的；看得出的；可理解的perception n．感觉；概念；理解力perceptive a．知觉的；感觉灵敏的;有察觉力的；有理解力的percuss v．叩诊；震动；敲打percutaneous a．经皮的perforate v．穿孔；贯穿perform v．做，施行；完成；表演；演出performance n. 表演；演出；执行；完成performer n. 表演者；执行者perfume n. 香水；香料v．撒香水perfuse v. 洒；灌注；使充满peril n．严重危险v．置…于危险中periodic n．期间；周期；时期；时代；句号(pl．)月经期periodic a．周期的；定期的；间歇的；循环的periodical a. 定期的；周期的；期刊的n. 期刊，杂志peripheral a. 末梢的；周围的permanence n. 永久(性)；持久(性)permanent a. 永久的；持久的permeable a. 可渗透的；具渗透性的permeate v. 渗入；透过；弥漫；充满pernicious a．有害的，有毒的；恶性的;致命的perpetual a．永久的；永恒的perplex v．困惑；难住；使复杂化persecute v. 迫害persecution n. 迫害persevere v. 坚持；不屈不挠personify v．拟(某物)为人;使人格化；表现；体现personnel n．全体人员；全体职员；人事部门perspective n．前景；前途；观点；看法a. 透视的perspire v. 排汗pertain v．(to)附属，从属；关于；有关；适合，相称pertinent a．恰当的；贴切的；中肯的；有关的；相干的perturb v. 使不安;烦扰;扰乱;使紊乱perturbation n. 不安,烦扰;扰乱;紊乱pertussis n. 百日咳pervade v. 弥漫,渗透;充满,遍及pessimism n. 悲观；悲观主义；厌世pessimist n. 悲观者；悲观主义者；厌世pessimistic a. 悲观的;悲观主义的pesticide n. 杀虫剂；农药petition n.／v．请愿，申请，祈求petrol n．汽油petroleum n．石油petty a．细小的,次要的;渺小的pharmaceutical a．药学的;药物的；药用的;药剂师的pharmacology n．药理学；药物学pharmacy n．药学；制药；药店,药房pharyngitis n. 咽炎pharyngoscope n．咽镜pharynx n. 咽philosopher n. 哲学家;哲人philosophical a. 哲学家的;哲学上的;达观的philosophy n. 哲学,哲学体系phonetic a. 语音(学)的phosphate n. 磷酸盐phosphorus n. 磷photography n. 摄影术physiological a．生理学的；生理的physiology n．生理学pick v．挖；拾，采,摘;挑选n.镐picket n．桩，尖桩v．派去放哨;用栅子围上pickle n．腌制品；泡菜pictorial a．绘画的；图片的n．画报picturesque a．景色似画的；别致的pierce v．穿透pigeon n．鸽子pigsty n．猪圈pillar n．柱，支柱；柱形物pilot n．驾驶员，飞行员；领港员；引水员v．领港；驾驶(飞机等) pin n．大头针;别针;徽章;销,栓v．钉住,别住pinch v．／n．拧，捏,夹(痛);挤压pine n．松树v．憔悴;消瘦;渴望pink n．桃红色;粉红色a.粉红色的pinkeye n．火眼pistol n．手枪piston n．活塞pit n．坑；窖；小凹陷pitch n．沥青pitiable a．引人怜悯的；可怜的pitiful a．令人怜悯的；可怜的pituitary a．垂体的；粘液的n.垂体,垂体前后叶制剂pity n．怜悯；惋惜；可惜的事,憾事placebo n．安慰剂；宽慰话placenta n. 胎盘plague n. 瘟疫;鼠疫;灾祸;天灾v. 染瘟疫planetary a. 行星的,有轨道的plantation n. 种植园;栽植plaque n. 班,血小板;噬菌区plasma n. 血浆plaster n. 灰泥;膏药v.涂灰泥;敷贴膏药;减轻plateau n. 高原;平稳时期;停滞时期platelet n．血小板plea n．抗辩；诉讼；托词；请愿；请求plead v．恳求；为…辩护，辩解pledge n．誓约；保证v．发誓；保证plenary a．完全的；绝对的；全体出席的pleura n．胸膜plexus n．(血管，淋巴管，神经等的)丛plight n. 境况；困境，苦境v．保证plot n. 一块地；计划，阴谋,情节v. 策划plumber n．管子工；铅管工plump a．丰满的；饱满的plunder v．／n．掠夺；抢劫plunge v. 跳入;(使)投入;(使)入;猛冲plural n./a. 复数(的)plus prep. 加n.加号;正号a.正的pneumonia n．肺炎poke v. 戳，刺，捅，插；触碰；伸(头)polar a．地极的；南极的；北极的polarization n．(电)极化；极化强度；偏振；两极分化polarize v．极化；偏振；使两极分化pole n．柱，杆；地极；磁极v．用杆撑policy n. 政策,方针polish v. 擦亮,抛光n.擦亮剂poll n. 投票;投票数;民意测验v. 投票;对…进行民意测验polymer n. 聚合物；聚合体polyp n．息肉polytechnic a．多种工艺的；多种科技的pond n．池塘ponder v．考虑；沉思porcelain n．瓷；瓷器porch n．门廊pore n．毛孔；气孔；细孔v.凝视pork n．猪肉porridge n．粥port n．港口portable a．轻便的；手提(式)的portal a．肝门的；门静脉的；porter n．搬运工人；守门人portion n．部分；一份portrait n．肖像，画像positive a．确定的，肯定的；积极的；正面的；阳性的n．明确；实在；正面possess v．拥有，占有possession n．所有物；拥有，占有possessive a．占有的；所有的n．(the-)所有格postage n．邮费；邮资postal a．邮政的，邮局的n.明信片postdoctoral a．博士后的poster n．招贴；标语；广告(画)posterior a．后面的postmortem a. 死后的;验尸的n．尸体解剖；验尸postscript n．又及；附言；再者potassium n．钾potent a．有力的；有效力的；有势力的；烈性的potential a．潜在的；可能的n．潜力potentiality n．潜在性；可能性；(pl．)潜力potentiate v．加强；使更有效力(尤指药物)pottery n. 陶器类；陶器制造(术)poultry n. 家禽powder n．粉末，药粉pox n．痘，疹；脓疱practitioner n. 开业者；实践者131precaution n. 预防,谨慎;警惕v.预先,警告precautious a.有防备的；戒备的；警惕的precede v.在先，在前；优于precedence n.领先；在前；优先；上座precedent n.先例，前例a．在前的，优先的precious a.珍贵的，贵重的precipitation n.沉淀；加速；促进；降雨量precise a.精确的，准确的precision n. 精确(性);精密a.精确的，精密的precursor n.先驱者；前辈；前任；预兆；先兆predecessor n.前辈；前任者predispose v.使易感染；预先安排predisposition n.倾向；素质；易罹病的素质predominant a.占优势的；主要的；流行的；显著的preference n. 偏爱；喜爱；优先pregnancy n. 怀孕；怀孕期pregnant a. 怀孕的；孕育着的prejudice n. 偏见,成见;侵害,损害,歧视v. 使抱偏见,不利于preliminary a. 预备的,初步的n. 预考,初试prelude n.序言；预兆premature a.早熟的；不到期的n.早产的婴儿premed(premedical) a.医科大学预科的premier n. 总理,首相a．首要的,首位的premise n. 前提;(pl.)房屋(及其附属建筑,基地等)v.提出…为前提preoccupy v. 先占,使全神贯注;迷着;吸引preponderance n. 优越,优势prerequisite a.必须先具备的；先决条件的prescribe v.处(方)，开(药)；规定；指示；命令prescription n.药方，处方；命令；指示；规定prescriptive a.规定的，指示的；约定俗成的preside v. 主持presidency n. 总统的职位；管辖press v.压，挤，按；逼迫，催促n.报刊，出版界；压榨机，印刷机prestige n. 威望，声望presume v. 推测；假定presumption n. 假定，推测;专横,冒昧pretend v. 假装；假托prevail v. 取胜；占优势；流行,盛行prevalence n. 流行，盛行prevalent a. 流行的，盛行的previous a. 先的，前的，以前的previously ad.以前地prey n.被捕食的动物；捕食v.捕食；掠夺；折磨prick v. 刺(穿)；戳(穿)；刺痛priest n.教士；神父；牧师primary a.首要的，主要的；基本的；最初的；初级的；原始的；原发的prime a.主要的，首位的；最好的，头等的n．全盛时期；青壮年时期primitive a.原始的，早期的；简单的；粗糙的n．原始人(事物)prince n.王子；亲王princess n.公主；王妃priority n.优先；重点；优先权,先,前prism n.棱镜；棱柱(体),角柱(体)privacy n.隐居，隐退；秘密，私下；隐私private a.私人的；私有的；私立的；秘密的；私下的privilege n.优惠；特许；特权v．给予优惠；给予特权probation n.检验；验证；试用；见习probe n.探针；探查；探测器v．用探针探查；探查；查究procaine n.普鲁卡因procedure n.程序；步骤；过程procession n.队伍；行列；行进processor n. 加工者,处理者,信息处理机proclaim v. 宣布,声明proclamation n. 宣布,公布,声明,公告;宣告prodrome n.前驱症状；序论productivity n.生产率；生产能力proficiency n. 熟练；精通proficient a. 熟练的，精通的profile n.侧面(像)；外形，轮廓v.描…的轮廓profound a.深刻的；渊博的；深远的；深切的profuse a.极其丰富的；过多的prognosis n.预后progress n./v.前进；进步；进展progression n.前进；进步；接续progressive a.进步的；前进的；渐进酡：进行性的prohibit v.禁止；阻止prohibition n.禁止；禁令project n.计划；方案；工程；项目v.设计，规划；投射，放映,凸出projection n.设计，规划；发射，喷射,投影，投影图；凸出projector n.计划人；放映机；幻灯；发射装置prolapse n. 脱垂；下垂prominent a.突出的，杰出的；凸起的,突起的；显著的promote v. 提升，晋升；促进，增进,助长prompt a.敏捷的；迅速的；即刻的v.促使；引起ad．准时地prone a.有…倾向的；易于…的propaganda n.宣传propagate v.繁殖；宣传；传播propel v.推进，推动property n.财产；所有权；性质；特性prophylaxis n.预防；预防法proponent n.建议者；支持者a．建议的proportion n.部分；比例，比重；均衡，相称v．(使)成比例proportional a.相称的；成比例的proportionate a.成比例的；相称的v．使成比例proposal n.提议，建议；推荐；打算；求婚propose v.提议，建议；推荐；打算;求婚prose n.散文prosecute v.彻底进行；从事;经营,对…起诉；告发prosecution n.彻底进行；从事;经营,起诉;告发prospect n.展望；前景v．勘探prospective a.预期的；未来的；前瞻性的prosper v.繁荣，昌盛；成功prosperity n.繁荣；兴旺；成功prosperous a.繁荣的，兴旺的prostate n.前列腺protest v./n.断言；主张；抗议；反对protocol n.议定书；草约；会谈记录；外交礼节protoplasm n.原生质，细胞质prototype n.原型；标准；典型protract v.延长；伸长protrude v.伸出；突出proverb n.谚语，格言v．成为谚语：用谚语表达province n.省；领域，范围provincial a.省的，地方的n．外省人；乡下人provision n.给养，口粮；准备，预备；条款，规定v．向…供应粮食provoke v.煽动；激怒；激起；诱发proximate a.贴近的；近似的；即将到来的proximity n.贴近，接近；近似prodent a.谨慎的；慎重的；精明的；节俭的pseudo a.假的，冒充的psychiatry n.精神病学psychic a.精神的,心理的psychological a.心理的,心理学的psychology n.心理学psychosis n.精神病,精神极度不安puberty n.青春期puff n.(一)喷，(一)吹；一阵，一股(气味)；隆起的小块pulmonary a.肺的pumpkin n.南瓜,南瓜藤punch v.冲压, 穿孔n．冲压机；穿孔机punctual a.准时的；不误期的；正确的；精确的puncture n./v.穿刺，刺puppet n.木偶，玩具；傀儡puppy n.小狗，幼犬purification n.纯化，净化；提纯purify vt. 使纯净，使洁净；纯化purple n.紫色a．紫的，紫红的v．(使)成紫色purse n. 钱包pursue v. 追逐；追击；从事；进行pursuit n. 追赶，追求；职业；事务purulent a. 化脓的；脓性的pus n. 脓；脓液pajama n.(pl.)睡衣裤pylorus n.幽门pyrexia n.发热quack n.庸医；江湖医生；冒充内行的人;骗子quadrant n.四分体；象线quake v./n.震动，颤动；发抖quantities v. 测定(估计)…的数量quarantine n. 检疫；检疫处；隔离；隔离区quarterly n.季刊a．季度的ad．季度地quartz n.石英queer a.奇怪的，古怪的；眩晕的；不舒服的；想呕吐的quench v.熄灭；扑灭；抑制quest n./v.寻找；探求；搜索questionnaire n.调查表；问题单queue n.辫子；行列；长队v．排长队quiescence n.静止;休眠;(疾病的)被遏制状态quilt n.被(子)；被状物v.缝(被)；用垫料填塞quinine n.奎宁quinsy n.扁桃体周脓肿quiver v.颤抖n．颤动；箭袋quiz n.恶作剧；挖苦；小型考试；测验；知识竞赛quota n. 定额quote v. 引用,援引rabies n.狂犬病racial a.人种的；种族的；种族间的racism n.种族主义；种族歧视racist n.种族主义者rack n.搁板，行李架radial a.光线的；射线的；辐射状的；桡骨的n．放射部；射线radiate v.散发，发光，辐射a．有射线的radiation n.辐射，发光，发热；放射物radical a.根本的，重要的；彻底的；激进的radicle n.根；基radioactive a.放射性的radiograph n.放射照片radiology n.放射学radiotherapy n.放射疗法radius n.半径；放射线; 桡骨rag n.破布，碎布rage n.愤怒v．发怒raid n./v.袭击；搜查rail n.栏杆，围栏；铁路v．用栏杆围隔rake n. (长柄的)耙子，钉齿耙；耙状的用具v．耙rale n.罗音；水泡音rally n.集合；恢复；振作；大会v.集合；召集；振作；恢复ramble v./n.闲逛；漫步ramify v.分枝；成网状rancher n.大牧场主(或工人)；大农场主(或工人)；大牧场(或农场)管理人员rarity n.罕见的事物rascal n.流氓；无赖rash n.疹a．急躁的ratify v.批准；认可rating n.级别，等级；额定值,定额；责骂，申斥ration n.定量；给养；口粮rational a.理性的；合理的rationale n.基本原理；理论基础；原理的阐述ravage v./n.蹂躏，劫掠，毁坏razor n.剃刀reactionary a.反动的n．反动分子reactivate v.使恢复活动；使复能readily ad.乐意地；容易地reagent n.试剂；反应力；反应物realm n.王国，国土；领域，范围ream n.令；大量v．铰大,钻大;榨出…的汁reap v. 收割；收获rear n. 后部，尾部a．后方的，后部的v．抚养；栽种；饲养reassure v.使放心；再次保证rebellious a.造反的，反抗的；(疾病等)难治的rebuke v./n.训斥，指责；非难,谴责recede v.退；退去；收回，撤回receptacle n.容器，贮藏器；插座，插孔recipe n.菜谱；配方；处方recipient n.接受者；受血者；受体reciprocal a.相互的；往复的；互利的n.有相互关系的事物；倒数recite v.背诵，朗诵；列举reck v.顾虑，介意；有关系，相干；注意，对…有关系recklessly a.不在乎的；不顾后果的reckon v.数，计数；看作，认为reclaim v.开垦；回收；改造；感化recline v.向后靠；斜倚recoil v./n.撤回；退位；跳回;弹回；产生反作用recollect v.回忆；追忆；想起recombination n.再组合；再化合；复合recommend v.劝告，建议；介绍,推荐recommendation n.建议，劝告；推荐recompensce n.酬报；赔偿reconcile v.使和解；调解reconciliation n.和解recondition v.修理，修复，修整；改革，改善reconstruct v.重建，再建recreation n.娱乐，消遣recrudesce v.(病痛)复发recruit n.补充；恢复健康;复原rectify v.纠正；整顿rectitis n.直肠炎rectum n.直肠recumbent a.躺着的；斜靠的recur v.复发；再发reel n.卷轴，卷筒；卷盘，一盘v.卷，绕；拉起referral n.工作的分派；治疗安排refine v.精练；精制；提纯；精炼refluent a.倒流的，回流的refractary a.难治疗的；顽固性的refrain v.抑制；忍住refresh v.提神，振作,使清新refreshment n.茶点，点心;恢复;爽快refugee n.难民；流亡者refusal n.拒绝，回绝refute v.反驳，驳斥regimen n.社会制度；生活制度；服药时间(表)regression n.退化；退步；消退；回归rehabilitate v.使复原，恢复(正常生活)rehearsal n. 排练，排演；练习，演习；背诵；详述，复述reign v./n.统治reinforce v.增援，加强n．加固物relapse n./v.复发；再发relaxant a.弛张的；n．弛缓药relay v.中继，转播；接力；再放；重新涂；重新铺设relevance n.相关；中肯；恰当relevant a.相关的；适当的；中肯的reliability n.可靠性reliable a.可靠的relic n. (p1.)遗体，尸体；遗物；遗迹；废墟relief n.缓解，消除；救济，援救relieve v.缓解，消除，减轻；救济religion n.宗教，信仰religious a.宗教的；信教的；虔诚的reluctance n.勉强，不情愿reluctant a.不愿的，勉强的remedy n.药品；治疗措施；补救办法v.治疗；补救remit v.缓解，减轻remittent a.弛张的；忽重忽轻的remnant n.a.残余(的)；剩余(的)removal n.排除；切除；搬迁，移动renal a.肾的render v.使得，使变为；提出,提供；给予；呈报n．缴纳repeal v./n.撤消，废除repel v.拒绝，排斥repent v.悔悟；后悔repetition n.重复，反复replicate v.复制；重复represent v.表示，说明；描写，表现，象征；代表，代理；演出；提出representative n.代表；代理人a．代表性的repress v.镇压；抑制；约束repression n.抑制；约束；镇压reproach v./n.责备，申斥，指责reproduce v.繁殖，生殖；复制，仿造repulsion n.排斥；反感；厌恶reputation n.名声；声望requisite a.必不可少的n．必需品rescue v./n.营救，救援resect v.切除resemblance n.相似；相似点；相似物resemble v.相似，象resent v.不满于；愤恨；怨恨reserve v.保留；储备；预定n．储备；储备品；储备金reservoir n.水库，蓄水池；贮主reside v.居住；驻扎residence n.住处；住宅resident n.居民；常住者；住院医师residual a./n.残留(的)；剩余(的)residue n.残余；剩余；残渣resign v.辞去；辞职；顺从；听从resignation n.辞职；辞呈；听从；屈从resin n.树脂；松香resistant a.有抵抗力的；反抗的；有耐药性的resoluble a.可分解的；可溶解的；可解决的resolute a.坚决的，果断的resolution n.决心，坚决；决定;决议;消除；消退；分解resonance n.回声，反响；共振；共鸣resonate v.共振，谐振；共鸣resort v.求助；凭借；诉诸n．胜地；常去之处respective a. 各自的;各个的respire v. 呼吸respiration n. 呼吸respond v. 回答, 答复, 响应, 起反应response n.回音，回答；反应, 响应responsibility n.责任；职责responsible a. 应负责的, 有责任的, 责任重大的；认真负责的restore v. 归还，放回；修复;恢复restrain v. 抑制；制止restraint n. 抑制；约束restrict v.限制；约束restriction n.限制；约束resultant a.作为结果而发生的n. 结果；组合；生成物resume n.梗概；个人简历v.重新开始，继续；恢复retail v./n.零售，零卖a．零售的。
(完整版)博士研究生入学考试英语考试大纲
福州大学博士研究生入学考试英语考试大纲一、考查目标本考试重点考查考生的英语语言知识和语言技能（本考试属水平考试，不指定任何参考书）。
具体要求如下：1. 词汇要求考生掌握约5000个英语词汇和约500个常用词组。
此外，还应掌握词汇间的词义关系，如同义词、近义词、反义词等；掌握词汇之间的搭配关系，如动词与介词、形容词与介词、形容词与名词等；掌握词汇生成的基本知识，如词源、词根、词缀等。
2．语法要求考生熟练掌握英语的基本语法知识、常用句型和结构，能正确理解包含这些知识、句型和结构的句子和语篇，并能在实践中准确、自如地运用这些知识。
3．阅读要求考生能综合运用英语语言知识和阅读技能熟练地阅读和理解一般性题材的文章、科技文章及应用性形式的阅读材料。
要求能理解主旨大意，读懂细节，能理解上下文的逻辑关系，并领会作者或话语参与各方的主要意图和态度及其异同等。
4．语篇完形处理在理解阅读材料的基础上能综合运用词汇、语法、搭配、语段、篇章逻辑等方面的知识和上下文等对语篇各层次的信息进行正确判断和完形处理。
5．翻译（1）英译汉要求考生能在30分钟内把一篇150词左右的一般性题材的英语短文或科学常识性文章中的段落译成汉语，能准确表达原文的意思，语句通顺，用词正确，无较大的语言错误。
（2）汉译英要求考生能在30分钟内把一篇150字左右的一般性题材的汉语短文或科学常识性文章中的段落译成英语。
要求译文忠实于原文，译文达意，符合英语表达习惯，无较大的语言错误。
6．写作要求考生能根据命题或图表等在30分钟内写出一篇200字以上的短文，或根据所给文章（中文或英文）要求写出200字以上的英文摘要。
写作部分的考查目标是测试考生用英语书面表达思想和见解的能力。
所写文章应切合主题，能正确表达思想，意义连贯，无较大的语言错误。
二、题型、题量、分值本考试所制定的试卷为笔试，卷面分为试卷一和试卷二，共有五个部分，包括词汇与语法、阅读理解、完形填空、翻译和写作。
太原理工大学研究生英语口语
3.About objectDescribe the most important gift you have received.Why is it the most important gift ? Include details to support your explanation.4.About successDo you agree or disagree with the following statement ? Only people who have power and earna lot of money are successful. Use specific reasons and examples in your answer.Many people strongly believe that large income equals success. According to me success is more than earning a lot of money. In my point of view only people who earn a lot of love and affection, respect, fame are the successful people. So I disagree with the statement that only people who earn a lot of money are successful.First of all gaining love and affection is important to me. If we have lot of money but if we don’t have a person who cares and loves you means what you will do with that money. You can’t buy love and affections with money. Some people think that if we earn lot of money means we can do anything. Some time they will neglect their family members in busy of earning money. Some time they don’t have time to enjoy their personal life, and then what is the use of that money. Life is short we have a lot of relations you should respect them.Next getting respect is significant. For example my neighbors are very rich, they are not attendany functions in colony. They can think that everything get by money. They won’t get respect from the colony. When you will respect others then others will respect you.Teachers are earns low salaries but their name, fame and respect, we can’t describe in words. Job satisfaction is important than earning lot of money.Most people assume that famous people are rich people. I don’t think that is true because I saw many people who are famous but not rich. For example Mother TheresaEverybody know her well, she is a famous social worker. When she was come to India she has few rupees in her pocket, because her helping nature she got a name and fame. Mother Theresa was great humanitarian.许多人坚信，大的收入等于成功。
太原理工大学考博英语模拟真题及其解析
太原理工大学考博英语模拟真题及其解析Recent years have brought minority-owned businesses in the UnitedStates unprecedented opportunities—as well as new and significantrisks.Civil rights activists have long argued that one of theprincipal reasons why Blacks,Hispanics,and other minority groupshave difficulty establishing themselves in business is that they lackaccess to the sizable orders and subcontracts that are generated bylarge companies.Now Congress,in apparent agreement,has requiredby law that businesses awarded federal contracts of more than$500,000do their best to find minority subcontractors and record their effortsto do so on forms filed with the government.Indeed,some federal andlocal agencies have gone so far as to set specific percentage goalsfor apportioning parts of public works contracts to minority Geng duoyuan xiao wan zheng kao bo ying yu zhen ti ji qi jie xi qing lian xiquan guo mian fei zi xun dian hua:si ling ling liu liu ba liu jiuqi ba,huo jia zi xun qq:qi qi er liu qi ba wu san qi enterprises.Corporate response appears to have been substantial.Accordingto figures collected in1977,the total of corporate contracts withminority businesses rose from$77million in1972to$1.1billion in1977.The projected total of corporate contracts with minoritybusinesses for the early1980’s is estimated to be over53billionper year with no letup anticipated in the next decade.Promising as it is for minority businesses,this increasedpatronage poses dangers for them,too.First,minority firms riskexpanding too fast and overextending themselves financially,sincemost are small concerns and,unlike large businesses,they often need to make substantial investments in new plants,staff,equipment,and the like in order to perform work subcontracted to them.If, thereafter,their subcontracts are for some reason reduced,such firms can face potentially crippling fixed expenses.The world of corporate purchasing can be frustrating for small entrepreneurs who get requests for elaborate formal estimates and bids.Both consume valuable time and resources,and a small company’s efforts must soon result in orders,or both the morale and the financial health of the business will suffer.A second risk is that White-owned companies may seek to cash in on the increasing apportionments through formation of joint ventures with minority-owned concerns.Of course,in many instances there are legitimate reasons for joint ventures;clearly,White and minority enterprises can team up to acquire business that neither could acquire alone.But civil rights groups and minority business owners have complained to Congress about minorities being set up as“fronts”with White backing,rather than being accepted as full partners in legitimate joint ventures.Third,a minority enterprise that secures the business of one large corporate customer often run the danger of becoming-and remaining-dependent.Even in the best of circumstances,fierce competition from larger,more established companies makes it difficult for small concerns to broaden their customer bases:whensuch firms have nearly guaranteed orders from a single corporate benefactor,they may truly have to struggle against complacency arising from their current success.1.The primary purpose of the text is to[A]present a commonplace idea and its inaccuracies.[B]describe a situation and its potential drawbacks.[C]propose a temporary solution to a problem.[D]analyze a frequent source of disagreement.2.The text suggests that the failure of a large business to have its bids for subcontracts result quickly in orders might causes it to[A]experience frustration but not serious financial harm.[B]face potentially crippling fixed expenses.[C]have to record its efforts on forms filed with the government.[D]increase its spending with minority subcontractors.3.It can be inferred from the text that,compared with the requirements of law,the percentage goals set by“some federal and local agencies”(line9,paragraph1)are[A]more popular with large corporations.[B]more concrete.[C]less controversial.[D]less expensive to enforce.4.Which of the following,if true,would most weaken the author’s assertion that,in the1970’s,corporate response tofederal requirements(line1,paragraph2)was substantial?[A]Corporate contracts with minority-owned businesses totaled $2billion in1979.[B]Between1970and1972,corporate contracts withminority-owned businesses declined by25percent.[C]The figures collected in1977underrepresented the extent of corporate contracts with minority-owned businesses.[D]The$1.1billion represented the same percentage of total corporate spending in1977as did$77million in1972.5.The author would most likely agree with which of the following statements about corporate response to working with minority subcontractors?[A]Annoyed by the proliferation of“front”organizations, corporations are likely to reduce their efforts to work with minority-owned subcontractors in the near future.[B]Although corporations showed considerable interest in working with minority businesses in the1970’s,their aversion to government paperwork made them reluctant to pursue many government contracts.[C]The significant response of corporations in the1970’s is likely to be sustained and conceivably be increased throughout the 1980’s.[D]Although corporations are eager to cooperate withminority-owned businesses,a shortage of capital in the1970’s madesubstantial response impossible.[答案与考点解析]1.【答案】B【考点解析】本题是一道中心主旨题。
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太原理工大学考博英语大纲
太原理工大学
博士研究生入学考试英语考试大纲
,总则,
本大纲的各项规定作为太原理工大学博士研究生入学考试英语,第一外语,考试考题编写参考以及质量检查的依据。
一、考试对象
报考太原理工大学相关专业拟攻读博士学位，并把英语作为第一外语的考生。
二、考试目的
博士研究生入学英语考试是为了考察考生的英语应用能力是否达到非英语专业研究生英语教学大纲中《硕士研究生英语教学与考试》规定的要求。
考试成绩用于博士研究生的入学选拔。
三、考试类型、考试内容及考试结构
本考试共分三个部分:阅读理解,40%,、英汉互译,20,,，英语写作,40,,。
一、阅读理解,40%,
本部分测试考生是否具备博士研究生英语学习要求的词汇量，以及在规定时间内通过阅读获取信息的能力，即对阅读材料的细节、事实、要点、作者观点和态度的理解，并进行相关的判断和
1
推理能力。
文章题材包括社会、文化、史地、科普及人物传记等内容，体裁涉及叙事、议论、描述、说明和应用文等。
阅读理解共有4篇文章，包括4篇400词至700词左右的英文短文。
每篇文章后面附5个问题，每个问题设四个备选答案。
要求考生根据文章内容每题选出一个最佳选项。
二、英汉互译,10%，10%,
部分测试考生在语篇层次上的理解能力以及对词汇表达本
方式和结构掌握的程度，考察考生是否能正确理解原文的意思，并从语篇的角度出发，用准确、达意的词语进行语言转换。
翻译分为A，B两部分。
A部分考试形式为英译汉，要求考生阅读一篇400词左右的英语短文，并将文章中的5个句子翻译成汉语。
B部分考试形式为汉译英，要求考生将一段150字左右的中文短文翻译成英语。
两部分原文内容涉及社会、文化、史地和科普等相关领域知识。
三、英语写作,15%，25%,
本部分测试考生用英语表达思想或传递信息的能力及英语写作基础知识的实际运用能力。
英语写作分为“写作一”和“写作二”两部分。
“写作一”为应用文写作，要求考生根据题目要求用英语完成文章摘要、图表描述、数据分析、学术信函等有关内容的写作，字数为150词左右。
“写作二”为议论文写作，要求考生根据提纲，用
2
英语完成一篇300词左右的文章。
作文应切题、意义连贯、文字通顺，并符合英文表达习惯。
四、考试时间及计分
考试时间总计为180分钟,试卷采取百分制记分，卷面总分为100分。
3。