仪表飞行员地面课程Lesson 10

Departures in Radar Environment (cont.)

Radar Vectors
– ATC is responsible for ensuring terrain and obstruction clearance, however PIC must ultimately maintain situational awareness. – “Resume Own Navigation” or “…when able, proceed direct…”
“Communication Examples Enroute”
Frequency changes: Departed MDH: “Kansas City Center, Cessna 6317D, 1,900 for 5,000, Direct MWA” At assigned Altitude: “Kansas City Center, Cessna 6317D, 6,000” Descent: “Kansas City Center, Cessna 6317D, leaving 4,000 for 2,100” * If on assigned heading, report the heading as well. ** Try to avoid “with you”!
– MC 0-179 Odd thousands – MC 180-359 Even thousands

Remember “Cruise” and “VFR-On-Top” Minimum safe altitudes? (Esp. off-airway)
Altitude Changes

When ATC says climb, initiate immediately at optimum rate of aircraft until within 1,000 feet of assigned altitude. Then must maintain between 500 and 1,500 fpm until reaching assigned altitude. (Minimizes “busting” altitude.)

Ground Control (Class D and sometimes C)
– i.e. MDH – “Clearance on request” – Make sure ready to taxi
Obtaining Clearance: (cont.)

ARTCC, Departure Control from nearby airport, or FSS (Class G, E, and sometimes D)
Mandatory Reports
Position Reports:
– Only when not in radar contact, unless ATC requests. – Only over compulsory reporting points.
I P T A P T P
Identification Position Time Altitude Position Time Position
Published Departure Procedures

Textual Procedures
– Only for obstacle clearance – Found in Nonstandard T/O section of NACA US Terminal Procedures
Moline ILS RWY 9 Plate
Takeoff and Departure Considerations

Takeoff Minimums
FAR 91.175 states standard takeoff minimums for IFR flights. These minimums only apply to 121, 125, 127, 129, and 135 operations.
Takeoff and Departure Considerations (cont.)

Obstacle Clearance
All airports that have published IAP are evaluated for obstructions throughout the departure routes. If no obstacles penetrate a slope of 152 ft. per nautical mile beginning no higher then 35 ft. above departure end of runway, there will not be any departure procedures published. PIC is still responsible for ensuring safe terrain clearance when departing IFR

Clearance Delivery (Class B, C, and sometimes D)
– Frequency on chart and in A/FD; ATIS – Listen to ATIS first – Be prepared to copy and read back
Obtaining Clearance: (cont.)
Departures in Non-Radar Environment or from class G airspace.
– PIC must decide on safe departure
Enroute
IFR Cruising Altitudes

Controlled Airspace: Assigned by ATC Uncontrolled Airspace:
VFR – May depart and climb to altitude for radar and communication coverage IFR – Must contact on ground when ready to depart – Give basic information (i.e. RWY, ETD) – Void Time – Hold for Release and Release Time – May have to contact FSS (1-888-766-8267)
ARTCC Frequency Outage


ARTCC has backup radio receivers and transmitters that seldom take more than 60 seconds to switch over. Therefore, pilot should wait at least 1 minute before determining whether failure has occurred. Remember to listen first before speaking!!
Aircraft with 2 engines or less: 1 statute mile Aircraft with >2 engines: ½ statute mile
Why do we worry about takeoff minimums?
What are nonstandard takeoff minimums?
Altitude Changes (cont.)


Assumed to be at least 500 fpm in climbs/descents. If unable, PIC must report max fpm being used. “Pilot’s Discretion” allows the pilot to climb or descend when ready to do so. The climb/descent may be conducted at any rate with temporary level-off at intermediate altitudes if desired.
TAKE-OFF Minimums and (Obstacle) Departure Procedures
Published Departure Procedures (cont.)

Graphical Procedures
– 2 types: ODP and SID – Used for obstacle clearance, noise abatement, and more efficient traffic flow and clearance delivery – Usually based on minimum 200 ft. per nautical mile climb gradient – Pilot must have at least textual description – When filing: “Blues2.STL” or “Blues2.Hilts” or “No SID” – Be sure to observe any notes on chart!
Obtaining Clearance:

“Pre-taxi Clearance: (usually Class B airports)
– Only at participating airports (see A/FD) – Contact no sooner then 10 minutes before taxi – Clearance Delivery
TPP Rate of Climb Table
Blues Two Departure
Midway Four Departure
Departures in Radar Environment

“Radar Contact”
– Informs pilots that aircraft is identified and will be provided flight following until radar identification is terminated. – ATC is not responsible for terrain and obstruction clearance, but will try to provide safety alerts.
Sierra Academy of Aeronautics IR Ground
Lesson 10 Departures, Enroute, and Arrival
Dght plan at least 30 minutes before proposed departure time. (Remember to update FSS with delayed departures since flight plans are usually removed from system after one hour.)
ARTCC Frequency Outage (cont.)

If unable to contact on assigned frequency:
– Return to previous frequency. – Try another known frequency for the facility you are attempting to call. – Call FSS for assistance. – Relay messages between other aircraft.