学术英语常用句型
sci常用句式
sci常用句式SCI常用句式是指在SCI论文中经常出现的句式,这些句式具有高效表达和规范的特点,使文章更加简洁明了,逻辑清晰。
下面是SCI 常用句式及其使用方法:1. There is a growing consensus that…(越来越多的人认为……)这个句式可以用来表达某个观点在学术界或社会上认可度越来越高的情况,可以体现作者在研究背景和前沿方向上的掌握。
2. It is widely acknowledged that…(人们普遍认为……)同样地,引入适当的学术语言去表述一些已经被学者公认的结论或现象。
3. In order to + 动词原形(为了……)这个句式可以用来表达作者在研究中采用了什么方法或手段,也可以用于强调研究目的。
4. A growing body of evidence suggests that…(越来越多的证据表明……)这个句式可以用于介绍当前研究领域的最新研究成果和进展。
5. It is worth noting that…(值得一提的是……)这个句式具有突出和强调的作用,可以用于强调作者认为值得关注的观点或实验结果。
6. In light of…(考虑到……)这个句式可以用于介绍某个研究现象的解释或原因。
7. It is therefore imperative that…(因此,有必要……)这个句式可以用于表达作者的建议或提出某个问题的解决方案。
8. The findings suggest that…(研究结果表明……)这个句式用于揭示实验或调查的研究结果,可以作为文章结论的开头。
9. The implications of the research are…(研究的意义在于……)这个句式可以用于分析研究结果的意义和价值,为论文提供深度和广度。
10. Overall, the study implies that…(总的来说,这项研究意味着……)这个句式用于总结研究的经验和教训,为进一步的研究提供参考。
学术英语必须掌握的英语语法知识点汇总
学术英语必须掌握的英语语法知识点汇总在学术写作中,正确使用英语语法非常重要。
下面是一些学术英语必须掌握的英语语法知识点的汇总:1. 时态- 过去时态:用于描述过去发生的事情,如"I conducted a research study last year."- 现在时态:用于描述当前的事实或常规,如"Research shows that..."- 将来时态:用于描述将来要发生的事情,如"I will present my findings at the conference next week."2. 主谓一致- 当主语为单数时,谓语动词也要用单数形式,如"The experiment *is* ongoing."- 当主语为复数时,谓语动词也要用复数形式,如"The results *show* that..."3. 名词性从句- 名词性从句可作主语、宾语或表语,如"What he said*surprised* me."- 名词性从句引导词包括that, whether, who, whom, whose, which等。
4. 句子结构- 并列句:两个或多个句子并列在一起,用and, but, or等连词连接,如"I conducted the experiment, and I analyzed the data."- 从句:一个句子包含一个或多个从句,如"If the results are inconclusive, further research is needed."5. 限定词- 冠词:a, an, the- 代词:he, she, it, they, them等- 形容词:描述名词的特征或性质的词,如"important," "interesting"6. 介词- 介词用于表达方向、位置、时间等关系,如"in," "on," "at," "of," "to"学术英语的语法知识点是非常广泛的,上述只是一些基本的要点。
学术写作常用词汇句型
学术写作常用词汇句型一、表示因果关系的词汇与句型。
1. 词汇。
- because [bɪˈkɔːz]:连词,“因为”。
例如:He didn't come because he was ill.- since [sɪns]:连词,“既然;因为”,可表示已知的原因。
例如:Since you are here, you can help me.- as [æz]:连词,“由于”,强调两个动作同时发生或某事为众人所知的原因。
例如:As it was raining heavily, we stayed at home.- therefore [ˈðeəfɔː(r)]:副词,“因此;所以”。
例如:He was ill, and therefore could not come.- consequently [ˈkɒnsɪkwəntli]:副词,“因此;结果”。
例如:She missed the train and consequently was late for the meeting.- so [səʊ]:连词,“所以”,口语和书面语都常用。
例如:It was raining, so we took an umbrella.2. 句型。
- The reason why... is that...:“……的原因是……”。
例如:The reason why he failed the exam is that he didn't study hard.- Due to/Owing to/Thanks to + noun phrase, clause:“由于……”。
- Due to [djuː tuː]:例如:Due to the bad weather, the flight was delayed.- Owing to [ˈəʊɪŋ tuː]:例如:Owing to his carelessness, he made a lot of mistakes.- Thanks to [θæŋks tuː]:常带有感激的意味,例如:Thanks to your help, I passed the exam.二、表示比较和对比的词汇与句型。
学术英语作文万能句子
学术英语作文万能句子Title: Crafting Coherent Academic English Essays.In the realm of academic writing, crafting coherent and impactful essays is an essential skill. A well-constructed essay not only communicates ideas effectively but also establishes the credibility of the author. Here are some universal sentences that can enhance the quality and flow of your academic English essays.1. "The significance of this study lies in itspotential to contribute to the existing knowledge in the field, thereby advancing our understanding of the subject matter."2. "The aim of this paper is to explore the various facets of the topic, with a focus on identifying key trends and patterns that inform our understanding of the phenomenon."3. "Previous research has primarily focused on X, but there is a need to expand our understanding by examining Y. This study aims to bridge this gap by providing a comprehensive analysis of both X and Y."4. "The theoretical framework underlying this study draws from a range of disciplines, including but notlimited to sociology, psychology, and economics. This interdisciplinary approach allows for a richer understanding of the subject matter."5. "One of the key findings of this research is the identification of a previously unnoticed pattern in the data, which suggests that there may be a previously unexplored relationship between X and Y."6. "Methodologically, this study employs a mixed-methods approach, combining quantitative and qualitative techniques to provide a more nuanced understanding of the research question."7. "The results of the study are significant not onlyfor academic purposes but also for practical implications in real-world settings. They have the potential to inform policy decisions and practical applications in various fields."8. "It is important to note that the findings of this study should be interpreted with caution, given the limitations of the sample size and the methodological approach employed."9. "Future research could build upon the findings of this study by examining additional variables or exploring the phenomenon in different contexts and populations."10. "In conclusion, this study provides valuable insights into the subject matter, contributing to the existing knowledge base and laying the foundation for further exploration and understanding."These sentences can be tailored to fit the specific context and requirements of your academic essay. Remember to always adapt them to your own writing style and thevoice of your paper, ensuring that they flow naturally within the overall structure of your argument. With practice, you will be able to seamlessly integrate these sentences into your essays, enhancing their coherence and impact.。
英语学术论文常用句型总结版
英语学术论文常用句型总结版1. According to previous studies, ...根据之前的研究,...2. The purpose of this study is to...本研究的目的是...3. The results indicate that...结果表明...4. Furthermore, it should be noted that...此外,值得注意的是...5. This study provides valuable insights into...本研究为...提供了有价值的见解。
6. The findings of this study have important implications for...本研究的发现对...有重要的意义。
7. It is worth mentioning that...值得一提的是...8. The limitations of this study should be acknowledged.应该承认本研究的局限性。
9. Future research should focus on...未来的研究应该关注...10. In conclusion, ...总之,...11. It can be concluded that...可以得出结论...12. This paper aims to explore...本文旨在探讨...13. A possible explanation for this phenomenon is that...这一现象的可能解释是...14. The results are consistent with previous research, indicating...结果与之前的研究一致,表明...15. The present study contributes to the literature by...本研究通过...对文献做出了贡献。
学术英语写作中的动词时态
学术英语写作中的动词时态在学术英语写作中,动词时态是建立逻辑和清晰度的重要工具。
时态对于表达论点、描述实验结果和细节,以及阐述研究结论至关重要。
本文将介绍学术英语写作中最常用的动词时态。
1. 现在时态现在时态用于描述事实、习惯和真理。
在科学研究中,现在时态用于描述通常表现出稳定状态的事实或理论。
例子:- Oxygen is necessary for human survival. (氧气是人类生存必需的。
)- The experiment always produces accurate results. (实验始终产生准确结果。
)2. 过去时态过去时态用于描述已经发生的事情。
在科学研究中,过去时态用于描述实验、观察和其他与过去相关的事件。
例子:- The experiment was conducted in 2018. (实验是在2018年进行的。
)- The data suggested that the hypothesis was correct. (数据表明假设是正确的。
)3. 过去完成时态过去完成时态用于描述在过去某个时间之前已经完成的事件。
在科学研究中,过去完成时态用于描述之前的研究、观察或实验结果。
例子:- Researchers had already studied the effects of air pollution on health. (研究人员已经研究过空气污染对健康的影响。
)- The data had shown promising results before the experiment was terminated. (数据在实验中止之前已经展示了令人欣喜的结果。
)4. 现在完成时态现在完成时态用于描述已经发生的事情对当前情况的影响。
在科学研究中,现在完成时态常用于描述之前的实验结果、研究或发现在当前实验或研究中的应用。
例子:- Previous research has shown that exercise can improve cognitive function. (先前的研究显示锻炼可以提高认知功能。
学术英语常见句式
学术英语常见句式学术英语常见句式引导语:学生英语通常与某些理论相关,如论文,在大学生,教授,专家的生活中较多出现,多是与科学,工程,技术方面相关的英语。
是十分专业的一个领域,他也有自己自成的一套体系。
以下是YJBYS的店铺为大家整理的`学术英语常见句式。
希望对大家有所帮助!非限制性定语从句如果需要对前述的整个句子内容进行解释或说明,就可以用到非限制性定语从句。
1、Undoubtedly, practical courses can be used to the reality,whichis of vital importance to their developmentin the future. 毫无疑问,实用性课程可以用于实际中,这对于他们未来发展是非常重要的。
2、Children tend to imitate what they have seen and heard on mass media, which is sometimes dangerous and harmful.孩子们倾向于模仿大众媒体上的所见所闻,这在有时是危险和有害的。
3、The majority of students believe that part-time jobs will provide them with more opportunities to develop their interpersonal skills, which may put them in a favorable position in the future job markets.大部分学生相信业余工作会使他们有更多机会发展人际交往能力, 这对他们未来找工作是非常有好处的。
否定句许多否定句不含not的否定结构。
如果论文作者能正确使用他们,就会增加写作的闪光点,使文章显得生动活泼。
1、Instead of indulging in playing computer games, children should be taught how to benefit from useful information on the internet.应该教孩子们如何从互联网获取有益的信息,而不是沉溺于玩电脑游戏。
英文学术论文写作常用句型
(known /h eard/h ad/r ead, etc)Lack of in ter p ers on al sk ills is one of th e mos t serious d ef ec ts t hat we h ave ever kn ow n about t od ay' s(olle ge s tudents.缺乏人际交往技能是我们迄今所知的当今大学生的最大缺陷。
二、No th i ng is + ------- er th an to + VN oth i ng is + m or e + 形容词+ t ha n to + V例句:For pare nts, n o th i ng is m or e imp ort a nt t h a n to ed uc ate c h ildr en in a p ro per w ay. 没有比以一种正确方式教育孩子更重要的事情了。
三、 -- c ann ot em ph asiz e t he imp ort ance of ------------- to o m uch.(再怎么强调…的重要性也不为过。
)例句: We c an not em ph asiz e th e im por ta nee o f p rotec ting c ele br it ies ' pr iv acy to o m uch.我们再怎么强调保护名人隐私的也不为过。
四、T h ere is n o de ny i ng t hat + S + V ...(不可否认的...)例句: T h ere is no denying th at the pr act ic al it y of o ur high er ed ucat i on h as g o ne fro m bad t o w ors e.不可否认的,我们高等教育的实用性已经每况愈下。
学术英语情景口语
学术英语情景口语学术英语情景口语主要用于学术交流和专业讨论。
以下是一些常见的学术英语情景口语:1、提出观点:In my opinion...From my perspective...I believe that...It seems to me that...I would argue that...2、表达同意:I agree with you.I think you're right.That's a valid point.I share the same view.I couldn't agree more.3、表达不同意:I see your point, but...I understand what you're saying, however...I have a different opinion.I respectfully disagree.I'm afraid I can't agree with that.4、发表意见:I'd like to add...May I contribute something?Can I share my thoughts on this?Allow me to express my viewpoint.I have a suggestion.5、询问问题:Could you elaborate on that?Can you give me more details?Do you have any evidence to support that?Could you clarify what you mean by...?Would you mind explaining it further?6、回应问题:That's an interesting question.Let me think for a moment.I'm not entirely sure, but I believe...My initial reaction is...I'll have to look into that and get back to you.7、引用他人研究:According to [Author],...[Author] argues that...In [Author]'s study, they found that... [Author] suggests that...As stated in the research conducted by [Author]...这些学术英语情景口语可以帮助你在学术场合中更流利地进行交流和讨论。
最加分的英文学术论文常用句型,拿走不谢!
最加分的英文学术论文常用句型,拿走不谢!开始写学期论文了吧,是不是写着写着就词穷了?数据不会描述,观点不会引用,各种问题层出不穷,需要帮助了吧!小编这么贴心,当然知道你的需求咯!下面献上的这份超全面的英文学术论文常用句型,还不快收藏了好好学习!想要高分论文,小编只能帮你到这了!英文学术论文常用句型引用数据(图表、表格)1. 常用的动词:show, present, illustrate, summarize, demonstrate, contain, provide,list, report, give, reveal, display, indicate, suggest, describe, …2. as从句:As shown in …/ As can be seen in …/ As revealed by …引用/简述他人的研究/观点:1. XXX + Verb. + n./that … 其中Verb可以为:state,claim, argue, maintain, suggest, assert, hypothesize, conclude, describe,develop, propose, find, show, report, use, study, demonstrate, note, discuss,observe, explain, expand, publish, give, examine, analyze, focus, presume,speculate, assume, support, theorize, contend, recommend2. 其它:Based on …/ In the view of …/ According to …表达可能性:It is certain that …It is almost certain that …It is very probable/ highly likely that …It is probable/likely that …It is possible that …It is unlikely that …It is very/highly unlikely that …用于表达可能性的另一种途径:There is a definite possibility that …There is a strong possibility that …There is a good possibility that …There is a slight possibility that …There is little possibility that …表示例外:With the exception o f …Apart from …Except for …表示原因/缘由:be due tobe attibuted tobe accounted forbe a consequence ofstem from表示定义/命名:be namedbe calledbe denoted bybe known asbe defined asbe referred to引出设问句(不能直接使用设问句):It is uncertain/unclear …It has not been determined …It is necessary to consider …The question remains …Current studies provide little information on …We need to know/consider …There is some question as to …Another issue raised by this study is …指出问题所在:This system/process/idea has its problems. There remains the issue of reliability.This model has some serious liminations. Few solutions have been found to …Little progress has been made in …The problem remains as to how …Researchers still have to find a way to …引出解决方案:Solutions to this problem are now widely discussed. One remedy is to …One method to address this difficulty is to …There are two possible ways of handling this problem. The first … The second …Several options are available to address this obstacle. Howe ver, the best one seems to be …A radically different design/model is needed to overcome this limitation.Recently, researchers have made significant progress in overcoming this difficulty by …引出中心话题:Recently, there has been growing interest in …The p ossibility of … has generated wide interest in …The development of … is a classic problem in …The development of … has led to the hope that …The … has become a favorite topic foranalysis …Knowledge of … has great importance for …The study of … has become an important aspect of …A central issue in … is …(The) … has been extensively studied inrecent years.Many investigators have recently turned to …The relationship between … and … has been investigated by many researchers.Many recent studies have focused on …表达相似之处:Similarly, …Likewise, …In the same fashion, …As in X, in Y …Like X, Y …The same …X is similar/comparable to YX resemble YX correspond to Y表达不同之处或比较/对照:In contrast, …Unlike X, Y …In contrast to …On the other hand, ……; however, ……, but …Whereas/While …, ……, whereas/while …X differ from YX is different from YX contrast with评价他人的研究/论著:1.正面:useful, important, interesting, clarity,accessibility,detailed, up-to-date, insightful, significant, comprehensive,practical, successful, remarkable, impressive, elegant, scholoarly, original,perceptive, rigorous, economical2.负面:inconsistent, restricted,misleading, thin, anecdotal, sloppy总结:Overall, …In general, …On the whole, …In the main, …With … exception(s), …The overall results indicate …The results indicate, overall, that …指出本研究的局限:It should be noted that this study has been primarily concerned with …This analysis has concentrated on …The findings of this study are restricted to …Th is study has addressed only the question of …The limination of this study are clear: …We would like to point out that we have not …指出研究结果的局限:However, the findings do not imply …The results of this study cannot be taken asevidence for …Unfortunately, we are unable to determine from this data …The lack of … means that we cannot be certain …指出本研究的意义:Notwithstanding its limitations, this study does suggest …Despite its preliminary character, the research reported here would seem to in dicate …However exploratory, this study may offer some insight into …。
学术英语写作常用句型
学术英语写作常用句型学术英语写作常用句型英语写作是我们常常遇到的,所以就为大家带来了学术英语写作常用句型,请看:学术英语写作常用句型篇【1】1. In the past several years there has been……2. Now an increasing number of people come to realize that time is money (knowledge is power/science and technology energize economic growth/we must learn to live in harmony with wildlife/weak nation has no international prestige/cheating never pays/science and technology constitute the primary productive force/…… )。
3. There are three basic differences between the large and small universities (cities and countryside/ceramics and plastics materials/…… )。
In the small university,you…… In the large university,you……4. There are various ways (at least three ways/possible techniques/problems/methods/approaches/…… )to do something.5. Now it is commonly held that…… but I doubt whether……6. The policy (The president/The major/The reform/The bidding for the 20XX Olympic Summer Games)enjoys grass-root support for three main reasons,7. Smoking (alcoholic beverage/Drugs/Guns/Firecrackers/…… )should be banned from college campuses for two reasons. The first reason is that…… The other reason is that…… (on the one hand …… On the other hand …… )8. There is a general discussion today about the issue of……9. No pains,no gains. No money,no honey (friendship/work/promotion/admission/love/assistance/servic e/justice/…… )。
英语学术会议常用的常用礼貌用语和句型
英语学术会议常用的常用礼貌用语和句型在英语学术会议中,使用适当的礼貌用语和句型是非常重要的,它可以展现出你的专业素养和对他人的尊重。
下面我将介绍一些在英语学术会议中常用的礼貌用语和句型,并深入探讨它们的用法及重要性。
1. 开场白和自我介绍在会议开始时,一个好的开场白和自我介绍可以让人印象深刻。
你可以使用类似以下的句型来开场:- Good morning/afternoon/evening, everyone.- I am honored to be here today to present my research on... - Thank you for giving me this opportunity to share my thoughts on...2. 提出建议和意见在会议讨论中,提出建议和意见是非常常见的。
你可以使用以下的句型来表达自己的想法:- May I suggest that we consider...?- I believe it would be beneficial to...- Perhaps we could take into account...3. 感谢和回应在会议结束时,表示感谢并回应他人的意见也是必不可少的。
以下是一些常用的句型:- Thank you for your insightfulments.- I appreciate the opportunity to participate in this discussion.- Your feedback has given me a lot to consider.总结和回顾在英语学术会议中,使用适当的礼貌用语和句型可以为你赢得他人的尊重,并让你的观点更受重视。
通过恰当地运用这些礼貌用语和句型,你可以在学术讨论中展现出你的专业素养和交流能力。
我们应该重视这些句型的使用,努力在英语学术会议中做到言之有序,有礼有节。
英语学术常用语
英语学术论文常用句型Beginning1. In this paper, we focus on the need for2. This paper proceeds as follow.3. The structure of the paper is as follows.4. In this paper, we shall first briefly introduce fuzzy sets and related concepts5. To begin with we will provide a brief background on theIntroduction1. This will be followed by a description of the fuzzy nature of the problem and a det ailed presentation of how the required membership functions are defined.2. Details on xx and xx are discussed in later sections.3. In the next section, after a statement of the basic problem, various situations involvi ng possibility knowledge are investigated: first, an entirely possibility model is proposed; then the cases of a fuzzy service time with stochastic arrivals and non fuzzy service r ule is studied; lastly, fuzzy service rule are considered.Review1. This review is followed by an introduction.2. A brief summary of some of the relevant concepts in xxx and xxx is presented in Se ction 2.3. In the next section, a brief review of the .... is given.4. In the next section, a short review of ... is given with special regard to ...5. Section 2 reviews relevant research related to xx.6. Section briefly surveys the motivation for a methodology of action, while looks at the difficulties posed by the complexity of systems and outlines the need for developm ent of possibility methods.Body1. Section 1 defines the notion of robustness, and argues for its importance.2. Section 1 devoted to the basic aspects of the FLC decision making logic.3. Section 2 gives the background of the problem which includes xxx4. Section 2 discusses some problems with and approaches to, natural language underst anding.5. Section 2 explains how flexibility which often ... can be expressed in terms of fuzzy time window6. Section 3 discusses the aspects of fuzzy set theory that are used in the ...7. Section 3 describes the system itself in a general way, including the ….. and also dis cusses how to evaluate system performance.8. Section 3 describes a new measure of xx.9. Section 3 demonstrates the use of fuzzy possibility theory in the analysis of xx.10. Section 3 is a fine description of fuzzy formulation of human decision.11. Section 3, is developed to the modeling and processing of fuzzy decision rules12. The main idea of the FLC is described in Section 3 while Section 4 describes the x x strategies.13. Section 3 and 4 show experimental studies for verifying the proposed model.14. Section 4 discusses a previous fuzzy set based approach to cost variance investigatio n.15. Section 4 gives a specific example of xxx.16. Section 4 is the experimental study to make a fuzzy model of memory process.17. Section 4 contains a discussion of the implication of the results of Section 2 and 3.18. Section 4 applies this fuzzy measure to the analysis of xx and illustrate its use on experimental data.19. Section 5 presents the primary results of the paper: a fuzzy set model ..20. Section 5 contains some conclusions plus some ideas for further work.21. Section 6 illustrates the model with an example.22. Various ways of justification and the reasons for their choice are discussed very bri efly in Section 2.23. In Section 2 are presented the block diagram expression of a whole model of hum an DM system24. In Section 2 we shall list a collection of basic assumptions which a ... scheme must satisfy.25. In Section 2 of this paper, we present representation and uniqueness theorems for the fundamental measurement of fuzziness when the domain of discourse is order dens e.26. In Section 3, we describe the preliminary results of an empirical study currently in progress to verify the measurement model and to construct membership functions.27. In Section 5 is analyzed the inference process through the two kinds of inference e xperiments...This Section1. In this section, the characteristics and environment under which MRP is designed are described.2. We will provide in this section basic terminologies and notations which are necessary for the understanding of subsequent Section2. The next section describes the mathematics that goes into the computer implementat ion of such fuzzy logic statements.3. However, it is cumbersome for this purpose and in practical applications the formulae were rearranged and simplified as discussed in the next section.4. The three components will be described in the next two section, and an example of xx analysis of a computer information system will then illustrate their use.5. We can interpret the results of Experiments I and II as in the following sections.6. The next section summarizes the method in a from that is useful for arguments bas ed on xxSummary1. This paper concludes with a discussion of future research consideration in section 5.2. Section 5 summarizes the results of this investigation.3. Section 5 gives the conclusions and future directions of research.4. Section 7 provides a summary and a discussion of some extensions of the paper.5. Finally, conclusions and future work are summarized6. The basic questions posed above are then discussed and conclusions are drawn.7. Section 7 is the conclusion of the paper.Chapter 0. Abstract1. A basic problem in the design of xx is presented by the choice of a xx rate for the measurement of experimental variables.2. This paper examines a new measure of xx in xx based on fuzzy mathematics which overcomes the difficulties found in other xx measures.3. This paper describes a system for the analysis of the xx.4. The method involves the construction of xx from fuzzy relations.5. The procedure is useful in analyzing how groups reach a decision.6. The technique used is to employ a newly developed and versatile xx algorithm.7. The usefulness of xx is also considered.8. A brief methodology used in xx is discussed.9. The analysis is useful in xx and xx problem.10. A model is developed for a xx analysis using fuzzy matrices.11. Algorithms to combine these estimates and produce a xx are presented and justified.12. The use of the method is discussed and an example is given.13. Results of an experimental applications of this xx analysis procedure are given to ill ustrate the proposed technique.14. This paper analyses problems in15. This paper outlines the functions carried out by ...16. This paper includes an illustration of the ...17. This paper provides an overview and information useful for approaching18. Emphasis is placed on the construction of a criterion function by which the xx in a chieving a hierarchical system of objectives are evaluated.19. The main emphasis is placed on the problem of xx20. Our proposed model is verified through experimental study.21. The experimental results reveal interesting examples of fuzzy phases of: xx, xx22. The compatibility of a project in terms of cost, and xx are likewise represented by linguistic variables.23. A didactic example is included to illustrate the computational procedureChapter 1. IntroductionTime1. Over the course of the past 30 years, .. has emerged form intuitive2. Technological revolutions have recently hit the industrial world3. The advent of ... systems for has had a significant impact on the4. The development of ... is explored5. During the past decade, the theory of fuzzy sets has developed in a variety of direc tionsconcept of xx was investigated quite intensively in recent years7. There has been a turning point in ... methodology in accordance with the advent of ...8. A major concern in ... today is to continue to improve...9. A xx is a latecomer in the part representation arena.10. At the time of this writing, there is still no standard way of xx11. Although a lot of effort is being spent on improving these weaknesses, the efficient and effective method has yet to be developed.12. The pioneer work can be traced to xx [1965].13. To date, none of the methods developed is perfect and all are far from ready to be used in commercial systems.Objective / Goal / Purpose1. The purpose of the inference engine can be outlined as follows:2. The ultimate goal of the xx system is to allow the non experts to utilize the existing knowledge in the area of manual handling of loads, and to provide intelligent, compu ter aided instruction for xxx.3. The paper concerns the development of a xx4. The scope of this research lies in5. The main theme of the paper is the application of rule based decision making.6. These objectives are to be met with such thoroughness and confidence as to permit ...7. The objectives of the ... operations study are as follows:8. The primary purpose/consideration/objective of9. The ultimate goal of this concept is to provide10. The main objective of such a ... system is to11. The aim of this paper is to provide methods to construct such probability distributi on.12. In order to achieve these objectives, an xx must meet the following requirements:13. In order to take advantage of their similarity14. more research is still required before final goal of ... can be completed15. In this trial, the objective is to generate...16. for the sake of concentrating on ... research issues17. A major goal of this report is to extend the utilization of a recently developed pro cedure for the xx.18. For an illustrative purpose, four well known OR problems are studied in presence of fuzzy data: xx.19. A major thrust of the paper is to discuss approaches and strategies for structuring ..methods20. This illustration points out the need to specify21. The ultimate goal is both descriptive and prescriptive.22. Chapter 2. Literature Review23. A wealth of information is to be found in the statistics literature, for example, rega rding xx24. A considerable amount of research has been done .. during the last decade25. A great number of studies report on the treatment of uncertainties associated with xx.26. There is considerable amount of literature on planning27. However, these studies do not provide much attention to uncertainty in xx.28. Since then, the subject has been extensively explored and it is still under investigati on as well inmethodological aspects as in concrete applications.29. Many research studies have been carried out on this topic.30. Problem of xx draws recently more and more attention of system analysis.31. Attempts to resolve this dilemma have resulted in the development of32. Many complex processes unfortunately, do not yield to this design procedure and h ave, therefore, not yet been automated.33. Most of the methods developed so far are deterministic and /or probabilistic in nat ure.34. The central issue in all these studies is to35. The problem of xx has been studied by other investigators, however, these studies have been based upon classical statistical approaches.36. Applied ... techniques to37. Characterized the ... system as38. Developed an algorithm to39. Developed a system called ... which40. Uses an iterative algorithm to deduce41. Emphasized the need to42. Identifies six key issues surrounding high technology43. A comprehensive study of the... has been undertaken44. Much work has been reported recently in these filed45. Proposed/Presented/State that/Described/Illustrated/Indicated/Has shown / showed/Address/Highlights46. Point out that the problem of47. A study on ...was done / developed by []48. Previous work, such as [] and [], deal only with49. The approach taken by [] is50. The system developed by [] consists51. A paper relevant to this research was published by []52. []'s model requires consideration of...53. []' model draws attention to evolution in human development54. []'s model focuses on...55. Little research has been conducted in applying ... to56. The published information that is relevant to this research...57. This study further shows that58. Their work is based on the principle of59. More history of ... can be found in xx et al. [1979].60. Studies have been completed to established61. The ...studies indicated that62. Though application of xx in the filed of xx has proliferated in recent years, effort i n analyzing xx, especially xx, is lacking.Problem / Issue / Question63. Unfortunately, real-world engineering problems such as manufacturing planning do n ot fit well with this narrowly defined model. They tend to span broad activities and re quire consideration of multiple aspects.64. Remedy / solve / alleviate these problems67. ... is a difficult problem, yet to be adequately resolved68. Two major problems have yet to be addressed69. An unanswered question70. This problem in essence involves using x to obtain a solution.71. An additional research issue to be tackled is ....72. Some important issues in developing a ... system are discussed73. The three prime issues can be summarized:74. The situation leads to the problem of how to determine the ...75. There have been many attempts to76. It is expected to be serious barrier to77. It offers a simple solution in a limited domain for a complex。
英文学术论文常用高级词汇和精美句型
英文学术论文常用高级词汇和精美句型1.与时间相关的①no change on 1-day intervals for 3 consecutive days②at given intervals of time (30, 50, and 90 min)③for a given exposure time④…increased with age.⑤for different time span.⑥After the scheduled time, each sample was tested.⑦…throughout the entire test period.⑧It will decrease as time passes.2. 表示增加或下降的①An increase in the FA content decreased the…②…decrease with increase in…③…deceases as …increases, and increases as… increase.④As …is lowered.⑤augment⑥The cumulative AE energy increases with a stepwise pattern in which each sudden jump of energy can be related to …⑦…develop at an increasing rate with time3. 表示原因, 由哪些因素决定①probably due to…② A possible mechanism contributing to the reduction of …is③This might be attributed to…④…depends on the two main mechanisms⑤…is a common cause of⑥…is the essential parameter governing the…⑦…, contributing in part to the interface separation phenomenon, besides the above-described possible interfacial material toughening mechanism.⑧the cause of this resides in …⑨Two parameters are considered in this study to evaluate the strengthening effectiveness with regard to the amount of FRP (i.e., the number of layers of sheets) and construction imperfections.4. 表示展示。
英语科技论文常用句型结构-new
英语科技论文常用句型结构-new英语科技论文常用句型结构-new英语科技论文常用句型结构1. Introduction(引言):引言中作者通常提出问题并说明论文的研究目的。
1)研究目的(1)论文导向使用paper, thesis或dissertation这样的特征名词,直接提及研究论文本身,而且此类句子通常采用一般现在时态。
常用的句型有:The purpose of this paper is…/The aim of this report is…/The objective of the paper is to obtain quantitative about the particles size distribution/to model the dynamic behavior in the super-or near-critical CO2 extraction.(2)研究导向study, research, investigation或experiment等特征名词被用来强调研究活动本身。
这类句子是表达已经过去的事情,所以使用一般过去时态。
The purpose of the experiment reported here was…/The aim of this study was…/The objective of this research was to determine the preferred viewing distance for work at a visual display unit./to examine the apparent osmotic behavior of some contemporary commercial reverse osmosis membranes.或用被动结构:In the research described here, /In this study, /In the present investigation, /In this research, /In the experimentsreported here, vertical nutrient mixing in late summer in a test area 20 kilometers off the coast was examined.描述研究目的时,最简单的句型是用this paper, this study, this project, this research等词做主语,后面用实意动词作谓语,如investigate, discuss, examine, test等,宾语为研究内容。
主持学术英文会议常用的技巧与句型有哪些
主持学术英文会议常用的技巧与句型有哪些主持学术英文会议需要具备一定的技巧和掌握一些常用的句型。
以下是一些常用的技巧和句型:1. 开场白:- Good morning/afternoon/evening, ladies and gentlemen.- Thank you for joining us today.- Welcome to [conference name].- I am honored to be the moderator of this academic conference.2. 自我介绍:- My name is [name] and I will be your moderator today.- I am a [position/occupation] and I have been involved in[field/research area] for [number] years.- I have the pleasure of introducing our distinguished speakers today.3. 介绍演讲者:- Our first speaker is [name]. He is a [position/title] at[institution/organization] and his research focuses on [topic].- Our next presenter is [name]. She is an expert in [field] and has published numerous papers in this area.4. 转移话题:- Moving on to the next topic, let's now discuss [topic].- Now, I would like to shift our attention to [topic].- Let's move onto the next presentation, which will focus on [topic].5. 提问:- Does anyone have any questions/comments on [topic]?- I would like to open the floor for questions.- Please feel free to ask any questions you may have.6. 回应问题:- Thank you for your question. That's an interesting point.- I agree with your point of view.- I would like to hear other perspectives on this matter.7. 总结:- In summary, today we have discussed [topics].- To summarize what we have learned today, [main points].- I hope this conference has provided valuable insights and opportunities for further research.8. 结束:- Thank you all for your participation and valuable contributions. - I would like to extend my gratitude to our speakers and the organizing committee for making this conference possible.- I declare this conference closed.请注意,这些技巧和句型可以根据具体的学术会议和演讲者进行适当调整和修改。
大学英语学术英语知识点总结
大学英语学术英语知识点总结在大学学习期间,掌握学术英语知识点是十分重要的。
学术英语是指用于学术论文、学术会议、学术讲座等学术交流中使用的特定语言。
本文将总结一些常见的学术英语知识点,以帮助读者更好地应对学术英语的阅读和写作。
一、学术英语的语法1. 名词复数形式:- 一般情况下,名词复数形式在词尾加-s,如books、tables。
- 以-s、-x、-ch、-sh结尾的名词,复数形式在词尾加-es,如boxes、watches。
- 以辅音字母+y结尾的名词,将y变为-i,再加-es,如cities。
- 以-o结尾的名词,一般在词尾加-es,如potatoes、tomatoes。
2. 时态表达:- 过去时:一般过去时使用动词的过去式形式,如played、studied。
- 现在时:一般现在时使用动词原形,如write、speak。
但第三人称单数主语(he、she、it)的动词需要在后面加-s,如writes、speaks。
- 将来时:将来时使用助动词will加动词原形,如will write、will speak。
3. 从句结构:- 定语从句:定语从句用于对名词进行修饰,通常由关系代词或关系副词引导,如that、which、who、where、when。
例如:The book that I borrowed from the library is very interesting.- 时间状语从句:时间状语从句用于表示时间关系,常由when、while、as、before、after等引导。
例如:I will go to bed after I finish my homework.- 结果状语从句:结果状语从句用于表示结果或目的,常由so...that、such...that等引导。
例如:He spoke so fast that I couldn't understand him.二、学术英语的词汇1. 科学名词:- 抽象名词:abstract、hypothesis、methodology、analysis- 实验名词:experiment、sample、data、result- 统计名词:mean、median、mode、standard deviation- 学科名词:biology、chemistry、physics、psychology2. 学术词汇:- 研究:research、study、investigation、analysis- 论文:paper、article、thesis、dissertation- 结论:conclusion、findings、results- 方法:method、approach、technique3. 学术动词:- 分析:analyze、examine、investigate、study- 描述:describe、illustrate、present、show- 讨论:discuss、debate、explore、argue- 提出:propose、suggest、put forward、offer三、学术英语的写作技巧1. 文章结构:- 引言:简要介绍研究背景和目的,引出研究问题。
学术论文写作格式要求英文摘要常用句型
学术论文写作格式要求英文摘要常用句型英文摘要虽然不像公文文体那样程序化,但由于它在语法结构上有较强的倾向性,因此英文摘要许多句型模式出现的频率很高,熟练掌握这些常用句型模式,有助于提高英文摘要写作质量和速度,进而能保证其可读性。
下面举一些有代表性和常用的句式供参考。
1)常用于摘要开头部分的有4类。
A.(In this paper,…)The results ofA simple method for...cases ofThe...approach forAn attempt to (do)...presenteddescribed (through…)is(are) reported (under...)discussed (along with...)analyzed例如:The results of analyses carried out on the process waters generated during the hydrolysis of oil shale from Rundle, Australia via the Fischer assay retorting process are presented.对用费希尔试料蒸馏法热解澳大利亚鲁德尔页岩所产生的工业废水提出了分析结果。
B.The chief aimpurposeobjectobjective the present studyof this investigationthe researchthese studiesto obtain…to evaluate…is (was/has been/will be) to find out…to establish…to asses…例如:The main purpose of this study was to evaluate the safety and utility of tread ill exercise testing prior to the discharge of patients admitted with acute myocardial infarction.研究旨在对因急性心肌梗塞住院的患者在出院前进行踏旋器运动试验的安全性与效用做出评价。
学术英语的语法正确句子有哪些
学术英语的语法正确句子有哪些Here are some examples of academically correct yet conversational English sentences, demonstrating a variety of language styles:1. The study revealed an interesting trend in consumer behavior, suggesting a shift towards sustainable products.2. When it comes to classroom engagement, interactive methods really make a difference in students' learning outcomes.3. For my research, I'm focusing on the impact of social media on mental health, especially among young adults.4. The professor emphasized the importance of critical thinking in academic writing, urging us to question assumptions and provide evidence.5. I've been reading up on the latest advancements in artificial intelligence, and it's fascinating how quicklythe field is evolving.6. One of the challenges in cross-cultural communication is overcoming language barriers and understanding different cultural norms.7. During the experiment, we observed that the variable X had a significant effect on the outcome, which was unexpected.8. While discussing the case study, the groupidentified several key factors that contributed to the company's success.9. I'm really excited about my internship at the museum, where I'll be assisting with the curation of an upcoming exhibition.10. The literature review helped me identify gaps inthe current research, providing direction for my own research question.。
学术英语作文万能句子
学术英语作文万能句子In the realm of academic English writing, a well-constructed sentence can serve as a powerful tool for communicating complex ideas andarguments. Mastering a set of universal sentences not only enhances the readability of a paper but also ensures its学术credibility. Below is a compilation of essential sentences that can be tailored to various academic contexts, ranging from introducing arguments to concluding discussions.**Introducing Arguments*** The debate surrounding [topic] has generated considerable interest among scholars, with diverse perspectives offering valuable insights into theintricacies of this complex issue. * The emergence of [phenomenon] has sparked a lively discussion among experts, who have offered varying interpretations of itsimplications and consequences. * The significance of [concept] lies in its ability to provide a fresh perspective on [related topic], one that challenges traditional understandings and offers new avenues for exploration.**Developing Arguments*** One of the primary reasons for the [phenomenon/trend] can be traced to [cause], which has had profound implications for [related field/discipline]. * While some scholars argue that [viewpoint], others maintain that [opposing viewpoint], highlighting the complexities and nuances involved in this debate. * The argument for [viewpoint] is bolstered by [evidence/study], which demonstrates that [specific point related to the argument]. **Illustrating Examples*** To illustrate the point, consider the example of [specific case/study], which demonstrates how[concept/theory] can be applied in practical settings. * The case of [example] is particularly instructive in this regard, as it highlights the challenges and opportunities inherent in [related topic]. * By examining the instance of [example], we can gain a deeper understanding of the dynamics at play and the potential implications for [related field/discipline].**Analyzing Implications*** The implications of [phenomenon/trend] are far-reaching, potentially affecting not only [directly affected field] but also [indirectly affected fields]. * The growing interest in [topic] reflects a shift in academic focus towards more [specific aspect/perspective], one that holds the promise of opening up new avenues for research and innovation. * The significance of this discussion lies in its potential to shape policy decisions and guide practitioners in their approach to [relatedfield/discipline].**Concluding Discussions*** In conclusion, the debate surrounding [topic] remains lively and complex, with various perspectives offering valuable insights into its various facets. * It is evident that [conclusion/main point] holds significant importance for [related field/discipline], one that deserves further exploration and consideration. * As the discussion on [topic] continues to evolve, it is crucial to remain open to diverse perspectives and continue to seek new understandings that can推进学术进步和实践发展。
- 1、下载文档前请自行甄别文档内容的完整性,平台不提供额外的编辑、内容补充、找答案等附加服务。
- 2、"仅部分预览"的文档,不可在线预览部分如存在完整性等问题,可反馈申请退款(可完整预览的文档不适用该条件!)。
- 3、如文档侵犯您的权益,请联系客服反馈,我们会尽快为您处理(人工客服工作时间:9:00-18:30)。
英语学术论文常用句型Beginning1. In this paper, we focus on the need for2. This paper proceeds as follow.3. The structure of the paper is as follows.4. In this paper, we shall first briefly introduce fuzzy sets and related concepts5. To begin with we will provide a brief background on theIntroduction1. This will be followed by a description of the fuzzy nature of the problem and a detailed presentation of how the required membership functions are defined.2. Details on xx and xx are discussed in later sections.3. In the next section, after a statement of the basic problem, various situations involving possibility knowledge are investigated: first, an entirely possibility model is proposed; then the cases of a fuzzy service time with stochastic arrivals and non fuzzy service rule is studied; lastly, fuzzy service rule are considered.Review1. This review is followed by an introduction.2. A brief summary of some of the relevant concepts in xxx and xxx is presented in Section 2.3. In the next section, a brief review of the .... is given.4. In the next section, a short review of ... is given with special regard to ...5. Section 2 reviews relevant research related to xx.6. Section 1.1 briefly surveys the motivation for a methodology of action, while 1.2 looks at the difficulties posed by the complexity of systems and outlines the need for development of possibility methods.Body1. Section 1 defines the notion of robustness, and argues for its importance.2. Section 1 devoted to the basic aspects of the FLC decision making logic.3. Section 2 gives the background of the problem which includes xxx4. Section 2 discusses some problems with and approaches to, natural language understanding.5. Section 2 explains how flexibility which often ... can be expressed in terms of fuzzy time window6. Section 3 discusses the aspects of fuzzy set theory that are used in the ...7. Section 3 describes the system itself in a general way, including the ….. and also discusses how to evaluate system performance.8. Section 3 describes a new measure of xx.9. Section 3 demonstrates the use of fuzzy possibility theory in the analysis of xx.10. Section 3 is a fine description of fuzzy formulation of human decision.11. Section 3, is developed to the modeling and processing of fuzzy decision rules12. The main idea of the FLC is described in Section 3 while Section 4 describes the xx strategies.13. Section 3 and 4 show experimental studies for verifying the proposed model.14. Section 4 discusses a previous fuzzy set based approach to cost variance investigation.15. Section 4 gives a specific example of xxx.16. Section 4 is the experimental study to make a fuzzy model of memory process.17. Section 4 contains a discussion of the implication of the results of Section 2 and 3.18. Section 4 applies this fuzzy measure to the analysis of xx and illustrate its use on experimental data.19. Section 5 presents the primary results of the paper: a fuzzy set model ..20. Section 5 contains some conclusions plus some ideas for further work.21. Section 6 illustrates the model with an example.22. Various ways of justification and the reasons for their choice are discussed very briefly in Section 2.23. In Section 2 are presented the block diagram expression of a whole model of human DM system24. In Section 2 we shall list a collection of basic assumptions which a ... scheme must satisfy.25. In Section 2 of this paper, we present representation and uniqueness theorems for the fundamental measurement of fuzziness when the domain of discourse is order dense.26. In Section 3, we describe the preliminary results of an empirical study currently in progress to verify the measurement model and to construct membership functions.27. In Section 5 is analyzed the inference process through the two kinds of inference experiments...This Section1. In this section, the characteristics and environment under which MRP is designed are described.2. We will provide in this section basic terminologies and notations which are necessary for the understanding of subsequent results.Next Section2. The next section describes the mathematics that goes into the computer implementation of such fuzzy logic statements.3. However, it is cumbersome for this purpose and in practical applications the formulae were rearranged and simplified as discussed in the next section.4. The three components will be described in the next two section, and an example of xx analysis of a computer information system will then illustrate their use.5. We can interpret the results of Experiments I and II as in the following sections.6. The next section summarizes the method in a from that is useful for arguments based on xxSummary1. This paper concludes with a discussion of future research consideration in section 5.2. Section 5 summarizes the results of this investigation.3. Section 5 gives the conclusions and future directions of research.4. Section 7 provides a summary and a discussion of some extensions of the paper.5. Finally, conclusions and future work are summarized6. The basic questions posed above are then discussed and conclusions are drawn.7. Section 7 is the conclusion of the paper.Chapter 0. Abstract1. A basic problem in the design of xx is presented by the choice of a xx rate for the measurement of experimental variables.2. This paper examines a new measure of xx in xx based on fuzzy mathematics which overcomes the difficulties found in other xx measures.3. This paper describes a system for the analysis of the xx.4. The method involves the construction of xx from fuzzy relations.5. The procedure is useful in analyzing how groups reach a decision.6. The technique used is to employ a newly developed and versatile xx algorithm.7. The usefulness of xx is also considered.8. A brief methodology used in xx is discussed.9. The analysis is useful in xx and xx problem.10. A model is developed for a xx analysis using fuzzy matrices.11. Algorithms to combine these estimates and produce a xx are presented and justified.12. The use of the method is discussed and an example is given.13. Results of an experimental applications of this xx analysis procedure are given to illustrate the proposed technique.14. This paper analyses problems in15. This paper outlines the functions carried out by ...16. This paper includes an illustration of the ...17. This paper provides an overview and information useful for approaching18. Emphasis is placed on the construction of a criterion function by which the xx in achieving a hierarchical system of objectives are evaluated.19. The main emphasis is placed on the problem of xx20. Our proposed model is verified through experimental study.21. The experimental results reveal interesting examples of fuzzy phases of: xx, xx22. The compatibility of a project in terms of cost, and xx are likewise represented by linguistic variables.23. A didactic example is included to illustrate the computational procedureChapter 1. IntroductionTime1. Over the course of the past 30 years, .. has emerged form intuitive2. Technological revolutions have recently hit the industrial world3. The advent of ... systems for has had a significant impact on the4. The development of ... is explored5. During the past decade, the theory of fuzzy sets has developed in a variety of directions6.The concept of xx was investigated quite intensively in recent years7. There has been a turning point in ... methodology in accordance with the advent of ...8. A major concern in ... today is to continue to improve...9. A xx is a latecomer in the part representation arena.10. At the time of this writing, there is still no standard way of xx11. Although a lot of effort is being spent on improving these weaknesses, the efficient andeffective method has yet to be developed.12. The pioneer work can be traced to xx [1965].13. To date, none of the methods developed is perfect and all are far from ready to be used in commercial systems.Objective / Goal / Purpose1. The purpose of the inference engine can be outlined as follows:2. The ultimate goal of the xx system is to allow the non experts to utilize the existing knowledge in the area of manual handling of loads, and to provide intelligent, computer aided instruction for xxx.3. The paper concerns the development of a xx4. The scope of this research lies in5. The main theme of the paper is the application of rule based decision making.6. These objectives are to be met with such thoroughness and confidence as to permit ...7. The objectives of the ... operations study are as follows:8. The primary purpose/consideration/objective of9. The ultimate goal of this concept is to provide10. The main objective of such a ... system is to11. The aim of this paper is to provide methods to construct such probability distribution.12. In order to achieve these objectives, an xx must meet the following requirements:13. In order to take advantage of their similarity14. more research is still required before final goal of ... can be completed15. In this trial, the objective is to generate...16. for the sake of concentrating on ... research issues17. A major goal of this report is to extend the utilization of a recently developed procedure for the xx.18. For an illustrative purpose, four well known OR problems are studied in presence of fuzzy data: xx.19. A major thrust of the paper is to discuss approaches and strategies for structuring ..methods20. This illustration points out the need to specify21. The ultimate goal is both descriptive and prescriptive.22. Chapter 2. Literature Review23. A wealth of information is to be found in the statistics literature, for example, regarding xx24. A considerable amount of research has been done .. during the last decade25. A great number of studies report on the treatment of uncertainties associated with xx.26. There is considerable amount of literature on planning27. However, these studies do not provide much attention to uncertainty in xx.28. Since then, the subject has been extensively explored and it is still under investigation as well inmethodological aspects as in concrete applications.29. Many research studies have been carried out on this topic.30. Problem of xx draws recently more and more attention of system analysis.31. Attempts to resolve this dilemma have resulted in the development of32. Many complex processes unfortunately, do not yield to this design procedure and have, therefore, not yet been automated.33. Most of the methods developed so far are deterministic and /or probabilistic in nature.34. The central issue in all these studies is to35. The problem of xx has been studied by other investigators, however, these studies have been based upon classical statistical approaches.36. Applied ... techniques to37. Characterized the ... system as38. Developed an algorithm to39. Developed a system called ... which40. Uses an iterative algorithm to deduce41. Emphasized the need to42. Identifies six key issues surrounding high technology43. A comprehensive study of the... has been undertaken44. Much work has been reported recently in these filed45. Proposed/Presented/State that/Described/Illustrated/Indicated/Has shown / showed/Address/Highlights46. Point out that the problem of47. A study on ...was done / developed by []48. Previous work, such as [] and [], deal only with49. The approach taken by [] is50. The system developed by [] consists51. A paper relevant to this research was published by []52. []'s model requires consideration of...53. []' model draws attention to evolution in human development54. []'s model focuses on...55. Little research has been conducted in applying ... to56. The published information that is relevant to this research...57. This study further shows that58. Their work is based on the principle of59. More history of ... can be found in xx et al. [1979].60. Studies have been completed to established61. The ...studies indicated that62. Though application of xx in the filed of xx has proliferated in recent years, effort in analyzing xx, especially xx, is lacking.Problem / Issue / Question63. Unfortunately, real-world engineering problems such as manufacturing planning do not fit well with this narrowly defined model. They tend to span broad activities and require consideration of multiple aspects.64. Remedy / solve / alleviate these problems67. ... is a difficult problem, yet to be adequately resolved68. Two major problems have yet to be addressed69. An unanswered question70. This problem in essence involves using x to obtain a solution.71. An additional research issue to be tackled is ....72. Some important issues in developing a ... system are discussed73. The three prime issues can be summarized:74. The situation leads to the problem of how to determine the ...75. There have been many attempts to76. It is expected to be serious barrier to77. It offers a simple solution in a limited domain for a complex1. Introduction:A. 如何指出当前研究的不足并有目的地引导出自己研究的重要性?在叙述前人成果之后,用However来引导不足,提出一种新方法或新方向。