英语国家概况 The United States of American

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《英语国家概况》Unit 2 American History课件

《英语国家概况》Unit 2 American History课件
Washington
乔治·华盛顿(George Washington, 1732年2月22日 --- 1799年12月14日) 美国第一任总统,被尊称为美国国父, 1793年连任,在两届任期结束后, 他自愿放弃权力不再续任,隐退于弗 农山庄园。华盛顿学者们则将他和 亚伯拉罕·林肯并列为美国历史上 最伟大的总统。
be distributed, several dozen Boston residents boarded the ship at night and threw $75,000 worth of tea into the harbor. This came to be known as the “Boston Tea Party”. • The start of the war • In 1775, about 1,000 British soldiers were sent from Boston to seize the military supplies of the American militia. When they arrived at Lexington they were met by the armed militiamen. Suddenly a shot was fired and the War of Independence began.
and Grievances
The second Continental Congress 1775
Date: May, 1775
Place: Philadelphia
Result: The Congress founded a Continental Army under the command of George Washington. The Declaration of

英语国家概况Chapter-12(课堂PPT)

英语国家概况Chapter-12(课堂PPT)
1
1.3.2 Benjamin Franklin (cont.)
❖Autobiography—most famous work. ❖“the faithful account of the colorful career of
11
1.3.1 Jonathan Edwards (cont.)
❖Almanac—published continuously for almost a quarter of a century.
❖adages (格言) and sayings ▪ “A penny saved is a penny earned.” ▪ “Early to bed, and early to rise, makes a man healthy, wealthy, and wise.”
III The Realistic Period
IV The Naturalistic Period
V The Modern Period VI The Contemporary Period
5
I The Colonial and Revolutionary Periods 1.1 Feature in the Colonial Period 1.2 Feature in the Revolutionary Period 1.3 Representative figures and works
religious freedom
westward movement for happiness
3
2. principal forms of American literature drama
novel
principal forms

张丽 美国概况课件

张丽 美国概况课件

五大湖
-世界最大的淡水湖群
苏必利尔湖
密 歇 根 湖
Mount McKinley
Niagara Falls
Grand Canyon
Yellowstone National Park
Grand Canyon
Grand Canyon
Yellowstone National Park 黄石国家公园
What is the national flag of America?
National Flag
• Old Glory - Star Spangled Banner - U.S. Flag • The U.S. flag is a strong symbol of American identity and national pride. Stars are a symbol of the heavens and the goals to which humankind aspires; stripes are symbolic of rays of light from the sun. 13 stripes represent the original thirteen colonies that declared independence from England; fifty stars symbolize the current 50 United States. • Red is a symbol of valor and bravery White symbolizes purity and innocence Blue signifies vigilance, perseverance, and justice
Ⅱ. The Colonial Period

英语国家概况之American History

英语国家概况之American History

The Constitutional Convention

May, 1787 Delegates from all states except Rhode Island met in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. George Washington was unanimously elected presiding officer.
“Supreme Law of the Land”
The structure of the government The rights of the American people No law can contradict it. No person or government is exempt from following it.
III. American Civil War

Cause No. 1 Election of Lincoln Cause No. 2: Abolitionism The War Begins - the Firing on Fort Sumter The Progress of Secession Emancipation Proclamation Gettysburg – Turning Point Lincoln is Assassinated
A Survey of the United States of America 2. History
History Of America





1607 British First Settlement at James town, Virginia by London company. 1619 First group of black slaves introduced into Virginia. 1620 Pilgrims land at Plymouth Mass 1621 First Thanksgiving 1765 The Stamp Act---the heavy tax

英语国家概况-美国部分【清晰完整版】

英语国家概况-美国部分【清晰完整版】

Chapter 13 geography 地理位置I. Location and size1. The full name of the United States is the United States of America. The continental United States lies in central North America with Canada to its north, Mexico and the Gulf of Mexico to its south, the Atlantic Ocean to its east and the Pacific Ocean to its west.Alaska and Hawaii are the two newest states in America. Alaska borders on northwestern Canada and Hawaii lies in the central Pacific.阿拉斯加和夏威夷是最近加入美国的两个新州。

阿拉斯加在加拿大的西北部,夏威夷位邻中太平洋。

2. The U.S has a land area of 9.3 million square kilometers. It is the fourth largest country in the world in size after Russia, Canada and China.就面积而言,美国是世界第四大国,就人口而言,美国是世界是第三大国。

3. Of all states of American, Alaska is the largest in area and Rhode Island the smallest. But on the mainland Texas is the largest sate of the country.所有州中,阿拉斯加是面积最大的州,罗得岛最小,在美国大陆,最大的州是得克萨斯州。

英语国家概况-美国文化-历史人文环境

英语国家概况-美国文化-历史人文环境

Part Three The United States of AmericaChapter 13 Geography第一部分:Location and Size1. 美国的地理位置:The continental United States lies in central North America with Canada to its north, Mexico and the Gulf of Mexico to its south, the Atlantic Ocean to its east and the Pacific Ocean to its west.2. 识记:The two newest states Alaska and Hawaii are separated from the continental United States.3. 简答:Why does the United States have an ideal location for trade?The United State has an ideal location for trade. Its Atlantic coast faces the developed countries of Western Europe and its Pacific coast and Hawaii give the nation an approach to the Far East and Australia.(澳大拉西亚: 一个不明确的地理名词,一般指澳大利亚,新西兰及附近南太平洋诸岛,有时也泛指大洋洲和太平洋岛屿)4. 美国最大和最小的州:Of all the states Alaska is the largest in area and Rhode Island is the smallest, but on the mainland Texas is the largest state of the country.5. 美国两大主要山系:the Appalachian Mountains and the Rocky mountains6. 落基山脉的最高峰:the Elbert7. 落基山脉--大陆分水岭:The Rockies, the backbone of the North American continent, is also known as the Continental Divide.8. 名词解释:the Continental Divide (金鸡落下[落基],座北朝南[north-south line],东边的翅膀沾满蜂蜜[密西西比]和墨水[墨西哥湾];西边的翅膀挥舞着和太平洋边上的加州旅馆say “Hello”!)----- The Rockies, the backbone of the North American continent, is also known as the Continental Divide, it is an imaginary north-south line that separates the major river systems of the United States. The rivers that descendfrom the eastern slopes of the Rockies flow into the Mississippi and Gulf of Mexico. Those that begin on the western slopes of the Rockies flow to the Pacific Ocean and the Gulf of California.9. 有关the Mississippi 的重点:(记密西西比的发源地:想象:秘密[密西西比]地从湖里舀了杯苏打[明尼苏达]水喝下去,嘻嘻地笑了)Lying between the Appalachian Mountains and the Rocky Mountains is one of the world’s great continental rivers—the Mississippi. The Mississippi proper rises in the lake region in North Minnesota and flows south to the Gulf of Mexico. The Mississippi has been called “father of waters” or “old man river”. (英语里father=old man)10. The Ohio River的别称:(鹅害鹅[Ohio],鹅害怕,骑着鹿儿[Ruhr],逃跑了。

英语国家概况之美国政治

英语国家概况之美国政治

Political Geography
As a result, nations share one or
more important cultural traits such as religion, language, history, values and political institutions. Nations have an attachment to a particular territory and their identity is intimately associated with that territory.
Political Geography
Centripetal forces can be reinforced by
a threat of foreign aggression. This has always been very effective in unifying a population.
Political Geography
The Palestinians are a nation and
only now beginning to have a state of their own. Nation-state: this is when the territory of a state is occupied by only one distinct nation or people. In that case, there are no important minority groups.
Political Geography
State is synonymous with Country. Nation: refers to a reasonably

英美概况(英文版ppt)

英美概况(英文版ppt)
3.1.1 Economic reason: two different economic systems 3.1.2 Political reason The North—Federal Government as a union The South—The Confederate Government: the independence of each state
A: It tells of the theory of politics, which
latter is central to the Western political tradition: Men has a natural right to “Life, Liberty and the pursuit of happiness”. Government can rule only with “the consent of the governed”; Any government may be dissolved when it fails to protect the right of the people.
1.2 Boston Tea Party
In 1773, patriots staged the “Boston Tea Party” in response to the tea tax.
They boarded British merchant ships and
independence of the The Massachusetts colonial government was curtailed, and more British soldiers were sent to the Port of Boston.

英语国家概况Chapter-12

英语国家概况Chapter-12

1.3.2 Benjamin Franklin (cont.) Autobiography—most famous work. “the faithful account of the colorful career of America’s first self-made man”—rising from poverty and obscurity (身份低微) to wealth and fame. Autobiography—a record of spiritual growth in addition to self-examination and selfimprovement.
the lost continent of Atlantis the golden “cities of Cibola” Northwest Passage to the Orient
the continuous narrative of the pursuit of success and happiness
1.3 Representative Figures
1.3.1 Jonathan Edwards
1.3.2 Benjamin Franklin
1.3.1 Jonathan Edwards
religious idealism powerful sermons (布道)— preaching the puritan ideas and condemning people’s depravity. best-known work— “Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God” (1741). initiating the Great Awakening Movement to revive Puritanism.

英语国家概况_第五课_美国概况_The_United_States_of_America

英语国家概况_第五课_美国概况_The_United_States_of_America

Ireland
70, 280
4, 156, 000
65%
204, 164 (42rd)
10, 084, 369 2rd
38, 816 (12nd)
7, 518 (93rd)
China
9, 597, 000
1,330,045,000
46.6%
The United States is a varied land - of forests, deserts, mountains, high flat lands and fertile plains. The country lies mostly in the temperate zone but there is a very wide range of climate variations. The continental United States stretches 4,500 kilometers from the Atlantic Ocean on the east to the Pacific Ocean on the west. It borders Canada on the north and reaches south to Mexico and the Gulf of Mexico. Alaska is the largest in area of the 50 states; Texas is the second largest. Appalachian Mountains in the East, Rocky Mountains in the West. Mississippi River and Missouri River Five Lakes: Superior, Huron, Michigan, Erie and Ontario

美国概况

美国概况

英语国家概况美国文学主要分为四个时期:1. The Literature Around the Revolution of Independence(独立革命前后的文学)。

2. American Romanticism(美国浪漫主义文学)。

3. American Realism(美国现实主义文学)。

4. American Modernism(美国现代主义文学)。

Geography美国地理概况本文针对英语专业八级考试的人文知识部分,总结了美国国家的主要地理概况,希望对同学们有所帮助。

The Fall Line瀑布线:A point where water-falls or rapids suddenly drop from a higher level to the lower one.瀑布线指的是瀑布急速地从高处向低处流泻的点。

The Appalachian Range阿巴拉契亚山脉:1200 miles long,consists of the Piedmont Plateau, Appalachian Plateaus and Appalachian Range.阿巴拉契亚山脉全场1200英里,由皮德蒙特高原、阿巴拉契亚高原及阿巴拉契亚山脉组成。

The Cordillera Range科迪勒拉山脉:Composed of the Coast Range, the Cascades and the Rocky Mountains.科迪勒拉山脉由海岸山脉、卡斯卡德山以及洛基山组成。

The Great Basin大盆地:The Part between the Colorado and Columbia Plateaus.指的是科罗拉多和哥伦比亚高地之间的部分。

The Great Central Plain中部大平原:The land mass between the Rocky Mountains and the Appalachians.指的是洛基山和阿巴拉伊亚山之间的平原。

英语国家概况精讲Part three(美国America)

英语国家概况精讲Part three(美国America)

英语国家概况精讲:第十四章美国人口种族英语国家概况美国部分精讲系列chapter 14:Population. Race and Ethnic groups必背细节1.The United States of the American is the third most populous county in the world after China and India.美国是世界人口第三大国,仅次于中国和印度。

2。

Immigration accounts for a major source of population growth, The United States has a more or less open-door policy to immigrants from independence until 1960s.Ellis Island of New York was an important immigration reception spot in the 1890s and at the turn of the century.19世纪末20世纪初,纽约的埃利斯岛是一个重要的移民入境接待点。

3。

Almost 20 million people or 7.8% of the total population were immigrants in 1992.Between 80% and 90% of immigration to the United States now is from Asian and Hispanic countries.如今美国移民的80%到90%主要来源于亚洲和拉美国家。

4。

Arizona, Nevada, and Florida have been the fastest growing states in population for the last 20 years.在过去的二十年里,亚利桑那,内华达和佛罗里达是人口增长最快的州。

英语国家概况-美国unit 3 America

英语国家概况-美国unit 3 America

Now
Discrimination still persists
From 1619 to 1860: The tragic history of African Americans
When Africans were brought to the American South in the early 1600s, they were initially treated as indentured servants rather than as permanent slaves. But why the white change their minds? The basic reason is the driving force of economic benefits. For Blacks, slavery meant extremely hard work, miserable living conditions and indescribable humiliation
Influence

America exercising far greater influence on Europe than Europe on America.
II. Black Americans

1. African Americans 2. the largest minority group

Dutch Swedish
Norwegian
Russian Czech Hungarian
Immigrants
Founding of the US “early immigrants”
“old immigrants”
Before 1880

英语国家概况-Chapter10-government解析

英语国家概况-Chapter10-government解析
This is the hour. This is the day for our two people (现在就是我们两国人民只 争朝夕的时候了) Cliton (1998) in Xi’an City
Let us give new meaning to the words written in the ancient Book of Rites, what you call the Li Shi: When the great way is followed, all under heaven will be equal(让我们给《礼记》这本
National Security Council
and the Central
Intelligence Agency
(CIA), etc.
The White House at Christmas night
2.2.2 Functions of The President
❖ As Chief Executive, he is given the authority or duty:
千年前,就有一位中国诗人写道:“人民应该被珍视,人民是国家的根基。根 基牢固,国家就安宁)。这句话出自《尚书·夏书》中的“五子之歌”,原文 是“民可近,不可下。民惟邦本,本固邦宁”。
Obama: Thousands of years ago, the great philosopher Mencius said:'A trail through the mountains, if used, becomes a path in a short time, but, if unused, becomes blocked by grass in an equally short time.’"

英语国家概况 美国 U3

英语国家概况 美国 U3
USA
A melting pot
Racial and ethnicity in the United States
USA
1. Composition of European Americans
According to the most recent data released by the U.S. Bureau of Census, about three-quarters (75.1%) of all American citizens are descended wholly and directly from people born in Europe, and a small number (under 5%, mostly elderly) were themselves born in Europe.
USA
A melting pot
The United States has often been called “a nation of immigrants”. There are two good reasons for this. First, the country was settled, built, and developed by generations of immigrants and their children. Secondly, even today the U.S. continues to take in more immigrants than any other country in the world. It is not surprising, therefore, that the United States is counted among the most heterogeneous societies in the world. Many different cultural traditions, ethnic customs, national origins, racial groups, and religious affiliations make up “the new men” called Americans.

英语国家概况的复习重点

英语国家概况的复习重点

英语国家概况的复习重点英语国家概况六国比较国英语国家概况 - 地理、人口、气候篇 [UseMoney=8]一、地理位置,面积: 英国:The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland Britain is an island country. It is surounded by the sea. It lies in the north Atlantic Ocean off the north coast of Europe.It is separated from the rest of Europe by the English Channel in the south and the Borth sea in the east. The Britain covers an area of 244,100 square kms. It runs 1,000 kms from north to south and extends, at the widest part, about 500 kilometres. 美国:the United States of America The continental United States lies in central North America with Canada to its north.Mexico and the Gulf of Mexico to its South,the Atlantic Ocean to its east and the Pacific Ocean to its west.The two newest states Alaska and Hawaii are separated from the continetal United States.(Joined in 1959) The U.S. has a land area of 9.3 million square kilometres(the 4th largest country in the world).It streches 2,575 kilometres from north to south and 4,500 kilometres from east to west. 爱尔兰:the Republic of Ireland(Eire) The Republic of Ireland covers an area of 70,282 sq.km.The cuntry's total boundary si 3,603 km long,of which its land border with Northern Ireland is 434 km. It is bounded on the northeast by Northern Ireland,on the east and southeast by the Irish Sea and St. Geogore's Channel and on the north and west by the Atlantic Ocean. 加拿大:Canada Canada is the world's second largest country after Russia. It has a land area of about 10 million sq.km. It covers about two fifths of North American comtinent.North to South(3,200 kilometres),east to west(6,400 kilometres).Canada and United States share a 6,378 kilometre boundary that has not been fortified for over a hundred years. Canada lies to the north of the United States.The 45th parallel marks the boundary between Canada and norhtern Vermont and New York of the United States. 澳大利亚:Australia Australia streches from 10 south to 44 south of latitude and 113 east to 154 east of longitude. Australia is the world's smallest continent with an area of 7.7 milion sq.km. But Australia is the sixth largest country in the world. It surrounded by the Tasman Sea and the Pacific Ocean to the east,by the Indian Ocean to the west,by the Coral Sea,the Atlantic Sea and Timor Sea to the north,and the Southern Indian Ocean and the Great Australian Bight to the south. 新西兰:New Zealand New Zealand is in the Southern Pacific Ocean,halfway between the equator and South Pole. About 1,500 km to the northwest,across the Tasman Sea,is Australia. To the east,10,600 km of the Pacific Ocean separate New Zealand from South America.The icy continent of Antarctica lies 2,300 km to the south. The latitude of the capital city,Wellington,is 40S;the latitude of China's capital is 40N.It is just west of the International Date line,so it is the first country to get the new day. The size of the country is similar to Britain or Japan.三、气候,人口英国: Britain has a population of 57,411,000(1990). A maritime type of climate. Winters are mild,not too cold and summers are cool,not too hot,and it has a steady reliable rainfullthroughtout the whole year. It has a small range of temperature. 美国: The United States of America,with a population of 255.5 million in July 1992,is the third most populous country in the wrold. By the year 2050,the population is expected to climb to 383 million,a50% increase. The United States is located in the middle latitudes north of the equator. And there are different types of climate in different regions. 1)A humid continental climate is found in the north-eastern part of the country.(New England) 2)In the south-eastern United States you can find a humid subtropical climate. *these two zones stretch westward across the United States until they approach the 100th meridian. 3)Beyond this point they gradually give way to the continental steppe climate of the Great Plains. 4)The Pacific northwest is favoured with a maritime climate. 5)The souther part of the Pacific coast in California has a Mediterranean climate. 爱尔兰: The population of Ireland in 1990 was estimated at 3.5 million. It is expected to grow to 4 million by 2000. The weather of Ireland is described as "mild,moist and changeable".Extreme cold,long frosts,heavy snows in winter and scorching days in summer are uncommon. 加拿大: Canada has a population of only a little over 29 million(1994).Toronto(3.4 million),Montreal(2.9 million)and Vancouver(1.3 million) are the most populous cities in Canada. Except for southwestern Saskatchewan and southeastern Alberta,Canada recieves adequate rainfall.However the climate throughout Canada is varied. 1)A maritime climate similar to that of Washington and Oregon states in the United States is found in the southwestern part of British Colombia. 2)North of these regions lie the evergreen forests of the subarctic taiga. 3)In the far north there is a polar climate with a treeless tundra zone Generally speaking the climate in Canada is unfavourable.Much of Cananda has long and cold winters with deep snow. 澳大利亚: Today(1996) Australia's population is about 18 million or about two people to the square kilometre. Most Australia do not know their continent very well because they live on the cool,wet,forested south-east coastland. This is the most pleasant part of the country and the forests are unique but it is not Australia's most common environment. Two thirds of the coutry is hot and dry. 新西兰: The population of New Zealand is 3.5 million. Approximately 10% are Maori,or part Maori. The climate in New Zealand is generally temperate,but becasue the country runs northsouth,the climate is varied. In the far north it is subtropical and in some mountainous areas of South island it is almost subarcitc.Seasonal variations are less extreme than in many other countries. 英语国家概况 - 政治篇一、基本政治制度和国家元首[UseMoney=8]英国: The United Kingdome is a constitutional monarchy:the head of States is a king or a queen. In practice,the Sovereign reigns,but does not rule:the United Kongdom is governed,in the name of the Sovereign,by His or Her Majestty's Government--a body of Ministers who are the leading members of whichever political party the electorate has voted into office,and who are responsible to Parliament. The present Sovereign is Queen Elizabeth II. 美国: The American Consitution set up a federal systerm of government which has two layers of rule.(central of federal government for the nation ,state and local governments.) The President of the Unites States is head of the executive branch. The White House is hisofficial residence. He is also head of state elected by the whole nation.(4years,two times at the most) 爱尔兰: Ireland is a parliamentary republic and a unitary state under the 1937 Consitution. The head of the state is the president.(7years) 加拿大: Canada,a self-governing memeber of the Commonwealth of Nations,is a federation of 10 povinces and two territories. Canada, along with Australia, New Zealand and some other Commonwealth countries, recognizes Britain' monarch, Queen Elizabath II, as Head of State. 澳大利亚:The Commonwealth of Australia is a federation.The Six colonies joined together as sovereign States. 新西兰: New Zealand is a sovereign independent State,which a parliament government and a constitutional monarchy立法机构 ,执法机构[UseMoney=8]二、立法机构英国:Parliament(maximum 5 years duration)Parliament consisted of the Sovereign,the House of Lords(made up of the Lords Spiritual and the Lords Temporal) and House of Commons(651).美国:CongressArticle I of the Constitution grants all legislative power of the federal government to a Congress composed of two chambers,a Senate(two members from each state,six year term and every even year,one-third of the Senate stands for re-election ) and a House of Representatives(based on population and its size is therefore not specified in the Constitution.435).爱尔兰:All the legislative power are vested in the national parliament.(Oireachats) Oireachats has two houses. They are the Senate(Seanad) and the House of Representives(Dail Eireann)加拿大:All the legislative power of the federal administration are vested in the Parliament of Canada,which consists of the Crown,the Senate(104) and the House of Commons(295).Therefore,laws must be passed by both Houses of Parliament and signed by the Governor-General in the Queen's name.澳大利亚:The Australian Federal Parliament is modelled on the Westminster system.It is the Legislature.It consists of the Queen and two Houses of Parliament:the House of Representatives and the Senate. 新西兰:New Zealand follows the British Parliamentary system with some varitions.Since 1950 the New Zealand Parliament has had only one chamber,the House of Representatives. (every 3 years)三、执法机构英国:The Prime Minister is apointed by the Queen.He always sits in the House of Commons.And his residence is No.10 Downing Street in London.The party which wins sufficient seats at a General Election to command a majority of supporters in the House of Commons usually forms the Government.Ministers are appointedby the Queen on the recommendation of the Prime Minister. The most senior ministers compose the Cabinet.美国:The head of the departments,chosen by the President and approved by the Senate,form a council of advisers generally known as the President. This inculdes the White House staff,the Office of Management and Budget,the Council of Economic Advisers,and the Office of Emergerency Preparedness. The department are as follows(不打上来了,是书上的P305)爱尔兰:The Article 13 of the Constitution provides that the president shall appoint the prime minister(toiseach) on the nomination of the House of Representatives(Dail) and that he shall appoint the other members of the government on the nomination of the prime minister with the previous approval of the Dail.The prime minister holds office either until he chooses to resign or until he loses the support of the majority in the Dail.加拿大:Queen is represented in Canada by the Governor-General,who is appointed on the recommendation of the Prime Minister. In practice, the Governor-General acts only the advice of the Canada Prime Minister and the Cabinet, who also sit in the federal parliament.The Prime Minister and other members of the Cabinet exercise executive power as the "Government".澳大利亚:In Australia the Queen is represented by the Govenor-General.(这里和加拿大是完全一样的) The executive is the government of the day.It is formed by the party or coalition of parties,which has a majority of seats in the House of Representatives.The Executive consists of the Prime Minister and the other members of the ministry.新西兰:The leader of the party with a majority of members in the House of Representatives becomes Prime Minister.He or she and about 20 other chosen members,form the Cabinet.党派,司法机构[UseMoney=8]四、党派英国:Since the 1945 eiher the Conservative Party or the Labour Party has held power.A new party--the Social and Liberal Democratic Party was formed in 1988.美国:In general,America has a two-party system.The Democrats(the major party now) and the Republicans.爱尔兰:Ireland has a bipolar political system with two major paries,Finna Fail and Fine Gael.The Irish Labour Party is the oldest of all the parties in Ireland. The Progressive Democrats is the largest of the minor partiesafter 1987 election.加拿大:Two party system and one party rule.There are two main federal parties in Canada.They are the Liberal Party and the Progressive Conservative Party.澳大利亚:We can say that Australia has a two-and-half party system of the ALP(Australia Labour Party) on one side and the Liberal Party and National parties on the other.新西兰:For the last 50 years the two main parties have been the National party and the Labour Party.五、司法机构英国: Criminal Courts in England and Wales including: Magistrates Courts,Youth Courts and the Crown CourtsScotland: 1.the High Courts of Justiciary 2.the sheriff court 3. the district court Northern Ireland: Magistrates' courts,Country courts and the Crown CourtCivil Courts in England and Wales: are the Country Court of which there are 270.The High Court deal with the more complicated cases.Scotland:the civil courts are the sheriff court and the Court of Session.Northern Ireland:Country courts are primarily civil law courts. The magistrates' court also deals with certain limited classes of civil cases.The High Court of Justice is the superior civil law court.Appeals from country courts are dealt with by the High Court or the Court of Appeal.美国:The judicial,consists of a system of courts headed by the Supreme Court and including subordinate courts throughtout the country.And it is the organ which has the power to interpret the Constitution.The judicial system has evovlved into the present structure:the Supreme Court,11 courts of appeals,91 district courts,and three courts of special jurisdiction.爱尔兰:Statutes passed by the British Parliament before 1921 have the force of law except those repealed by the Irish Oireachats.The high court has full origianal jurisdiction and power in all matters of law.It also can determine the validity of any law within the provisions of the Constitution.The Supreme Court is the court of final appeal.(a chief jusice and six other jusices)加拿大:Canada law has its source in acts and judicial decisions,and also in British common law. Quebec is an exception since its system is based on the French civil law.The provincial and federal governments have the power to establish courts. The federal Parliament created the Supreme Court of Canada,the Federal Court and various of special jurisdiction.澳大利亚:The High Court is the most superior.It consists of a chief jusice and six other jusices.The Federal Court of Australia was established in 1977.The Family Court was established in 1976.In each state there is a Superior Court. Below it are intermediate courts commonly called District or County Courts. Below them are Magistrates Courts,Local Courts or Courts of Petty Session. 二、农业[UseMoney=8]英国: The Britain were pioneers in modern agriculture and were among the first to bring science and machinery to farming.The new farming has been called "agribusiness".There are mainly six farming types in Britain.They are arable farning,dairy fariming,stock farming,mixed farming,hill farming and market gardening. Because of the cool climate,apples,pears and plums grwo very well in Britain. The North Sea has very good fishing grounds. 美国: Yet the United States grows nearly one fourth of the world's grain and supplies a half of all the exports of grain in the world. It ranks first,second,or third in the production and export of corn, wheat, rice, soybeans, oranges, meat,milk, apples,oats,cotton,tobaoo, peanuts,and edible vegetable oil.(具体的在什么地方种什么东西可以参照书上P289-291) 爱尔兰: Agriculture generates anestimated 11% of the Ireland GNP,employs 17% of the labour force and produces 25% of total exports. The most signigicant recent development in Irish agriculture has been membership in the European Community. 加拿大: The land used for agriculture makes up only 7% in Canada. Canada farms specialize in producing wheat,food crops for animals dairy products,and fruit.Fishing and mining are quite important. The Canada Prairie is the centre of a rich wheat belt. Eastern Canada is noted for a variety of farm products. Dairying is in the lowlands of Quebec and Ontario. Fruits are grown in Western Nova Scotia. 澳大利亚: Today,agriculture is the nation's largest and most diverse industry.Australia is one of the world's leading producers of foodand natural fibres.Australia is the world's largest exporter of wool,the second largest exporter of meat,the third largest exporter of wheat and a major international supplier of sugar,dairy products,fruits,cotton and rice. Australia's agriculture importance has declined in recent years. 新西兰: Vineyards produce international award-winning red and white wines. 四、对外贸易[UseMoney=8]英国: Britain is the fifth largest trading country in the world.Napoleon called it a "nation of shopkeepers" Britain's foreign trade is mainly with other developed countries. Which accounts for 79% of exports and 85% of imports. About half with EC. Traditionally,Britain has had a deficit on visible trade and a surplus on invisible trade. 美国: Currenty U.S. exports are about 15% of the world's total.The Unites States imports about 13% of all world imports. Canada is the largest single source og goods imported by the U.S.,accounting for nearly 30% of the total. Outside of North America,Europe is the largest source of imports with about 30%,Asia provides about 18%,with smaller percentages from Latin America,Africa,and Australia. 爱尔兰: Successive Irish governments have adopted a consistent and postive approoach toward attracting overseas investment. The new foreign firms now account for over 70% of manufactured exports. Ireland is new an industrial exporter. Manufactured goods account for about two-thirds of total wxports. 加拿大: A total about four fifths of all foreign investments in Canada are American. 澳大利亚: Australia is a middle-level trading nation. The main feature of Australia's trade is that it has always involved the exchange of raw materials for finished products. Australia's trade relations with China have been developing rapidly in recent years. China accouts for about 3% of Australian total exports. 新西兰: Trade is New Zealand's linelihood.Foreign investment is increasing and financial markets are active. Western Europe and particularly Britain have traditionally been New Zealand's major export market. The main imports are industrial raw materials,capital equipment and consumer goods. New Zealand is the world's largest exporter of lamb and mutton as well as dairy products. 五、当今面临的问题[UseMoney=8]英国: Britain is the oldest industrial country in the world.The term "Britain disease" is noew often used to characterise Britain's economic decline. The Evolution of the Britain Economy since the War:1.Steady development in the 50s and 60s.2.Economic recession in the 70s.3.Economic recovery in the 80s. 这里有一部分是撒切尔的宏,微观措施比较重要(P91-92) 美国: The Untied States has a free-market economy with a dominant private sector So the economy system of the United States is principally privately owned.But today,many of American people still live under the poverty line. Unemployment,inflation,finacial deficit,and trade deficit are the troubles that alwaysface the United States. 爱尔兰: The value of imports generally exceeds that of exports. That's why Ireland has a chronic negative balance of trade. Continuing dependence on imported oil is one of the reasons for the high import bill. 加拿大: In the past few years however,Canada's unemployment rate has been high.But what is worth nothing is that the cost for manufacturing has increased while the productivity per worker has decreased as compared with the United States or with its ten trading partners. While Canada has one of the world's highest standards of living,not all regions of the country have enjoyed the same degree of prosperity. Some measures have been taken by the Federal government to help those slow grownth regions. 澳大利亚: Problems of Australia economy:1.Over-reliance on commodity exports.2.Failure to share in the expansion of international trade.3.The decline of manufaturing industries and the effects of tariffs. 二、教育[UseMoney=8]英国: Education is compulsory for between the ages of 5(4 in Northern Ireland) and 16.The protortion of young people entering higher education in universities and colleges was one in four(one in three in Northern Ireland) in 1994.There are 90 universities,including the Open University. The government education departments formulate education policies and are also responsible for the supply and trainging of teachers. Most state school education is the responsibility of local education authorities (LEAs);the rest is provided by self-governing grant-maintained(GM) schools.The British universities are governed by royal charters or by Act of Parliament and enjoy academic freedom. The universities of Oxford and Cambridge date from the 12th and 13th centries. 美国: In the United States,education is regarded as both an individual benefit and a social necessity. Formal education in the United States consisteds of elementary,secondary and higher education. Diversity is considered to be an outstanding characteristic of American education.The America Constitution makes it clear that education is a funcation of the state,not the federal government. Higher education in the United States began with the founding of Harvard College in 1636. The system of higher education in the United States has three principle funcations:teaching,research,and public serivce. Another aspect of American higher education that has drawn the world's attention is the community college and the role it plays. 爱尔兰: Schooling is complusory between ages 6 and 15. The chief lanugage of instruction is English. Ireland's oldest university is the University of Dubin. It was founded in 1591. 加拿大: Virtually all Canadians devote at least ten years to formal cation is a provincial responsibility. Canadian education is divided into three seccessive levels:elementary,secondary,and post-secondary.The oldest university is Laval University in Quebec City,origianlly founded in1663. The largest is the Universityfo Torontao with full-time enrolment of over 31,000 students. 节日、社会福利篇一、社会福利[UseMoney=8]英国: Britain is a welfare state.(The welfare state is a system of government by which the state provides the economic and social security of its citizens through its organization of health services,pensions and other ficilities.)The system is funded out of national insurance and contributions and taxation.In Britain the term applies mainly to the National Health Service--NHS(1948,the largest single employer of labour in the U.K.),national insurance and social security. Personal Social Services assist elderly people,disabled people,people with learning disabilities or mental illness,children ,and families facing special problems. The Social Security is designed to secure a basic standard of living for people in financial need.(Contributory social security benefit: Retirement pension,Unemployment Benefit,Sickness and Invalidity Benefit,Maternity Allowance and Widows' Benefit.Non-contributory social security benefits: War Pensions,Industrial injuries Disablement Benefit,Child Benefit,Family Credit) 加拿大: National health policies and programs have developed in Canada as a result of joint efforts by federal and provincial governments.A universal program for hospital care was introduced in 1958,followed ten years later by universal insurance to meet the cost of physicians'service.The Federal Government paid the provinces one-half the cost of the insurance programs.No Canada lacks access to hospital and medical care for finacial reasons. Federal,provincial and local governements provied a wide range of publicly funded and administered income security and social programs,which are complemented by the serivce of voluntary agencies. 新西兰: Treatment at public hospital is free.A percentage of doctor's fees is paid by the state.The Accident Compensation Corporation provides immediate benefits of free medical trearment for everyone who suffers personal injury by accident. New Zealand was one of the first countries in the world to establish a free national dental service for young people. Infants and pre-school children receive free health care and free immunization against a range of diseases. The social support system helps people with personal,family and financial difficulties. 二、节日(按照时间的排列,不是按照国家排列,主要是英美两国,其他国家没有涉及,因为其实和他们都是一样的)[UseMoney=8]1.New Years Day/January 1st(所有国家) New Year's Day is part of Scotish "Hogmanay"(New Year's eve)festival,which is more important than Christmas to Scots. It is a legal holiday in U.S. and most people have a day off from work.One of the biggest and most exciting places in the United States on New Year's Eve is Time Square in New Year City.On the first day of the New Year,there are a lot of activities.(Mummers Parade in Philadelphiaand the Rose Tournament in Pasadena,California.) 2.Martin Luther King's Day/Third Monday of January (美国) Martin Luther King was a black minister,who became a great leader of the civil rights movement in the 1950s and 1960s. He delivered his best-know speech "I have a dream" before the Lincoin Memorial and he was awarded the Nobel Prize for peace in 1964. By the vote of Congress in 1968,the third Monday of every January is now a federal holiday in his honour. 3.Lincoln's Birthday/February 12 (美国) Lincoln led the country during the difficult time of Civil War and he issued the Emancipation Proclamation which officially freed all slaves in the United States. 4.Valentine's Day/February 14 (美国) Valentine's Day is a day for lovers. 5.Washington's Birthday/February 22 (美国) George Washington is remebered as a great general,as one of the founders of the Republic,as the first President of the United States of America,and also as "the Father of his Country." 6.April Fool's Day/April 1st (英国) April Fool's Day is hardly a festival,but on that day you may find that someone has tied your shoe-lace together,ot given you a false message from your employer,or play some practice jokes on you to make you an "April Fool" 7.Easter Sunday/A Sunday in March or April (英国,美国) East is the chief Christian festival,which celebrates the Resurrection of Christ,on the first Sunday after the first full moon that conincides with,or comes after,the sprign equinox. Easter Sunday,which comes from the ancient Norweigian festival of Spring sun,is the second of the two most important holidays for Christians. There are several symbols for Easter.(Egg and the hare) The Easter Parade is very popluar in the United States.The most famous one is along the Fifth Avenue in New Year City. University students susally have a week-long "Spring Break" to return home to spend the holiday with thier parents. 8.Whit Sunday/falls on the seventh Sunday after Easter(英国) It is a major festival in the Christian church. It celebrates the coming of the Holy Spirit to Christ's apostles seven weeks after his death. 节日(二)。

英语国家概况America

英语国家概况America

The United States of AmericaSymbolsFlag∙Also known as the Star-spangled Banner, Stars and Stripes, and Old Glory∙The 50 stars represent the 50 states in the union∙The 13 stripes represent the 13 original coloniesNational Anthem∙“The Star-spangled Banne r”∙Written about our flag at Fort McHenry during the War of 1812Country48 contiguous states and 2 noncontiguous statesPhysical features and climate by region∙Westo Deserts (Like the Sierra Nevada Desert)o Very mountainous region known as The Cordillera (includes the Rocky Mountains, aka the Rockies)▪Mountains reach the coast, rocky coasts, very small beaches▪People moved here because of the discovery of GOLDo Old-growth forests in the northwest (Sequoia National Park)o Consistent temperatures along the coast all yearo Rains in the north, snows in the mountains, no precipitation in the deserto Arid West – rainfall is unpredictableo Humid Pacific Coast – has a Mediterranean climate∙Mid-westo The Great Mississippi River Valleyo Very flat (the Great Plains)o Great for farming, especially grains (The Breadbasket of America)o Unpredictable temperatureso Very windy, prone to tornadoes (Tornado Alley)∙Easto The Appalachian Mountains, very “short” eroded mountain chaino Large, flat coastal region between the mountains and the Atlantic oceano Humid climateo Four distinct seasons▪Hot summers, cool falls/autumns, cold snowy winters, rainy warmsprings∙Southo Flat coastal regiono Dry regions to the west are good for ranches, cattle farmso Gulf coast region is prone to hurricaneso Hot and humid summers, warm rainy springs, cool winters, no snowHistoryPre-European∙First humans to live in America are called Indians or Native Americans1600s∙Europeans were either religiously or financially motivated to colonize America ∙The first permanent English settlement was Jamestowno Located in Virginia, financially motivated▪The first English colonist in the South came for economic reasons ∙Plymouth was a religious colonyo Located in Massachusetts, founded by the Pilgrims1700s∙Settlers from England, continental Europe, and Africa traveled to North America ∙The East Coast was organized into 13 coloniesThe Revolutionary War (1775 – 1783)∙Fought between the Kingdom of Great Britain and the thirteen British colonies ∙The colonies declared independence on July 4th, 1776∙George Washington was the general in charge of the Continental Army∙The colonies won the war in 1783 when both sides signed the Treaty of Paris∙George Washington become the first presidentThe Civil War (1861 – 1865)∙Fought between the Northern and Southern states∙The Northern states where still called The United States or the Union∙The Southern states wanted to leave the Union, calling themselves the Confederate States or the Confederacy∙The Confederate States lost the war and the Union was maintained∙More Americans died in the Civil War than any other war in American history o More Americans died than both World War I and World War II combined ∙Abraham Lincolno President during the Civil Waro16th president of the United StatesReconstruction Era∙The North was untouchedo Boom in industrial development∙The West expandedo Great leaps in farming, mining, and ranching∙The South was destroyedo Had to rebuild infrastructureo Build a new society around freed slaves▪Tried to maintain white supremacyWorld War I (1914 – 1918)∙Fought between:o The Triple Alliance / Central Powers▪Original three: German, Austria-Hungry, Italy▪Italy left in 1915o The Triple Entent / Allied Powers▪Original three: Britain, France, Russia,▪28 nations joined including China and the U.S.World War II (1939 – 1945)∙Fought between:o The Allies▪Major Allies: Soviet Union, The British Empire, France, Poland,China, the United States▪Winston Churchill was the British Prime Ministero The Axis▪Major Axis: Germany, Japan, Italy, Hungary▪Adolf Hitler was the German ChancellorIdentity, Private LifeA Nation of Immigrants∙The U.S. is a heterogeneous societyo A mix of cultures, ethnicities, national origins, races, and religionso Metaphorically referred to as a melting pot, mosaic, salad, or soup ∙Ethnicity of Americans by Populationo White/European American▪196 million, 63.7%o Latino/Hispanic▪50.5 million, 16%o Black/African American▪39 million, 12.6%o Asian American▪14.6 million, 4.8%o Native American▪ 2.9 million, <1%Population Distribution∙Most people live in the suburbs∙Poorer people tend to live in the city∙2/3 of the population live in the NortheastLifestyle∙1st in home ownershipo Most Americans live in single family homeso2/3 families own homes∙Children do household …chores‟∙Young teenagers find part-time work –values of work, experience and independence ∙Young teenagers – pay or contribute towards things that are not daily living essentials ∙Young adults leave the family home earlier than in most other countries.∙Work – most Americans work 8 hours a day, 5 days a week, 4 weeks paid vacation a year∙School – ends daily 3:30pm, summer and winter vacations∙After work – parents take part in variety of classes, join clubs and do voluntary activities∙After school – children take extra lessons and take part in sporting activities and do voluntary workSports∙American football– most popular team sport and spectator sport∙ 4 major sports – American football, baseball, basketball, and hockey∙Golf – popular sport as well as an important social gathering activity∙Tennis & Swimming –popular among college students∙Skating & Skiing – winter sports popular with northerners∙Sailing & Surfing – popular with people living near coastlines & lakes∙Physical fitness craze – concerns with being overweight and living a sedentary lifestyle。

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The western part :
It consists of high plateaus and mountains, which extend from Canada through the western part of the United States to Mexico and further south. The whole area of this part holds one-third of the country's territory on the continent. The Rocky Mountains are a spectacular scene .
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Geography Climate Major Cities People
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Where is the America?
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Location: The United States is located in the central part of
North America, except Alaska and Hawaii. The country is bordered by Canada to the north, Mexico and the Gulf of Mexico to the south, the Atlantic Ocean to the east and the Pacific Ocean to the wes. The total area of the country is 9.6 million square kilometers. The country includes 50 states and a federal district of Columbia. On the mainland Texas is the largest state.
Geographyic divisions:
the easten part the western part the Great Plains in between.
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Appalachian Range (阿巴拉契亚山脉)
The eastern part: consists of
the highlands formed by the Appalachian Range.
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New England:
New England is famous for its long history. The Europeans made their first settlements here. Geographically it features mountains, valleys and rivers, with many historic cities and ranking universities and colleges, including Harvard, Yale and Massachusetts Institute of Technolgy (MIT) .
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Eskimos (爱斯基摩人)
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Hawaii(夏威夷)
ቤተ መጻሕፍቲ ባይዱ
Macadamia nuts (夏威夷果)
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Taking the country as a whole, the climate of the United States can be classified as temperate, with some mild subtropical zones. The southern Florida and Hawaii are tropical. Almost through the middle of the country, north to south, runs a well-known 50-centimeter rainfall line, to the east of which there is comparatively more rain. To the west there is much less rain (less than 50 centimeters a year) with the exception of the coastal areas along the Pacific.
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San Francisco is a center of oil-refining, chemicals, commerce, finance and the shipping industry.
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(the second largest city in American)
Los Angeles
Racial Assimilation:
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Asian immigrants ——Chinese
Chinatown
唐人街
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End Thank you !
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气 候 分 布 图
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Major City
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New York:is the commercial and financial center of the United States.
纽约大桥
纽约世贸双塔
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Manhattan(曼哈顿)
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Washington is in Washington D.C. It is governed directly by the federal government.
It is an important electronic center. It is known for the manufacture of tires, automobiles and aircrafts, and is also the center of atomic research. Hollywood, located in Los Angeles, is regardes as the heart of world's motion picture industry and draws a lot of ambitious young people seeking their dream of stardom.
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The Great Plains:
Lie between the Appalachians in the east and the Rocky Mountains in the west.The Great Plains occupy almost one-third of America's landmass on the continent. They stretch from the Great Lakes in the north to the Gulf of Mexico in the south. The famous Niagara Falls is located on the U.S.-Canadian border between Lake Erie and Lake Ontario.
Chicago
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Population:
It is the third most populous nation in the world, ranking behind China and India.
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Nation of immigrant: 1.The Indians
2.European immigrants
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(the Windy City)
is the nation's third largest city. Founded in the early 1800s, Chicago served as the main connection between the eastern coast cities and the West. The city is one of the country's leading industrial cities where both heavy and light industries are highly developed. It is now considered a center of industry, transportation, commerce and finance in the Midwest Region.It is also a cultural center, for it has one of the world's best collections of modern architecture, such as the 110-story Willis Tower and the Art Institute of Chicago.
3.The Black
4.The AsianAmericans
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Westward Movement
西进运动
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五月花号
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Immigration Act (移民法)
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The dominant American culture is English-speaking, Western European, Protestant and middle-class in character. In its early years the United States was a successful”melting pot”. As time went on, the characteristics of the dominant majority got solidified and determined to what extent other groups were accepted. Various American agencies, public and private, offered English instruction and citizenship classes to new immigrants to assist in their assimilation and becoming American citizens. Through new opportunities and new rewards, the immigrants came to accept most of the values of the dominant American culture and were, in turn, accepted by the great majority of Americans. The immigrants' attitude toward their old-world background has changed markedly, especially since the mid-20th century.
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