商务英语定语从句翻译
《商务英语翻译》第三章_第4_7节同位语从句、定语从句、状语从句的翻译
步。
• This does not alter the fact that that is, from a practical point view, a best solution.
• 这改变不了这样一个事实，即从实用的观点来看， 那是个最好的解决方案。
Practice
• I hope your success, which is an inspiration to me, will continue.
• 我希望你不断取得成功。你的成功对我是个鼓舞。
第六节 兼有状语职能的定语从句的翻译
在英语句子中，有些定语从句同时具有状语功能，在意 义上与主句有状语的关系，表明原因、结果、目的、让步、 假设等关系。 在翻译定语从句时，要善于从原文中发现这些逻辑上的关 系，然后翻译成汉语中相应的偏正复合句。
• He was none of the long-winded prosy speakers, who seem to delight in talking chiefly because they give delight to nobody.
注：定语从句后置，重复英语关系词所代表的含义
• 他绝不是长篇大论、令人感觉乏味的演说家，那些演说 家似乎主要以讲话为乐趣，因为他们无法给人以乐趣。
• 定语从句：限制性&非限制性
• 翻译方法：
1.限制性：译成前置定语或并列句 2.非限制性：译成并列句；译成独立句； 译
成其他结构 ； 3. 分述法
• 限制性定语从句对所修饰的先行词起限制作 用，与先行词关系密切，不用逗号分开。
• 1.译成前置定语：
• 把英语限制性定语从句译成带“的”的定语 词组，放在被修饰词之前，从而将复合句译 成汉语单句。
商务英语--定语从句
1 他是去年我在上海出差认识的那位商人。
He is the business man who I met during the business trip in shanghai.2 这是我们的宣传册子，里面有我们的产品介绍。
This is our brochure which is with our products introduction.3 我们去年生产的产品现在在韩国很畅销。
The products which we produced last year sell well in Korea.4 我们准备订购20箱红茶，它们必须有很好的包装。
We are prepared to order 20 cases of black tea which must be packed well.5 这是我们去年参观的那个工厂。
This is the factory which we visited last year.6 您是否还记得我们第一次见面的时候。
Do you still remember the time when we first met .7 我们无法接受上个星期五您给我们的报价。
We can’t accept your offer which you gave us last Friday.8 几年后，小工厂已经发展成为一个雇有2000人的大广场。
In a few years the small factory has become a large factory which employed 2000 people.9 他是去年和我们建立业务关系的客户。
He is the customer who built business relations with us last year.10 正在给客户打电话的人是我们部门的销售经理。
The man who is calling the customer is our sales manager from our department.1 他是去年我在上海出差认识的那位商人。
从句长难句商务合同的翻译
第十章英语从句的翻译Translation of clauses一、定语从句的翻译英语中定语从句分为限定性和非限定性从句两种。
两者之间的区别在于限制意义是强还是弱，前者的限制意义很强，后者的限制意义很弱。
定语从句在商务英语中应用较广泛。
一般有三种翻译方法：合并法、分译法和混合法。
1．合并法(1)Pollution is a pressing problem which we must deal with.污染是我们必须解决的一个迫切问题。
(2) If the Buyer is unable to sell out the amount of goods which he has agreed to purchase from the Seller,the Buyer may reduce the quantity of goods to be delivered to him by giving written notice thereof to the Seller before the shipment is made.如果买方不能销售他已同意从卖方所购数量的货物，买方可以书面通知卖方减少发货数量，再要求卖方发货。
(3) Party B guarantees that the technical documents to be supplied by Party B are the latest technical information which has been put into practical used by Party B.乙方保证所提供的技术资料是乙方经过实际使用的最新技术资料。
(4)Shipment shall be commenced within 10 months counting from the date when the contract has come into force and completed within 16months.自合同生效之日起计算，10个月内装运，16个月内交付完毕。
浅析商务英语中的定语从句三种翻译方法
浅析商务英语中的定语从句三种翻译方法
浅析商务英语中的定语从句三种翻译方法
毛津源
【期刊名称】《校园英语（教研版）》
【年(卷),期】2016(000)003
【摘要】商务英语在当今社会商务活动中扮演着重要的角色.商务英语翻译有其自身的句法特点,定语从句在商务英语中使用频繁且复杂.因此要求译者根据原文分析其逻辑关系,为了避免不必要的经济纠纷或经济损失,译者应掌握其英汉互译的翻译原则和特点并结合前置法,后置法和融合法三种翻译方法有效地解决商务英语中定语从句翻译的难题.
【总页数】1页(242)
【关键词】商务英语;定语从句;融合法
【作者】毛津源
【作者单位】湖北大学知行学院
【正文语种】中文
【中图分类】
【相关文献】
1.商务英语定语从句的理解和翻译技巧 [J], 谭美云
2.商务英语翻译中定语从句的译法 [J], 王琰
3.商务英语中定语从句的翻译策略探讨 [J], 杨恕华
4.英语定语从句的三种翻译方法 [J], 张宏友
5.浅析商务英语中定语从句的翻译 [J], 张怡。
商务英语合同中定语从句的翻译策略
摘 要： 定 语 从 句在 撰 写 商 务 英 语 合 同 中应 用 广 泛 。 深入 了解定语从 句这种语 言结构 ， 有 助 于译 者
写 出更 好 的 译 文 。 在 翻 译 商 务 英 语 合 同 中的 定 语 从 句 时 ， 译 者应 采 用 恰 当 的翻 译 策 略 ， 使 译文既准确 、 严 谨． 又符 合 商 务 英 语 合 同 的 句 式 及 文体 特 点 。 关键词 ： 商务英语合 同； 定语 从 句 ； 翻 译 策 略
作用 ： 代替前 面所 修饰 的先行 词 ； 连接从 句与先行 词 ； 在 从 句 中充 当某 种句子成分 。关 系代词 （ 副词 ） 加 上陈述句 语 序就构成 了定 语从句 。定语从 句分为 限制性 和非 限制
性 定语 从句两种 。前者 的限制 意义很强 ， 没有它 ， 整个句
ｐ ａ ｃ ｋ ａ ｇ ｅ ｄ ｇ ｏ ｏ ｄ ｓ ａ ｆ ｔ ｅ ｒ ｔ ｈ ｒ ｅ ｅ ｍｏ ｎ ｔ ｈ． ￥ ５ ０ ０． ０ ０ ０ ｓ ｈ ｏ ｕ ｌ ｄ ｂ ｅ ｐ ａ ｉ ｄ
ห้องสมุดไป่ตู้
词 前面 ， 会 导致整个 句子冗 长 、 晦 涩难 懂 ， 也 不符合 汉语 表达习惯 。这种情 况下可 以把定语从 句译成并列 分句 。
例 ： Ｅ ． ｇ ． Ｉ ｆ ｔ ｈ ｅ Ｓ ｅ ｌ ｌ ｅ ｒ ｓ ｈ ｏ ｕ ｌ ｄ ｂ ｅ ｕ ｎ ａ ｂ ｌ ｅ ｔ ｏ ｃ ｏ ｍｐ ｌ ｅ ｔ ｅ ａ ｌ ｌ
ｏ ｆ ￣１ ０ ０， ０ ０ ０ ｂ ｅ ｇ ｉ ｎ ｎ ｉ ｎ ｇ ｆ ｒ ｏ ｍ ｔ ｈ ｅ ｉｒ ｆ ｓ ｔ ｍｏ ｎ ｔ ｈ ａ ｆ ｔ ｅ ｒ ｅ ｘ ｃ ｅ ｅ ｄ ｉ ｎ ｇ ｔ ｈ ｅ ｄ ａ ｔ ｅ ｏ ｆ ｄ ｅ ｌ ｉ ｖ ｅ ｙ． Ｉ ｒ ｆ ｔ ｈ ｅ Ｓ ｅ ｌ ｌ ｅ ｒ ｓ ｈ ｏ ｕ ｌ ｄ ｆ ａ ｉ ｌ ｔ ｏ ｐ ｒ ｏ ｖ ｉ ｄ ｅ ｔ ｈ ｅ
商务英语从句的翻译
英语从句的翻译Business is a combination of all these activities: production, distribution and sale, through which profit or economic surplus will be created.in a turnkey project, the seller plans, constructs, and places in operation a foreign facility that is then transferred to a local owner.And it allows me the variety of work that working at a large multi-billion bank does not have to offer as you’ll be working in narrow job description handling one type of lending.But the important thing to remember is that in the modern world we must give people skills which will prepare them for the changing world of manufacturing and production which is now upon us.It was found that a country benefits more by producing goods it can make most cheaply and buying those goods that other countries can make at lower costs than by producing everything it needs within its own border.In addition to visible trade, which involves the importing and exporting of tangible goods, there is also invisible trade, which involves the exchange of services between nations.International trade transactions refer to the exportation of goods or services from one country to another, which is the importing country. As imports are financed by exports, which help to gain foreign currency to import the badly needed raw materials, technology and equipment, the capacity of a nation to import obviously depends on its export performance.Traditionally, business simply meant exchange or trade for things people wanted or needed, but today it has a more technical definition, which is the production, distribution, and sales of goods and service for a profit.The Multilateral Agreement on Investment (MAI) aims to achieve a situation where foreign investors are not discriminated against, but they are still subject to the same substantive laws and regulations that apply to domestic investors.International business has emerged as a separate branch of management training, because the growing scale and complexity of business transaction across national boundaries gives rise to new and unique problems of management and governmental policy that have received inadequate attention in traditional areas of business and economics.International business activities also include an extensive range of optional methods available to firms for dong business internationally that involve different degrees of foreign direct investment commitments.The seller must deliver goods which of the quantity, quality and descriptions required by the contract and which are contained or packed in the manner required by the contract.状语和状语从句Buyers or their chartering agent (租船代理人) shall advise the sellers by fax 10 days prior to the arrival of the carrying vessel (装货船只) at the port of shipment of the contract number, name of the carrying vessel, approximate loading capacity (载荷能力), lay days (装卸货日数) and port of loading.Within 30 days after the signing and coming into effect of this contract, the Buyer shall proceed to pay the price for the needs to the Seller by opening an irrevocable L/C for the full amount of USD 30 000 in favor of the Seller through a bank at export point so that the Seller may draw the sum in due time.If the technical documents are found lost, damaged or mutilated (毁伤) during air transportation, Party B shall supply Party A free of charge with a second set of the documents within the shortest possible time but not later than thirty days after it has received from Party A the written notice.The Buyer shall pay the Seller US $ 350 000 within 20 days after the Bank of China has received the following documents from the Seller and found them in order, but not earlier than 12 (twelve) months after the date the Contract Plant for the first time reached 95% of guaranteed capacity of the whole Contract Plant according to the guaranteed quality indices as per Annex VI to the Contract or 65 months after the date of signing the contract, whichever is earlier.If under the contract the buyer is to specify the form, measurement or other features of the goods and he fails to make such specification either on the date agreed upon or within a reasonable time after receipt of a request from the seller, the seller may without prejudice to any other rights he may have, make the specification himself in accordance with the requirements of the buyer that may be known to him. Should for certain reasons the Buyer not be able to inform the Seller of the foregoing details 10 days prior to the arrival of the vessel atthe port of loading or should the carrying vessel be advanced or delayed, the Buyer or their chartering agent shall advice the Sellers immediately and make necessary arrangement.The Buyer shall have the right to claim against the Seller for compensation of losses within 60 days after arrival of the goods at the port of destination, should the quality of the goods be found not in conformity with the specifications stipulated in the Contract after re-inspection by the China Commodity Inspection Bureau. The Buyers shall have the right to claim against the Sellers for compensation of short weight within 60 days after arrival of the goods at the port of destination, should the weight be found not in conformity with that stipulated in the Bill of Lading after re-inspection by the CCIB.If any change is required regarding the terms and conditions of this agreement, then both parties shall negotiate in order to find a suitable solution, provided, however, that any change of this agreement shall be subject to the approval by the government of both parties.Forms of international tradeDirect investment is a market-entry strategy which involves the establishment of foreign-based assembly and manufacturing facilities. By direct investment, the company can keep full control over the investment and marketing policies. The company can also take advantage of the lower costs in the form of cheaper labor, raw materials and transport at local place. On the other hand, direct investment faces many risks such as devalued currencies, declining market and, worst of all, nationalization—the host country takes over ownership of the company’s facilities, usually without compensating the company for the loss of property.Visible imports and exports: the import and export of tangible goods (not services)Invisible imports and exports: the import and export of services rather than actual goods, for example, banking, insurance, and professional service, etc.Quota: the maximum quantity of a certain product that is allowed into a country during a given period of time. A quota is used to limit imports.FOB:“Free on Board” means that the seller fulfils his obligation to deliver when the goods have passed over the ship’s rail at the named port of shipment. This means that the buyer has to bear all costs and risks of loss of or damage to the goods from that point. The FOB term requires the seller to clear the goods for export. This term can only be used for sea or inland waterway transport. When the ship’s rail serves no practical purpose, such as in the case of roll-on/roll-off or container traffic, the FCA term is more appropriate to use.“Cost and Freight” means that the seller must pay the costs and freight necessary to bring the goods to the named port of destination but the risk of loss of or damage to the goods, as well as any additional costs due to events occurring after the time the goods have been delivered on board the vessel, is transferred from the seller to the buyer when the goods pass the ship’s rail at the port of shipment. The CFR term requires the seller to clear the goods for export. This term can only be used for sea and inland waterway transport. When the ship’s rail serves no practical purpose, such as in the case of roll-on/roll-off or container traffic, the CPT term is more appropriate to use. “Cost, Insurance and Freight” means that the seller ahs the same obligations as under CFR but with the addition that he has to procure marine insurance against the buyer’s risk of loss of or damage to the goods during the carriage. The seller contracts for insurance and pays the insurance premium. The buyer should note that under the CIF term the seller is only required to obtain insurance on minimum coverage. The CIF term requires the seller to clear the goods for export.。
第六讲--商务翻译定语从句
定语从句（2）：非限定性定语从句的翻译
1. 前置法 一些较短而具有描写性的英语非限制性定语从句，可以翻译成汉语的 前置定语，放在被修饰词之前。例如：
The sun, which had hidden all day, now came out in all its splendor. 那个整天躲在云层里的太阳，现在又光芒四射地露面了。 Transistors, which are small in size, can make previously large and bulky radios light and small.
定语从句（2）：非限定性定语从句的翻译
3. 溶合法 主从糅合，重新组合。例如：
This poem, which almost everybody knows, is written by Tennyson. 丁尼生写的这首诗，几乎人尽皆知。
定语从句（3）：带有状语功能的定语从句
① 译成表示“原因”的分句。例如：
句法翻译之四：定语从句
一般来说，限制性定语从句由于对主句起着限制作用，并影 响着主句的完整性，所以在翻译时，只要译文上口而又不会引起误 解，都是可以前置的。但是在实践中，由于汉语中短句的使用比英 语更普遍，所以常常将限制性定语从句翻译成与主句并列的句子， 而非限制性定语从句一般可以翻译成为并列句或独立句。
定语从句（1）：限定性定语从句的翻译
2. 后置法： ① 译成并列分句，重复英语先行词
They would have to live the rest of their lives under the stigma that he had recklessly participated in an action which wrecked the Summit Conference and conceivably could have launched a nuclear war. 他们可能不得不蒙受耻辱度过余生，这个耻辱就是：他曾贸 然参与了一项行动，这项行动破坏了最高级会谈，并且可以 设想，还可能触发一场核战争。 The managing director received a letter from her that announced her resignation. 总经理收到了她的信，信中说明她要辞职。
商务英语中条件关系的表达及其翻译_彭漪
・经贸翻译・商务英语中条件关系的表达及其翻译3彭 漪 于 鑫(北京科技大学外国语学院ypeng@sic1ustb1edu1cn youyouworld010@yahoo1com1cn北京市100083)摘 要 英语中表达条件关系的方式有多种,如状语从句、定语从句等。
商务英语条件句翻译的基本要求之一是表达出英文中明确的或隐含的条件关系。
明确的条件关系很易识别,但是隐含的条件关系则难于确定。
本文从条件关系的显化和隐含的角度出发,着重探讨商务英语中条件关系的表达法,并分析其翻译方法。
关键词 条件关系 商务英语 状语从句 定语从句Abstract I n English,there are a nu mber of structures exp ressing conditi onal relati on such as the adverbial clause,the attributive clause,etc1One of the require ments for the translati on of conditi onal relati on clauses in business English is t o exp ress clearly the conditi onal relati on which is exp licitly or i m p licitly indicated in English clauses1The exp licit conditi onal relati on is easily discerned1However,the i m p licit conditi onal relati on is hard t o detect1The pur pose of this paper is t o discuss structures exp ressing conditi onal relati on in business English and t o analyze their translati on1Key W ords conditi onal relati on business English adverbial clause attributive clause1 引 言条件关系句在商务英语中的使用很普遍。
商务英语定于从句的翻译方法
========本科学生毕业论文商务英语中定语从句的翻译方法作者====系(院)外国语学院专业英语年级2008级本科学号080401001指导教师====_论文成绩_日期2012年05月_学生诚信承诺书本人郑重承诺：所呈交的论文是我个人在导师指导下进行的研究工作及取得的研究成果。
尽我所知，除了文中特别加以标注和致谢的地方外，论文中不包含其他人已经发表或撰写的研究成果，也不包含为获得安阳师范学院或其他教育机构的学位或证书所使用过的材料。
与我一同工作的同志对本研究所做的任何贡献均已在论文中作了明确的说明并表示了谢意。
签名：日期：论文使用授权说明本人完全了解安阳师范学院有关保留、使用学位论文的规定，即：学校有权保留送交论文的复印件，允许论文被查阅和借阅；学校可以公布论文的全部或部分内容，可以采用影印、缩印或其他复制手段保存论文。
签名：导师签名：日期：商务英语中定语从句的翻译方法曹忠慧（安阳师范学院外国语学院，河南安阳455002）摘要：商英语定语从句翻译方法的分析，使初学者对较复杂的句式结构能更好的理解。
对其他各科也提供了不同的思路。
通过对定语从句翻译方法的研究，论证了转换与补偿在定语从句中翻译时的重要作用，系统地归纳总结了定语从句的翻译方法。
关键词：定语从句；转换与补偿；翻译方法；商务英语一、翻译方法简述——转换与补偿无论是从英语还是汉语来看，“翻译（translation）”及其同义词，都同转换后替换的概念相关。
所以翻译首先是一个从原文到译文的语际转换过程，即贯穿该过程始终的、在各语言层次上综合进行的各种语言现象、表达手段和叙述方式的转换。
而俄罗斯翻译理论家巴尔胡达罗夫在《语言与翻译》一书中补对偿法做了明确的定义：补偿法则是可以达到等值翻译的一种特殊手段。
当翻译中因某种原因没有原语中某些成分的等值成分，也无适当的表达手段时，常用这种方法。
作为翻译方法，补偿是转换的必要和有效补偿。
在很多情况下，转换与补偿在翻译中形影不离，相辅相成。
定语从句汉译英翻译
定语从句句型练习1.正在和汤姆说话的人是约翰。
2.你正在找的那位医生在房间里。
4.这是你想要的那本书。
5.我不能忘记在北京居住的那些日子。
6.这是我住了5年的房子。
7.这就是我为什么迟到的原因。
9.正在树下读书的那个女骇是我妹妹。
10.玛莉正在照看的那个小骇是汤姆。
12.这是我为什么不喜欢他的原因。
13.你认识那个叫做汤姆的人吗？16.我想见一见你刚才谈起的人。
17.一周前丢失的那只山羊找到了。
21.你知道电影的开始时间吗？23.昨晚我们看的那场电影太好了。
1.The boy who is talking with Tom is John.2.The doctor whom you are looking for is in the room .4.This is the book which you want .5.I can’t forget the days when I lived in Beijing .6.This is the house where I lived for five years .7.This is (the rea son) why I’m late .9.The girl who is reading under the tree is my sister .10.The boy whom Mary is looking after is Tom .12.This is (the reason) why I don’t like him .13.Do you know the man whose name is Tom .16.I want to see the man whom you talked of just now .17.The goat which was lost a week ago has been found .20.This is the only thing that we can do .21.Do you know the time when the film will begin ?23.The film which we saw yesterday evening was wonderful .。
浅析商务英语中的定语从句三种翻译方法
- 242-校园英语 / 翻译探究浅析商务英语中的定语从句三种翻译方法湖北大学知行学院/毛津源【摘要】商务英语在当今社会商务活动中扮演着重要的角色。
商务英语翻译有其自身的句法特点，定语从句在商务英语中使用频繁且复杂。
因此要求译者根据原文分析其逻辑关系，为了避免不必要的经济纠纷或经济损失，译者应掌握其英汉互译的翻译原则和特点并结合前置法，后置法和融合法三种翻译方法有效地解决商务英语中定语从句翻译的难题。
【关键词】商务英语 定语从句 融合法20世纪70年代，“现代翻译之父”奈达，在《翻译理论与实践》中提出：翻译，是指在译语中用最切近而又自然的对等语再现原语的信息。
首先是文体上，他的对等翻译理论是引导商务英语最好的原则。
翻译不仅应该注重语言形式，也是读者对翻译的回应。
商务翻译与贸易、合同、保险、投资、货运、金融等领域的文字相联系，所涉及内容严肃具体，不允许译者在翻译时随便表达。
译者选词要准确，概念表达要确切，数字与单位要精确。
尤其是合同和法律文本英语，选词更为严谨。
译者应从词义和专业上去深刻地理解原文的含义，达到表述准确无误，内容完整，译文所传达的信息同原文所传递的信息要保持一致。
一旦原文信息错译或漏译，造成的损失可能无法弥补。
英国著名翻译理论家亚历山大•弗雷泽•泰特勒在他的著作《论翻译的原则》中提出，好的翻译就是将原作的优点完整地移入另一种语言中，使得译入语国家的读者能够像原作一样能领悟、强烈地感受原作。
风格信息的传递在商务英语翻译中也不可忽视。
不同的民族文化之间有许多这样那样的差异，译者需要了解这些差异，以便通过恰当的方法达到文化上的对等。
翻译中若忽略了原文的风格信息，不仅会使译文信息大量流失，而且使译文显得不得体。
商务英语文体复杂。
商务英语所涉及的专业范围很广，包括广告英语、法律英语、应用文英语、服装英语、包装英语等功能变体英语。
了解国际商务英语的文体特点有利于译者把握原作的风格信息传递，从而在翻译定语从句中得心应手。
商务英语句子的翻译Lecture 3
1.1.4翻译为目的状语 英语定语从句如果在语义上表示目的,可以 译成汉语的目的从句,分局之前应当加上关 联词语"以","以便","为了","从 而"等. 1. Chinese trade delegations have been sent to African countries, who will negotiate trade agreements with the respective governments. 译文:中国派出一些贸易代表团出访非洲各 国,以便同各国政府洽谈贸易协议 以便同各国政府洽谈贸易协议. 以便同各国政府洽谈贸易协议
1.1.6翻译为结果状语 1. There was something original, independent, and heroic about the plan that pleased all of them. 译文:这个方案富于创造性,独出心裁,很 有魅力,因而博得了他们所有人的欢心 因而博得了他们所有人的欢心. 因而博得了他们所有人的欢心
2. As I just said, the first decade in space saw accomplishments in science and technology which affected our concept of the entire universe. 译文:正如我刚才所说,第一个十年在外 层空间方面科学和技术都取得了成就,从 从 而影响了我们对整个宇宙的看法. 而影响了我们对整个宇宙的看法
从篇章的角度来看英译汉的过程是用汉语重新构建语篇的过程句子层面之外必须考虑语篇衔接只是在重构的过程中需要照顾原文的语篇结构不可超越
商务英语句子的翻译
商务英语中定语从句的翻译策略探讨
【探索】现代职业教育总第28期商务用语表达需要严谨准确，因此中英文中都会大量使用定语，这样句子结构严谨，层次繁多，涵义复杂。
英语定语有异于语文定语，英语是我们学习的辅助性语言，开始了解英语定语时是有一定的难度，会认为它相对复杂，它可以是一个词汇或者短语或者是一个英语句子的形成，定语从句又可以分为定语前置从句和定语后置从句。
因此，在翻译前必须要了解到句子本身所具备的特点，只有这样才可以更加恰当、合理地翻译出来，更清楚所表达的意思。
商务英语中的定语从句出现的比率是比较大的，表达习惯存在差别，同时汉语中的定语从句在相同的交流形式下出现比率小。
在两种语言的互相翻译中是不可以作为简单的定语来理解的。
在翻译的过程中必须按照英语定语的特点和汉语的语感与语法来完成，同时英语的定语从句长短都没有必要联系到汉语中的定语来考虑的，只需要表达得当就符合标准了。
一、译为定语若是定语从句属于短的，而且和主句有着紧密联系的关系，如果翻译为汉语的话，就需要把它前置，就是修饰词的前面了。
例：1.A Sight Draft is a draft which is expressed tobe payable on demand ，or at sight ，or on presentation.即期汇票是一种表示要求即付或见票即付或提示即付的汇票。
2.All taxes and duties inside the Seller ’s country to which the seller is liable in connection with the contract shall be borne by the seller.买方所在国境内发生的与本合同有关的一切赋税及关税均由卖方负担。
二、译为后置分句如果定语从句是长的，那么就要把它作为后置的分句或者也可以看做是独立的分句来理解或者把它翻译为外围结构，通常只有这样才可以突出信息的主要内容，意思更为鲜明。
商务英语翻译之定语翻译
体积小的晶体管使得先前那种又大又笨的收音机变得又小又轻。 His firm, which has suffered from a business slump for three years, now starts all over again. 他那个萧条了三年的公司，现在又重整旗鼓了。
They reviewed the international situation in which important changes and great upheavals are taking place and expounded th eir respective positions and attitudes
Businessis
a combination of all these activies :production ,distribution and sale,through which profit or economic
surplus will be created.
商务是指生产配送销售等一切活动的组合，
非限制性定语从句与先行词关系不十分密切,
只是对其作一些附加说明 ,不起限定制约作 用。如果将非限制性定语从句省去 ,主句的 意义仍然完整。
定语从句（2）：非限定性定语从句的翻译
1. 前置法 一些较短而具有描写性的英语非限制性定语从句，可以翻 译成汉语的前置定语，放在被修饰词之前。例如： The sun, which had hidden all day, now came out in all its splendor. 那个整天躲在云层里的太阳，现在又光芒四射地露面了。 Transistors, which are small in size, can make previously large and bulky radios light and small.
商务翻译 第四章 从句翻译
• 四、同位语从句 • 同位语从句一般由that引导，接在idea, fact， news，desire， hope， belief， thought， doubt， decision等先行词的后面，对先行 词作进一步解释和说明。同位语从句的翻 译可采用顺译法，换序译法、断句译法等。
• （一）顺译法
• 有时根据结构特点和汉语的表达需要，可以用合词 译法把主语从句和主句合译成一个简单句，使译文 简洁明快，结构紧凑 • Whoever violates the regulations should be punished. • 违规者必受罚。 • That parents love children is perfect and minute. • 父母对子女之爱是无微不至的 • It is estimated that there are several thousand languages and dialects spoken in the world today. • 目前世界上使用的语言和方言估计有几千种之多。
• （二）翻译含有This（it）is because …句型的 句子时，通常采用顺译法，无须改变语序，译 为“这是因为…..“、”这是因为…..的缘故 “、”这是由于…的缘故“等 • It is because a conductor carrying a current is surrounded by a magnetic field. • 这是因为载流导体周围有一个磁场的缘故。 • This is because people engaged in changing reality are usually subject to numerous limitations. • 这是因为投身变革现实的人常常受到许多限制。
商务英语从句的翻译
2. An agreement was never reached for the simple reason that neither side wants to give in.
译文：协议没有达成的原因很简单,那就是双方都 不让步。
一、定语从句的翻译
1. 翻译为后置分句 当定语从句比较长的时候，可以考虑翻译成后置分
句，或者独立分句，也可以译成外围结构。这种做法的 目的是力求使汉语译文的信息完整准确、流畅易懂。 例如：Business is a combination of all these activities: production, distribution and sale, through which profit or economic surplus will be created.
3. The Hong Kong government has asked global fast food chain McDonalds to withdraw a seasoning for its French fries because it could contain a banned artificial sweetener.
8. 翻译为让步状语 例如：
1. The shipment, which seemed toomplished in time.
译文：虽然装运似乎很艰巨，但已及时完成。
2. Electronic computers, which have many advantages, cannot carry out creative work, nor can they ever replace humans.
商务英语翻译之定语翻译
我们不能忽视规章制度改革可能带来的负面影响，这些影响可能会引发 过度竞争 ，削弱现有企业。
定语从句（2）：非限定性定语从句的翻译
2. 后置法 ②在译文中将定语从句后置，省略英语关系代词所代表的含义。例如： After dinner, the four key negotiators resumed their talks, which continued well into the night. 饭后，四个主要谈判人员继续进行会谈，一直谈到深夜。
定语从句（1）：限定性定语从句的翻译
1. 前置法：把英语的限制性定语从句翻译成带“的”字的定语词组，放在 被修饰词之前，从而将英语的复句变成汉语的单句。例如：
Trade barrier is a pressing problem which we must deal with. 贸易壁垒是我们必须解决的一个迫切问题。 In the room where the electronic computer is kept, there must be no dust at all. 在存放电子计算机的房间里，不能有一点灰尘。
定语从句（3）：带有状语功能的定语从句
② 译成表示“结果”的分句。例如： There was something original, independent, and heroic about the plan that pleased all of the directors of the board.
定语从句（1）：限定性定语从句的翻译
2. 后置法： ① 译成并列分句，重复英语先行词
They would have to live the rest of their lives under the stigma that he had recklessly participated in an action which wrecked the Summit Conference and conceivably could have launched a nuclear war. 他们可能不得不蒙受耻辱度过余生，这个耻辱就是：他曾贸 然参与了一项行动，这项行动破坏了最高级会谈，并且可以 设想，还可能触发一场核战争。 The managing director received a letter from her that announced her resignation. 总经理收到了她的信，信中说明她要辞职。
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For any order, the volume of which exceeds $50,000, we will allow 3% special discount. 此句相当于: If the volume of order exceeds..., we will allow...。
6、译成表示“目的”的分句 英语的目的状语从句如果用表示目的的从属 连词来引导, 语意关系很清楚, 但有些目的状语 从句如果用定语从句来表达, 似乎更简洁
Chinese delegations have been sent to European countries, who will negotiate trade agreements with the respective government. 可以把句中who 引导的定语从句理解为 “so that they will...”, 说明代表团的使命。 译文: 中国已派出几个代表团前往欧洲数国 ,以便与有关政府商谈贸易协定。
译文: 如果订单的金额超过5 万美元, 本公 司可以给予3%的特扣。
5. 译成表示“让步”的分句
英语的让步状语从句一般都用though,
although,等来引导, 但有的让步关系隐含在 定语中, 通过句子意义上的逻辑关系反映出 来
Many people do business who should not. 句中“who should not”相应于“though they should not”。 译文: 有许多人虽然不应该经商, 却要经商。
句中“which the board...”相当于 “when the board...”。
合营各方发生纠纷 , 董事会不能协商 解决时, 由中国仲 裁机构进行调解或 仲裁, 也可由合营 各方协议在其他仲 裁机构仲裁。
4. 译成表示“条件”的分句 英语的条件状语从句并不都是用if 或其他的
表示条件的从属连词来予以明确, 它可以隐
股东选举董事会, 董事会成员选任公司的管
理干部。
2. 解说复句 翻译时, 汉语中的后一句往往对前一句进 行解释、说明或概括, 解说复句一般靠分 句的次序来体现, 不用关联词。有的后分 句解释前分句,有的先概括后分述。
In 1994 the firm had $190.750 in operating expenses, which included selling expenses, administrative expenses and depreciation expenses. 该公司1994 年的经营费用为190.750 美元, 其中包括销售费用、管理费用和折旧费。
日本央行已经开始研究延长回购政府债券期限的可能性。 回购政府债券已经形成一种制度。在此制度下，日本央 行从金融机构购买政府债券，但前提是，这些债券在经 过段时间之后将由金融机构进行回购。
定语从句是商贸英语语言表达过程中最 常用、重要的基本句型之一, 其结构严谨 , 层次繁多, 涵义复杂
翻译技巧
The project has proceeded quite smoothly, which shows the correctness and objectivity of the feasibility study report. 项目进行得十分顺利, 这说明可行性研究报 告是正确和客观的
If any damage should happen to your goods, you may file your claim with their agent at your end, who will take up the matter without delay.
Disputes arising between the parties to a joint venture which the board of directors fails to settle through consultation may be settled through conciliation or arbitration by an arbitrating body of China or through arbitration by an arbitrating body agreed upon by the parties.
三、译成复指成分
当定语从句与主句关系并不十密切, 而且也没 有隐含状语职能时, 译成前置定语会显得冗长 而不符合汉语表达习惯。在这种情况下, 通常 采用后置法, 即先译主句, 然后将定语从句译 成复指成分, 这时往往需要重复先行词或者用 代词等来指代先行词或整个主句。
复指成分用两个或两个以上的词或短语指同一事物，作同一个句子成分
译文: 罢工将使远洋货轮无法靠岸,因为它们 需要拖船的帮助。
2. 译成表示“结果”的分句 英语的定语从句如果在意义上具有说明主句 结果的含义,在翻译时可以加上汉语表示结果关
系的词语,如" 因此、所以" 等词,并译成汉语表 示“结果”的分句
As you know, we operate in a highly competitive market in which we have been forced to cut our prices to the minimum. 从主句和定语从句的逻辑关系来看, 该定语从句 隐含结果的状语职能, 所以, 在译文中增加 “因此”, 将定语从句译成表示结果的分句
二、译成联合复句 商贸英语的定语从句可翻译成汉语的联
合复句, 如并列复句和解说复句。
1. 并列复句 译成汉语时, 汉语中的并列复句常常使用 几个分句说出有关的几件事, 或者说出同 一事物的几个方面。后一分句中包括或暗 含前一分句中已出现过的某一名词的并列 复句。
The owners elect a board of directors,whose members will select individuals to serve as corporate managers.
由承包商完全承包的工程中，卖主计划、涉及并将
一套国外设施投入运作，然后将其转让给地方雇主。 但需要记住的重要事情是，在现代世界里，我们必 须向人们传授技术本领，掌握这些技术本领就可以 使他们应对我们眼下所面临的不断变化着的生产制 造领域做好准备。
3. In addition to visible trade, which involves the importing and exporting of tangible goods, there is also invisible trade, which involves the exchange of services between nations.4. International business has emerged as a sraining ,because the growing scale and complexity of business transactions across national boundaries gives rise to new and unique problems of management and governmental policy that have received inadequate attention in traditional areas of business and economics.
1. 译成表示“原因”的分句
英语的定语从句如果在意义上具有说明主句 原因的含义,在翻译时可以加上汉语表示原因 关系的词语, 如" 因为" 等词, 并译成汉语表示
原因”的分句
The strike would prevent the docking of ocean steamships, which require assistance of tugboats. 句中which 引导的定语从句, 相当于: because they require ...。
Discussion 1. In a turnkey project, the seller plans, constructs, and places in operation a foreign facility that is then transferred to a local owner. 2. But the important thing to remember is that in the modern world we must give people skills which will prepare them for the changing world of manufacturing and production which is now upon us.
一、译成“的”字偏正结构 二、译成联合复句 三、译成复指成分 四、译成独立句 五、译成偏正复句
一、译成“的”字偏正结构 如果定语从句较短, 与主句关系密切, 汉 译时一般采用前置法, 即把定语从句译成 带“的”字的偏正结构, 放在被修饰词之 前。
A Sight Draft is a draft which is expressed to be payable on demand, or at sight, or on presentation.
五、译成偏正复句 商贸英语中常常会有这样一类定语从句, 它 们对先行词的限制修饰作用较弱, 在意义上 与主句有状语关系, 说明原因、结果、时间 、条件、让步、目的等关系。翻译这类定语 从句时, 要仔细分析主从句之间的逻辑关系, 要善于发现寓于语意上、逻辑上的内在联系 , 化隐为显, 把具有各种状语职能的定语从句 转译成汉语中各种相应的偏正复句。
即期汇票是一种表示要求即付或见票即付或 提示即付的汇票。