(整理)年医学考博试题.
博士医生考试题库及答案
博士医生考试题库及答案博士医生考试题库及答案通常包含一系列医学领域的专业问题，旨在评估考生的医学知识和临床技能。
以下是一些模拟题目及其答案的示例：1. 问题：请简述心脏瓣膜病的分类及其临床表现。
答案：心脏瓣膜病可分为狭窄和反流两大类。
狭窄会导致心脏输出量减少，可能出现呼吸困难、乏力等症状；反流则会导致血液回流，可能引起心悸、气短等症状。
2. 问题：何谓糖尿病酮症酸中毒（DKA）？其常见诱因有哪些？答案：糖尿病酮症酸中毒是糖尿病患者体内胰岛素不足，导致酮体生成过多，引起代谢性酸中毒的一种并发症。
常见诱因包括感染、胰岛素治疗不当、饮食不当等。
3. 问题：请列举至少三种常见的肿瘤标志物，并简述其临床意义。
答案：常见的肿瘤标志物包括AFP（甲胎蛋白，与肝癌相关）、CEA （癌胚抗原，与结直肠癌相关）、CA125（卵巢癌相关抗原，与卵巢癌相关）。
这些标志物的升高可以提示相应肿瘤的存在，但并非特异性诊断指标，需结合其他检查结果综合判断。
4. 问题：简述急性心肌梗死（AMI）的心电图特征。
答案：急性心肌梗死的心电图特征包括：ST段抬高、Q波形成、T 波倒置。
这些改变反映了心肌缺血和坏死的电生理变化。
5. 问题：何为慢性阻塞性肺疾病（COPD）？其主要危险因素是什么？答案：慢性阻塞性肺疾病是一种慢性炎症性肺部疾病，主要表现为持续的气流受限。
其主要危险因素是吸烟，还包括空气污染、职业暴露和遗传因素等。
6. 问题：请解释何为高血压危象，并描述其紧急处理措施。
答案：高血压危象是一种急性血压升高的情况，伴有靶器官损害的风险。
紧急处理措施包括立即给予降压药物、评估并处理可能的并发症、监测生命体征等。
7. 问题：何为免疫缺陷病？请列举至少两种常见的免疫缺陷病。
答案：免疫缺陷病是指由于免疫系统功能缺陷导致的疾病，可分为原发性和继发性。
常见的原发性免疫缺陷病包括X连锁无丙种球蛋白血症和严重联合免疫缺陷病。
8. 问题：请简述甲状腺功能亢进症的临床表现和治疗方法。
医学博士专业资格真题汇编
医学博士专业资格真题汇编医学领域作为一个重要的学科，对于医学博士专业资格考试来说，备考非常重要。
本文将为大家提供医学博士专业资格考试的真题，并加以解析和讲解，希望对广大考生有所帮助。
第一部分：基础理论题目一：细胞分裂是指细胞如何增殖和增长的过程？简要描述细胞分裂的主要过程，并解释为什么细胞分裂对维持生命的完整性非常重要。
细胞分裂是细胞增殖和增长的过程，主要包括两个阶段：有丝分裂和无丝分裂。
有丝分裂的主要过程分为前期、中期、后期和末期四个阶段。
前期是染色体准备分裂的阶段，中期是染色体分裂和移动的阶段，后期是染色体分离和核膜形成的阶段，末期是胞质分离的阶段。
无丝分裂是原核生物进行的一种分裂方式。
细胞分裂对于维持生命的完整性非常重要。
首先，细胞分裂是细胞增殖和生长的基础，它能够使细胞在适当的时机得以翻倍，从而维持组织和器官的相对稳定性。
其次，细胞分裂能够通过有丝分裂和无丝分裂的过程保证染色体的遗传信息准确无误地传递给子细胞，确保后代细胞的稳定遗传。
此外，细胞分裂过程中的检查点机制能够及时识别和修复细胞DNA的损伤，避免遗传物质发生突变。
因此，细胞分裂对于生命的完整性至关重要。
题目二：请简要描述下列心血管系统疾病的病因、临床表现和治疗方法：冠心病、高血压、心力衰竭。
1. 冠心病的病因主要是动脉粥样硬化导致冠状动脉供血不足，引起心肌缺血、缺氧。
临床表现常见的有胸痛、胸闷、心绞痛、心肌梗死等。
治疗方法包括药物治疗、冠脉扩张术和冠脉搭桥手术等。
2. 高血压的病因主要是心血管收缩功能异常、血管阻力增加等，导致动脉血压持续升高。
临床表现主要有头痛、头晕、心悸、视力模糊等。
治疗方法包括药物治疗、生活方式管理和手术治疗等。
3. 心力衰竭的病因主要是心肌损伤、心脏瓣膜病变等导致心脏泵血功能减退。
临床表现常见的有呼吸困难、乏力、水肿等。
治疗方法包括药物治疗、心脏起搏器植入和心脏移植等。
第二部分：专业知识与技能题目一：请列举5种常见的肿瘤标记物，并简要解释其在肿瘤诊断中的应用。
医学考博英语试题及答案
医学考博英语试题及答案一、词汇与语法（共20分，每题1分）1. The new drug is reported to be effective in treating_______.A. hypertensionB. hypotensionC. hyperactivityD. hypoactivity答案：A2. The patient's condition has been stable since the _______ of the medication.A. administrationB. admissionC. communicationD. commutation答案：A3. The doctor advised the patient to avoid _______ foods.A. allergenicB. allergicC. allergenD. allergy答案：A4. The _______ of the surgery was successful, but thepatient's recovery was slow.A. executionB. implementationC. performanceD. operation答案：D5. The _______ of the disease is influenced by genetic factors.A. progressionB. regressionC. transmissionD. transition答案：A二、阅读理解（共30分，每篇5分）Passage 1Recent studies have shown that a balanced diet can significantly reduce the risk of heart disease. Experts recommend consuming a variety of fruits and vegetables, whole grains, lean proteins, and healthy fats. It is also important to limit the intake of salt, sugar, and saturated fats.5. What is the main idea of the passage?A. The importance of a balanced dietB. The role of fruits and vegetables in heart healthC. The dangers of salt, sugar, and saturated fatsD. The benefits of lean proteins and healthy fats答案：A6. According to the passage, which of the following is NOT recommended for heart health?A. Consuming a variety of fruits and vegetablesB. Eating whole grainsC. Limiting the intake of salt and sugarD. Eating large amounts of saturated fats答案：DPassage 2The use of electronic health records (EHRs) has increased significantly in recent years. EHRs provide a comprehensive view of a patient's medical history, which can improve the quality of care. However, the implementation of EHRs also presents challenges, such as ensuring data privacy and security.7. What is the main advantage of EHRs mentioned in the passage?A. They provide a complete medical historyB. They improve patient-doctor communicationC. They reduce medical errorsD. They lower healthcare costs答案：A8. What challenge is associated with the use of EHRs?A. Ensuring data privacy and securityB. Training medical staff to use the systemC. Maintaining the hardware for the systemD. Complying with legal regulations答案：A三、完形填空（共20分，每题2分）In recent years, telemedicine has become increasingly popular as a means of providing medical care to patients in remoteareas. This approach allows doctors to consult with patients via video conference, 9. which can save both time and money. Telemedicine can also 10. provide access to specialized care that may not be available locally.9. A. therebyB. moreoverC. howeverD. otherwise答案：A10. A. potentiallyB. actuallyC. certainlyD. occasionally答案：A四、翻译（共30分，每题15分）将下列句子从英文翻译成中文。
考博内科学真题
呼吸内科1、名词解释Ⅰ、Ⅱ型呼吸衰竭社区性肺炎PET/CTPACAP/HAPPTE/PEILD/IPF简答或问答题试述一位内科医生对痰性状的仔细观察对于疾病诊断的临床意义。
试述肺气肿的治疗原则及具体措施。
慢性阻塞性肺病按其临床表现特征可分为哪些类型？其主要病理变化有何不同？（10分）COPD肺动脉高压形成有哪些主要因素？如何确定是否有肺动脉高压？（15分）试述慢性肺源性心脏病急性加重期的并发症。
肺心病患者应用洋地黄的指征哮喘的分级及治疗前的临床表现临床上心源性哮喘与支气管哮喘应如何鉴别？PTE的临床表现肺癌的早期征象有哪些？（10分）早期肺癌的检查方法和诊断依据。
哪些情况应视为肺癌的可疑对象应进行排癌检查，以便早期诊断。
（20分）副癌综合症的临床表现有哪些？（15分）试述右侧胸腔大量积液的临床特征ARDS的治疗原则是什么？（10分）感染性休克（休克性肺炎）的治疗原则感染性休克的诊断及治疗原则呼吸衰竭的定义及分类慢性呼吸衰竭可归纳为哪两大类型？其病理生理有何不同？试述慢性呼吸衰竭的分类及各类型的主要病理生理基础，简述各类的处理原则。
（20分）列举呼吸衰竭时的临床表现及其基本治疗措施。
（15分）阻塞性呼吸暂停综合症的定义.急性呼吸窘迫综合征的定义及其诊断标准.肺炎的分类慢性阻塞性肺疾病要与哪些疾病相鉴别，试述其鉴别要点。
ARDS诊断定义有关ARDS方面的试述低氧血症和高碳酸血症的发生机制。
心血管内科1、名词解释高血压危象心室重构心房电重构胰岛素抵抗存活心肌二联律法则2、简答或问答题试述心血管系统疾病的常见症状与体征。
心力衰竭的诱因慢性心力衰竭的病因，心力衰竭的分级的治疗原则β-受体阻滞剂和ACEI治疗心力衰竭的要点试述近10年来慢性心功能不全的治疗进展。
慢性心衰近10年的治疗进展。
今后20年，心衰治疗的的重点应包括哪些内容？急性左心衰竭的病理、临床表现处理原则。
请列举治疗急性左心衰的具体措施，并说明各项措施的治疗一以及有关注意事项。
生物医学考博试题及答案
生物医学考博试题及答案一、单项选择题1. 下列哪项是细胞膜的主要组成成分？A. 蛋白质B. 脂质C. 碳水化合物D. 核酸答案：B2. 以下哪个选项不是DNA复制的特点？A. 半保留复制B. 双向复制C. 单向复制D. 需要引物答案：C3. 在细胞信号传导中，第二信使是指：A. 钙离子B. ATPC. cAMPD. 受体答案：C4. 下列哪种细胞器不含有双层膜结构？A. 线粒体B. 内质网C. 高尔基体D. 核糖体答案：D5. 以下哪种激素不是通过血液运输的？A. 胰岛素B. 肾上腺素C. 甲状腺素D. 神经递质答案：D二、多项选择题1. 下列哪些因素会影响基因表达？A. DNA甲基化B. 基因突变C. 基因重组D. 环境因素答案：ABD2. 以下哪些属于细胞凋亡的特点？A. 细胞核凝聚B. 细胞膜破裂C. 细胞体积缩小D. 细胞器消失答案：AC3. 在生物体内，下列哪些物质可以作为信号分子？A. 激素B. 神经递质C. 细胞因子D. 酶答案：ABC4. 下列哪些是细胞周期的阶段？A. G0期B. G1期C. S期D. G2期答案：BCD5. 以下哪些是细胞信号传导的途径？A. G蛋白偶联受体途径B. 酶联受体途径C. 离子通道受体途径D. 细胞间直接接触答案：ABC三、简答题1. 简述细胞周期的各个阶段及其主要特点。
答案：细胞周期分为四个阶段：G1期、S期、G2期和M期。
G1期是细胞生长和准备DNA复制的阶段；S期是DNA复制的阶段；G2期是细胞生长和准备进行有丝分裂的阶段；M期是有丝分裂的阶段，包括前期、中期、后期和末期。
2. 描述一下DNA复制的过程。
答案：DNA复制是一个半保留的过程，包括解旋、合成新链、新旧链分离和新链的延伸。
首先，DNA双螺旋被解旋酶解旋，然后DNA聚合酶在引物的帮助下开始合成新的互补链，最后新旧链分离，新链继续延伸直至复制完成。
四、论述题1. 论述细胞凋亡与细胞坏死的区别及其生物学意义。
医学博士英语试题及答案
医学博士英语试题及答案一、选择题（每题2分，共20分）1. Which of the following is the most common cause of death in patients with heart failure?A. Heart attackB. Kidney failureC. Respiratory failureD. Sepsis答案：C2. The primary function of the liver is to:A. Produce bileB. Regulate blood sugar levelsC. Filter bloodD. Produce hormones答案：A3. In medical terminology, "icterus" refers to:A. JaundiceB. HematuriaC. DyspneaD. Edema答案：A4. The term "neuropathy" is most closely associated withwhich system of the body?A. Musculoskeletal systemB. Nervous systemC. Cardiovascular systemD. Respiratory system答案：B5. Which of the following is a risk factor for developing diabetes?A. High blood pressureB. Family history of diabetesC. Both A and BD. Neither A nor B答案：C6. The abbreviation "MRI" stands for:A. Magnetic Resonance ImagingB. Myocardial Reperfusion ImagingC. Metabolic Rate ImagingD. Mitochondrial Respiratory Index答案：A7. A patient with a diagnosis of "pneumonia" is most likely to exhibit which symptom?A. CoughB. DiarrheaC. RashD. Headache答案：A8. The "HIV" in medical terminology stands for:A. Human Immunodeficiency VirusB. Hepatitis Infection VirusC. Hemophiliac Infection VirusD. Hypertension Infection Virus答案：A9. Which of the following is a type of cancer that originates in the blood?A. LeukemiaB. MelanomaC. Lung cancerD. Breast cancer答案：A10. The "ICU" in a hospital setting refers to:A. Intensive Care UnitB. Inpatient Care UnitC. Imaging Control UnitD. Infection Control Unit答案：A二、填空题（每题2分，共20分）1. The medical term for inflammation of the heart muscle is ________.答案：cardiomyopathy2. A(n) ________ is a medical professional who specializes in the diagnosis and treatment of diseases of the ear, nose, and throat.答案：otolaryngologist3. The process of removing waste products from the body is known as ________.答案：excretion4. A(n) ________ is a type of cancer that originates in the prostate gland.答案：prostate cancer5. The abbreviation "CT" stands for ________.答案：computed tomography6. A patient with a diagnosis of ________ is experiencing difficulty in breathing.答案：asthma7. The medical term for the surgical removal of the appendix is ________.答案：appendectomy8. A(n) ________ is a medical condition characterized by high blood pressure.答案：hypertension9. The abbreviation "MRI" stands for ________.答案：magnetic resonance imaging10. The term "diabetes" refers to a group of metabolic diseases characterized by high blood ________ levels.答案：glucose三、简答题（每题10分，共20分）1. Explain the difference between a "benign" tumor and a "malignant" tumor.答案：A benign tumor is a growth that does not invade nearby tissue or spread to other parts of the body. It is generally not life-threatening and can often be removed surgically. In contrast, a malignant tumor is cancerous, meaning it can invade and destroy surrounding tissues and spread to other parts of the body through the blood and lymph systems, posing a significant health risk.2. What is the role of the spleen in the human body?答案：The spleen is an important organ in the immune system, primarily responsible for filtering blood and removing damaged cells and bacteria. It also plays a role in the production of white blood cells and the storage of platelets and red blood cells. Additionally, the spleen helps in the recycling of iron from old red blood cells.四、论述题（每题15分，共30分）1. Discuss the importance of a balanced diet in maintaining good health.答案：A balanced diet is crucial for maintaining good health as it provides the body with the necessary nutrients, vitamins, and minerals required for optimal functioning. Ithelps in maintaining a healthy weight, supports the immune system, promotes proper growth and development, and reduces the risk of chronic diseases such as heart disease, diabetes, and certain types of cancer. A balanced diet typically includes a variety of fruits, vegetables, whole grains, lean proteins, and healthy fats, while。
医学类考博试题集
2004年中山医博士肿瘤学部分试题1-7题选答4条。
每条10分1.简述肿瘤外科在肿瘤综合治疗中的作用。
2.术前放疗的原则3.根治性化疗的理论基础和原则4.肿瘤免疫治疗有哪些方法？5.蒽环类最常见的副作用有哪些？如何防治？6.肿瘤细胞信号传导有哪些基本组成要素？7.8-25选3，各20分。
1.肺癌转移的各站淋巴结2.化疗药物有哪些不良反应？举例说明。
3.颈清术有哪些并发症？处理原则？4.基因突变的形式和检测方法?5.AFP对肝癌诊断和治疗的意义天津医科大学2003年眼科学（博士）一、名词解释（每题2分，共20分）1、眼表2、圆锥角膜3、规则散光4、对比敏感度5、基底细胞癌6、AMD7、ROP8、Exotropia9、Epicanthus10、Fungal keratitis二、简答题（每题5分，共40分）1、简述青光眼临床分类2、简述干眼症临床表现3、简述Fuchs综合征临床特点4、简述调节性内斜视的临床分类5、简述真菌性角膜炎的临床表现6、简述低视力概念及国际诊断标准7、简述视网膜色素变性临床表现及遗传方式8、简述增殖性糖尿病视网膜病变（PDR）的临床表现三.问答题（共40分）1.介绍房水成分，作用及循环径路（10分）2.说明弱视的临床分类，主要发病机制，治疗时机和方法（15分）3.试述眼科影像诊断技术的进展（15分）协和医科大学2004年分子生物学（博士）1.名解:同工酶染色体染色质核基质转化密码子的偏嗜性基因簇2.简答为什么核酸和蛋白都是有方向的?信号转导的cAMP通路什么是内切酶的星号活性3.判断对错,说明理由关于乳糖操纵子的4.论述给定一个cDNA序列,如何表达,纯化到蛋白质5.填空协和生化的老主任是谁(这道题好变态)谁用什么实验证明了核酸是遗传物质可以磷酸化的氨基酸是哪三个带苯环的氨基酸是哪三个DNA在多少nm有最大的光吸收,为什么?协和医科大学2004年博士研究生入学考试妇产科学试卷一、名词解释先期化疗HELLPsyndromeLEEPUSIFETALDEATHTTTS四、简答题1、异位妊娠的保守治疗指征2、“吊床”学说3、交界性肿瘤的特点4、？五、论述题1、宫腔镜治疗的并发征及其处理2、宫颈癌的手术方式及其指征3、子宫内膜异位症的治疗新进展及其前景协和医科大学2004年硕士入学考试生物化学试题一,名词解释(大约有67个,是关于代谢与分子部分的，只记得三个)1.PCR2.KLENOW片段3.转化二,填空(有关代谢的)1.胆固醇：合成部位、直接前体2.糖酵解:关于整个过程消耗几个A TP,生成几个A TP，NADH，是人就会答3.糖酵解中有多少酶(只记得这些)三,选择10道题,是关于代谢的,能量代谢占大部分,如CO阻止了哪一部分的电子传递，某某化合物含不含高能磷酸键，某某反应步骤放不放ATP之类，很简单。
生物医学考博试题及答案
生物医学考博试题及答案一、单项选择题（每题2分，共20分）1. 细胞膜的主要组成成分是（）。
A. 蛋白质B. 脂质C. 糖类D. 核酸答案：B2. 以下哪种激素是由垂体分泌的？（）A. 胰岛素B. 甲状腺激素C. 促性腺激素D. 肾上腺素答案：C3. 人体最大的淋巴器官是（）。
A. 扁桃体B. 胸腺C. 脾脏D. 淋巴结答案：C4. 以下哪种细胞器是双层膜结构？（）A. 核糖体B. 高尔基体C. 线粒体D. 内质网答案：C5. 以下哪种氨基酸是人体必需氨基酸？（）A. 丙氨酸B. 谷氨酸C. 赖氨酸D. 丝氨酸答案：C6. 人体中负责合成血红蛋白的器官是（）。
A. 肝脏B. 脾脏C. 骨髓D. 肾脏答案：C7. 以下哪种维生素是水溶性的？（）A. 维生素AB. 维生素DC. 维生素ED. 维生素B12答案：D8. 人体中负责合成抗体的细胞是（）。
A. 红细胞B. 淋巴细胞C. 巨噬细胞D. 成纤维细胞答案：B9. 以下哪种物质是细胞内信号传导的关键分子？（）A. 细胞膜受体B. G蛋白C. 酶D. 核酸答案：B10. 人体中负责合成和分泌胰岛素的细胞是（）。
A. 胰岛A细胞B. 胰岛B细胞C. 胰岛D细胞D. 胰岛F细胞答案：B二、多项选择题（每题3分，共15分）11. 以下哪些是细胞周期的阶段？（）A. G1期B. S期C. G2期D. M期答案：ABCD12. 以下哪些是人体必需的微量元素？（）A. 铁B. 锌C. 铜D. 钙答案：ABC13. 以下哪些是人体免疫系统的组成部分？（）A. 皮肤和粘膜B. 脾脏和淋巴结C. 巨噬细胞和淋巴细胞D. 抗体和补体答案：ABCD14. 以下哪些是人体内分泌系统的组成部分？（）A. 垂体B. 甲状腺C. 肾上腺D. 胰腺答案：ABCD15. 以下哪些是人体神经系统的组成部分？（）A. 中枢神经系统B. 周围神经系统C. 自主神经系统D. 感觉神经系统答案：ABCD三、填空题（每空1分，共20分）16. 细胞周期包括____、____、____和____四个阶段。
2023年医学博士考试真题及答案
2023年医学博士考试真题及答案
1. 题目：心脏病的常见症状包括哪些？
答案：心脏病的常见症状包括胸痛、心悸、呼吸困难、乏力等。
2. 题目：抗生素的作用是什么？
答案：抗生素是一种用于治疗感染性疾病的药物。
它可以通过
抑制或杀死病原体，阻止或减缓感染的发展。
3. 题目：什么是免疫系统？
答案：免疫系统是人体内一组组织、器官和细胞的集合，负责
保护机体免受外来物质和致病微生物的侵害。
4. 题目：请列举感染疾病的传播途径。
答案：感染疾病的传播途径包括空气飞沫传播、接触传播、食
品或水源传播等多种途径。
5. 题目：癌症是一种怎样的疾病？
答案：癌症是一种由异常细胞无限制生长和分裂导致的疾病。
它可以侵犯身体的多个组织和器官，并具有恶性转移的能力。
6. 题目：什么是心电图？
答案：心电图是一种记录心脏电活动的检测方法。
它可以显示
心脏在不同时间点的电压变化，用于判断心脏功能和心律是否正常。
以上是2023年医学博士考试真题及答案的一部分内容，供参考。
请注意，以上答案仅为参考，具体解答可能因人而异，应以正
式考试标准答案为准。
医学博士生考试真题
医学博士生考试真题
下列哪种药物是常用的β受体阻滞剂，用于治疗高血压和心绞痛？
A. 硝酸甘油
B. 阿司匹林
C. 美托洛尔
D. 卡托普利
哪种病原体是引起肺炎的主要细菌之一？
A. 流感病毒
B. 结核杆菌
C. 肺炎链球菌
D. 柯萨奇病毒
关于心肌梗死，下列哪项描述是错误的？
A. 常常由于冠状动脉阻塞引起
B. 症状包括胸痛、呼吸困难等
C. 可以通过心电图和心肌酶检测诊断
D. 治疗方法主要是溶栓和手术治疗，药物治疗无效
下列哪种疾病属于自身免疫性疾病？
A. 流感
B. 疟疾
C. 糖尿病
D. 类风湿性关节炎
哪种检查是诊断肺癌常用的影像学检查方法？
A. X线胸片
B. 腹部B超
C. 血液生化检查
D. 肺部CT扫描
关于艾滋病（HIV），下列哪项是正确的？
A. 艾滋病是一种可以通过空气传播的疾病
B. 艾滋病病毒主要攻击人体的呼吸系统
C. 艾滋病病毒可以通过血液、性接触和母婴传播
D. 目前已有完全治愈艾滋病的药物
下列哪项不是抗生素的主要作用？
A. 抑制细菌生长
B. 杀灭细菌
C. 治疗病毒感染
D. 预防细菌感染
哪种药物常用于降低血脂，预防心血管疾病？
A. 利尿剂
B. 胰岛素
C. 他汀类药物
D. 抗生素。
外科学考博试题及答案
外科学考博试题及答案一、选择题（每题2分，共20分）1. 外科感染中最常见的致病菌是：A. 金黄色葡萄球菌B. 大肠杆菌C. 肺炎链球菌D. 真菌答案：A2. 以下哪项不是外科手术的基本原则？A. 无菌原则B. 无创原则C. 快速原则D. 安全原则答案：C3. 以下哪项是开放性骨折的特点？A. 骨折端不与外界相通B. 骨折端与外界相通C. 骨折线完全在皮肤下D. 骨折线完全在骨髓内答案：B4. 急性阑尾炎最典型的临床表现是：A. 腹痛B. 恶心呕吐C. 右下腹固定压痛D. 发热答案：C5. 以下哪项是乳腺癌的高危因素？A. 长期吸烟B. 长期饮酒C. 家族遗传史D. 长期素食答案：C二、简答题（每题10分，共30分）1. 简述外科手术切口的分类及其特点。
答案：外科手术切口根据其感染风险分为三类：清洁切口、可能污染切口和污染切口。
清洁切口是指手术区域无炎症，无感染，且手术过程中未进入呼吸道、消化道、泌尿生殖道及口咽部。
可能污染切口是指手术区域可能存在细菌，但无明显感染，如胃肠道手术。
污染切口是指手术区域有明显感染或手术过程中进入有菌环境，如脓肿切开引流。
2. 描述急性胆囊炎的诊断要点。
答案：急性胆囊炎的诊断要点包括：右上腹疼痛，尤其是Murphy征阳性；发热和白细胞计数升高；腹部超声检查发现胆囊壁增厚、胆囊内结石或胆囊周围积液；有时可伴有黄疸。
3. 解释何为“无菌技术”及其在外科手术中的重要性。
答案：无菌技术是指在手术过程中采取的一系列措施，以防止手术区域受到微生物污染。
这包括使用无菌器械、穿戴无菌手术衣和手套、保持手术区域清洁等。
无菌技术在外科手术中至关重要，因为它可以显著降低术后感染的风险，提高手术成功率。
三、论述题（每题25分，共50分）1. 论述外科手术前的准备要点。
答案：外科手术前的准备要点包括：详细的病史采集和体格检查，以评估患者的整体健康状况和手术风险；必要的辅助检查，如血常规、凝血功能、心电图、肝肾功能等；术前禁食和禁水，以减少术中呕吐和误吸的风险；术前抗生素的使用，以预防感染；心理支持和教育，以减轻患者的焦虑和恐惧。
博士医学综合试题及答案
博士医学综合试题及答案一、单项选择题（每题1分，共10分）1. 下列哪项不是细胞凋亡的特点？A. 程序性死亡B. 细胞膜破裂C. DNA断裂D. 细胞体积缩小答案：B2. 以下关于基因编辑技术的描述，哪项是不正确的？A. CRISPR-Cas9是一种常用的基因编辑技术B. 基因编辑技术可以用于治疗遗传性疾病C. 基因编辑技术只能应用于体外细胞D. 基因编辑技术可以精确地修改基因序列答案：C3. 以下哪种药物不属于抗生素？A. 阿莫西林B. 青霉素C. 阿司匹林D. 头孢类答案：C4. 在人体中，下列哪种激素是由甲状腺分泌的？A. 胰岛素B. 促甲状腺激素C. 甲状腺素D. 促性腺激素答案：C5. 下列哪项不是糖尿病的典型症状？A. 多尿B. 多饮C. 多食D. 体重增加答案：D6. 根据世界卫生组织的定义，下列哪项不属于健康范畴？A. 身体健康B. 心理健康C. 社会适应良好D. 经济状况良好答案：D7. 下列哪项不是心血管疾病的危险因素？A. 高血压B. 吸烟C. 缺乏运动D. 低胆固醇答案：D8. 在医学研究中，下列哪项不属于随机对照试验的特点？A. 随机分配B. 对照组C. 双盲D. 观察性研究答案：D9. 下列哪项不是医学伦理的基本原则？A. 尊重患者自主权B. 保护患者隐私C. 追求经济利益D. 公平分配医疗资源答案：C10. 下列哪项不是恶性肿瘤的特点？A. 快速生长B. 转移性C. 良性D. 浸润性答案：C二、多项选择题（每题2分，共10分）1. 下列哪些因素会增加患癌症的风险？A. 遗传因素B. 长期吸烟C. 缺乏运动D. 过度饮酒答案：A, B, C, D2. 以下哪些是心血管疾病的常见症状？A. 胸痛B. 呼吸困难C. 头痛D. 心悸答案：A, B, D3. 下列哪些是糖尿病的并发症？A. 视网膜病变B. 肾病C. 骨折D. 神经病变答案：A, B, D4. 以下哪些是医学研究中常用的统计方法？A. 描述性统计B. 推断性统计C. 回归分析D. 非参数统计答案：A, B, C, D5. 下列哪些是医学伦理中的重要议题？A. 患者隐私权B. 医疗资源分配C. 医疗事故处理D. 医学研究中的伦理问题答案：A, B, D三、简答题（每题5分，共20分）1. 简述人体免疫系统的三大防线。
博士考试外科学试题及答案
博士考试外科学试题及答案一、选择题（每题2分，共20分）1. 以下哪项不是外科手术的基本原则？A. 无菌原则B. 无创原则C. 快速原则D. 个体化原则2. 外科手术中，最常见的感染类型是：A. 细菌性感染B. 真菌性感染C. 病毒性感染D. 寄生虫感染3. 以下哪个不是外科手术的常见并发症？A. 出血B. 感染C. 疼痛D. 过敏4. 外科手术中，以下哪个操作不属于基本操作？A. 切开B. 缝合C. 切除D. 放射治疗5. 以下哪个是外科手术中常用的止血方法？A. 电凝B. 冷冻C. 药物D. 按摩6. 外科手术中，以下哪个不是常用的麻醉方式？A. 局部麻醉B. 椎管内麻醉C. 全身麻醉D. 表面麻醉7. 以下哪个不是外科手术的术后护理措施？A. 观察生命体征B. 伤口护理C. 预防感染D. 立即进食8. 外科手术中，以下哪种情况需要紧急处理？A. 轻微出血B. 术中发现肿瘤C. 术中出现心跳骤停D. 术后轻度疼痛9. 以下哪个不是外科手术的术前准备？A. 血常规检查B. 心电图检查C. 禁食禁水D. 术后饮食计划10. 外科手术中，以下哪个不是手术器械？A. 手术刀B. 镊子C. 止血钳D. 听诊器答案：1. C2. A3. D4. D5. A6. D7. D8. C9. D 10. D二、简答题（每题10分，共30分）1. 请简述外科手术的无菌操作原则。
2. 描述一下外科手术中常见的止血方法。
3. 术后护理中，如何预防感染？三、论述题（每题25分，共50分）1. 论述外科手术中的风险评估和风险管理的重要性。
2. 论述外科手术的术前准备和术后护理的重要性。
结束语：外科手术是医学领域中非常重要的一部分，它不仅要求医生具备高超的技艺，还需要对手术的每一个环节都有深入的了解和严格的控制。
通过本试题，我们希望考生能够对外科手术的基本原则、操作技巧、风险管理以及术前术后的护理有更全面的认识，从而在未来的医学实践中能够更好地服务于患者。
(完整版)历年中医药大学博士考题
山东中医药大学历年中内及西内考博真题（2000-2010）2000年中医内科1.请阐述水肿、淋证、癃闭、关格的临床特点及联系。
（10分）2.请论述内伤头痛与肝、脾、肾三脏的关系。
（10 分）3.胸痹的发病基础和病理因素是什么？其病理特点如何？怎样辨别阴寒证、痰浊证、气滞证、血瘀证的不同？各证型治疗要点是什么？（10分）4.如何理解“治痿独取阳明”的意义？（10分）5.试述“真中”“类中”的源流考略？（10分）6.痰饮发病的内在病理基础是什么？为什么?其治则如何？为什么？（10分）7.消渴病（糖尿病）临床常见哪些急慢性并发症？请写出消渴病（糖尿病）周围神经病变辨证分型（只写分型）、治法、方剂。
（10分）8.如何理解《血证论》提出的治血四法？（10分）9.调补脾肾为何是治疗虚劳的关键？请论述之。
（10分）10.通窍活血汤方义如何？你在临床应用如何体会？（10分）西内内科一、名词解释：Ⅰ型、Ⅱ型呼吸衰竭，卓－艾综合症，脾功能亢进，肾病综合症，Graves病，高血压危象。
二、试述肺气肿的治疗原则及具体措施。
三、试述PSVT的ECG 表现及临床表现。
四、试述再生障碍性贫血的诊断标准。
五、试述急性肾功能衰竭的分类及原因。
六、试述DM的诊断标准。
七、肝硬化腹水形成的主要原因有哪些?2001年中医内科1.你对中西医结合治疗风湿病的看法。
2.中风病（中脏腑、中经络）的临床表现。
3.“开鬼门、洁净府”结合心血管（心衰）的应用。
4.胃痞、胃胀、痞满的鉴别诊断。
5.试述扶正治疗肿瘤（祛邪需要扶正，邪去正自安）6.肝癌、积症的治疗方法，在何时用何法？7.石棉在《内经》的论述及其治法（3个）8.试述“病痰饮者当以温药和之”9.试述糖尿病的非药物治疗。
10.血府逐瘀汤的组成，能治疗心系的那些疾病？西医内科1.慢性腹泻的发病机理。
2.感染性心内膜炎的诊断标准。
3.白血病前期多发MDX 的分类标准。
4.再障的鉴别诊断。
5.癫痫及其处理。
博士医生考试题目及答案
博士医生考试题目及答案一、单项选择题（每题2分，共10题，满分20分）1. 以下哪项是高血压病的主要危险因素？A. 吸烟B. 饮酒C. 遗传D. 肥胖答案：A2. 急性心肌梗死最常见的心电图表现是？A. 心室早搏B. 心房颤动C. ST段抬高D. 右束支传导阻滞答案：C3. 糖尿病的诊断标准中，空腹血糖应大于或等于多少？A. 6.1mmol/LB. 7.0mmol/LC. 5.6mmol/LD. 8.0mmol/L答案：B4. 慢性阻塞性肺疾病（COPD）的主要病理生理改变是？A. 肺泡破裂B. 肺纤维化C. 肺气肿D. 肺动脉高压答案：C5. 胃溃疡最常见的并发症是？A. 出血B. 穿孔C. 幽门梗阻D. 癌变答案：A二、多项选择题（每题3分，共5题，满分15分）1. 以下哪些药物属于β受体阻滞剂？A. 美托洛尔B. 阿莫洛尔C. 地尔硫卓D. 卡托普利答案：A, B2. 以下哪些是急性胰腺炎的常见诱因？A. 胆石症B. 酒精中毒C. 高脂血症D. 病毒性肝炎答案：A, B, C3. 以下哪些是甲状腺功能亢进的临床表现？A. 心悸B. 体重增加C. 手颤D. 月经不规律答案：A, C, D4. 以下哪些是慢性肾脏病的诊断标准？A. 蛋白尿B. 血肌酐升高C. 肾脏结构异常D. 肾脏功能减退答案：A, B, C, D5. 以下哪些是冠心病的常见症状？A. 胸痛B. 呼吸困难C. 心悸D. 腹痛答案：A, B, C三、简答题（每题5分，共4题，满分20分）1. 简述糖尿病的诊断标准。
答：糖尿病的诊断标准包括：空腹血糖≥7.0mmol/L，随机血糖≥11.1mmol/L，或糖耐量试验2小时血糖≥11.1mmol/L。
2. 描述急性心肌梗死的临床表现。
答：急性心肌梗死的临床表现通常包括持续性胸痛，可放射至左肩、左臂、下颌或背部，伴有出汗、恶心、呕吐、呼吸困难等症状。
3. 阐述慢性阻塞性肺疾病的治疗原则。
年全国医学博士英语统考真题及参考答案
年全国医学博⼠英语统考真题及参考答案2010年全国医学博⼠外语统⼀考试英语试卷答题须知1.请考⽣⾸先将⾃⼰的姓名、所在考点、准考证号在标准答题卡上认真填写清楚，并按“考场指令”要求，在标准答题卡上，将准考证号相应的位置涂好。
2.试卷⼀（paper one）和试卷⼆（paper two）答案都做在标准答题卡上，书⾯表达⼀定要⽤⿊⾊签字笔或钢笔写在标准答题卡上指定区域，不要做在试卷上。
3.试卷⼀答题答题时必须使⽤2B铅笔，将所选答案按要求在相应位置涂⿊；如要更正，先⽤橡⽪擦⼲净。
4.标准答题卡不可折叠，同时必须保持平整⼲净，以利评分。
5.听⼒考试只放⼀遍录⾳，每道题后有15秒左右的答题时间。
Paper OnePart I Listening comprehension(30%)Section ADirections: In this section you will hear fifteen short conversions between two speakers. At the end of each conversion, you will hear a question about what is said. The question willbe read only once. After you hear the question, read the four possible answers markedA, B, C and D. Choose the best answer and mark the letter of your choice on theANSWER SHEET.Listen to the following example.You will hear:Woman: I feel faint.Man: No wonder. You haven’t had a bite all day.Question: What’s the matter with the womanYou will read:A. She is sick.B. She was bitten by an ant.C. She is hungry.D. She spilled her paint.Here C is the right answer.Sample AnswerA B DCB. She needs a new purse.C. She’s going to give a birthday party.D. She wants to go shopping with her mom.2. A. She hears noises in her ears day and night.B. She has been overworking for a long time.C. Her right ear, hurt in an accident, is troubling her.D. Her ear rings are giving her trouble day and night.3. A. He’ll go to see Mr. White at 10:30 tomorrow.B. He’d like to make an earlier appointment.C. He’d like to cancel the appointment.D. He’d like to see another dentist.4. A. 8:00 B. 8:15 C. 8:40 D. 8:455. A. In a hotel. B. At a fast food bar.C. In the supermarket.D. In the department store.6. A. To resign right away.B.To work one more day as chairman.C.To think twice before he make the decision.D.To receive further training upon his resignation.7. A. She didn’t do anything in particular.B.She send a wounded person to the ER.C.She had to work in the ER.D.She went skiing.8. A. A customs officer. B. The man’s mother.C. A school headmaster.D. An immigration officer.9. A. It feels as if the room is going around.B.It feels like a kind of unsteadiness.C.It feels as if she is falling down.D.It feels as if she is going around.10. A. John has hidden something in the tree.B.John himself should be blamed.C.John has a dog that barks a lot.D.John is unlucky.11. A. The chemistry homework is difficult.B.The chemistry homework is fun.C.The math homework is difficult.12. A. His backache. B. His broken leg.C. His skin problem.D. His eye condition.13. A. Whooping cough, smallpox and measles.B.Whooping cough, chickenpox and measles.C.Whooping cough, smallpox and German measles.D.Whooping cough, chickenpox and German measles.14. A. Saturday morning. B. Saturday night.C. Saturday afternoon.D. Next weekend.15. A. He’s lost his notebook.B.His handwriting is messy.C.He’ll miss class latter this week.D.He cannot make it for his appointment.Section BDirections: In this section you will hear one conversion and two passages, after each of which, you will hear five questions. After each question, read the four possible answers marked A,B, C and D. Choose the best answer and mark the letter of your choice on theANSWER SHEET.Conversation16. A. He is having a physical checkup.B.He has just undergone an operation.C.He has just recovered from an illness.D.He will be discharged from the hospital this afternoon.17. A. He got an infection in the lungs.B.He had his gallbladder inflamed.C.He was suffering from influenza.D.He had developed a big kidney tone.18. A. A lot better. B. Terribly awful.C. Couldn’t be better.D. Okay, but a bit weak.19. A. To be confined to a wheelchair.B.To stay indoors for a complete recovery.C.To stay in bed and drink a lot of water.D.To move about and enjoy the sunshine.20. A. From 4 pm to 6 pm. B. From 5 pm to 7 pm.C. From 6 pm to 8 pm.Passage One21. A. The link between weight loss and sleep deprivation.B.The link between weight gain and sleep deprivation.C.The link between weight loss and physical exercise.D.The link between weight gain and physical exercise.22. A. More than 68,000. B. More than 60,800.C. More than 60,080.D. More than 60,008.23. A. Sever-hour sleepers gained more weight over time than 5-hour ones.B.Five-hour sleepers gained more weight over time than 7-hour ones.C.Short-sleepers were 15% more likely to become obese.D.Short-sleepers consumed fewer calories than long sleepers.24. A. Overeating among the sleep-deprived.B.Little exercise among the sleep-deprived.C.Lower metabolic rate resulting from less sleep.D.Higher metabolic rate resulting from less sleep.25. A. Exercise every day. B. Take diet pills.C. Go on a diet.D. Sleep more.Passage Two26. A. She is too hard on me.B.She asks too many questions.C.She is always considerate of my feelings.D.She is the meanest mother in the neighborhood.27. A. A university instructor. B. A teaching assistant.C. A phD student.D. A psychiatrist.28. A. They usually say no.B.They usually say yes.C.They usually wait and see.D.They usually refuse to say anything.29. A. They are overconfident.B.Their brains grow too fast.C.They are psychologically dependent.D.Their brains are still immature in some areas.30. A. Be easy on your teen.B.Try to be mean to your teen.D.Don’t care about your teen’s feelings.Part II Vocabulary (10%)Section ADirections: In this section all the statements are incomplete, beneath each of which are four words or phrases marked A, B, C and D. Choose the word or phrase that can bestcomplete the statement and mark the letter of your choice on the ANSWERSHEET.31. A number of black youths have complained of being by the police.A. harassedB. distractedC. sentencedD. released32. He rapidly became with his own power in the team.A. irrigatedB. irradiatedC. streetlightD. torchlight33. Throughout his political career he has always been in the .A. twilightB. spotlightC. streetlightD. torchlight34. We that diet is related to most types of cancer but we don’t have definite proof.A. suspendB. superveneC. superviseD. suspect35. A patient who is dying of incurable cancer of the throat is in terrible pain, which can nolonger be satisfactorily .A. alleviatedB. abolishedC. demolishedD. diminished36. The television station is supported by from foundations and other sources.A. donationsB. pensionsC. advertisements37. More legislation is needed to protect the property rights of the patent.A. integrativeB. intellectualC. intelligent38. Officials are supposed to themselves to the welfare and health of the generalpublic.A. adaptB. confineC. commitD. assess39. You should stop your condition and do something about it.A. drawing onB. touching onC. leaning onD. dwelling on40. The author of the book has shown his remarkably keen into human nature.A. perspectiveB. dimensionC. insightD. reflectionSection BDirections: In this section each of the following sentences has a word or phrase underlined, beneath which are four words or phrase. Choose the word or phrase which canbest keep the meaning of the original sentence if it is substituted for theunderlined part. Then mark the letter of your choice on the ANSWER SHEET.41.The chemical was found to be detrimental to human health.A. toxicB. immuneC. sensitiveD. allergic42.It will be a devastating blow for the patient, if the clinic closes.A. permanentB. desperateC. destructiveD. sudden43.He kept telling us about his operation in the most graphic detail.A. verifiableC. preciseD. ambiguous44.The difficult case tested the ingenuity of even the most skillful physician.A. credibilityB. commitmentC. honestyD. talent45.He left immediately on the pretext that he had to catch a train.A. claimB. clueC. excuseD. talent46.The nurse was filled with remorse of not believing her .A. anguishB. regretC. apologyD. grief47.The doctor tried to find a tactful way of telling her the truth.A. delicateB. communicativeC. skillfulD. considerate48.Whether a person likes a routine office job or not depends largely on temperament.A. dispositionB. qualificationC. temptationD. endorsement49.The doctor ruled out Friday’s surgery for the patient’s unexpected complications.A. confirmedB. facilitatedC. postponedD. cancelled50.It is not easy to remain tranquil when events suddenly change your life.A. cautiousB. motionlessC. calmD. alertDirections: In this section there is a passage with ten numbered blanks. For each blank, there are four choice marked A, B, C and D listed on the right side. Choose the best answer andmark the letter of your choice on the ANSWER SHEET.Experts say about 1% of young women in the United States are almost starving themselves today. They are suffering from a sickness called anorexia.These young women have an abnormal fear of getting fat. They 51 starve themselves so they weigh at 15% less than their normal weight.The National Institute of Mental Health says one 52 ten cases of anorexia leads to serious medical problems. These patients can die from heart failure or the disease can lead young womento 53 themselves. For example, former gymnast Christy Henrich died at age 22. She weighed only61 pounds.A person with anorexia first develops joint and muscle problems. There is a lack of iron inthe blood. 54 the sickness progresses, a young woman’s breathing, heartbeat, and blood pressure rates slow down. The important substance calcium is 55 from the bones, something causing bones to break. Sometimes the brain gets smaller, causing changes in 56 a person thinks and acts. Scientists say many patients have further mental and emotional problems. They have 57 opinions about themselves. They feel helpless. Their attempts to become extremely thin may 58 efforts to take control of their lives. They may become dependent on illegal drugs. Some people also feel the need to continually repeat a(n) 59 . For example, they may repeatedly wash their hands although their hands are clean.Anorexia is a serious eating 60 .If it is not treated on time, it can be fatal.51. A. specifically B. purposely C. particularly D. passionately52. A. from B. of C. at D. in53. A. kill B. starve C. abuse D. worsen54. A. When B. While C. As D. Since55. A. lost B. derived C. generated D. synthesized56. A. what B. why C. how D. which57. A. good B. high C. lower D. poor58. A. represent B. make C. present D. exert59. A. medication B. illusion C. motion D. action60. A. habit B. behavior C. disorder D. patternPart IV Reading Comprehension(30%)Direction:In this part there are six passages, each of which is followed by five questions. For each question there are four possible answers marked A, B, C and D. Choose the bestanswer and mark the letter of your choice on the ANSWER SHEET.Passage OneChildren should avoid using mobile phones for all but essential calls because of possible health effects on young brains. This is one of the expected conclusions of an official government report to be published this week. The report is expected to call for the mobile phone industry to refrain from promoting phone use by children, and to start labeling phones with data on the amount of radiation they emit. The Independent Expert Group on Mobile Phones, chaired by former government chief scientist William Stewart, has spent eight months reviewing existing scientific evidence on all aspects of the health effects of using mobile phones. Its report is believed to conclude that because we don’t fully understand the nonthermal effects of radiation on human tissue, the government should adopt a precautionary approach, particularly in relation to children.There is currently no evidence that mobile phones harm users or people living near transmitter masts. But some studies show that cell-phones operating at radiation levels within current safety limits do have some sort of biological effect on the brain.to environmental insults,” he says,“So if phones did prove to be hazardous——which they haven’t yet ——it would be sensible.”In 1998, Tattersall showed that radiation levels similar to those emitted by mobile phones could alter signals from brain cells in slices of rat brain, “What we’ve found is an effect, but we don’t know if it’s hazardous,” he says.Alan Preece of the University of Bristol, who found last year that microwaves increase reaction times in test subjects, agreed that children’s exposure would be greater. “There’s a lot less tissue in the way, and the skill is thinner, so children’s heads are considerably closer,” he says.Stewart’s report is likely to recommend that the current British safety standards on energy emissions from cell-phones should be cut to the level recommended by the International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection, which is one-fifth of the current British limit. “The extra safety factor of five is somewhat arbitrary,” s ays Michael Clark of the National Radiological Protection Board. “But we accept that it’s difficult for the UK to have different standards from an international body.”61. Just because it has not been confirmed yet whether mobile phone emissions can harm humantissue, according to the government report, does not mean that .A. the government should prohibit children from using cell-phonesB. we should put down the phone for the sake of safetyC. the industry can have a right to promote phone useD. children are safe using cell-phones62. Tattersall argues that it is wise to refrain mobile phone use by children in termsof .A. their neural developmentB. their ill-designed cell-phonesC. the frequency of their irrational useD. their ignorance of its possible health effects63. On the issue in question, Preece .A. does not agree with TattersallB. tries to remove the obstacles in the wayC. asks for further investigationD. would stand by Stewart64. What is worrisome at present is that the UK .A. is going to turn deaf ears to the voice of Stesart’s planB. finds it difficult to cut the current safety standards on phone useC. maintains different standards on safety limit from the international onesD. does not even impose safety limit on the mobile phones’ energy emissions65．Which of the following can bi the best candidate for the title of the passageA . Brain Wave B. For Adults OnlyC. Catch Them YoungD. The Answer in the AirPassage TwoAdvances in cosmetic dentistry and plastic surgery have made it possible to correct facial birth defects, repair damaged teeth and tissue, and prevent or greatly delay the onset of tooth decay and gum disease. As a result, more people smile more often and more openly today than ever in the past, and we can expect more smiles in the future.middle-class family members in formal portraits and domestic scenes appear to have their mouths firmly closed. Soldiers in battle, children at play, beggars, old people, and especially villains may have their mouths open; but their smiles are seldom attractive, and more often suggest strain or violence than joy.Smiles convey a wide range of meanings in different eras and cultures, says art historian Angus Trumble, currently curator(馆长)of Yale University’s Center for British Art, in his book A Brief History of the Smile. Compare, for instance, the varying impressions made by the shy dimples(酒窝)of Leonardo’s Mona Lisa; the rosy-cheeked, mustachioed Laughing Cavalier of Frans Hals; and the”Smiley Face”logo perfected(though not invented)in 1963 by American graphic artist Harvey .In some non-Western cultures, Trumble notes, even a warm, open smile does not necessarily indicate pleasure or agreement. It can simply be a polite mask to cover emotions considered too rude or shocking to bi openly displayed.Subtle differences in muscle movement can convey enormous differences in emotion, from the tranquility of bronze Buddhas, to the erotic bliss of couples entwined in stone on Hindu temples,to the fierce smirk(假笑)of a guardian demon at the entrance to a Chinese tomb.Trumble expects the impact of Western medicine and mass media to further increase the pressure on people to grin broadly and laugh openly in public.”Faint smiles are increasingly thought of in scientific and psychological circles as something that falls short of the true smile ,”and therefore suggest insincerity or lack of enthusiasm, he says.With tattooing, boby piercing, and permanent cosmetics already well established as fashion trends, one can imagine tomorrow’s beauty shops adding plastic surgeons and dentists to their staffs. These comer-store cosmeticians would offer style makeovers to reshape our lips, teeth, and jawlines to mimic the signature smile of one’s favorite celebrity.What can you say to that except” Have a nice day”66. Had it not been for cosmetic advances, as inferred from the passage, .A . people would not have been as happy as they are todayB. the rate of facial birth defect would not have declinedC . there would not have been many more open smilesD. we would not have seen smiling faces in public67. According to the passage, it seems that whether there is a smile or not in the portraits orpictures is decided by .A. one’s internal sense of the external worldB . one’s identity or social positionC . one’s times of existenceD . All of the above68. Trumble’s study on smiles shows that .A. an open smile can serve as a cover-upB . the famous portraits radiate varying smilesC. even the human muscles can arouse varying emotionsD. smiles can represent misinterpretations of different eras and cultures69. What Trumble expects to see is .A. the increasing tendency of broad grins and open smiles in publicB . further impact of Western medicine upon non-Western culturesC. a wider range of meanings to be conveyed by smilesD. more of sincerity and enthusiasm in public70 . At the end of the passage, the author implicates .C . future changes in life styleD . the future of smilesPassage ThreeAdolf Hitler survived an assassination attempt in 1944 with the lamp of penicillin made by the Allies, a microbiologist in the UK claims. If the Nazi leader had died from bacterial infection ofhis many wounds, the Second World War might have been over a year earlier, saving millions of lives, says Milton Wainwright of the University of Sheffield, a noted historian of microbiology.In a paper to be published soon in Perspectives in Biology and Medicine, Wainwright reveals first-hand evidence that Hitler was treated with penicillin by his personal doctor, Theo Morrell, following an assassination attempt in which a bomb in a suitcase exploded next to Hitler’s desk. Hitler was badly hurt, fleeing the scene with his hair and trousers on fire, a badly bleeding arm and countless wooden splinter wounds from the oak table that probably saved his life.Wainwright found confirmation that Morrell gave Hitler antibiotics as a precaution in a recent translation of Morrell’s own diary. “I happened to be reading it for interest when the word penicillin jumped out at me,” he says. He then set about trying to establish where Morrell might have got the drug.At the time, penicillin was available only to the Allies. German and Czechoslovakian teams had tried without much success to make it, Wainwright says, but the small quantities that weresays Wainwright. available were weak and impure. “It’s generally accepted that it was no good,”He reasons that Morrell would only have risked giving Hitler penicillin to prevent infectionsif he were confident that the antibiotic would cure, not kill the German premier. “My research shows that Morrell, in a very dodgy(危险的) position as Hitler’s doctor, would only have used pure stuff.” And the only reliable penicillin was that made by the Allies. So where did Morrell getitWainwright’s investigations revealed that Allied airmen carried penicillin, so the Germans may have confiscated some from prisoners of war. The other more likely source is from neutral countries such Spain, which received penicillin from Allied countries for humanitarian purposes, perhaps for treating sick children.have proof the Allies were sending it to these countries,” says Wainwright. “I’m saying “Ｉthis would have got through in diplomatic bags, reaching Hitler’s doctor and the higher echelons(阶层)of the Nazi party. So this was almost certainly pure, Allied penicillin.”“We can never be certain it saved Hitler’s life,” says Wainwright. But he notes that one of Hitler’s henchmen(死党)，Reinhard Heydrich, died from blood poisoning after surviving acar-bomb assassination attempt. “Hair from his seat went into his wounds and gave him septicemia,” says Wainwright. Morrell may have been anxious to ensure that Hitler avoided the same fate.71. According to Wainwright, Adolf Hitler .A. might have used biological weapons in the warB. could not have committed suicide as confirmedC. could have died of bacterial infectionD. might have survived a bacterial plague72. Following his assassination in 1944, Adolf Hitler .A. began to exercise precautions against his personal attacksB. was anxious to have penicillin developed in his countryC. received an jinjection of penicillin for blood poisoningD. was suspected of being likely to get infecteds personal doctor .73. As Wainwright reasons, H itler’A. cannot have dared to prescribe German-made penicillin to himB. need not have used pure antibiotic for his suspect infectionC. would have had every reason to assassinate himD. must have tried to produce penicillin74. Wainwright implies that the Third Reich .A. met the fate of collapse as expectedB. butchered millions of lives on the earthC. was severely struck by bacterial plaguesD. did have channels to obtain pure penicillin75.Which of the following can be the best title for the passageA.How Hitler Manage to Survive Assassination AttemptsB.Morrell Loyal to His German PrimierC.Hitler Saved by Allied DrugsD.Penicillin Abused in GermanPassage FourGet ready for a new kind of machine at your local gym: one that doesn’t involve huffing and puffing as you burn off calories. Instead, all you have to do is stand still for 30 seconds while the machine measures your body fat. It could then tell you exactly where you could do with losing afew pounds and even advise you on exercises for your problem areas. If the body fat scanner turns out to be accurate enough, its makers hope it could one day help doctors spot disease.The scanner works by simultaneously building up an accurate 3D image of the body, while measuring the body’s effect on an electromagnetic field. Combining the two measurements allows the researchers to work out the distribution of fat and water within. Neither method is new on itsown, says Henri Tapp, at the Institute of Food Research in Norwich in the UK. “The smart thing is that we’ve put them in one machine.”And it’s not just for gym users. The body fat scanner could be used to study fat deposition as children develop, while patients recover from injury, or during pregnancy. And since it uses radio waves rather than X-rays, Tapp’s device is safe to use repeatedly.Body shape is known to be a risk indicator for heart disease and diabetes. So accurately quantifying fat distribution could help doctors suggest preventive measures to patients before problems arise. At the moment, doctors estimate fat content from knowing body volume and water content. To a good approximation, says Tapp, anything that isn’t fat is water. The amount of water in the body is often measured by giving the subject a drink of water that contains a radioactive tracer. The level of tracer in the patient's urine after three hours reveals the total water volume.To find out a body’s volume, subjects are weighed while totally submerged in water, and thisis subtracted from their normal weight to give the weight of water displaced, and hence the subject’s volume. But it is scarcely practical for seriously ill people.There are other ways to directly measure body fat, such as passing a minuscule current between the wrists and feet. The overall fat content can then be estimated from the body’s resistance. But this method doesn’t take body shape into account ——so a subject with particularly skinny legs might register a higher fat content than the true value. That’s because skinny legs—with a lower cross-sectional area——will present higher resistance to current. So the machine thinks the water content of the body is lower——rating the subject as fatter. Also, the system can only give an overall measurement of fat.Tapp’s method uses similar calculations, but is more sophisticated because it tells you where you are piling on the pounds.76. The new machine is designed .A. to picture the body’s hidden fatB. to identify those at risk for obesityC. to help clinically treat specific casesD. to measure accurately risky obesity-related effects77. The beauty of the device, according to Tapp, is that .A. it performs a dual functionB. it is of great accuracy in measurementC. it has significant implications in clinical practiceD. it contributes to the evolution of human anatomy78.Which of the following, according to the passage, does the machine have the potential tospareA. A minuscule current.B. A radioactive tracer.C. A water tank.D. All of the above.79.In comparison with the techniques mentioned in the passage, the body fat scanner .A. quickens the pace of the patient’s rehabilitationB. is highly appreciated for its safetyC. features its measuring precisionD. is easy to operate in the clinic80.For scanning, all the subject has to do is .A. take up a form of workout in the gymB. turn round the body fat scannerC. lie on the electromagnetic fieldD. sand in the systemPassage FiveThere is currently abroad a new wave of appreciation for breadth of knowledge. Curricula at universalities and colleges and programs in federal agencies extol(赞扬) the virtues of a broad education. For scientists who work in specialized jobs, it is a pleasure to escape in our spare timeto read broadly in fields distant from our own. Some of us have made interdisciplinary study our occupation, which is no surprise, because much of the intellectual action in our society today liesat the interfaces between traditional disciplines. Environmental science is a good example, because it frequently requires us to be conversant in several different sciences and even some unscientific fields.Experiencing this breadth of knowledge is stimulating, but so is delving deeply into a subject. Both are wonderful experiences that are complementary practical and aesthetic(美学的)ways. They are like viewing the marvelous sculpture of knowledge in two different ways. Look at the sculpture from one perspective and you see the piece in its entirety, how its components connect to give it form, balance, and symmetry. From another viewpoint you see its detail, depth, and mass. There is no need to choose between these two perspectives in art. To do so would subtract fromthe totality of the figure.So it is with science. Sometimes we gaze through a subject and are reluctant to stop for too much detail. As chemists, we are fascinated by computer sciences or molecular genetics, but not enough to become an expert. Or we may be interested in an analytical technique but not enough to stay at its cutting edge. At other times, we become immersed in the detail of a subject and see its beauty in an entirely different way than when we browse. It is as if we penetrate the surface of the sculpture and pass through the crystal structure to the molecular level where the code for the entire structure is revealed.Unfortunately, in our zeal for breadth or depth, we often feel that it is necessary to diminishthe value of the other. Specialists are sometimes ridiculed with names such as “nerd”or “technocrats”, generalists are often criticized for being too “soft” or knowing too little about any one thing. Both are ludicrous(可笑的) accusations that deny a part of the reality of。
医学博士试题
医学博士试题一、单选题1.以下哪种细胞不属于白细胞？A. 中性粒细胞B. 淋巴细胞C. 单核细胞D. 红细胞2.下列哪种疾病不属于传染病？A. 流感B. 肺结核C. 乙型肝炎D. 高血压3.下面哪个器官是唾液腺的一部分？A. 肺B. 肝C. 胃D. 舌4.碳水化合物在人体中的主要作用是？A. 提供能量B. 加强免疫力C. 组织修复D. 增强肌肉力量5.以下哪种维生素是脂溶性维生素？A. 维生素CB. 维生素B12C. 维生素DD. 维生素B6二、多选题6.下列哪项不属于人体的基本感官？A. 视觉B. 听觉C. 嗅觉D. 平衡感觉7.下列哪些不属于常见的心脏病症状？B. 恶心C. 呼吸困难D. 胸痛8.下列哪些不属于免疫系统的组成部分？A. 脾脏B. 肝脏C. 淋巴结D. 骨髓9.以下哪些食物属于高脂肪食物？A. 橙子B. 鳕鱼C. 红肉D. 蔬菜沙拉10.以下哪些器官属于消化系统？A. 肝B. 肾D. 心脏三、判断题11.糖尿病是一种传染病。
A. 对B. 错12.白血病是一种肿瘤性疾病。
A. 对B. 错13.人体内最大的无名静脉是大隐静脉。
A. 对B. 错14.血液中缺乏血小板会导致出血倾向。
A. 对B. 错15.哮喘是一种呼吸系统疾病。
A. 对四、问答题16.请简述免疫系统的功能及主要组成部分。
17.简述心脏的结构和功能。
18.解释细胞呼吸的过程。
19.什么是高血压？它可能导致什么后果？20.简要介绍人体中的消化过程。
答案：一、单选题1. D2. D3. D4. A5. C二、多选题6. D7. B8. B10. A, C三、判断题11. B12. A13. A14. A15. A四、问答题16. 免疫系统负责保护人体免受外部病原体的侵害，并维持内环境的稳定。
主要组成部分包括脾脏、淋巴结、骨髓和腺体等。
17. 心脏是位于胸腔中的肌肉器官，主要功能是泵血循环。
它由四个心腔组成：左右心房和左右心室。
完整word版首医考博试题
完整word版首医考博试题Word版首医考博试题一、单选题1. 下列哪项为氨基酸中的无极性疏水氨基酸？A. 谷氨酸B. 赖氨酸C. 苏氨酸D. 番氨酸2. 以下哪个器官是人体最大的内分泌腺？A. 甲状腺B. 肾上腺C. 胰腺D. 垂体3. 下列哪种物质可以通过胎盘屏障进入胎儿循环系统？A. 红细胞B. 白细胞C. 蛋白质D. 脂肪酸4. 高浓度的胆汁会导致下列哪种胆结石最易形成？A. 胆盐结石B. 胆固醇结石C. 黑色素结石D. 铁结石5. 下列哪种白细胞在炎症反应中首先出现？A. 嗜好性粒细胞B. 巨噬细胞C. 嗜酸性粒细胞D. 中性粒细胞二、多选题1. 下列哪些物质能穿过血脑屏障？A. 葡萄糖B. 氯化钠C. 氨基酸D. 氯化铵2. 下列哪些形成过程中与凝血无关？A. 纵隔静脉血栓形成B. 动脉粥样硬化斑块形成C. 静脉曲张形成D. 血小板聚集形成血栓3. 以下哪些细胞可以分泌胃酸？A. 表皮细胞B. 刺激细胞C. 壁细胞D. G细胞4. 下列哪些是调节体温的主要因素？A. 室内温度B. 外界温度C. 代谢热D. 神经调节5. 以下哪些物质由肾脏排泄？A. 毒物B. 代谢产物C. 水分D. 药物三、判断题1. 生活垃圾属于医疗废物。
（）2. 人体的胆固醇主要通过肝脏代谢清除。
（）3. 淋巴系统的主要功能是输送乳汁。
（）4. 低钠血症可导致细胞溶解。
（）5. 静脉曲张是静脉瓣功能障碍导致的。
（）四、简答题1. 请解释生物体的稳态。
生物体的稳态是指在变化的外界条件下，通过内部调节机制使得生物体的内部环境保持相对稳定的状态。
这种稳态使得生物体能够适应外界环境的变化，并保持其正常生理功能的进行。
2. 请解释血液凝固过程中的内外路线。
血液凝固过程中的内外路线是指在不同的刺激下，血液凝结的两条途径。
内路线是由血液内部因子直接参与的凝血过程，外路线是由血管损伤刺激引起的凝血过程。
3. 请解释代谢性酸中毒和呼吸性酸中毒的区别。
医博士考试试题及答案
医博士考试试题及答案一、单项选择题（每题2分，共20分）1. 下列哪项不是细胞膜的基本结构特点？A. 流动性B. 选择性通透性C. 稳定性D. 均质性答案：D2. 人体最大的器官是什么？A. 心脏B. 肝脏C. 皮肤D. 肺答案：C3. 在遗传学中，等位基因是指：A. 同一基因座上的不同形式的基因B. 位于不同染色体上的相同基因C. 位于相同染色体上的相同基因D. 位于不同染色体上的不同基因答案：A4. 下列哪项不是高血压的常见并发症？A. 心脏病C. 中风D. 贫血答案：D5. 人体中负责合成血红蛋白的器官是：A. 肝脏B. 骨髓C. 肾脏D. 脾脏答案：B6. 下列哪种维生素是水溶性的？A. 维生素AB. 维生素DC. 维生素ED. 维生素C答案：D7. 哪种类型的细胞死亡是程序化细胞死亡，对生物体有益？A. 坏死B. 凋亡C. 自噬D. 裂解答案：B8. 下列哪项是糖尿病的主要诊断标准？B. 多饮C. 空腹血糖水平D. 随机血糖水平答案：C9. 下列哪种疾病是由人类免疫缺陷病毒（HIV）引起的？A. 乙肝B. 艾滋病C. 麻疹D. 流感答案：B10. 在人体中，哪种类型的细胞负责识别和攻击外来病原体？A. 红细胞B. 白细胞C. 血小板D. 淋巴细胞答案：D二、多项选择题（每题3分，共15分）11. 下列哪些因素可以影响药物的药效？A. 药物剂量B. 给药途径C. 患者的年龄D. 患者的性别答案：A, B, C12. 在医学上，哪些属于一级预防措施？A. 健康教育B. 定期体检C. 疫苗接种D. 高危人群筛查答案：A, B, C13. 下列哪些是心脏骤停的临床表现？A. 意识丧失B. 无自主呼吸C. 脉搏消失D. 血压下降答案：A, B, C14. 下列哪些是糖尿病的常见症状？A. 多尿B. 多饮C. 体重增加D. 多食答案：A, B, D15. 在医学研究中，哪些属于观察性研究方法？A. 队列研究B. 病例对照研究C. 实验研究D. 横断面研究答案：A, B, D三、简答题（每题5分，共20分）16. 简述心脏的四个腔室及其主要功能。
博士外科试题及答案
博士外科试题及答案一、单项选择题（每题2分，共10分）1. 以下哪个选项不是开放性伤口的特点？A. 伤口边缘不整齐B. 伤口内组织损伤严重C. 伤口表面有异物D. 伤口边缘整齐答案：D2. 以下哪个选项是腹腔镜手术的主要优点？A. 手术创伤小B. 手术费用低C. 术后恢复慢D. 术中视野狭窄答案：A3. 以下哪个选项不是腹部外伤的常见症状？A. 腹痛B. 呕吐C. 腹泻D. 腹部压痛答案：C4. 以下哪个选项是阑尾炎的典型临床表现？A. 右下腹痛B. 左下腹痛C. 右上腹痛D. 左上腹痛答案：A5. 以下哪个选项是甲状腺癌的常见症状？A. 甲状腺肿大B. 甲状腺结节C. 甲状腺功能亢进D. 甲状腺功能减退答案：B二、多项选择题（每题3分，共15分）1. 以下哪些是肠梗阻的常见原因？A. 肠套叠B. 肠扭转C. 肠粘连D. 肠壁肿瘤答案：ABCD2. 以下哪些是胆囊结石的常见症状？A. 右上腹痛B. 黄疸C. 恶心呕吐D. 右下腹痛答案：ABC3. 以下哪些是胃癌的高危因素？A. 长期不良饮食习惯B. 幽门螺杆菌感染C. 家族遗传史D. 长期吸烟答案：ABCD4. 以下哪些是颅内压增高的常见症状？A. 头痛B. 呕吐C. 视力下降D. 意识障碍答案：ABD5. 以下哪些是乳腺炎的常见症状？A. 乳房红肿B. 乳房肿块C. 乳房疼痛D. 乳房溢液答案：AC三、简答题（每题5分，共20分）1. 简述急性阑尾炎的典型临床表现。
答案：急性阑尾炎的典型临床表现包括右下腹疼痛、恶心呕吐、发热和腹部压痛。
2. 描述一下甲状腺癌的诊断方法。
答案：甲状腺癌的诊断方法包括临床检查、超声检查、细针穿刺活检和血清甲状腺功能检测。
3. 简述肠梗阻的常见治疗方法。
答案：肠梗阻的常见治疗方法包括保守治疗（如禁食、胃肠减压、补液等）和手术治疗（如肠粘连松解术、肠切除术等）。
4. 描述一下颅内压增高的急救措施。
答案：颅内压增高的急救措施包括保持呼吸道通畅、降低颅内压（如使用甘露醇）、维持血压稳定和及时转送医院。
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2014年协和医学院考博病理生理部分回忆考题名词解释3*10氧自由基、应激、SIRS、心肌顿抑、高输出量心力衰竭、充血性心力衰竭、填空题2*101.剧烈呕吐引起酸碱失衡是什么，发生原因、、、。
2.新生儿黄疸机制、。
3.休克的分类、、。
判断题1*10论述题5*101. 左心衰引起呼吸困难的形式及发生机制。
2. 心力衰竭时细胞传导机制。
3.剧烈运动时氧解离曲线的改变及其机制；4. 呼吸性酸中毒的定义、病因及其为什么更容易引起中枢性紊乱。
5. 休克的治疗原则及其病理生理基础。
泌尿外科--协和2014考博完整回忆版总分150分名词解释5个15分单选题20个30分多选题5个10分填空题8题20空20分简答题5题75分一、名词解释1、尿频2、血尿3、PCNL4、Cushing syndrome5、肾自截二、单选题1、骑跨伤尿道损伤最常见的部位2、阴囊尿外渗的尿道损伤部位3、原醛症的特点4、精原细胞瘤的术后辅助治疗5、CKF的病因6、输尿管囊肿的特点7、AKF原因中最常见的外伤：挤压伤？8、BPH最早出现的症状9、输尿管损伤特点10、肾积水病例，IVU不显影，下一步检查首选？11、睾丸肿瘤淋巴转移的途径12、肾癌分期，大于10cm，局限于肾13、尿路结石最常见14、病例：泌尿系感染，普通抗炎无效，影像学肾实质斑片样改变，诊断？15、ESWL禁忌症16、BPH，急性尿潴留，残余尿300ml，Cr 530，处理？17、嗜铬细胞瘤表现18、结石好发部位19、ESWL最短间隔20、放疗效果最好的泌尿生殖系肿瘤三、多选题1、泌尿系肿瘤容易发生骨转移的是？2、肾癌的副肿瘤综合症，精索静脉曲张？3、肾损伤，但无血尿，需考虑？4、男性生殖系统结核好发于？5、肾下垂可合并？四、填空题1、下尿路梗阻在老年人常见--，男童常见—2、--结石X不显影，--结石常为遗传性疾病3、阴茎肿瘤淋巴转移多见于—4、肾积水成年人大于—ml，儿童大于—ml，称为巨大肾积水5、肾蒂肾盂动静脉的前后排列--，--，--。
6、BPH的病理改变包括--，--，--的增生7、膀胱癌淋巴结早期转移多见于8、膀胱癌根治性切除T—N0-xM0，其他指证还包括--，--，--，--。
五、论述题1、肾囊肿的诊断和鉴别诊断2、肾上腺肿瘤分类3、肾癌根治术及进展4、前列腺癌的TNM分期5、肾结石的研究进展2014协和病理学真题回忆完整版一、名词解释（40分）1、转移性钙化2、Ebolism3、蜂窝织炎4、Pancoast综合征——肺尖肿瘤综合征，是指因肺尖部的肿瘤浸润、压迫而引起的上肢顽固性疼痛和同侧Horner综合征的一组病征5、CIN6、Borderline tumor7、Oncogene8、桥接坏死二、单选（30分）三、简答（40分）1、列举良性肿瘤和恶性肿瘤的区别2、慢性消化性溃疡的病因、组织学特点、结局3、肾癌的主要分型及其分子生物学特点和病理学特点4、血栓的形成机制、形态特点、结局及对机体影响四、论述（40分）1、阴道不规则出血5月，卵巢直径3cm肿物。
问：子宫内膜可能的病变、卵巢肿物可能的病变、卵巢肿瘤的组织学分型并举例说明每一分型的病理学特点2、高血压20余年，乏力不能上三楼，病理性赘述，视物不清。
问：病人的诊断、分期、发病因素、受累器官的病理学特点南京医科大学2014年博士入学考试病生试题全是大题，六条简答题，两条问答题一．简答题1. 简述水平衡失衡的时候为什么肾小管重吸收钠水增多2. 缺血再灌注时为什么自由基增多3. 胰岛素信号传导通路？简述继发性胰岛素抵抗原因4. 氰化钾中毒缺氧类型，简述血氧特点和缺氧过程5. 肾性骨营养不良的机制6. 什么是呼吸衰竭，试述肺弥散功能障碍和血氧情况二．问答题1. 大量使用呋塞米时导致什么类型的钾离子代谢异常，简述对肌肉和肾代谢影响2. 简述高血压心脏病和肺源性心脏病引起的心衰的功能代谢方面的异常2014南京医科大学博士专业基础课生物化学与分子生物学真题生物化学与分子生物学专业基础课简答10分*6个1，蛋白质具有哪些理化性质？试举一例说明其应用。
2，何谓同工酶，举例说明其在疾病诊断中的应用。
3，何谓呼吸链，请解释CO、氰化物中毒的机制。
4，何谓非编码RNA，简述其分类和功能。
5，何谓基因诊断和基因治疗，简述其基本策略。
6，结合胆红素代谢简述黄疸的分类及产生机制。
论述2*20分：1，请阐述肝功能严重受损后哪些物质代谢途径受到影响，并解释其机理。
2，结合信号转导通路解释胰岛素调节血糖的机制。
2014年哈尔滨医科大学考博真题回忆分生一、名词解释1、蛋白质的三级结构；2、锌指结构；3、hnRNA；4、反式作用因子；5、断裂基因；6、信号序列；7、基因表达调控；8、miRNA；9、同源重组；10、蛋白质芯片；二、简答题1、简述蛋白质组学研究的范围；2、请问DNA复制的基本规律有哪些？3、试问能催化3’ 5’磷酸二酯键生成的酶有哪些？4、写出下列几组核酸序列的名称①5’ GU…AG-OH3’②…AUG…UAA… ③…TATAAT…④…AAUAAA… ⑤…AGGAGG…5、何谓增强子？增强子作用的特点有哪些？6、试问miRNA 和SiRNA有哪些共同点？7、什么是基因组文库？如何制备基因组文库？8、简述Real-timePCR的基本原理三、论述题1、写出乳糖操纵子的结构并试述乳糖单独存在和葡萄糖、乳糖共存两种情况下乳糖操作子基因表达的调节过程。
2、酵母双杂交技术的用途3、基因工程中常用的载体有哪些种类？比较克隆载体和表达载体有哪些不通过之处。
神经病学专业考题：一、名词解释2*10体像障碍失认总体反射临床孤立综合征POEMS雷诺病轻度认知障碍Meige综合征低颅压性头痛脑血管储备发挥作用途径二、简答10*21、神经肌肉接头疾病发病机制？重症肌无力药物作用途径?2、可逆性后部白质脑病综合征的临床表现及影像学特点三、论述20*31、痫性发作与晕厥的鉴别2、什么叫关键部位梗死性痴呆（SID）？哪些血管供应区（包括部位）可导致SID？3、隐源性卒中的原因和检测手段有哪些？促进右向左分流的生活行为是什么？生理真题一、名词解释：1.继发性主动转运2.血细胞比容3.射血分数4.用力肺活量5.容受性舒张6.肾小球滤过率7.食物的特殊动力作用8.神经分泌9.排卵10.晕厥二.简答动作电位的特点，生理性止血的过程，心肌兴奋性的影响因素，动脉血压产生的条件，小脑的分区和功能，消化期胃液的特点，缺碘为什么会引起甲状腺肿大，人体生理功能的调节方式，视近物时眼睛的调节论述：神经肌接头处兴奋传递的过程，心室肌动作电位分期及离子基础，EPSP与IPSP的差异，肺表面活性物质的作用，饮水1000ml与饮生理盐水100ml对尿量的影响及原因，小肠的运动方式及其意义应用：1.胰岛素不足的糖尿病患者，为什么产生尿多，多饮，多食，体重下降？2.Pco2升高，H离子，Po2对呼吸有什么影响及影响机制上海同济大学病理生理学2014年考博试题一、名词解释（每题2分）1. 低渗性脱水2. 应激3. 氧反常4. 过热5. 肝功能不全6. 呼吸性酸中毒7. 休克的“自身输血”8. 细胞凋亡、9. 尿毒症10. 心肌肥大二、选择题（50分）A型题30题，30分，K型题20题20分三、问答题（第1、2题各7分，第3、4题各8分）1. 呼吸衰竭的基本发病机制2. 假性神经递质有哪些？如何引起脑病3. 休克（非心源性）晚期引起心功能障碍的机制？4. 病例分析题，主要是全心衰，问①心力衰竭的定义②主要有哪些病理生理变化，简要说明其机制广州医科大学2014年招收博士研究生入学考试《解剖学》试卷（试卷总分：100分，考试对闰：150分钟）一、简答题（共8题，每题5分夕1、何谓精索？如何构戎？2、简述膝关节的组成、结构特点？各有何功能？3、简述胃的供应动咏及来源、胃大部分切除的血管标志4、简述椎管的构成及内容物。
5、何谓侧隐窝？有何临床意义？6、简述食管胸段的毗邻关系？7、简述肾筋膜的结构待点及其临床意义8、腹膜形成的结构有哪些？二、论述题（共6题，每题10分）1、试述直肠的位置、砒邻及淋巴回流2、试述胸膜的体表投影。
3、试述男性尿道破裂的常见位置及尿液外渗情况4、试述十二指肠的分部及各部毗邻关系5、试述椎间盘的构成及生理功能，颈椎间盘脱出可能出现什么症状？为什么？6、试述脊髓第5胸节半横断损伤后的临床表现及其原因病理生理试卷简答题1、肝性脑病的诱因及其机制。
2、代谢性酸中毒的病因。
3、什么是SIRS？SIRS时肺为何最易受损？论述题1、休克时ARDS，出现什么样的呼吸功能障碍？机制是什么？2、高血压引起心功能不全的神经-体液调节机制。
3、慢性肾衰竭时内分泌功能异常的表现及对机体影响，机制是什么。
4、休克早期及休克期微循环及机体影响异常。
5、低钾血症病因及机体影响。
2014年中南大学湘雅二医院妇产科考博试题1.FSH的生理作用2.DM患者可否妊娠的指标及妊娠期血糖控制满意的标准。
3.PTTS的主要诊断依据及Quintero分期4.胎儿染色体疾病的高危因素5.我国青少年子宫内膜异位症的临床特点6.妊娠合并宫颈癌的处理7.何为BV？简述BV的Amsel诊断标准8.简述CC促排卵治疗的原理9.卵巢储备功能检测方式及影响因素10.宫腔镜的禁忌症有哪些？山东大学2014年心血管内科考博试题一、名词解释（5*4分）1、PWV2、再灌注心律失常3、CRT-P4、主动脉瓣狭窄三联征5、rescue PCI二、简述题（5*12分）1、2010年急性ST段抬高性心肌梗死溶栓治疗禁忌症2、房间隔缺损的介入治疗的适应症和禁忌症3、2009年欧洲原发性高血压的联合降压治疗优化方案4、慢性心衰中心室再同步化治疗的适应症5、华法林的用药，检测和调整方案三、论述题（20分）急性心肌梗死在全球统一定义中的分型。