写作教程第2版课件u2

Linking Devices
• Read the sample and complete the outline according to the organization of the paragraph: • Topic sentence: Some historians mark the course of the American Revolutionary War in three major periods.
• Complete the partial outline according to the organization of paragraph B: • Topic sentence: Jack should not have taken the gymnastics course. • Supporting details: • 1. In September, he fell off the uneven bars and got a concussion. • 2. A month later, he sprained his ankle, after a bad landing off the balance beam.
• Supporting ideas: • 1. During the first phase of the conflict, New England was the battleground. • 1) The minutemen and the Redcoats fired the opening shots of the war at Lexington at dawn of April 19, 1775. • 2) Shortly afterwards, the New England colonists laid siege to Boston, the location of the British headquarters.
Part II Development by time
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Ordering information by time is especially useful in explaining a process, writing about historical events, or telling a story.
Organizational Structure
• Questions • 2. Which paragraph is more effective? Why? • Paragraph B. It is easier for the reader to follow. All the details in Paragraph B that illustrate the topic sentence follow a strict time order while those in Paragraph A do not.
• Question: • How does the paragraph achieve coherence? • The paragraph follows the time order and uses many time indicators to make it easy for the reader to follow.
• 3. The fighting moved to the west and south during the last phase. • 1) 百度文库n 1778 and 1779 several battles occurred in Kentucky and Tennessee. • 2) Then two years later, the final battle of the war was fought at Yorktown, Virginia.
• 3. During the December holidays, he broke the support beam in the basement of his parents’ home, showing them his skills. • 4. In January, he broke his thumb when he caught it on the bar of the pommel horse. • 5. In February, he failed the final exam in his gymnastics course. • 6. In May, he failed to graduate due to the lack of two hours of physical education credit.
• In the fall of 1776 • A year later • Meanwhile • Last • In 1778 and 1779 • Then two years later • At that time
• Some expressions that are commonly used to indicate time order. • After, before, then, afterwards, later, soon, once, now, first (second, third, etc.) last, finally, eventually, next, meanwhile, after a while, when, during, at last, immediately, while, a short time later, suddenly, as soon as, in the past, … ago, in the morning (afternoon, evening)
• work in groups and underline the time-indicators in the paragraph • First • At dawn of April, 1775 • Shortly afterwards • Several months before • Second • After
• 2. In the second phase of the war, which began after the signing of the Declaration, both the British and the Americans made important military gains. • 1) The British soldiers captured New York in the fall of 1776, and a year later they occupied Philadelphia. • 2) Meanwhile the Americans were able to seize New Jersey and Saratoga.
How to write paragraphs in time order.
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Organizational Structure
• Questions • 1. What is the topic sentence shared by the two paragraphs? • Jack should not have taken the gymnastics course.
English Writing II
Unit 2 Events
• Focus of this unit: the features and organizational patterns of paragraphs developed by time and the use of relevant linking devices.