英语知识树 语法

My mother and I often go shopping.
简单句
The Simple Sentence 由一个主语（或并列主语） 和一个谓语（或并列谓语）
构成的句子。
Types of Sentences
并列句
The Compound Sentence 由并列连词（and, so, but, or 等）把两个 或两个以上的简单句
Beijing is not very cold in winter.
He is playing soccer.
We were at home last night.
表语
The Predicative 说明主语“是什么”或“怎么样”， 由名词、形容词或相当于名词或形容词
的词或短语等充当，和系动词 一起构成谓语。
动名词 （Gerund) “ V.ing + …”
(宾语) Do you enjoy living in China?
Non-restrictive verbs
非 谓 语 动 词
分词 (Present Participle）现在分词
(Past Participle) 过去分词
（表语）1 They were all surprised to hear the news. （定语）2 The lost time can never be found again.
（状语）1.They walked into the room, talking and laughing.
（宾补）2 Sorry to keep you waiting long. （定语）3 China is a fast developing country.
（表语）
Your task is cleaning the window.
宾语 I really like to watch football matches.
表语 My job is to feed the animals on the farm.
状语
He’s come to borrow your pen .
宾补
I often hear the girl sing in the next room.
某些及物动词的宾语后面还需要有一个补足语，
意思才完整，宾语和它的补足语构成复合宾语。宾语
通常由名词或代词充当，宾语补足语用来表示宾语所发出的
动作或身份、特征等，名词、形容词、介词短语、
பைடு நூலகம்
Peel three bananas.
动词不定式等都可作宾补。
What’s your name? Are you ready?
The train had left when I got there. We had lived here for five years before
you came to Beijing.
从过去某一动作或时间看来计划或打算 做某事或将要发生的动作或状态
He said that he would come to see me soon.
连在一起而构成的句子。
Some students walk or ride bikes to school.
句 子 的 类 型
School starts at eight, so I get up at six thirty.
Ed has a great sports collection, but he doesn’t Play sports.
用来代替名词、 形容词或数词。
代词 Pronoun (pron.)
we, that, his, what
名词 Noun (n.)
词 类
表示人或事物的
（
名称。
boy, pencil, book,
十
backpack
种
）
形容词 Adjective (adj.)
冠词 Article (art.)
用于修饰名词，表 示人或事物的特征。
主 从 复 合 句
()
.
引导定语从句指时间、地点和 原因的关联词有关系副词有
when, where, why 等。 I’ll remember the house where I was born for ever.
到某一过去时间或动作之前已完成的动作或存在状态 从过去某一时间持续到过去另一时间的动作或状态
句
的
主谓宾结构
五 种 基
第2种 S+V+O
本 句
I like bananas.
型
Types of Simple Sentences
Mozart started writing music when he was four years old.
I think Screen City has the most comfortable seats
宾语
The Object 表示动作、行为的对象，由名词、代词
或相当于名词的词或短语等充当， 和及物动词一起说明主语 “做什么”。
Can I ask some questions?
主语 The Subject 表示句子所说的是“什么人” 或“什么事物”，一般由名词、 代词或相当于名词的词或 短语充当。
People who are too stressed out and angry may
have too much yang.
I get up at six in the morning.
复合句
The Complex Sentence 由一个主句和一个或
一个以上的从句构成的句子。
She doesn’t like science, and she thinks it’s boring.
(3) 由连接代词或副词引导。 I didn’t know who the man was Thomas wants to know
where Nina lives.
状语从句
(The adverbial clause) 修饰主句的动词、形容词或 副词等的从句。根据它表达的 意思可分为时间、原因、条件、
in Junior High School
had + been + P.P.
They had learnt ten English songs by the end of last week.(主动）
数词 Numeral (num.)
感叹词 Interjection (interj.)
介词 Preposition (prep.)
动词 Verb (v.)
in, on, of, to, under 表示名词、代词等和 句中其它词的关系。
表示动作或状态
watch, go can,be(am/is/are..)
（2） 由连词whether 或if 引导（口语中常用if) She asked me whether/if
she could borrow
these books..
宾语从句
(The object clause)
宾语从句在复合句中作主句 的宾语。
Complex Sentences
定语从句
(The attributive clause) 在复合句中，修饰某一名词
from the east.
8 Tenses
初 中 英 语 八 大 时 态
一般过去时
过去发生的动作或存在的状态
He wrote a letter last night. We were at home yesterday.
现在进行时
目前正在发生的动作或存 在的状态
What are you doing now? I am learning English.
计划或打算做某事 将要发生的动作或存在的状态
They will go to Beijing tomorrow. It is going to rain soon.
一般将来时
目前存在的状态； 经常性、习惯性的动作
自然现象
一般现在时
I am a student. He gets up at six every day. The sun rises
用来连接词与词、短 语与短语或句与句。
and, or, but
表示说话时的喜悦、 惊讶等感情。
oh, hello, hi
修饰动词、形容词 或其它副词 not, too,
here, often
表示数量或顺序
one, thirteen, first
连词 Conjunction (conj.)
副词 Adverb (adv.)
old, red, fine, good
a (an), the
用在名词前帮助说明 名词所指的人或事物。
Parts of Speech
He helps kids to learn to read.
宾语补足语 The Object Complement
I’m sorry to keep you waiting for long.
（宾补）3 He found himself lost in the forest. （状语）4 United, we stand; divided, we fall.
If you travel in India, you can use English everywhere.
Li Lei swims better than Jim (does).
定语
The Attribute 用来修饰名词或代词。作定语的 除形容词外，还有代词、数词、 名词、介词短语或相当于形容词
的词或短语等。
状语
The Adverbial 用来修饰动词、形容词或副词，一般表示 行为发生的时间、地点、目的、方式、程度
等意义，通常由副词、介词短语或 相当于副词的词或短语等 来充当。
主语 To learn an art is very hard. (It’s very hard to learn an art.)
(主语) Reading in bed is bad for your eyes
动词不定式 (The infinitive) “to + verb (+….)”
定语 Would you like something to drink?
He was so weak that he couldn’t walk on.
I didn’t go surfing, because it was too cold.
He sat in the dark so that he couldn’t be seen.
She could read by herself when she was four years old.
过去某一时刻或阶段正在发生 的动作、所做的事情
Tom was doing homework that time. They were building a road those days.
过去完成时
过去将来时
过去进行时
现在完成时
We have already seen the film before. How long has he learned English?
比较、结果、目的和让步 等类型。
Although the traffic was heavy, We got to the railway station on time.
引导定语从句指人的 关联词有关系代词 who、 whom、whose、that 等。 I know the man who/that is standing at the gate.
She often goes to the movies.
谓语
The Predicate
说明主语“做什么”、“是什么”
或者“怎么样”。谓语（谓语部分
里主要的词）用动词。谓语和主语
在“人称”和“数”两方面
必须一致。
常
用 句
He has a toothache. We are learning math.
子
成 分
Members of Sentences
主谓宾宾补结构
主系表结构
第5种 S+V+O+OC
主谓间宾直宾结构
第3种 S+V+P
第4 种 S + V + IN O+ D O
They are students.
主谓结构 第1种 S+V
We exercise.
简
单
She gave me a pen.
或代词，用作定语的从 叫做定语从句
引导定语从句指物的 关联词有关系代词有
that, which等。 She copies everything
which/that I do.
(1) 由that引导 （在口语和非正式文体中常省略）
I don’t think (that) differences are important in a friendship.