Dyspnea呼吸困难PPT课件
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Reduction in ventilatory capacity, hypercapnia(二氧化碳潴留) and hypoxemia(低氧血症) resulting from respiratory disease.
Three clinical types: inspiratory dyspnea, expiratory dyspnea, mixed dyspnea.
Accompanied by a coarse, low pitched inspiratory wheezing and dry cough.
Stenosis and obstruction of larynx, trachea, and bronchi
9
Expiratory dyspnea
1
ຫໍສະໝຸດ Baidu
How to describe these sensations
Cannot get enough air Air does not go all the way down Smothering feeling in the chest Tightness in the chest Fatigue in the chest
Clinical characteristics: expiration is prolonged and laboured with wheezing.
Cause: the decrease of lung elasticity and spasm narrowing of the bronchioles and smaller bronchi.
Definition
Dyspnea is defined as an awareness of difficulty in breathing.
Most patients suffer from actual difficulty, some patients just taste an awareness of hyperventilation(换气过度).
11
Cardiac dyspnea
Cardiac dyspnea is usually attributable to pulmonary vascular congestion resulting from the left and/or right heart failure.
Dyspnea is the primary symptom of left heart failure.
Familiar diseases: emphysema(肺气肿), bronchial asthma(支气管哮喘) and chronic asthmatic bronchitis(喘慢支).
10
Mixed dyspnea
Clinical characteristics: breathing is difficult during both inspiration and expiration. Respiratory frequency increase and respiration superficial.
Mechanism: Lung congestion decrease gas dispersion Alveoli are stiff and more work is needed to
overcome elastic recoil The high alveolar pressure stimulate stretch
4
Normal person may experience the physiologic dyspnea during heavy exercise
Environment short of oxygen
5
6
7
Respiratory dyspnea
Respiratory dyspnea is caused by abnormal ventilation and gas exchange.
12
13
Left heart failure
Basal diseases: Coronary heart disease Hypertensive heart disease Rheumatic heart disease Congenital heart disease
14
Left heart failure
Cause: decrease of ventilators and gas exchange capacity
Familiar diseases: severe pneumonia(肺炎), pulmonary fibrosis(肺纤维化), massive atelectasis(大片肺不张) etc
Respiratory disease Cardic disease Toxic Nero-Psychogenic Haematological disease Increase of abdominal pressure (massive
ascites(腹水), pregnancy(怀孕) etc)
2
Definition
Dilatation of nares(鼻翼扇动), cyanosis(紫绀), use of accessory muscles of respiration
Abnormalities of respiratory rate,depth or rhythm
3
Etiology
8
Inspiratory dyspnea
Clinical characteristics: visible indrawing over the sternal notch, the supraclavicular spaces, the intercostal spaces and the epigastrium in the inspiration(三凹症).
Three clinical types: inspiratory dyspnea, expiratory dyspnea, mixed dyspnea.
Accompanied by a coarse, low pitched inspiratory wheezing and dry cough.
Stenosis and obstruction of larynx, trachea, and bronchi
9
Expiratory dyspnea
1
ຫໍສະໝຸດ Baidu
How to describe these sensations
Cannot get enough air Air does not go all the way down Smothering feeling in the chest Tightness in the chest Fatigue in the chest
Clinical characteristics: expiration is prolonged and laboured with wheezing.
Cause: the decrease of lung elasticity and spasm narrowing of the bronchioles and smaller bronchi.
Definition
Dyspnea is defined as an awareness of difficulty in breathing.
Most patients suffer from actual difficulty, some patients just taste an awareness of hyperventilation(换气过度).
11
Cardiac dyspnea
Cardiac dyspnea is usually attributable to pulmonary vascular congestion resulting from the left and/or right heart failure.
Dyspnea is the primary symptom of left heart failure.
Familiar diseases: emphysema(肺气肿), bronchial asthma(支气管哮喘) and chronic asthmatic bronchitis(喘慢支).
10
Mixed dyspnea
Clinical characteristics: breathing is difficult during both inspiration and expiration. Respiratory frequency increase and respiration superficial.
Mechanism: Lung congestion decrease gas dispersion Alveoli are stiff and more work is needed to
overcome elastic recoil The high alveolar pressure stimulate stretch
4
Normal person may experience the physiologic dyspnea during heavy exercise
Environment short of oxygen
5
6
7
Respiratory dyspnea
Respiratory dyspnea is caused by abnormal ventilation and gas exchange.
12
13
Left heart failure
Basal diseases: Coronary heart disease Hypertensive heart disease Rheumatic heart disease Congenital heart disease
14
Left heart failure
Cause: decrease of ventilators and gas exchange capacity
Familiar diseases: severe pneumonia(肺炎), pulmonary fibrosis(肺纤维化), massive atelectasis(大片肺不张) etc
Respiratory disease Cardic disease Toxic Nero-Psychogenic Haematological disease Increase of abdominal pressure (massive
ascites(腹水), pregnancy(怀孕) etc)
2
Definition
Dilatation of nares(鼻翼扇动), cyanosis(紫绀), use of accessory muscles of respiration
Abnormalities of respiratory rate,depth or rhythm
3
Etiology
8
Inspiratory dyspnea
Clinical characteristics: visible indrawing over the sternal notch, the supraclavicular spaces, the intercostal spaces and the epigastrium in the inspiration(三凹症).