英语中最难的语法：倒装虚拟、混合虚拟、含蓄虚拟与跳层虚拟的用法

虚拟语气是一项语法难点，为了让学员们便于理解与记忆，我们把虚拟语气分成三大块来讨论：
1．名词从句中的虚拟语气 标志词+should+动词原形
2．条件从句中的虚拟语气 ①三种基本态 ②倒装虚拟句 ③混时虚拟句 ④含蓄虚拟句 ⑤跳层虚拟句
3．其它情形中的虚拟语气（wish/would rather/It’s high time…/If only…/lest）

一．三种基本形态（1）
表虚拟的时间 if从句谓语形式 主句谓语形式
现在： did / were would (should, might, could)+do
过去： had done/ had been would (should/might/could)+have done(been)
将来： were to/ should+do would (should, might, could)+do

三种基本形态（2）（这是基础，建议牢记下面的例句，争取能脱口而出）
与现在事实相反：If I had enough money, I would buy a book.
与过去事实相反：If I had had enough money, I would have bought a book.
与将来事实相反：If I were to have enough money, I would buy a book.
If I should have enough money, I would buy a book.

二、倒装虚拟句（只能与过去/将来事实相反，省去if，只有三种倒装形式）
Had I had enough money, I would have bought a book.
Were I to have enough money, I would buy a book.
Should I have enough money, I would buy a book.

三、混合时间虚拟语气（主要是抓住时间状语）
(对过去事实虚拟+对现在事实虚拟)
If I had studied English at school, I could read the English novel now.
(对现在事实虚拟+对过去事实虚拟)
If she were not so careless, she wouldn’t have made such a mistake.

四、含蓄虚拟句（在四级考试中目前还未出现此考点，但在阅读中常见）

3. 虚拟语气用在主语从句中。在句型“It is important (necessary, strange, natural等) that...” 中，that 后面的从句中的谓语动词用(should) + 动词原形。

It's necessary that we should have a walk now. 我们现在有必要出去散散步。

What would I have done without you?
But for their help, I would not have finished the task.
But that the doctor arrived on time that day, they would have been dead.
Given more time, I would have been able to finish the test.

五、跳层虚拟句（即句子一半为虚拟，另一半为陈述语气；but前句用虚拟而or/otherwise后句用虚拟） (but)
He would put on weight, but he doesn't eat much. (与现在事实相反)
He would have put on weight, but he didn't eat much. (与过去事实相反)
(or, or else, otherwise)
I forget where I read the article, or I would show it to you now. (与现在事实相反)
Mary couldn't have received my letter, otherwise she would have re

plied before now. (与过去事实相反)

六、名词从句虚拟语气
(1) ask, advise, beg, command, demand, decide, desire, insist, order, prefer, propose, require, recommend, request, suggest, urge等表示命令、要求、建议等含义的动词后的宾语从句中，谓语动词用(should)+动词原形, eg. I suggest / suggested that we (should) go tomorrow.名词从句虚拟语气
(2) It is +(形容词/过去分词/特定名词)+that的从句中，形容词主要是表示令人吃惊的、重要的、必要的、关键的等词汇。形容词：astonishing, amazing, advisable, appropriate, crucial, desirable, essential, important, imperative, keen, necessary, natural, normal, odd, proper, preferable, strange, sorry, shocked, surprising, urgent, unusual, vital等。名词从句虚拟语气
(3) 过去分词：decided, desired, demanded, ordered, requested, recommended, suggested等;名词：advice, decision, desire, demand, suggestion, motion, pray, resolution, wish, preference, proposal, recommendation, requirement, idea, order等

七、其它虚拟语气
Wish…
I wish I knew the answer.(与现在事实相反)
I wish I had known the answer. (与过去事实相反)
I wish you would shut up. (与将来事实相反)

If only…
If only I were taller. (与现在事实相反)
If only he had followed your advice! (与过去事实相反)
If only the rain would stop. (与将来事实相反)

It is (high/about) time…
It is time you thought about your future.

would rather…
I would rather you didn’t speak rudely to her. (与现在事实相反)
I’d rather you hadn’t spoken rudely to her. (与过去事实相反)

Lest…, in case…, for fear that…（引导的是目的状语从句，但可归入第六点(名词从句虚拟)，这是因它们答案特征相同，即 (should)+动词原形。eg.
He took his umbrella lest it should rain.

大学英语虚拟语气考题总结:答案的特征
1.(should)+动词原形(一般式/被动式/否定式)记住信号词（名词，动词，形容词，分词等）以及lest.
2. 一般过去时：wish/If only…/would rather/It’s time (high/about) that….
3.基本形式（主要考与过去和将来相反的虚拟语气）,特别注意时间状语(混合时间虚拟)
4.倒装的两个时间：与过去，与将来相反；三个形式(Had/Were/Should)提前大写，if省去；
5.but/or/or else/otherwise(跳层虚拟语气)
虚拟语气在四级考试中是一个必考的考点。其中，最常考的是它在宾语从句中的用法。一些表示主观判断、推测、建议、命令和要求的动词通常引起虚拟的宾语从句，此类动词后的宾语从句中采用should ＋do（其中 should可以省略）的虚拟语气形式。该类动词

包括：

（1）高中词汇：advise（劝告）、ask（要求）、decide（决定）、insist（坚持）、order（命令）、suggest（建议）等。

（2）四级常考词汇：command（命令）、demand（要求）、desire（渴望）、prefer（宁愿）、propose（提议）、recommend（劝告）、require（要求）等。

（3）其他词汇：consent（同意）、maintain（主张）、move（提议）、urge（极力主张）、vote（提议）等。

例句：I recommend that you be diligent if you want to pass the exam．如果你们想考试及格，我劝你们勤奋学习。

特别提示：在复习时，可以把相似用法归类记忆。当一个动词后面的宾语从句中应使用（should）＋do的虚拟语气形式时，则可推理出用法相同的以下一组从句（以动词advise为例）：

（1）I advise that we stay and wait here．（动词后的宾语从句）

（2）It is advised that we stay here．（It is ＋动词的过去分词＋that引导的主语从句）

（3）It is advisable that we stay here．（It is ＋由该动词派生的形容词＋that引导的主语从句）

（4）My advice is that we stay here．（由该动词转换的名词后面的表语从句）

（5）I offered the advice that we stay here．（由该动词转换的名词后面的同位语从句）

（6）I think it advisable that we stay here．（由该动词转换的形容词作宾语补足语，it为形式宾语，真正的宾语从句中使用虚拟语气）

以上六类从句中谓语动词都使用了should ＋do的虚拟语气形式，其中，should可以省略。

由上类动词派生的常考名词有：advice（忠告）、deciion（决定）、demand（要求）、desire（渴望）、order（命令）、 preference（偏爱）、proposal（建议）、recommendation（劝告）、requirement（要求）、suggestion（建议）等。

相关的形容词或过去分词有：advisable（合理的）、 desired（期望的）、desirable（合乎需要的）、insistent（坚持的）、ordered（命令的）、preferable（更可取的）、proposed（建议的）、required（要求的）、urgent（紧迫的）等。

例句：His proposal is that we turn off TV for half an hour every day．（表语从句）他建议我们每天少看半个小时的电视。

It is highly desirable that a new president be appointed for this college．（主语从句）急需为这所大学任命一位新校长。
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虚拟语气在各种从句中的综合运用默认分类 2010-06-01 12:28:12 阅读24 评论0 字号：大中小 订阅 .

虚拟语气在各种从句中的综合运用
第一节：宾语从句(Subordinate Clause)中的虚拟语气
一、在动词wish后的宾语从句中的虚拟语气
在动词wish后的宾

语从句中的虚拟语气，常省去宾语从句的引导词that。
一）对现在情况的虚拟（与现在的事实相反）：
从句用过去式或过去进行式(时间上是同时的)。其句子结构为：宾语从句的谓语be和were(was)，实义动词用过去式。例：
1. I wish (that可省略,下同)I knew the answer to the question.(wish, 动词过去式knew)我希望知道这个答案。(事实上是不知道)
2. I wish it were spring in my hometown all the year around.(wish, were)但愿我的家乡四季如春。(事实上不可能)
3. I wish I were a bird.(wish, were)但愿我是只小鸟。(事实上不可能)
4. When she was at the party, she wished she were at home.(wished,过去虚拟动词were)(事实上并不在家)
5. Now that he is in China, he wishes he understood Chinese.(wishes,过去虚拟动词understood)
现在他在中国，他希望能懂得中文。(事实上并不懂)
6. When we begin the trip, they will wish they were with us.(will wish,过去虚拟动词were)(事实上并不和我们在一起)

二）对过去情况的虚拟（和过去的事实相反）：
用wish表示对过去事情的遗憾。其句子结构为：宾语从句的谓语用过去完成时，或would, could, might+现在完成时。例：
1. I wish (that可省略，下同)I hadn't wasted so much time.
我后悔不该浪费这么多时间。(事实上已浪费了)
2. He wishes he hadn't lost the chance.
他真希望没有失去机会。(其实已失去)
3. We wished he had spoken to us.
(wished，had + spoken)(事实上他并没同我们讲)
4. I wish you had called earlier.
(wish, had + called)(事实上已迟了)
5. They will wish they had listened to us sooner.
(will wish, had + listened)(事实上并不如此)
例题分析：I wish I ______ longer this morning, but I had to get up and come to class.
A. could have slept　B. slept C. might have slept　D. have slept
动词wish后面接从句，表达不可能实现或与事实相反的情况时，谓语动词要用虚拟语气，即用过去式（表示现在发生的动作）或过去完成式（表示过去发生的动作）。本题后半句谓语动词have用的是过去时had
to get up and come, 所以前面要用过去完成时表示过去发生的动作。所以, 选项A)could have slept是答案
三）对将来情况的虚拟(表示将来的主观愿望)：
从句动词"would/should/could/might + 动词原形"(时间上较后)(请注意：主句和从句的主语不相同)。用wish表示对将来事情的愿望。例：
1. I wish it would stop raining.(虚拟动词would+动词原形stop)
我希望雨能停止。(事实上雨还在下着呢)
2. I wish you would be quiet.(would + be)
我希望你安静一些。(事实上那家伙还在吵着呢)
3. You wished she would arrive the next day.(would + arrive)
你希望她第二天会到。(事实上她还没到)
4. I wish she would change her mind.(would + change

)
我希望她会改变主意。(呵呵，女孩子可没那么容易就改变主意喔)
5. He will wish we would join him the following week.(would + join)
(只是希望我们和他在一起，实际上还没在一起)
四）注意：
1.如果将wish改为过去式wished, 其后that 从句中的动词形式不变。例如：
I wished I hadn't spent so much money.
我要是那时没有花掉那么多钱就好了。
2. 如果that 从句中用would , 一般表示对现状不满或希望未来有所改变或请求
I wish he would answer my letter.
I wish prices would come down.
I wish you would help me.
I wish you would stop asking silly questions.

二、在表示建议、命令、要求、忠告等动词的后面的宾语从句中的虚拟语气
由于这些动词本身隐含说话者的主观意见，认为某事应该或不应该怎样，这些词语后面的“that”从句应用虚拟语气，且均以“should+动词原形”表示这种语气，但事实上“should”常被省略，故此从句中谓语动词用原形，常用的此类动词有：
表示“要求”的：ask, desire, request, demand, require, beg
表示“提议、劝告、建议”的：move, prpose, suggest, recommend, advise, vote
表示“决定、命令”的：decide, order
表示“主张”的：maintain, urge
表示“同意、坚持”的：consent, insist
例如：
1.The doctor suggested that he (should) try to lose his weight.
2.He insisted that we (should ) tell him the news.
3. When I suggested that he try shaving cream, he said, “The razor and water do the job. ”(当我建议他用刮胡膏时，他说“剃刀和水就行了”。)
4.He pursued various theories for several days until I suggested we take the toy apart to see how it did work. (他费了几天功夫寻找理论根据，直到我建议拆开看看它是如何转动的。)
5.One can suggest that students should spend two or three years in an English-speaking country. (我们建议学生应在说英语的国家呆上两三年。)
在表示命令、建议、要求等一类动词后面的从句中虚拟语气很普遍，其结构如：
order, suggest, propose, require, demand, request, insist, command, insist +... (should) do
6.I suggest that we (should) hold a meeting next week.
7.He insisted that he (should ) be sent there.
但注意：在insist 后的从句中, 如果是坚持自己, 用陈述语气, 坚持别人做什么事情, 用虚拟语气.
8. she insists that she is right.
9. she insisted that I should finish the work at once.
或者说，suggest, insist不表示建议或坚持要某人做某事时，即它们用于其本意暗示、表明、坚持认为时，宾语从句用陈述语气。
10. The guard at gate insisted that everybody obey the rules.
判断改错:
(错)11.　You pale face suggests that you (should) be ill.
(对)12.　Your pale face suggests that you are ill.
(错)13.　I insisted that you ( shou

ld) be wrong.
(对)14.　I insisted that you were wrong.
例题分析：15.It is politely requested by the hotel management that radios ______ after 11 o'clock at night.
A. were not played　B. not be played
C. not to play　D. did not play
全句意思是：“旅馆管理部门恳请客人晚上11点后不要打开收音机”。句中的谓语动词request（请求）所引出的从句应当用虚拟语气，即动词原形或“should＋动词原形”。本句的主语从句中，主语radio是谓语动词play 的客体，谓语应当用被动语态。所以，答案是C) not be played。在上述这类句子中不能用动词过去时形式表示虚拟语气，所以A)不正确。选项B) not to play是动词带to的不定式，不能在句中作谓语。选项D)did not play也是动词play的过去时形式，同样不能在本句中作为虚拟语气来使用。而且，它是主动语态形式，而本题要用被动语态。
练习：
16). The chairman requested that .
［A］the members studied more carefully the problem
［B］the problem was more carefully studied
［C］with more carefulness the problem could be studied
［D］the members study the problem more carefully
17). The committee recommends that the matter at the next meeting.
［A］would be discussed
［B］will be discussed
［C］be discussed
［D］may be discussed
18). The doctor insisted that his patient.
［A］that he not work too hard for three months
［B］take it easy for three months
［C］taking it easy inside of three months
［D］to take some vacations for three months
三、在expect, believe, think, suspect等动词的否定或疑问形式后的宾语从句中的虚拟语气
在expect, believe, think, suspect等动词的否定或疑问形式后的宾语从句中，我们经常用“should＋动词原形(或完成形式)”，表示惊奇，怀疑，不满等。
I never thought that he should be such a brave young soldier.
我们从来没想到他是个如此勇敢的小战士。
练习：
1) that the time will soon be ripe for intervention in Iran，they would be faced by a large army?
［A］It is believed
［B］Should they believe
［C］They would believe
［D］If they would believe
2) I think it advisable that he for Tokyo soon.
［A］will leave
［B］may leave
［C］leave
［D］leaves
四、would rather ， would sooner，had rather， would (just) as soon ，would prefer之后的宾语从句中的虚拟语气
would rather , would sooner, had rather, would (just) as soon，would prefer（希望）也用来表达主观愿望，它们之后的宾语从句中需用虚拟语气。谓语动词用过去式表示现在或将来，用过去完成式表示与过去事实相反。表示”宁愿做什么”或"对过去做的事的懊悔"。
(1).I would rather he came tomorrow than today.
(2).John would rather that she had not gone to the party yesterday evening.
(3).Don

' t live in the world, I would rather( I would just as soon) you die.
(4).I would rather you go tomorrow.
(5).I would rather everything hadn' t happened in the past.
(6).The manager would rather his daughter did not work in the same office.经理宁愿她女儿不与他在同一间办公室工作。
(7).To be frank，I'd rather you were not involved in the case.坦率地说，我希望你不要卷入这件事。
(8).You don't have to be in such a hurry.I would rather you went on business first.你没有必要这么着急，我宁愿你先去上班。
(9).I'd rather you didn't make any comment on the issue for the time being.我倒希望你暂时先不要就此事发表意见。
(10).Frankly speaking ，I'd rather you didn't do anything about it for the time being.坦白地说，我宁愿你现在对此事什么也不要做。
(11).Wouldn't you rather your child went to bed early？为什么你不愿让你的孩子早点上床呢？
(12).I would just as soon you had returned the book yesterday.我真希望你昨天把这本书还了。
注：①若某人愿自己做某事，would rather后用动词原形
I would rather stay at home today.
②would rather...than...中用动词原形
I would rather stay at home than go out today.

五、“had hoped”后的宾语从句中的虚拟语气
用“had hoped”表示原来希望做到而实际上未能实现的事情，其宾语从句的谓语用“would+动词原形”。
I had hoped that she would go to the U.S. and study there, but she said she liked to stay in China.我原本希望她到美国去念书，但她说她喜欢留在中国。
第二节：主语从句中的虚拟语气

一、“It is (was)+形容词（或过去分词）+that……”结构中的虚拟语气
在形如“It is (was)+形容词（或过去分词）+that……”结构中，使用某些表示愿望、建议、请求、命令、可能、适当、较好、迫切、紧近、重要等形容词后的主语从句的谓语也用虚拟语气。其表达形式为should ＋动词原形或省略should直接用动词原形（美国英语中省去should）
常用的形容词：* natural (自然的), appropriate (适当的),advisable (合适的), preferable (更可取的), better (更好的)* necessary (必须的), important (重要的), imperative (急需的), urgent (急迫的), essential (本质的), vital (必不可少的)* probable (很可能的), possible (可能的)* desirable (极好的)advisable（合理的），compulsory（必须的），crucial（紧急的），desirable（理想的），essential（必要的），imperative（迫切的），incredible（惊人的），necessary（必要的），possible（可能的），strange（奇怪的），urgent（紧迫的）。
常用的过去分词(Past Participle):* required (需要的), demanded (要求), requested (被请求的), desired (要求)* suggested (建议), recommended (推荐)* ordered (命令)
1. It is necessary that we (shou

ld 可省略,下同）have a walk now.(necessary, should + have) (表示有需要去散步)
2.It was necessary that we (should) make everything ready ahead of time.(necessary, should + make) (表示有必要事先做好准备)
3. It is required that nobody (should) smoke here.(required, should + smoke) (表示要求不要在此抽烟)
4. It is important that every pupil (should) be able to understand therule of school.(important, should + be) (表示重要的是学生都能了解校规)
5. It's important that we (should) take good care of the patient.(important, should + take) (表示重要的是照顾好病人)
6. It is natural that she should do so. (形容词natural, should+动词原形do)
7.It is essential that these application forms be sent back as early as possible.这些申请表应尽早地寄回，这是很重要的。
8.It is vital that enough money be collected to fund the project.重要的是募集足够的钱，为这个项目提供资金。
9.It is desired that we（should）get everything ready this evening.希望我们今晚一切都准备就绪。
注：在上述所列形容词后面用that引出的宾语从句中，谓语动词也要用虚拟语气。
10.I don't think it advisable that Tom be assigned to the job since he has no experience.汤姆缺乏经验，指派他做这项工作我认为是不恰当的。

二、在It is ＋名词＋that…的主语从句中的虚拟语气
在It is ＋名词＋that的主语从句中，常用虚拟语气，表示建议、命令、请求、道歉、怀疑、惊奇等。这类名词
有：advice ，decision ，desire ，demand ，idea，motion ，order，pity ，preference ，proposal，recommendation ，
requirement，resolution，shame，suggestion，surprise，wish，wonder等。
⑴、It is my proposal that he be sent to study further abroad.我建议派他去国外进一步学习。
第三节：虚拟语气用在表语从句或同位语从句中
当某些表示建议、请求、命令等主观意向的名词作主语时，其后的表语从句或同位语从句需用虚拟语气，其表达形式为should ＋动词原形或直接用动词原形。这类名词常见的有：
demand (要求), desire (请求),requirement (要求)
advice (劝告), recommendation (建议),suggestion (建议)
order (命令)
necessity (必要地), preference (优先)
proposal (计划), plan (计划), idea (办法)，
recommendation以及plan，idea，resolution等。
We are all for your proposal that the discussion be put off.我们都赞成你提出的将讨论延期的建议。
The suggestion that the mayor present the prizes was accepted by
everyone.由市长颁发奖金的建议被每个人接受。
⑴The advice is that we (should 可省略，下同) leave at once.
(名词advice，should + leave) (表示加以劝告)
⑵My idea is that we (should) get more people to attend the
conference.
(idea, should + get) (表示做出主意)
⑶I make a

proposal that we (should) hold a meeting next week.
(proposal, should + hold) (表示做出计划)