倒装和省略、主谓一致

倒装

英语句子的自然语序是主语在前，谓语动词在后。若谓语的部分或全部位于主语之前，这就构成了倒装结构。英语的倒装语序分为两种：完全倒装和部分倒装。

一、完全倒装：就是把全部谓语动词放在主语之前，主要用于以下几种情况。

1.在以here, there, now, then或out, in, up, down, below, above, away, over, off等副词开头的

句子里，表示强调或表达生动。

Here comes the bus. There goes the bell.

Out rushed the children. Now comes your turn.

但主语是人称代词时，主语和谓语的语序不变

Here it is. Away he went.

2.直接引语的一部分或全部防于句首

“What does the word mean?” asked the boy.

若引述动词的主语为代词，一般不倒装。

“I don’t agree with you.” She said.

3.因句子主语较长或为了使上下文紧密衔接时

Inside the pyramids are the burial rooms for the kings and queens and long passages to these rooms.

4.为强调表语，把表语位于句首构成倒装结构：表语+ 系动词+ 主语

Gone are the days when women were looked down upon.

Around the fire were over 30 students and their teacher.

5.句首为介词短语作状语时，用完全倒装使上下文紧密衔接或强调状语。

Across the river lies a newly-built bridge.

6.there be 结构中

A.there be + 主语+其他

There are desks and chairs in the room.

B.there exist/ stand/ happen/ live/ come/ remain + 主语+ 其他

There lies a beautiful small town at the foot of the hill.

There stands a tree.

C.there used to / seems to/ appears to/ be going to + 主语

There used to be an old temple here.

There is going to be a meeting.

There are going to be two meetings.

7.such （作表语）开头的句型，译为“…就是如此”

Such were the facts.

二、部分倒装：就是把部分谓语动词，即助动词或情态动词放在主语之前

1.only 后接副词、介词短语或状语从句放于句首时

Only in this way can you improve your pronunciation.

Only then did I realize that I was wrong.

如果only修饰主语，不用倒装。

Only Mary was invited to the party.

2.在疑问句中，即一般疑问句和特殊疑问句中

Do you speak English?

What do you like best?

以下几种问句中不用倒装

A．如果是特殊疑问词本身或所修饰的名词做主语，则不倒装。

Who helped you to do the job?

How many of you are making the trip?

B. 如果问句变为宾语从句时，则不用倒装

I don’t know how old you are.

C. 在what’s wrong 和what’s the matter结构中不用倒装

I don’t know what’s wrong.

3. 用于省略if 的虚拟条件句。在以if引导的虚拟条件句，若该条件句中的谓语中含有should/ were/ had 时，可省略if,把should/ were / had放于句首，构成倒装。

Were I in school again, I would work harder.

若if从句是否定句，否定词在倒装句中留在主语之后，不能把否定提前

Were it not for the expense, I would go to Italy. (我不惜一切代价要去意大利)

4. 在as引导的让步状语从句中，可把形容词、副词、名词或动词的一部分提前。

Pretty as she is, she is not clever.

Try as he would, he might fail again.

但如果表语是含有冠词的名词或名词短语，此部分提前时，省略冠词。

As he is a child, he is very brave.

= child as he is, he is very brave.

5. 含有否定意义的副词或连词（hardly, never, not, not only, little等）位于句首时

Hardly can I believe it.

Never shall I do it again.

6. 一些特殊句型中的倒装

① not until …, 主句倒装

Not until his father came in, did he begin to do his homework.

②not only 倒装，but (also)…

Not only did we lose all our money, but we also came close to losing our lives. 若连接是不是并列句而仅是两个主语，则不倒装，并且谓语动词的数跟最近的主语一致。Not only the students but also their teacher does not know about it.

③ neither倒装， nor倒装

Neither did he go to eat, nor did he want to drink.

④ hardly / scarcely 倒装（过去完成时）， when（一般过去时）

No sooner 倒装… than …一…就…

Hardly had we started our journey when it rained.

No sooner had she gone out than the telephone rang.

⑤ so + adj/ adv + …倒装 that … (such 修饰名词)

So shallow is the late that no fish can live in it.

Such an interesting book is it that they all like reading it.

当谓语动词不是be时，要借助于助动词，主句用部分倒装。

So funny did she look that everybody burst into laughing.

7. 当表示频度的状语位于句首时，构成倒装，常见的有：often, always, once, many a time, now and then, every other day, every two hours 等。