英国文学考点总

名词解释：文艺复兴人文主义十四行诗无韵诗玄学派新古典主义启蒙运动浪漫主义时期拜伦式英雄湖畔诗人

重点：1,马洛2,莎士比亚（to be or not to be)3,Donne(玄体诗和玄体诗派)4，Milton（失乐园和复乐园）5，班扬（天路历程）6蒲伯（论批评）7，菲尔丁8.谢立丹（造谣学校）9，拜伦（唐璜）10.Blake（两首扫烟囱）11.华兹华斯wordsworth（I wonder…as cloud）12，雪莱（西风颂）13，简奥斯丁（傲慢与偏见）14，狄更斯15勃朗特姐妹（简爱呼啸山庄）

附加重点：第一章到第四章的练习题。

选择题（15*2分）作家作者搭配（20*1）名词解释（2*5）作品赏析（3题共25分）小论文（15）

01.Renaissance(文艺复兴)

The word“Renaissance”means“rebirth”,it meant the reintroduction into westerm Europe of the full cultural heritage of Greece and Rome.

2>the essence of the Renaissance is Humanism.Attitudes and feelings which had been characteristic of the14th and15th centuries persisted well down into the era of Humanism and reformation.

文艺复兴（意大利语：Rinascimento，由ri-“重新”和nascere“出生”构成）是一场发生在14世纪至17世纪的文化运动，在中世纪晚期发源于佛罗伦萨，后扩展至欧洲各国。“文艺复兴”一词亦可粗略地指代这一历史时期，但由于欧洲各地因其引发的变化并非完全一致，故“文艺复兴”只是对这一时期的通称。

02.Humanism(人文主义)

Humanism is the essence of the Renaissance.

2>it emphasizes the dignity of human beings and the importance of the present life.Humanists voiced their beliefs that man was the center of the universe and man did not only have the right to enjoy the beauty of the present life,but had the ability to perfect himself and to perform wonders.人文主义：是文艺复兴时期新兴资产阶级反封建反教会斗争中形成的思想体系、世界观或思想武器，也是这一时期资产阶级进步文学的中心思想。它主张一切以人为本，反对神的权威，把人从中世纪的神学枷锁下解放出来。宣扬个性解放，追求现实人生幸福：追求自由平等，反对等级观念：崇尚理性，反对蒙昧。

03.Sonnet(十四行诗)

It is a lyric poem of14lines with a formal or recited and characterized by its presentation of a dramatic or exciting episode in simple narrative form.

2>it is one of the most conventional and influential forms of poetry in Europe.

3>Shakespeare’s sonnets are well-known.

十四行诗，又译“商籁体”，为意大利文sonetto，英文Sonnet、法文sonnet的音译。欧洲一种格律严谨的抒情诗体。最初流行于意大利，彼特拉克的创作使其臻于完美，又称“彼特拉克体”，后传到欧洲各国。由两节四行诗和两节三行诗组成，每行11个音节，韵式为ABBA，ABBA，CDE，CDE或ABBA，ABBA，CDC，CDC。另一种类型称为“莎士比亚体”（Shakespearean）或“伊丽莎白体”，由三节四行诗和两行对句组成，每行10个音节，韵式为ABAB，CDCD，EFEF，GG。

04.Blank Verse(无韵诗或素体广义地说)

Blank verse is unrhymed poetry.Typically in iambic pentameter,and as such,the dominant verse forms of English dramatic and narrative poetry since the mid-16th century.

无韵诗：英语格律诗的一种。每行用五个长短格音步――十个音节组成，每首行数不拘，不压韵。音步类型都采取抑扬格五音步。不押韵的诗称无韵诗或白体诗。多用在戏剧和叙事诗中。莎士比亚的戏剧和弥尔顿的Paradise Lost都是用无韵诗写成的。押韵的诗叫rhymed verse。无韵诗不同于自由诗。无韵诗虽不押韵，但是有固定节奏，以扬抑格五音步最常见。自由诗节奏不固定，如同白话。

05.Metaphysical poetry(玄学派诗歌)

Metaphysical poetry is commonly used to name the work of the17th century writers who wrote under the influence of John Donne.

2>with a rebellious spirit,the Metaphysical poets tried to break away from the conventional fashion of the Elizabethan love poetry.

3>the diction is simple as compared with that of the Elizabethan or the Neoclassical periods,and echoes the words and cadences of common speech.4>the imagery is drawn from actual life.

玄学派:他们并不是一个有组织的文学团体，只有在诗歌风格上有共同点。首先用“玄学派”这名词的是17世纪英国诗人、批评家德莱顿，他指出多恩这一派诗人太学究气，他们用哲学辩论和说理的方式写抒情诗，用词怪僻晦涩，韵律不流畅。18世纪英国批评家约翰逊进一步分析了这一派的特点，指出“玄学派诗人都是学者”，他们的“才趣”在诗歌中的表现是“把截然不同的意象结合在一起，从外表绝不相似的事物中发现隐藏着的相似点”，“把最不伦不类的思想概念勉强地束缚在一起”（即所谓“奇想”）。

06.Neoclassicism(新古典主义)

In the field of literature,the enlightenment movement brought about a revival of interest in the old classical works.

2>this tendency is known as neoclassicism.The Neoclassicists held that forms of literature were to be modeled after the classical works of the ancient Greek and Roman writers such as Homer and Virgil and those of the contemporary French ones.

3>they believed that the artistic ideals should be order,logic,restrained emotion and accuracy, and that literature should be judged in terms of its service to humanity.

新古典主义，兴起于18世纪的罗马，并迅速在欧美地区扩展的艺术运动。新古典主义，一方面起于对巴洛克（Baroque）和洛可可（Rococo）艺术的反动，另一方面则是希望以重振古希腊、古罗马的艺术为信念。新古典主义的艺术家刻意从风格与题材模仿古代艺术，并且知晓所模仿的内容为何。

07.Enlightenment(启蒙运动)

Enlightenment movement was a progressive philosophical and artistic movement which flourished in france and swept through western Europe in the18th century.

2>the movement was a furtherance of the Renaissance from14th century to the mid-17th century.

3>its purpose was to enlighten the whole world with the light of modern philosophical and artistic ideas.

4>it celebrated reason or rationality,equality and science.It advocated universal education.

5>famous among the great enlighteners in england were those great writers like Alexander pope. Jonathan swift.etc.

启蒙运动是发生在17、18世纪欧洲的一场反封建、反教会的资产阶级思想文化解放运动，它为资产阶级革命作了思想准备和舆论宣传，是继文艺复兴运动之后欧洲近代第二次思想解放运动。

法语中，“启蒙”的本意是“光明”。当时先进的思想家认为，迄今为止，人们处于黑暗之中，应该用理性之光驱散黑暗，把人们引向光明。他们著书立说，积极地批判专制主义和宗教愚昧，宣传自由、平等和民主。

浪漫主义属于唯心主义起源于中世纪法语中的Romance（意思是“传奇”或“小说”）一词，romantique是其形容词，意为浪漫的，“罗曼蒂克”一词也由此音译而来。