不定式和动词-ing形式的被动语态
高考语法之V+ing形式
V-ing 的用法：
(1)作主语
Swimming is good for health.
游泳对健康有益。
Raising your hat to a lady is good manners.
对一位女士脱帽致敬是礼貌的。
(2) 作表语
Teaching is learning.
教学相长．
My hobby is making model planes.
我的嗜好是做模型飞机．
注意
1. V-ing形式和不定式都可表示比较抽象的一般
性的行为；而表示具体的某次动作，尤其是将来 的动作时，多用不定式。
To obey/Obeying the law is everyone’s duty.
2. V-ing形式和不定式都要有对称性;当主语是 不定式时，表语也用不定式；反之，当主语是 Ving 形式时，表语也用 V-ing 形式。
完成式 (not)having done (not)having been done
二: V-ing 可作主语、宾语、表语; 定语、 状语和宾语补足语，但不能单独作谓语。
V-ing 形式表示的动作与主要动词同 时发生或发生在主要动词之后，用其一 般式; V-ing 形式表示的动作在主要动词 之前发生，用其完成时，在具体应用中 也常以一般式代替完Байду номын сангаас式。
lifeguard. 小孩子被救生员救起，免于淹死。
注意：
在 avoid, admit, appreciate, complete, consider, delay, enjoy, escape, excuse, finish, forgive, imagine, mind, miss, practice, risk, suggest, give up, put off, feel like, can’t help 等后只接V-ing形
动词-ing形式小结
动词-ing形式小结动词-ing形式概述v.-ing 形式包括传统语法的现在分词和动名词两部分，像动词不定式一样，它既具有动词时态和语态的特征，又具有名词、形容词和副词的特征，它可以在句中作主语、表语、定语、宾语、状语、宾语补足语、主语补足语等。
动词-ing形式的时态、语态主动语态被动语态一般式 writing being written完成式 having written having been written否定式 not writingv.-ing形式的一般式V.-ing形式的一般式的构成，表示动作发生在谓语动词动作的同时、之前或之后。
用来泛指动作，没有时间的区分。
Seeking after knowledge is human nature．求知是人的本性。
Travelling abroad can widen one’s outlook．出国旅游会扩大人们的视野。
Eating too much chocolate is bad for your teeth．吃太多的巧克力对你的牙齿有害。
My favourite sport is playing table tennis．我最喜欢的运动是打乒乓球。
行为与主要动作同时发生，表示伴随。
The students came into the classroom laughing and talking．学生们又说又笑地走进了教室。
As she saw me，she came over smiling．她看到我时，笑容可掬地走过来。
Doing the washing up，Connie was planning her holiday．康妮在洗碗的时刻盘算着怎样度假。
行为在主要动作之前或之后。
Antonio remembered sending his mother an email three times last month．安东尼记得上个月给他母亲发了三次电子邮件．(在前)Mr. Lee went out shutting the door behind him．李先生出去后将门随手关上。
被动语态及被动的运用和理解
被动语态及被动的运用和理解●被动语态是动词的一种形式，用以表示主语和谓语之间是被动关系；●被动是基于动词与逻辑主语之间关系的说法。
被动的表示有很多种情况。
一、被动语态的基本形式。
1. 八种常见的被动语态形式（be+过去分词）；（1）am/is/are worked（2）was/were worked（3）will be worked（4）would be worked（5）am/is/are being worked（6）was/were being worked（7）have/has been worked（8）had been worked注：“get +过去分词”也是被动语态，多用于口语，后面一般不接by短语。
2. 含情态动词的被动语态，如：will be done, should be done, must have been done等；3. 不定式的被动语态，如：to be+done。
二、使用被动语态应注意的几个问题1. 不及物动词、不及物动词短语无被动语态。
如：appear, die, end, disappear, fail, last, lie, remain, happen, occur, break out, come about, come true, take part in, take place, fall, etc.注意：①系动词、感官动词因为是不及物动词，所以无被动语态。
②比较：The price has been risen. (错)The price has risen. (对)2. 有些及物动词或动词短语不用于被动语态，如：fit, marry, own, wish, cost, agree with, arrive at/in, succeed in, belong to…，如：This house belongs to our school.3. “系动词（be）+过去分词”结构并不一定都是被动语态，有时是系表结构。
动词ing用法归类总结（好）
动词ing⽤法归类总结（好）英语动词ing⽤法归类总结动词的-ing形式也是⼀种⾮谓语动词。
-ing形式仍保留有动词的特征，可以带有其所需要的宾语或状语⽽构成-ing短语。
动词-ing ⼜分为present participle and gerund.1.-ing的形式：-ing有⼀般式和完成式。
及物动词的-ing还有主动式和被动式，⽽不及物动词的-ing则没有被动式。
现在以及物动词make 和不及物动词go为例，将其-ing各种形式列表如下：a. ⼀般式:V-ing1). 动词V-ing形式的⼀般式可⽤来泛指⼀个动作，没有特别的时间意义。
Swimming is her favorite sport.游泳是她最喜欢的体育运动。
Learning is important to modern life.学习对现代⽣活很重要。
2). 动词V-ing形式的⼀般式可⽤来表⽰与谓语动词同时发⽣的动作。
They went out of the classroom, talking and laughing. 他们有说有笑地⾛出教室。
3). 动词V-ing形式的⼀般式有时也可表⽰在谓语动词的动作之前或之后发⽣的动作。
I remembered sending him an e-mail last week. 我记得上星期给他发过⼀份电⼦邮件。
He suggested taking my daughter to the zoo the next Sunday.他建议下个星期天带我⼥⼉去动物园。
b.完成式: having done1.动词V-ing形式的完成式表⽰⼀个已完成的动作，这个动作发⽣或完成在谓语动词表⽰的动作之前。
⼀般在句中作时间或原因状语⽤。
句中的主语是它的逻辑主语，并且是它所表⽰的动作的执⾏者，如：Having answered the letter, she went on to read an English novel.Having lived in this city for three years, she knows it very well.Not having studied his lessons very hard, he failed the examinations.因为没有努⼒学习功课，他考试不及格。
不定式的被动语态
progress. 8. No books are allowed _____(take) out of the room. 9. In order to ___(elect), Jack sent each of us a present.
4. I considered it an honor ____to study here.
5. He doesn’t like ______(treat) as a child 6. The picnic is to _____(put off) till next Sunday because
10. Do you have anything ___(say) on the question? 11. The bank is reported in the local newspaper to
_____(rob) in broad daylight yesterday. 12. He shut himself in the room so as not _____(disturb). 13. I keep writing my Blog. It’s fun to read and
1. The boy is said___ (treat)badly in the children’s home. That is why he escaped from there.
2. Mr. Johnson preferred ____(give)heavier work to do.
3. They appear ____(injure)in the accident.
英语语法动词-ing
• 注：下面几种情况多用不定式作宾语： • a. 当start, begin本身用于进行时态时。 • When the teacher came into the room, he was starting to write to his parents. • b. 当start, begin后接表示心理活动的动词时。 • Hearing the news, he started to think of a good way to solve the problem. • c. 当句子的主语是无生命的东西时。 • We were about to leave when it began to rain.
6) 动词-ing作补语：
• ①动词-ing可以在see, hear, notice, watch, feel, look at, listen to, observe, have, get, leave, keep, set, catch, find等动词后面和一个名词或代 词构成一个复合宾语，作宾语补语。如： • I noticed a man running out of the bank when I got off the car. • Last night the shopkeeper caught a child stealing some food in the shop. • ②上面这类句子也可变成被动语态，这时，动词 -ing可看成是主语补语。如： • We were kept waiting for quite a long time. • Lily was never heard singing that song again.
• 5. 有些动词既能接不定式，又能接动词-ing， 含义有所不同。如： • ①forget, remember, regret等如： • Do you remember seeing me before? 你记 得以前见过我吗？ • Remember to lock the door when you leave. 离开时要记得锁门。
非谓语动词的主动与被动形式
非谓语动词的主动与被动形式非谓语动词是指不具备时态和人称语态的动词形式，包括不定式、动名词和分词。
其中，不定式的主动形式为"to + 动词原形"，被动形式为"to be + 动词过去分词"，动名词的主动形式为"动词原形 + -ing"，被动形式为"being + 动词过去分词"，分词的主动形式为"动词过去分词"，被动形式为"动词过去分词 + being"。
非谓语动词的主动形式可以表示主动的意义，强调动作的执行者和动作本身，常用于主动语态的句子中。
而被动形式则强调动作的承受者和动作的结果，常用于被动语态的句子中。
一、不定式的主动与被动形式不定式是最常见的非谓语动词形式之一，它通常由"to + 动词原形"构成，表示目的、愿望、感觉、建议、能力等含义。
其主动形式为"to+ 动词原形"，被动形式为"to be + 动词过去分词"。
例如：- 主动形式：I want to learn English.（我想学英语。
）- 被动形式：I need to be taught by a professional teacher.（我需要由专业的教师来教。
）二、动名词的主动与被动形式动名词是以"-ing"结尾的动词形式，它可以作主语、宾语、表语、定语和状语。
其主动形式为"动词原形 + -ing"，被动形式为"being + 动词过去分词"。
例如：- 主动形式：Playing basketball is my favorite hobby.（打篮球是我最喜欢的爱好。
）- 被动形式：Being praised by the teacher made him happy.（被老师表扬使他很开心。
动词的-ing形式
Mary coming back, they discussed it together. Weather permitting, we shall go there on foot. The moon having risen, they took a walk in the field. The clock striking eight，they began working. The weather being fine, we went for a walk.
（4）动词的-ing形式作定语
①动词的-ing形式作定语说明所修饰中心词的用途，表示“供作……之用”(used for)的 意思。 No one is allowed to speak aloud in the reading room. ②动词的-ing形式作定语说明所修饰中心词的性质，表示“……的”意思。 Do you know the boy lying under the big tree? The boy standing there is a classmate of mine.= The boy who is standing there is a cl态 ①主动语态 Walking in the street yesterday afternoon, he came across Mr. Smith. His often coming late made his boss very angry.
②被动语态 He has always insisted on his being called Dr. Turner instead of Mr. Turner. Do you mind Jam’s being left alone at home? While shopping, people sometimes can't help being persuaded into buying something they don't really need. I noticed the boy being beaten by his mother. Having been cheated many times, she now believes in nobody.
动词 ing 形式用法归纳
动词ing 形式用法归纳：ing 形式：动词的-ing形式也是一种非谓语动词。
-ing形式仍保留有动词的特征，可以带有其所需要的宾语或状语而构成-ing短语。
1．-ing的形式：-ing有一般式和完成式。
及物动词还有主动语态和被动语态，而不及物动词的-ing则没有被动语态。
现在以及物动词make和不及物动(1)作主语：Seeing is believing.百闻不如一见。
Talking is easier than doing. –ing作主语时，如果其结构较长，可以用it作形式主语，而将作主语的-ing后置。
如：It isn’t much good writing to them again. It’s no use waiting here.(2)作表语：Her job is washing and cooking. My hobby is collecting stamps.(3)作宾语：○1作及物动词的宾语。
She likes drawing very much. ;○2作某些动词短语的宾语。
Mary is thinking of going back to New York. ;○3do +限定词（my, some, any, the等）+ -ing , 表示“做……事”之意。
如：We often do our cleaning on Saturday afternoon. Will you do any shopping this afternoon?○4作介词的宾语：Her sister is good at learning physics.○5作形容词（be）worth / busy等的宾语：This book is well worth reading.○6–ing作宾语带有宾语补足语时，要用it作为形式宾语，而将作宾语的-ing后置，如：We found it no good talking like that. Do you think it necessary trying again?(4)作定语：The sleeping child is only five years old. Do you know the man standing at the gate? 注：-ing形式作定语用时，如果-ing只是一个单词，就位于其修饰的名词之前，如果是-ing短语，就位于其修饰的名词之后。
动词ing的用法
动词-ing 的用法一般式/完成式⑴时态和语态主动式与被动式动词-ing形式⑵句法功能(3)与不定式的比较I. 动词-ing形式的时态和语态(以及物动词make和不及物动词go为例)语态形式及物动词make不及物动词go主动语态被动语态主动语态一般式making being made going完成式having made having been made having gone一般式(doing)表示主动的一般性的动作或者正在进行的动作；被动式(being done)表示正在进行的被动的动作；完成式(having done)表示发生在谓语动作之前的主动的动作；完成被动式(having been done)表示发生在谓语动作之前的被动的动作。
注：每一种形式的否定式都是直接在前面加not构成。
1.While walking in the street，we met some friends of ours我在街上散步的时候遇到了我的一些老朋友。
2.The boy being scolded by the teacher is my friend.那个正挨训的男孩是我的朋友。
3.Having done his homework，he turned off the light and went to bed.完成作业之后，他关上灯睡觉去了。
4.Having been told many times, he finally understood it.被告诉了许多次，他终于明白了。
5.Not having fully recovered from the operation, the patient was advised to stay in hospital for another two weeks.手术后还没有完全康复，这位病人被建议再住院两周。
II. 动词-ing形式的句法功能1.动词-ing形式作主语（表示抽象动作）Lying is wrong. 撒谎是错误的。
动词-ing
一. 动词-ing形式的构成:doing时态和语态:一般式: done, not doing完成式: having done, not having done被动形式:being done, not being doneHaving been done, not having done二.功能1. 作主语(谓语动词用单数)(1).直接作主语Playing with fire is dangerous.Living without an aim is like sailing without a compass.(2).用it 作形式主语It is no use trying to persuade him.It is a waste of time arguing about it.2.作表语:说明主语的性特征或具体内容The dinner looks inviting.晚餐很诱人.His job is delivering newspapers.注:主系表结构中的主语和表语需用同类的非谓语动词,即主语和表语都是动词不定式或都是动词-ing形式To see is to believe.Keeping is harder than winning.创业不易,守业更难.3.作定语:可作前置定语和后置定语(相当于一个定语从句)单个动词-ing形式作定语,一般置于被修饰的名词之前,有两个主要作用(1). 说明被修饰名词的用途和性能a smoking room=a room which is used for smokinga sleeping car=a car which is used for sleepinga walking stick=a stick which is used to help you walk(2).表示所修饰的人或物的动作或状态a sleeping baby=a baby who is sleeping后置定语作定语的动词-ing形式如是一个短语,则应放在被修饰的词的后面The building being built now is a hospital.4.作宾语:用在动词和介词后面You had better avoid going there.A parrot learns new words by copying what people say.5. 作宾语补足语:谓语+宾语+宾语补足语,宾语往往是动词- ing形式的逻辑主语(1).在表示感觉和心理状态的动词后作宾语补足语,如:hear, feel, find, listen to, look at, notice, observe, see, smell, watch He saw the children playing in the yard.(2).表示”致使”等意义的后,如:catch, have, get, keep, set, leaveI am sorry to have kept you waiting for me for so long.The joke set everybody laughing.注:这种结构如使用被动语态,动词-ing形式便是主语补足语He was seen going upstairs.6.作状语(1).表时间While( he was) reading the book, he nodded from time to time.Turning around=(when she turned around),she saw a car driving up.(2).表原因Having lived in London for years (=because I have lived…),I almost know every place quite well.(3).表结果The fire lasted nearly a month, leaving nothing valuable.(=and left nothing valuable). (4).表条件Being more careful (=if you are more careful), you can make fewer mistakes.(5)表让步Knowing all this (=although they knew all this), they made me pay for the damage.(6).表行为方式,伴随情况或补充说明He was walking along the street, looking this way and that.(7).修饰形容词It was freezing cold that day.(8).动词-ing形式作插入语,在句中作独立成分Properly speaking, a whale is not a fish.Generally speaking, Chinese prefer tea to coffee.三．常见结构1.do doing：表示进行某一活动I have done writing.Does she do any cooking at home?2.go doing:表示去从事某项活动Why don’t you go shopping tomorrow?They went hunting yesterday.3.there is no doing=it is impossible to do”不可能“There is no telling what may happen.4.no doing:常出现在公共场所，提醒人们不要做某事No spitting!No talking during the movie!5.it goes without saying that:”不用说“It goes without saying that diligence is the key to success.6.can’t help doing:”情不自禁，不得不“She couldn’t help bursting into tears.7.on doing:相当于as soon as 引导的状语从句，”一…就“On seeing the police, they ran away.8.be on the point of doing=be about to do,表示很快就要发生的动作I was on the point of leaving home when the phone rang.9.be worth doing=be worthy of being done/be worthy to be done”值得做某事“- -、。
非谓语动词被动语态归纳与练习
非谓语动词被动语态归纳与练习非谓语动词被动语态归纳与练习当不定式或动词的-ing形式与其逻辑主语之间构成被动关系时，要用其用被动式。
其形式归纳如下：不定式To be done To have been done动词-ing形式Being done Having been done对非谓语动词被动语态的考查在高考中也是较常见的。
例1：Little Jim should love ________ to the theatre this evening. （92全国）A. to be takenB. to takeC. being takenD. taking【分析】答案选A。
句子主语Little Jim与take是被动关系，“被带去看戏”发生在“想(should love=want)”后，所以用不定式的被动式作宾语。
例2：After he became conscious, he remembered _______ and ________ on the head with a rod. 【06江西】A. to attack; hitB. to be attacked; to be hitC. attacking; be hitD. having been attacked; hit【分析】特殊情况：“remember”接动名词的一般式或完成式均表示“记得已经发生过的事”，句子的主语he与并列的attack，hit是被动关系，答案应选D。
例3：At the beginning of the class,the noise of desks_____could be heard outside the classrooms.（07全国II）A. opened and closedB. to be opened and closedB. being opened and closed D. to open and close【分析】动词-ing形式的被动语态为“being done”。
非谓语动词的形式和语态
非谓语动词的形式和语态非谓语动词在英语语法中占据着重要的地位。
它不仅可以作为动词的形式，还可以在句子中充当不同的语态。
本文将探讨非谓语动词的形式和语态，并举例说明它们在句子中的应用。
一、非谓语动词的形式非谓语动词有三种形式：不定式、动名词和现在分词/过去分词。
它们的形式和用法各不相同，下面将分别进行介绍。
1. 不定式不定式由"to"加上动词原形构成，例如：to go、to eat。
它有时可以带有助动词"to be"，形成被动语态的不定式，例如：to be eaten。
不定式主要用于以下几个方面：- 表示目的或目标：I went to the store to buy some groceries.- 作为动宾结构的宾语：She wants to learn to play the piano.- 用于形容词后面修饰名词：She is the person to ask for help.2. 动名词动名词是动词加上-ing形式构成，例如：going、eating。
它可以作为主语、宾语、表语、介词宾语等。
动名词主要用于以下几个方面：- 作为主语：Swimming is my favorite hobby.- 作为宾语：I enjoy playing basketball.- 作为表语：Her favorite activity is dancing.3. 现在分词/过去分词现在分词由动词原形加上-ing构成，过去分词则根据动词的不同形式而变化，例如：going、eaten。
它们可以作为形容词修饰名词。
现在分词和过去分词主要用于以下几个方面：- 作为非限定性定语：The dog, barking loudly, scared the mailman.- 作为限定性定语：I saw a broken glass on the floor.- 作为表语：The situation seems confusing.二、非谓语动词的语态非谓语动词在句子中可以具有主动语态或被动语态。
词法：非谓语动词用法区别
词法：非谓语动词用法区别非谓语动词共有三种形式：不定式、动词的－ing形式和动词的－ed形式。
现以动词make为例，将非谓语动词的三种形式及其功能总结如下。
（1）非谓语动词的不定式①主动语态②被动语态③句法功能：在句中可做主、宾、表、定、状A.一般式to make A.一般式to be made 补语。
B.进行时to be making B.完成式to have been madeC.完成式to have made（2）非谓语动词的－ing形式①主动语态②被动语态③句法功能：在句中可做主、宾、表、定、状A.一般式making A.一般式：being made 补语。
B.完成式having made B.完成式：having been made（3）非谓语动词的－ed形式①被动语态A.一般式madeB.完成式made②句法功能：在句中可做表、定、状、补语。
由以上可以看出，非谓语动词的各种形式在意义上有相交叉的区域，因此认真区分它们的用法对于准确理解和表达英语是很有帮助的。
如to be done , being done , done , having been done 都可表示被动，同时都可作定语，但它们在作定语时是有明显区别的。
The school to be built is intended for the disabled children .即将要建的学校是为了残疾儿童而设的。
The school being built is intended for the disabled children .正在建设的学校是为残疾儿童而设的。
The school built last year is intended for the disabled children .去年建的学校是为残疾儿童而设的。
The school , having been built for two years , is intended for the disabled children .花了两年多建设的学校是为残疾儿童而设的。
动词ed 、动词ing、动词不定式的用法
动词ed 、动词ing、动词不定式的用法1、定义动词-ed和动词-ing形式常称作分词。
他们既有动词的特征，又有形容词和副词的特征，在英语中可以作定语、状语、表语和宾语补足语。
2、构成（1）规则的动词后+ed构成动词-ed形式，不规则的需要记忆。
动词-ed形式没有一般式和完成式、主动语态和被动语态的变化。
（2）动词-ing形式有一般式和完成式、主动语态和被动语态区别。
下列以及物动词write和不及物动词go列表示例：writego主动被动动词-ing一般式writing being written going动词-ing完成式having written having been written动词-ed written gone3、用法（1）作定语单个的分词作定语，一般置于所修饰的词前;分词短语作定语置于所修饰的词后，相当于一个定语从句。
如：Many excited people wanted to travel on the underground.许多兴奋的人们想乘地铁旅行。
The countries you referred to just now belong to developing countries.你刚才提到的那些国家属于发展中国家。
People developed a kind of paper made from the fibers of plants.=People developed a kind of paper which/that was made from the fibers of plants.人们研制出一种用植物纤维制成的纸。
The houses being built are for the teachers.=The houses which/that are being built are for the teachers.正在（被）建的那些房子是给老师们的。
非谓语动词之动词的-ing形式
词法：非谓语动词之动词的－ing形式动词的-ing形式包括现在分词和动名词。
具有名词、代词、形容词、副词的特征，同时还具有动词的某些特征，在句中可作主语、表语、宾语、宾补、主补、定语和状语。
1.动词的-ing形式的时态与语态动词的-ing形式保留着动词的若干特征，又具有形容词、副词的特征，有时态和语态变化。
其时态和语态的形式如下所示：①主动语态的一般式：doing被动语态的一般式：being done其否定形式是在doing之前加上not②主动语态的完成式：having done被动语态的完成式：having been done其否定形式是在doing之前加上not（1）一般式①表示泛指时间－ing形式的一般式表示的动作通常是一般性动作，即不是明确地发生在过去、现在或将来的动作。
I hate talking with such boastful people .Being careless is not a good habit , whatever you do .②表示与谓语同时发生的动作－ing形式的一般式可表示和谓语动词同时发生的动作。
The children surrouded the teacher , listening attentively to her story .Following the guide , we were walking into the deep virgin forest .③表示发生在谓语动词之前的动作对于某些动词，我们常用－ing形式的一般式表示完成，尽管动作发生在谓语动词动作之前，这似乎已经成为一种习惯。
Excuse me for being late .I don't remember ever meeting you somewhere .Thank you for giving us so much help last time we were in Queens（纽约皇后区）.④表示发生在谓语动词之后的动作Most doctors strongly insist on giving up smoking and taking plenty of exercises .（2）完成式－ing形式的完成式表示的动作发生在谓语动词之前。
非谓语动词的用法与区别
非谓语动词的用法与区别非谓语动词是指在句子中以动词形式出现，但不作谓语的动词形式。
它包括不定式、动词-ing形式和动词-ed形式。
非谓语动词在句子中充当各种成分，如主语、宾语、表语、定语和状语等。
它们与谓语动词有一些区别和用法上的差异。
本文将详细介绍非谓语动词的用法和区别。
一、不定式不定式是非谓语动词中最常见的形式之一。
它的基本结构为“to + 动词原形”，可以用来表示目的、结果、原因、方式等。
不定式可以作主语、宾语、表语、定语和状语。
1. 作主语例：To learn a foreign language is not easy.（学一门外语不容易）2. 作宾语例：I want to go shopping.（我想去购物）3. 作表语例：My dream is to become a doctor.（我的梦想是成为一名医生）4. 作定语例：I have a lot of books to read.（我有很多书要读）5. 作状语例：He comes to help us.（他过来帮助我们）二、动词-ing形式动词-ing形式是非谓语动词的另一种形式。
它的基本结构为动词原形+ing，可以作主语、宾语、表语、定语和状语。
1. 作主语例：Swimming is good for health.（游泳对健康有益）2. 作宾语例：I enjoy reading books.（我喜欢读书）3. 作表语例：His favorite activity is playing basketball.（他最喜欢的活动是打篮球）4. 作定语例：The running water sounds like music.（流动的水听起来像音乐）5. 作状语（表示时间、原因、方式等）例：She fell asleep while watching TV.（她看电视的时候睡着了）三、动词-ed形式动词-ed形式是非谓语动词中的一种形式，通常表示被动、完成等含义。
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请看两道试题：
1. Having a trip abroad is certainly good for the old couple, but it remains ______ whether they will enjoy it.
A. the thief having caught B. catch the thief
C. the thief being caught D. the thief to be caught
分析：lead to 中的to 是介词，后接动词-ing形式作宾语。“小偷被抓”应用动词-ing的被动形式being caught，所以选C。
我有一封信要写。
You need something to eat. （不用to be eaten）
你需要吃些东西。
但是，在there be 结构中，虽然常用主动语态，但是用被动语态也可以。如：
There is a meeting to attend. (可用to be attended)
C. never to be broken D. never to have broken
分析：动词不定式和前面的a rule有逻辑上的动宾关系，所以要用它的被动语态作定语，故选C。
2. 如果句子的主语是动词不定式所表示动作的施动者，则大都采用动词不定式的主动形式来作名词的后置修饰语。如：
I have a letter to write. (不用to be written)
分析：本句中expose与one's skin是动宾关系，根据句意，应该是皮肤被暴露在阳光下，所以要用动词-ing形式的被动形式作主语，故答案为C。
2. 一些动词如need, want, require等作“需要”讲时，其后的动词-ing形式
的主动语态表示被动意义,也可以用不定式的被动形式来替换。如：
The blackboard needs cleaning. = The blackboard needs to be cleaned. 黑板需要擦干净。
The broken window wants repairing. = The broken window wants to be repaired. 那个破窗户需要修理。
当动词-ing 形式的逻辑主语是动作的承受者时，就要用动词-ing 形式的被动语态。
1. 动词-ing形式的被动语态和它的主动语态一样，在句中可以作主语和宾语。如：
He was afraid of being scolded by the teacher.
他害怕被老师责骂。（宾语）
分析：本题考查不定式在固定结构中的谓语形式。would love后一般只用动词不定式作宾语。句中主语little Tom是take的逻辑宾语，用被动形式，所以选A。
(2) To go shopping on Sundays seems to my mother a rulr to be breaking
A. to see B. to be seen C. seeing D. seen
分析：remain 后接to do sth.作表语， see 与主语从句是动宾关系，所以要用to be seen，故答案为B。
2. The discovery of new evidence led to ______.
明天下午要开的会议非常重要。
再如两道选择题：
(1) Little Tom would love ______ to the theater this evening.
A. to be taken B. to take
C. being taken D. taking
以上三个句子都意为“这个问题值得讨论”。
不定式和动词-ing形式的被动语态是历年高考考查的重点和难点。下面就这两点做一简要介绍。
一、不定式的被动语态
1. 当不定式的逻辑主语是动作的承受者时，这个不定式要用被动语态。如：
The meeting to be held tomorrow afternoon is of great importance.
要参加个会议。
3. 当征求对方是否有事需说话人做时，不定式作定语用被动语态。如：
“Would you have a letter to be typed, manager?” asked his secretary. “经理，你有信要打吗？”秘书问道。
二、动词-ing形式的被动语态
再如下面的高考题：
______ to sunlight for too much time will do harm to one's skin.
A. Exposed B. Having exposed
C. Being exposed D. After being exposed
另外注意be worth及be worthy 的用法：
The problem is worth discussing.
The problem is worthy of being discussed.
The problem is worthy to be discussed.