关于风力发电外文翻译
风力发电英文作文
风力发电英文作文Wind power generation is a clean and renewable energy source that harnesses the power of the wind to generate electricity. It is a sustainable alternative to traditional fossil fuels and has the potential to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and combat climate change.The use of wind turbines to capture the kinetic energyof the wind and convert it into electricity has beengrowing rapidly in recent years. Wind power generation has the advantage of being able to produce electricity without the release of harmful pollutants or greenhouse gases, making it an environmentally friendly energy source.One of the key benefits of wind power generation is its ability to provide electricity to remote and off-grid areas. Wind turbines can be installed in locations wheretraditional power infrastructure is not available, bringing electricity to communities that would otherwise havelimited access to energy.In addition to its environmental benefits, wind power generation also has the potential to create jobs and stimulate economic growth. The development, installation, and maintenance of wind turbines require skilled labor, creating employment opportunities in the renewable energy sector.Despite its many advantages, wind power generation also faces challenges. One of the main challenges is the intermittent nature of wind energy, as the wind does not blow consistently. This variability in wind speed can make it difficult to rely solely on wind power generation for electricity supply.In conclusion, wind power generation is a promising and sustainable energy source that has the potential to play a significant role in the transition to a low-carbon economy. With ongoing technological advancements and investment in wind energy infrastructure, it is likely to become an increasingly important part of the global energy mix.。
风电专业术语英文对照及解释
风电专业术语英文对照及解释风电专业术语中英对照及解释经电气网小编整理，下面是有关风电的一些专业术语的英汉对照及解释，希望对各位有用哦。
1.风能 /wind energy 空气流动所具有的能量。
2.风能资源 /wind energy resources 大气沿地球表面流动而产生的动能资源。
3.空气的标准状态 /standard atmospheric state 空气的标准状态是指空气压力为101 325Pa，温度为15℃（或绝对288.15K），空气密度1.225kg/m 3 时的空气状态。
4.风速/wind speed 空间特定点的风速为该点空气在单位时间内所流过的距离。
5.平均风速 /average wind speed 给定时间内瞬时风速的平均值。
6.年平均风速 /annual average wind speed 时间间隔为一整年的瞬时风速的平均值。
7.最大风速 /maximum wind speed 10分钟平均风速的最大值。
8.极大风速 /extreme wind speed 瞬时风速的最大值。
9.阵风 /gust 超过平均风速的突然和短暂的风速变化。
10.年际变化/inter-annual variation 以30年为基数发生的变化。
风速年际变化是从第1年到第30年的年平均风速变化。
11.[风速或风功率密度]年变化 /annual variation 以年为基数发生的变化。
风速（或风功率变化）年变化是从1月到12月的月平均风速（或风功率密度）变化。
12.[风速或风功率密度]日变化 /diurnal variation 以日为基数发生的变化。
月或年的风速（或风功率密度）日变化是求出一个月或一年内，每日同一钟点风速（或风功率密度）的月平均值或年平均值，得到0点到23点的风速（或风功率密度）变化。
风切变 /wind shear 风速在垂直于风向平面内的变化。
13.风切变指数 /wind shear exponent 用于描述风速剖面线形状的幂定律指数。
风力发电英文对照
风力发电机用专业英语中文对照风力发电机 wind turbine风电场 wind power station wind farm风力发电机组 wind turbine generator system WTGS 水平轴风力发电机 horizontal axis wind turbine垂直轴风力发电机 vertical axis wind turbine轮毂（风力发电机） hub (for wind turbine)机舱 nacelle支撑结构 support structure for wind turbine关机 shutdown for wind turbine正常关机 normal shutdown for wind turbine紧急关机 emergency shutdown for wind turbine空转 idling锁定 blocking停机 parking静止 standstill制动器 brake停机制动 parking brake风轮转速 rotor speed控制系统 control system保护系统 protection system偏航 yawing设计和安全参数 design situation设计工况 design situation载荷状况 load case外部条件 external conditions设计极限 design limits极限状态 limit state使用极限状态 serviceability limit states极限限制状态 ultimate limit state最大极限状态 ultimate limit state安全寿命 safe life严重故障 catastrophic failure潜伏故障 latent fault dormant failure风特性wind characteristic风速 wind speed风矢量 wind velocity旋转采样风矢量 rotationally sampled wind velocity 额定风速 rated wind speed切入风速 cut-in speed切出风速 cut-out speed年平均annual average年平均风速 annual average wind speed平均风速mean wind speed极端风速 extreme wind speed安全风速 survival wind speed参考风速reference wind speed风速分布 wind speed distribution瑞利分布RayLeigh distribution威布尔分布 Weibull distribution风切变 wind shear风廓线风切变律 wind profile wind shear law风切变指数wind shear exponent对数风切变律 logarithmic wind shear law风切变幂律 power law for wind shear下风向down wind上风向 up wind阵风gust粗糙长度 roughness length湍流强度 turbulence intensity湍流尺度参数turbulence scale parameter湍流惯性负区 inertial sub-range风场 wind site测量参数 measurement parameters测量位置 measurement seat最大风速 maximum wind speed风功率密度 wind power density风能密度 wind energy density日变化 diurnal variation年变化 annual variation轮毂高度 hub height风能 wind energy标准大气状态 standard atmospheric state风切变影响 influence by the wind shear阵风影响 gust influence风速频率 frequency of wind speed环境 environment工作环境 operational environment气候 climate海洋性气候 ocean climate大陆性气候 continental climate露天气候 open-air climate室内气候 indoor climate极端 extreme日平均值 daily mean极端最高 extreme maximum年最高 annual maximum年最高日平均温度 annual extreme daily mean of temperature月平均温度 mean monthly temperature空气湿度 air humidity绝对湿度 absolute humidity相对湿度 relative humidity降水 precipitation雨 rain冻雨 freezing rain霜淞 rime雨淞 glaze冰雹 hail露 dew雾 fog盐雾 salt fog雷暴 thunderstorm雪载 snow load标准大气压 standard air pressure平均海平面 mean sea level海拔 altitude辐射通量 radiant flux太阳辐射 solar radiation直接太阳辐射 direct solar radiation天空辐射 sky radiation太阳常数 solar constant太阳光谱 solar spectrum黑体 black body白体 white body温室效应 greenhouse effect环境温度 ambient temperature表面温度 surface temperature互联 interconnection输出功率output power额定功率 rated power最大功率 maximum power电网连接点 network connection point电力汇集系统 power collection system风场电器设备 site electrical facilities 功率特性power performance静电功率输出 net electric power output 功率系数 power performance自由流风速 free stream wind speed扫掠面积 swept area轮毂高度 hub height测量功率曲线 measurement power curve外推功率曲线 extrapolated power curve年发电量 annual energy production可利用率 availability数据组功率特性测试 data set for power performance measurement 精度 accuracy测量误差 uncertainty in measurement分组方法 method of bins测量周期 measurement period测量扇区 measurement sector日变化 diurnal variations浆距角 pitch angle距离常数 distance constant试验场地 test site气流畸变 flow distortion障碍物 obstacles复杂地形带 complex terrain风障 wind break声压级 sound pressure level声级 weighted sound pressure level; sound level视在声功率级 apparent sound power level指向性 directivity音值 tonality声的基准面风速 acoustic reference wind speed标准风速 standardized wind speed基准高度 reference height基准粗糙长度 reference roughness length基准距离 reference distance掠射角 grazing angle风轮风轮 wind rotor风轮直径 rotor diameter风轮扫掠面积 rotor swept area风轮仰角 tilt angle of rotor shaft风轮偏航角 yawing angle of rotor shaft风轮额定转速 rated turning speed of rotor风轮最高转速 maximum turning speed of rotor风轮尾流 rotor wake尾流损失 wake losses风轮实度 rotor solidity实度损失 solidity losses叶片数 number of blades叶片 blade等截面叶片 constant chord blade变截面叶片variable chord blade叶片投影面积 projected area of blade叶片长度 length of blade叶根 root of blade叶尖tip of blade叶尖速度 tip speed浆距角 pitch angle翼型 airfoil前缘 leading edge后缘tailing edge几何弦长 geometric chord of airfoil平均几何弦长 mean geometric of airfoil气动弦线 aerodynamic chord of airfoil翼型厚度 thickness of airfoil翼型相对厚度 relative thickness of airfoil厚度函数 thickness function of airfoil中弧线 mean line弯度 degree of curvature翼型族 the family of airfoil弯度函数 curvature function of airfoil叶片根梢比 ratio of tip-section chord to root-section chord叶片展弦比 aspect ratio叶片安装角setting angle of blade叶片扭角 twist of blade叶片几何攻角 angle of attack of blade叶片损失blade losses叶尖损失tip losses颤振flutter迎风机构orientation mechanism调速机构 regulating mechanism风轮偏测式调速机构 regulating mechanism of turning wind rotor out of the wind sideward变浆距调速机构regulating mechanism by adjusting the pitch of blade整流罩 nose cone顺浆 feathering阻尼板spoiling flap风轮空气动力特性 aerodynamic characteristics of rotor叶尖速度比 tip-speed ratio额定叶尖速度比 rated tip-speed ratio升力系数 lift coefficient阻力系数 drag coefficient推或拉力系数 thrust coefficient偏航系统滑动制动器sliding shoes偏航 yawing主动偏航active yawing被动偏航 passive yawing偏航驱动 yawing driven解缆 untwist塔架tower独立式塔架 free stand tower拉索式塔架 guyed tower塔影响效应 influence by the tower shadow <<功率特性测试>>功率特性 power performance净电功率输出 net electric power output功率系数 power coefficient自由流风速 free stream wind speed扫掠面积swept area测量功率曲线 measured power curve外推功率曲线 extrapolated power curve年发电量 annual energy production数据组 data set可利用率 availability精度 accuracy测量误差 uncertainty in measurement分组方法 method of bins测量周期 measurement period测量扇区 measurement sector距离常数 distance constant试验场地 test site气流畸变 flow distortion复杂地形地带 complex terrain风障 wind break声压级 sound pressure level声级 weighted sound pressure level视在声功率级 apparent sound power level指向性 directivity音值 tonality声的基准风速 acoustic reference wind speed 标准风速 standardized wind speed基准高度 reference height基准粗糙长度 reference roughness基准距离 reference distance掠射角 grazing angle比恩法 method of bins标准误差 standard uncertainty风能利用系数 rotor power coefficient力矩系数 torque coefficient额定力矩系数 rated torque coefficient起动力矩系数starting torque coefficient最大力矩系数maximum torque coefficient过载度 ratio of over load风力发电机组输出特性 output characteristic of WTGS调节特性 regulating characteristics平均噪声 average noise level机组效率efficiency of WTGS使用寿命 service life度电成本 cost per kilowatt hour of the electricity generated by WTGS 发电机同步电机 synchronous generator异步电机 asynchronous generator感应电机 induction generator转差率 slip瞬态电流 transient rotor笼型 cage绕线转子 wound rotor绕组系数 winding factor换向器 commutator集电环 collector ring换向片 commutator segment励磁响应 excitation response制动系统制动系统 braking制动机构 brake mechanism正常制动系 normal braking system紧急制动系 emergency braking system空气制动系 air braking system液压制动系 hydraulic braking system电磁制动系 electromagnetic braking system机械制动系 mechanical braking system辅助装置 auxiliary device制动器释放 braking releasing制动器闭合 brake setting液压缸 hydraulic cylinder溢流阀 relief valve泻油 drain齿轮马达 gear motor齿轮泵 gear pump电磁阀solenoid液压过滤器 hydraulic filter液压泵hydraulic pump液压系统 hydraulic system油冷却器 oil cooler压力控制器pressure control valve压力继电器pressure switch减压阀reducing valve安全阀 safety valve设定压力setting pressure切换switching旋转接头rotating union压力表pressure gauge液压油hydraulic fluid液压马达hydraulic motor油封oil seal刹车盘 brake disc闸垫 brake pad刹车油 brake fluid闸衬片 brake lining传动比 transmission ratio齿轮gear齿轮副gear pair平行轴齿轮副 gear pair with parallel axes齿轮系 train of gears行星齿轮系 planetary gear train小齿轮 pinion大齿轮 wheel , gear主动齿轮 driving, gear从动齿轮 driven gear行星齿轮 planet gear行星架 planet carrier太阳轮 sun gear内齿圈 ring gear外齿轮external gear内齿轮internal内齿轮副 internal gear pair增速齿轮副 speed increasing gear增速齿轮系 speed increasing gear train中心距 center distance增速比 speed increasing ratio齿面 tooth flank工作齿面 working flank非工作齿面non-working flank模数 module齿数 number of teeth啮合干涉 meshing interference齿廓修行 profile modification , profile correction 啮合 engagement, mesh齿轮的变位 addendum modification on gears变位齿轮 gears with addendum modification圆柱齿轮 cylindrical gear直齿圆柱齿轮 spur gear斜齿圆柱齿轮 helical gear single-helical gear 节点 pitch point节圆pitch circle齿顶圆 tip circle齿根圆 root circle直径和半径 diameter and radius齿宽 face width齿厚 tooth thickness压力角 pressure angle圆周侧隙 circumferential backlash蜗杆 worm蜗轮 worm wheel联轴器 coupling刚性联轴器 rigid coupling万向联轴器 universal coupling安全联轴器 security coupling齿 tooth齿槽 tooth space斜齿轮 helical gear人字齿轮 double-helical gear齿距 pitch法向齿距 normal pitch轴向齿距 axial pitch齿高 tooth depth输入角 input shaft输出角 output shaft柱销pin柱销套roller行星齿轮传动机构planetary gear drive mechanism 中心轮 center gear单级行星齿轮系 single planetary gear train柔性齿轮 flexible gear刚性齿轮 rigidity gear柔性滚动轴承 flexible rolling bearing输出联接 output coupling刚度 rigidity扭转刚度 torsional rigidity弯曲刚度 flexural rigidity扭转刚度系数 coefficient of torsional起动力矩 starting torque传动误差 transmission error传动精度 transmission accuracy固有频率 natural frequency弹性联接 elastic coupling刚性联接 rigid coupling滑块联接 Oldham coupling固定联接 integrated coupling齿啮式联接 dynamic coupling花键式联接 splined coupling牙嵌式联接 castellated coupling径向销联接 radial pin coupling周期振动 periodic vibration随机振动 random vibration峰值 peak value临界阻尼 critical damping阻尼系数 damping coefficient阻尼比 damping ratio减震器 vibration isolator振动频率 vibration frequency幅值 amplitude位移幅值displacement amplitude速度幅值 velocity amplitude加速度幅值 acceleration amplitude控制与监控系统远程监视 telemonitoring协议 protocol实时 real time单向传输 simplex transmission半双工传输 half-duplex transmission双工传输 duplex transmission前置机 front end processor运输终端 remote terminal unit调制解调器 modulator-demodulator数据终端设备 data terminal equipment接口 interface数据电路 data circuit信息 information状态信息 state information分接头位置信息 tap position information监视信息 monitored information设备故障信息 equipment failure information 告警 alarm返回信息 return information设定值 set point value累积值 integrated total integrated value瞬时测值 instantaneous measured计量值 counted measured metered measured metered reading 确认 acknowledgement信号 signal模拟信号 analog signal命令 command字节 byte位bit地址 address波特 baud编码 encode译码 decode代码 code集中控制 centralized control可编程序控制 programmable control微机程控 minicomputer program模拟控制 analogue control数字控制 digital control强电控制 strong current control弱电控制 weak current control单元控制 unit control就地控制 local control联锁装置 interlocker模拟盘 analogue board配电盘 switch board控制台 control desk紧急停车按钮 emergency stop push-button限位开关 limit switch限速开关 limit speed switch有载指示器on-load indicator屏幕显示 screen display指示灯 display lamp起动信号 starting signal公共供电点 point of common coupling闪变 flicker数据库data base硬件 hardware硬件平台 hardware platform层 layer level class模型 model响应时间 response time软件 software软件平台 software platform系统软件 system software自由脱扣 trip-free基准误差 basic error一对一控制方式 one-to-one control mode一次电流 primary current一次电压 primary voltage二次电流 secondary current二次电压 secondary voltage低压电器 low voltage apparatus额定工作电压 rated operational voltage额定工作电流 rated operational current运行管理 operation management安全方案 safety concept外部条件 external conditions失效 failure故障 fault控制柜 control cabinet冗余技术 redundancy正常关机 normal shutdown失效-安全 fail-safe排除故障 clearance空转 idling外部动力源 external power supply锁定装置 locking device运行转速范围 operating rotational speed range临界转速 activation rotational speed最大转速 maximum rotational speed过载功率 over power临界功率activation power最大功率 maximum power短时切出风速 short-term cut-out wind speed外联机试验 field test with turbine试验台 test-bed台架试验 test on bed防雷系统 lighting protection system外部防雷系统 external lighting protection system 内部防雷系统 internal lighting protection system 等电位连接 equipotential bonding接闪器 air-termination system引下线 down-conductor接地装置 earth-termination system接地线 earth conductor接地体 earth electrode环形接地体 ring earth external基础接地体 foundation earth electrode等电位连接带 bonding bar等电位连接导体 bonding conductor保护等级 protection lever防雷区 lighting protection zone雷电流 lighting current电涌保护器 surge suppressor共用接地系统 common earthing system接地基准点 earthing reference points持续运行 continuous operation持续运行的闪变系数 flicker coefficient for continuous operation 闪变阶跃系数 flicker step factor最大允许功率 maximum permitted最大测量功率 maximum measured power电网阻抗相角 network impedance phase angle正常运行 normal operation功率采集系统 power collection system额定现在功率 rated apparent power额定电流 rated current额定无功功率 rated reactive power停机 standstill起动 start-up切换运行 switching operation扰动强度 turbulence intensity电压变化系数 voltage change factor风力发电机端口 wind turbine terminals风力发电机最大功率 maximum power of wind turbine风力发电机停机 parked wind turbine安全系统 safety system控制装置 control device额定载荷 rated load周期 period相位 phase频率 frequency谐波 harmonics瞬时值 instantaneous value同步 synchronism振荡oscillation共振 resonance波 wave辐射radiation衰减 attenuation阻尼 damping畸变 distortion电electricity电的 electric静电学 electrostatics电荷 electric charge电压降 voltage drop电流 electric current导电性 conductivity电压 voltage电磁感应 electromagnetic induction励磁 excitation电阻率 resistivity导体 conductor半导体 semiconductor电路 electric circuit串联电路 series circuit电容 capacitance电感 inductance电阻 resistance电抗 reactance阻抗 impedance传递比 transfer ratio交流电压 alternating voltage交流电流 alternating current脉动电压 pulsating voltage脉动电流 pulsating current直流电压 direct voltage直流电流 direct current瞬时功率 instantaneous power有功功率 active power无功功率 reactive power有功电流 active current无功电流 reactive current功率因数 power factor中性点 neutral point相序 sequential order of the phase电气元件 electrical device接线端子 terminal电极 electrode地 earth接地电路 earthed circuit接地电阻 resistance of an earthed conductor 绝缘子 insulator绝缘套管 insulating bushing母线 busbar螺纹管 solenoid绕组 winding电阻器 resistor电感器 inductor电容器 capacitor继电器 relay电能转换器 electric energy transducer 电机 electric machine发电机 generator电动机 motor变压器 transformer变流器 converter变频器 frequency converter整流器 rectifier逆变器 inverter传感器 sensor耦合器 electric coupling放大器 amplifier振荡器oscillator滤波器 filter半导体器件 semiconductor光电器件 photoelectric device触头 contact开关设备 switchgear控制设备 control gear闭合电路 closed circuit断开电路 open circuit通断 switching联结 connection串联 series connection并联 parallel connection星形联结 star connection三角形联结 delta connection主电路 main circuit辅助电路 auxiliary circuit控制电路 control circuit信号电路 signal circuit保护电路 protective circuit换接 change-over circuit换向 commutation输入功率 input power输入 input输出 output加载 to load充电 to charge放电 to discharge有载运行 on-load operation空载运行 no-load operation开路运行 open-circuit operation 短路运行 short-circuit operation 满载 full load效率 efficiency损耗 loss过电压 over-voltage过电流 over-current欠电压 under-voltage特性 characteristic绝缘物 insulant隔离 to isolate绝缘 insulation绝缘电阻 insulation resistance 品质因数 quality factor泄漏电流 leakage current闪烙 flashover短路 short circuit噪声 noise极限值 limiting value额定值 rated value额定 rating环境条件 environment condition 使用条件 service condition工况 operating condition额定工况 rated condition负载比 duty ratio绝缘比 insulation ratio介质试验 dielectric test常规试验 routine test抽样试验 sampling test验收试验 acceptance test投运试验 commissioning test维护试验 maintenance test加速 accelerating特性曲线 characteristic额定电压rated voltage额定电流 rated current额定频率rated frequency温升 temperature rise温度系数 temperature coefficient端电压 terminal voltage短路电流 short circuit current可靠性 reliability有效性 availability耐久性 durability维修 maintenance维护 preventive maintenance工作时间 operating time待命时间 standby time修复时间 repair time寿命 life使用寿命 useful life平均寿命 mean life耐久性试验 endurance test寿命试验 life test可靠性测定试验 reliability determination test 现场可靠性试验 field reliability test加速试验 accelerated test安全性 fail safe应力 stress强度 strength试验数据 test data现场数据 field data电触头 electrical contact主触头 main contact击穿 breakdown耐电压 proof voltage放电 electrical discharge透气性 air permeability电线电缆 electric wire and cable电力电缆 power cable通信电缆 telecommunication cable油浸式变压器 oil-immersed type transformer干式变压器 dry-type transformer自耦变压器 auto-transformer有载调压变压器 transformer fitted with OLTC 空载电流 non-load current阻抗电压 impedance voltage电抗电压 reactance voltage电阻电压 resistance voltage分接 tapping配电电器 distributing apparatus控制电器 control apparatus开关 switch熔断器 fuse断路器 circuit breaker控制器 controller接触器 contactor机械寿命 mechanical endurance电气寿命 electrical endurance旋转电机 electrical rotating machine直流电机 direct current machine交流电机 alternating current machine同步电机 synchronous machine异步电机 asynchronous machine感应电机 induction machine励磁机 exciter饱和特性 saturation characteristic开路特性 open-circuit characteristic负载特性 load characteristic短路特性 short-circuit characteristic额定转矩 rated load torque规定的最初起动转矩 specifies breakaway torque交流电动机的最初起动电流 breakaway starting current if an a.c. 同步转速 synchronous speed转差率 slip短路比 short-circuit ratio同步系数 synchronous coefficient空载 no-load系统system触电；电击 electric block正常状态 normal condition接触电压 touch voltage跨步电压 step voltage对地电压 voltage to earth触电电流 shock current残余电流 residual current安全阻抗 safety impedance安全距离safety distance安全标志 safety marking安全色 safety color中性点有效接地系统 system with effectively earthed neutral检修接地 inspection earthing工作接地 working earthing保护接地 protective earthing重复接地 iterative earth故障接地 fault earthing过电压保护 over-voltage protection过电流保护 over-current protection断相保护 open-phase protection防尘 dust-protected防溅protected against splashing防滴 protected against dropping water防浸水 protected against the effects of immersion 过电流保护装置 over-current protective device保护继电器 protective relay接地开关 earthing switch漏电断路器 residual current circuit-breaker灭弧装置 arc-control device安全隔离变压器 safety isolating transformer避雷器 surge attester ; lightning arrester保护电容器 capacitor for voltage protection安全开关 safety switch限流电路 limited current circuit振动 vibration腐蚀 corrosion点腐蚀 spot corrosion金属腐蚀 corrosion of metals化学腐蚀 chemical corrosion贮存 storage贮存条件 storage condition运输条件 transportation condition空载最大加速度 maximum bare table acceletation电力金具悬垂线夹 suspension clamp耐张线夹 strain clamp挂环 link挂板 clevis球头挂环 ball-eye球头挂钩 ball-hookU型挂环 shackleU型挂钩U-bolt联板 yoke plate牵引板 towing plate挂钩 hook吊架 hanger调整板 adjusting plate花篮螺栓 turn buckle接续管 splicing sleeve补修管 repair sleeve调线线夹 jumper clamp防振锤 damper均压环 grading ring屏蔽环 shielding ring间隔棒 spacer重锤 counter weight线卡子 guy clip心形环 thimble设备线夹 terminal connectorT形线夹 T-connector硬母线固定金具 bus-bar support母线间隔垫bus-bar separetor母线伸缩节 bus-bar expansion外光检查 visual ins振动试验 vibration tests老化试验 ageing tests冲击动载荷试验 impulse load tests 耐腐试验 corrosion resistance tests 棘轮扳手 ratchet spanner专用扳手 special purpose spanner万向套筒扳手 flexible pliers可调钳 adjustable pliers夹线器 conductor holder电缆剪 cable cutter卡线钳 conductor clamp单卡头 single clamp双卡头 double clamp安全帽 safety helmet安全带 safety belt绝缘手套 insulating glove绝缘靴 insulating boots护目镜 protection spectacles缝焊机 seam welding machine。
风力发电的作文英文
风力发电的作文英文Wind power is a renewable source of energy that harnesses the power of the wind to generate electricity. It is a clean and sustainable way to produce power without relying on fossil fuels.Many countries around the world are investing in wind power as a way to reduce their carbon footprint and combat climate change. Wind turbines can be installed on land or offshore to take advantage of strong winds and generate electricity for homes, businesses, and communities.One of the benefits of wind power is that it is cost-effective and can help to reduce electricity bills for consumers. By harnessing the power of the wind, we can create a more sustainable energy future for generations to come.Wind power is also a reliable source of energy that can help to reduce our dependence on non-renewable resourceslike coal and oil. By investing in wind power, we can create a more resilient energy grid that is less vulnerable to disruptions and outages.In conclusion, wind power is a clean, sustainable, and cost-effective way to generate electricity. By harnessing the power of the wind, we can create a more sustainable energy future for ourselves and for future generations.Let's continue to invest in wind power and work towards a cleaner, greener planet.。
风力发电机英语作文加翻译
风力发电机英语作文加翻译Use of wind turbines, wind energy is continuously put into power for our household use. This article uses the low-speed rated at 5KW wind turbine permanent magnet, such a small amount of instability due to wind turbines, it began to turn from their work, to convert wind energy into mechanical energy, and then the mechanical energy into electrical energy, it outputs voltage and current is constantly changing, the controller must be rectified by the regulator, into DC and then to the battery charging, wind turbines will generate electricity into chemical energy. Then there is the power protection circuit of the inverter, the battery in the chemical energy into AC 220V power. If it is only required to output DC electrical voltage to the corresponding electrical voltage and can be used. This ensures stable use. This article is complete with a thyristor trigger circuit to the rectifier circuit; inverter power supply selection switch controller SG3524 integrated inverter to achieve the conversion process使用风力涡轮机，风力发电将持续用于我们的家庭使用。
wind power generation作文及翻译风力发电
wind power generation作文及翻译风力发电In recent years, as a renewable clean energy, wind energy has been paid more and more attention all over the world. In recent years, the world wind power has been taking the wind turbine as the core to develop the key equipment of wind turbine power generation system. In the past few years, the localization of design and manufacturing problems has been the bottleneck of China's wind power generation.With the development of localization of wind power equipment in China The research and design of Zhanhe asynchronous generator has always been an urgent problem to be solved in the power industry. With the support and pro motion of the relevant preferential policies of the state, the rapid development of wind power industry in China has reached. With the expansion of the total installed capacity of wind power in kilowatt scale, due to the contingency a nd randomness of wind power, the impact of wind power on the stability of power grid can not be ignored, so the wind turbine was established The asynchronous model of group variable capacity makes the stability of wind turbine i n the wind power generation system can be analyzed and treated by the method similar to synchronous motor.The asynchronous wind generator is an important model of wind power generation. The simulation of asynchronous generator based on SPS module is of great significance because of its simple structure, lowprice and no strict control and control network equipment It is easier to connect with the power grid, but its speed can be changed to a certain extent, which will be able to absorb the transient process of wind energy. However, Xu Jizhu asynchronous generator grid is exciting and increases the demand for reactive power.Based on the requirements of asynchronous wind turbine control system, according to the actual operation model of wind turbine, and using Matlab/Simulink The simulation results are basically consistent with the actual operation of wind turbines.翻译：近年来，风能作为一种可再生的清洁能源日益受到世界各国的广泛关注，使得近几年世界风电一直以风电机组为核心发展风电机组发电系统的关键设备，在过去的几年里，设计和制造问题的本地化一直是中国风力发电的瓶颈，随着我国风力发电设备国产化工作的开展和异步发电机的研究与设计一直是电力行业迫切需要解决的问题，在国家相关优惠政策的支持和推动下，我国风电事业的快速发展已经达到了随着风电总装机容量千瓦规模的扩大，由于风电的偶然性和随机性，风电对电网稳定性的影响已不容忽视，建立了风电机组变容量异步模型，使风电机组在风力发电系统中的稳定性可以用类似于同步电机来分析处理它们的异步风力发电机是风力发电的一个重要模型，基于SPS模块的异步发电机仿真具有重要意义，因为其结构简单、价格低廉，而且不需要严格的控制和控制网络设备，可以更容易地与电网连接，但其转速可以在一定程度上改变，将能够吸收风能的暂态过程然而，许继柱异步发电机电网令人振奋，增加了电网对无功功率的需求，基于异步风电机组控制系统的要求开发了，根据建立的风力发电机组实际运行模型，并利用MATLAB/SIMULINK对其过程进行了仿真，仿真结果与实际运行的风电机组基本一致。
风力发电英文作文
风力发电英文作文英文：Wind power is a renewable energy source that has gained popularity in recent years. It involves the use of wind turbines to generate electricity, which can then be used to power homes, businesses, and even entire cities. One of the benefits of wind power is that it is clean and does not produce any harmful emissions, unlike fossil fuels.Another advantage of wind power is that it is cost-effective. While the initial investment in wind turbines can be high, the cost of producing electricity from wind power is much lower than that of traditional power sources. This is because wind is a free and abundant resource, and once the turbines are installed, the cost of producing electricity is relatively low.In addition to being a clean and cost-effective energy source, wind power also has the potential to create jobsand stimulate economic growth. The construction and maintenance of wind turbines require skilled workers, and the development of wind farms can create new opportunities for businesses and entrepreneurs.However, there are also some challenges associated with wind power. One of the biggest challenges is that wind is an intermittent energy source, meaning that it is not always available. This can make it difficult to rely solely on wind power to meet energy needs. Additionally, wind turbines can be noisy and can have negative impacts on wildlife and their habitats.Despite these challenges, wind power is still a promising energy source that has the potential to play a significant role in our transition to a more sustainable future.中文：风力发电是一种可再生能源，近年来受到了广泛的关注。
风力发电外文文献翻译中英文
风力发电外文翻译中英文英文Wind power in China – Dream or reality?HubacekAbstractAfter tremendous growth of wind power generation capacity in recent years, China now has 44.7 GW of wind-derived power. Despite the recent growth rates and promises of a bright future, two important issues - the capability of the grid infrastructure and the availability of backup systems - must be critically discussed and tackled in the medium term.The study shows that only a relatively small share of investment goes towards improving and extending the electricity infrastructure which is a precondition for transmitting clean wind energy to the end users. In addition, the backup systems are either geographically too remote from the potential wind power sites or currently financially infeasible. Finally, the introduction of wind power to the coal-dominated energy production system is not problem-free. Frequent ramp ups and downs of coal-fired plants lead to lower energy efficiency and higher emissions, which are likely to negate some of the emission savings from wind power.The current power system is heavily reliant on independently acting but state-owned energy companies optimizing their part of the system, and this is partly incompatible with building a robust system supportingrenewable energy technologies. Hence, strategic, top-down co-ordination and incentives to improve the overall electricity infrastructure is recommended.Keywords: Wind power, China, Power grids, Back-up systems1. IntroductionChina’s wind energy industry has exper ienced a rapid growth over the last decade. Since the promulgation of the first Renewable Energy Law in 2006, the cumulative installed capacity of wind energy amounted to 44.7 GW by the end of 2010 [1]. The newly installed capacity in 2010 reached 18.9 GW which accounted for about 49.5% of new windmills globally. The wind energy potential in China is considerable, though with differing estimates from different sources. According to He et al. [2], the exploitable wind energy potential is 600–1000 GW onshore and 100–200 GW offshore. Without considering the limitations of wind energy such as variable power outputs and seasonal variations, McElroy et al. [3] concluded that if the Chinese government commits to an aggressive low carbon energy future, wind energy is capable of generating 6.96 million GWh of electricity by 2030, which is sufficient to satisfy China’s electricity demand in 2030.The existing literature of wind energy development in China focuses on several discussion themes. The majority of the studies emphasize the importance of government policy on the promotion of wind energyindustry in China [4], [5], [6], [7]. For instance, Lema and Ruby [8] compared the growth of wind generation capacity between 1986 and 2006, and addressed the importance of a coordinated government policy and corresponding incentives. Several studies assessed other issues such as the current status of wind energy development in China [9]; the potential of wind power [10]; the significance of wind turbine manufacturing [11]; wind resource assessment [5]; the application of small-scale wind power in rural areas [12]; clean development mechanism in the promotion of wind energy in China [4], social, economic and technical performance of wind turbines [13] etc.There are few studies which assess the challenge of grid infrastructure in the integration of wind power. For instance, Wang [14] studied grid investment, grid security, long-distance transmission and the difficulties of wind power integration at present. Liao et al. [15] criticised the inadequacy of transmission lines in the wind energy development. However, we believe that there is a need to further investigate these issues since they are critical to the development of wind power in China. Furthermore, wind power is not a stand-alone energy source; it needs to be complemented by other energy sources when wind does not blow. Although the viability and feasibility of the combination of wind power with other power generation technologies have been discussed widely in other countries, none of the papers reviewed thesituation in the Chinese context. In this paper, we discuss and clarify two major issues in light of the Chinese wind energy distribution process: 1) the capability of the grid infrastructure to absorb and transmit large amounts of wind powered electricity, especially when these wind farms are built in remote areas; 2) the choices and viability of the backup systems to cope with the fluctuations of wind electricity output.2. Is the existing power grid infrastructure sufficient?Wind power has to be generated at specific locations with sufficient wind speed and other favourable conditions. In China, most of the wind energy potential is located in remote areas with sparse populations and less developed economies. It means that less wind powered electricity would be consumed close to the source. A large amount of electricity has to be transmitted between supply and demand centres leading to several problems associated with the integration with the national power grid system, including grid investment, grid safety and grid interconnection.2.1. Power grid investmentAlthough the two state grid companies-(SGCC) State Grid Corporation of China and (CSG) China Southern Grid - have invested heavily in grid construction, China’s powe r grid is still insufficient to cope with increasing demand. For example, some coal-fired plants in Jiangsu, which is one of the largest electricity consumers in China, had to drop the load ratio to 60 percent against the international standard of 80percent due to the limited transmission capacity [16]. This situation is a result of an imbalanced investment between power grid construction and power generation capacity. For example, during the Eighth Five-Year Plan, Ninth Five-Year Plan and Tenth Five-Year Plan,1 power grid investments accounted for 13.7%, 37.3% and 30% of total investment in the electricity sector, respectively. The ratio further increased from 31.1% in 2005 to 45.94% in 2008, the cumulative investment in the power grid is still significantly lower than the investments in power generation [17]. Fig. 1 gives a comparison of the ratios of accumulative investments in power grid and power generation in China, the US, Japan, the UK and France since 1978. In most of these countries, more than half of the electric power investment has been made on grid construction. By contrast, the ratio is less than 40% in China.According to the Articles 14 and 21 of the Chinese Renewable Energy Law, the power grid operators are responsible for the grid connection of renewable energy projects. Subsidies are given subject to the length of the grid extension with standard rates. However, Mo [18] found that the subsidies were only sufficient to compensate for capital investment and corresponding interest but excluding operational and maintenance costs.Again, similar to grid connection, grid reinforcement requires significant amounts of capital investment. The Three Gorges power planthas provided an example of large-scale and long-distance electricity transmission in China. Similar to wind power, hydropower is usually situated in less developed areas. As a result, electricity transmission lines are necessary to deliver the electricity to the demand centres where the majority are located; these are the eastern coastal areas and the southern part of China. According to SGCC [19], the grid reinforcement investment of the Three Gorges power plants amounted to 34.4 billion yuan (about 5 billion US dollars). This could be a lot higher in the case of wind power due to a number of reasons. First, the total generating capacity of Three Gorges project is approximately 18.2 GW at this moment and will reach 22.4 GW when fully operating [20], whilst the total generating capacity of the massive wind farms amount to over 100 GW. Hence, more transmission capacities are absolutely necessary. Second, the Three Gorges hydropower plant is located in central China. A number of transmission paths are available, such as the 500 kV DC transmission lines to Shanghai (with a length of 1100 km), Guangzhou (located in Guangdong province, with a length of 1000 km) and Changzhou (located in Jiangsu province, with a length of 1000 km) with a transmission capacity of 3 GW each and the 500 kV AC transmission lines to central China with transmission capacity of 12 GW. By contrast, the majority of wind farm bases, which are located in the northern part of China, are far away from the load centres. For example, Jiuquan locatedin Gansu has a planned generation capacity of 20 GW. The distances from Jiuquan to the demand centres of the Central China grid and the Eastern China grid are 1500 km and 2500 km, respectively. For Xinjiang, the distances are even longer at 2500 km and 4000 km, respectively. As a result, longer transmission lines are required. Fig. 2 depicts the demand centres and wind farms in detail.2.2. Grid safetyThe second problem is related to grid safety. The large-scale penetration of wind electricity leads to voltage instability, flickers and voltage asymmetry which are likely to cause severe damage to the stability of the power grid [21]. For example, voltage stability is a key issue in the grid impact studies of wind power integration. During the continuous operation of wind turbines, a large amount of reactive power is absorbed, which lead to voltage stability deterioration [22]. Furthermore, the significant changes in power supply from wind might damage the power quality [23]. Hence, additional regulation capacity would be needed. However, in a power system with the majority of its power from base load provider, the requirements cannot be met easily [24]. In addition, the possible expansion of existing transmission lines would be necessary since integration of large-scale wind would cause congestion and other grid safety problems in the existing transmission system. For example, Holttinen [23] summarized the majorimpacts of wind power integration on the power grid at the temporal level (the impacts of power outputs at second, minute to year level on the power grid operation) and the spatial level (the impact on local, regional and national power grid). Besides the impacts mentioned above, the authors highlight other impacts such as distribution efficiency, voltage management and adequacy of power on the integration of wind power [23].One of the grid safety problems caused by wind power is reported by the (SERC) State Electricity Regulatory Commission [25]. In February and April of 2011, three large-scale wind power drop-off accidents in Gansu (twice) and Hebei caused power losses of 840.43 MW, 1006.223 MW and 854 MW, respectively, which accounted for 54.4%, 54.17% and 48.5% of the total wind powered outputs. The massive shutdown of wind turbines resulted in serious operational difficulties as frequency dropped to 49.854 Hz, 49.815 Hz and 49.95 Hz in the corresponding regional power grids.The Chinese Renewable Energy Law requires the power grid operators to coordinate the integration of windmills and accept all of the wind powered electricity. However, the power grid companies have been reluctant to do so due to the above mentioned problems as well as technical and economic reasons. For instance, more than one third of the wind turbines in China, amounting to 4 GW capacity, were not connectedto the power grid by the end of 2008 [17]. Given that the national grid in China is exclusively controlled by the power companies –SGCC and CSG - the willingness of these companies to integrate wind energy into the electricity generation systems is critical.2.3. The interconnection of provincial and regional power gridsThe interconnection of trans-regional power grids started at the end of 1980s. A (HVDC) high voltage direct current transmission line was established to link the Gezhouba2 dam with Shanghai which signifies the beginning of regional power grids interconnection. In 2001, two regional power grids, the North China Power Grid and Northeast China Power Grid were interconnected. This was followed by the interconnection of the Central China Power Grid and the North China Power Grid in 2003. In 2005, two other interconnection agreements were made between the South China Power Grid with North, Northeast and Central China Power Grid, and the Northwest China Power Grid and the Central China Power Grid. Finally, in 2009, the interconnection of Central China Power Grid and the East China Power Grid was made. In today’s China, the Chinese power transmission systems are composed of 330 kV and 500 kV transmission lines as the backbone and six interconnected regional power grids and one Tibet power grid [26].It seems that the interconnectivity of regional power grids would help the delivery of wind powered outputs from wind-rich regions todemand centres. However, administrative and technical barriers still exist. First, the interconnectivity among regions is always considered as a backup to contingencies, and could not support the large-scale, long-distance electricity transmission [27]. In addition, the construction of transmission systems is far behind the expansion of wind power. The delivery of large amounts of wind power would be difficult due to limited transmission capacity. Furthermore, the quantity of inter-regional electricity transmission is fixed [27]. Additional wind power in the inter-regional transmission might have to go through complex administrative procedures and may result in profit reductions of conventional power plants.3. Are the backup systems geographically available and technically feasible?Power system operators maintain the security of power supply by holding power reserve capacities in operation. Although terminologies used in the classification of power reserves vary among countries [28], power reserves are always used to keep the production and generation in balance under a range of circumstances, including power plant outages, uncertain variations in load and fluctuations in power generations (such as wind) [29]. As wind speed varies on all time scales (e.g. from seconds to minutes and from months to years), the integration of fluctuating wind power generation induces additional system balancing requirements onthe operational timescale [29].A number of studies have examined the approaches to stabilize the electricity output from wind power plants. For example, Belanger and Gagnon [30] conducted a study on the compensation of wind power fluctuations by using hydropower in Canada. Nema et al. [31] discussed the application of wind combined solar PV power generation systems and concluded that the hybrid energy system was a viable alternative to current power supply systems in remote areas. In China, He et al. [2]investigated the choices of combined power generation systems. The combinations of wind-hydro, wind-diesel, wind-solar and wind-gas power were evaluated respectively. They found that, for instance, the wind-diesel hybrid systems were used at remote areas and isolated islands. This is because the wind-diesel hybrid systems have lower generation efficiency and higher generation costs compared to other generation systems. Currently, the wind-solar hybrid systems are not economically viable for large-scale application; thus, these systems have either been used at remote areas with limited electricity demand (e.g. Gansu Subei and Qinghai Tiansuo) or for lighting in some coastal cities [2]. Liu et al. [32] adopted the EnergyPLAN model to investigate the maximum wind power penetration level in the Chinese power system. The authors derived a conclusion that approximately 26% of national power demand could be supplied by wind power by the end of 2007. However, theauthors fail to explain the provision of power reserves at different time scales due to wind power integration.Because of the smoothing effects of dispersing wind turbines at different locations (as exemplified by Drake and Hubacek [33] for the U.K., Roques [34] for the E.U. and Kempton et al. [35] for the U.S.), the integration of wind power has a very small impact on the primary reserves which are available from seconds to minutes [36]. However, the increased reserve requirements are considerable on secondary reserves (available within 10–15 min) which mainly consist of hydropower plants and gas turbine power plants [29]. Besides, the long-term reserves, which are used to restore secondary reserves after a major power deficit, will be in operation to keep power production and consumption in balance for a longer timescale (from several minutes to several hours). In the following subsection, we examine the availability of power plants providing secondary and long-term reserves and investigate the viability of energy storage system in China.中文中国的风力发电–梦想还是现实？胡巴切克摘要经过近几年风力发电能力的巨大增长，中国现在拥有44.7吉瓦的风力发电。
风力发电 英文作文
风力发电英文作文英文：Wind power is a type of renewable energy that has been gaining popularity in recent years. It involves harnessing the power of wind to generate electricity. I think wind power is a great alternative to traditional forms of energy like oil and coal. Not only is it clean and sustainable, but it also has the potential to be very cost-effective.One of the benefits of wind power is that it doesn't produce any greenhouse gas emissions. This means that it doesn't contribute to climate change like fossil fuels do. Additionally, wind power is renewable, meaning that itwon't run out like oil and coal will. This makes it a much more sustainable option for the future.Another advantage of wind power is that it can be very cost-effective. While the initial investment in wind turbines can be expensive, the cost of generatingelectricity from wind power is much lower than with fossil fuels. This is because the fuel (wind) is free, and there are no ongoing costs for mining or transporting fuel.Of course, there are also some challenges associated with wind power. One of the biggest is that wind power is intermittent, meaning that it can't be relied on to generate electricity all the time. This is because wind speeds can vary greatly depending on the weather. However, this can be mitigated by using a combination of different renewable energy sources, like wind and solar power.Overall, I think wind power is a great alternative to traditional forms of energy. It's clean, sustainable, and has the potential to be very cost-effective. While there are some challenges to overcome, I believe that wind power will play an important role in our transition to a more sustainable future.中文：风力发电是一种近年来越来越受欢迎的可再生能源类型。
有关风能发电的英语作文
有关风能发电的英语作文英文回答：Wind energy is a rapidly growing source of renewable energy that has the potential to provide a significant portion of the world's electricity needs. It is a clean, sustainable, and cost-effective way to generate electricity, and it can help to reduce our dependence on fossil fuels.Wind turbines convert the kinetic energy of the windinto electrical energy. The turbines are mounted on towers, and the blades rotate when the wind blows. The rotation of the blades turns a generator, which produces electricity.Wind energy is a variable resource, which means that it is not always available. However, the wind can be predicted with reasonable accuracy, and wind turbines can be sited in areas where the wind blows frequently.Wind energy is a relatively new technology, but it israpidly becoming more efficient and cost-effective. The cost of wind energy has fallen significantly in recent years, and it is now competitive with other forms of renewable energy, such as solar energy.Wind energy has a number of advantages over other forms of renewable energy. It is a clean source of energy, and it does not produce any greenhouse gases. Wind turbines are also relatively quiet, and they can be sited in areas where they will not have a negative impact on the environment.Wind energy is a promising source of renewable energy that has the potential to make a significant contribution to the world's energy needs. It is a clean, sustainable, and cost-effective way to generate electricity, and it can help to reduce our dependence on fossil fuels.中文回答：风能是一种增长迅速的可再生能源，它有可能为世界提供大量的电力需求。
有关风力发电的外文文献翻译
大型风力发电对电力系统稳定性的影响Ch. Eping, J. Stenzel电力系统研究所TU DarmstadtLandgraf-Georg-Stra¼e 464283 Darmstadt/德国e-mail：*********************************.de********************************.deM. PÄoller, HMÄullerDIgSILENT GmbHHeinrich-Hertz-Stra¼e 972810 Gomaringen /德国e-mail:*******************************************摘要近年来，风力发电量不断增加，对电力系统的安全性和系统运行的影响也不断增加。
因此，最近在不同的国家已经进行一些风电影响的研究了。
这些研究的结果通常会涉及到不同的风力发电方面，如波动性，分布式风电场发电机技术，发电机控制等和后备并网预测，其他储备的要求等等。
本文重点对影响暂态稳定问题的几个方面进行分析，像发电机技术，连接点，分布式发电等对暂态稳定方面的影响分别进行了透彻分析。
1引言风力发电的重要性日益增加，特别在许多欧洲国家、美国、加拿大、和澳大利亚。
这要求风力发电对电力系统稳定性的影响进行详细分析。
因此，最近已经进行了所需的一些网络加固，资金准备要求，目前正在开展风力发电对电力系统稳定性影响的研究（如[2]）。
这些研究处理与风力发电有关的几个不同的方面，如波动性风电，当地风力资源，各种发电机技术和发电机控制。
结果大致是，不同的风力发电方面的共同并网和并网后备预测，额外的储备要求，对电力系统稳定性的影响等，但是很难的解决遇到的问题和所需的系统升级，因为要同时进行大量各种方面的研究。
本文的目的是分析和理解，而不是实际的数字和计算。
这次调查的是暂态稳定现象，特别是暂态稳定长距离输电的限制。
风电术语英汉对照
风电术语英汉对照风电术语英汉对照❈风力机和风力发电机风力机( wind turbine):将风的动能转换为另一种形式能的旋转机械。
风力发电机组( wind turbine generator system,WTGS):将风的动能转换为电能的系统风电场( wind power station; wind farm):由一批风力发电机组或风力发电机组群组成的电站水平轴风力机( horizontal axis wind turbine):风轮轴基本上平行于风向的风力机垂直轴风力机( vertical axis wind turbine):风轮轴垂直的风力机轮毂(风力机)(hub):将叶片或叶片组固定到转轴上的装置机舱( nacelle):设在水平轴风力机顶部包容电机、传动系统和其他装置的部件支撑结构(风力机)( support structure):由塔架(筒)和基础组成的风力机部分。
关机(风力机)( shutdown):从发电到静止或空转之间的风力机过渡状态正常关机(风力机)( normal shutdown):全过程都是在控制系统控制下进行的关机。
紧急关机(风力机)( emergency shutdown):保护装置系统触发或人工干预下,使风力机迅速关机。
空转(风力机)( idling):风力机缓慢旋转但不发电的状态。
锁定(风力机)( blocking):利用机械销或其他装置,而不是通常的机械制动盘,防止风轮轴或偏航机构运动。
停机( parking):风力机关机后的状态。
静止( standstill):风力发电机组的停止状态。
制动器(风力机)( brake);能降低风轮转速或能停止风轮旋转的装置。
停机制动(风力机)( parking brake):能够防止风轮转动的制动。
风轮转速(风力机)( rotor speed):风力机风轮绕其轴的旋转速度。
控制系统(风力机)( control systen):接受风力机信息和/或环境信息,调节风力机,使其保持在工作要求范围内的系统。
风力发电的英文作文
风力发电的英文作文Wind power is a renewable energy source that harnesses the power of the wind to generate electricity. It is a clean and sustainable alternative to traditional fossil fuels.Wind turbines are tall structures with large bladesthat spin when the wind blows. The spinning motion generates electricity through a generator, which is then transmitted to homes and businesses through power lines.One of the advantages of wind power is that it produces no greenhouse gas emissions or air pollutants. This helps reduce the negative impact of climate change and improveair quality.Wind power can be generated both onshore and offshore. Onshore wind farms are located on land, while offshore wind farms are located in bodies of water such as oceans and lakes.Although wind power has many benefits, it also has some challenges. One challenge is that wind is an intermittent energy source, meaning it is not always available. This can make it difficult to rely solely on wind power for electricity generation.Despite its challenges, wind power has seen significant growth in recent years as countries around the world work to reduce their reliance on fossil fuels and transition to clean energy sources. With continued advancements in technology, wind power has the potential to play a major role in the future of energy production.。
风力发电论文摘要英文翻译
风力发电论文摘要英文翻译摘要风力发电是清洁的、无污染的可再生能源，它的优势已被人们所认识。
但是现阶段风力发电成本与常规能源相比仍不具有优势，特别是在我国，风力发电成本还难与同常规能源相竞争，这制约了我国风电事业的发展。
因此全面地研究我国风力发电成本、研究影响风力发电成本的因素、找到降低风力发电成本的途径，对促进我国风电事业的发展、改进我国能源结构、治理我国的环境污染具有重要的现实意义。
为此社会总成本实际成本风电场关键字:风力发电ABSTRACTThis paper introduces wind Power generation cost in china Wind Power is a kind of cleaner and no pollution and regenerate power, Its benefits has been known by most people.But it has been yet inferior to routine power in cost, especially in our country. So studying the cost of the wind power generation and studying the factors of affecting wind power generation costs and finding the ways of decreasing the wind power generation costs in our country have very important realistic meanings and it can promote the cause of the wind power generation and improvethe energy constitutes and administer circumstance pollution in our country.hence,this paper is accomplished to develop the study of the wind power generation cost:First ,the history and the present of wind power generation are introduced: Second ,the social cost of wind power generation are studied by means of comprehensive analyses.draw a conclusion;the social cost of wind power generation is lower;Third ,the real cost of wind power generation are studied by model of wind distribution and generation amount and calculating the cost of wind power generation;the factors affecting wind power generation cost are studied by sensitivities with a real example and draw a conclusion:average wind rate is most influence to wind power generation cost and the ways of reducing wind power generation cost are discussed. Fourth ,the trend of wind power generation cost is analysised and draw a conclusion;wind power generation cost is dropping.Key word: wind power generation the social cost the real cost wind powergeneration farm目录1 概述 (1)1.1风力发电的研究现状 (1)1.2我国风力发电的发展状况 (3)1.3发展风力发电的必要性和意义 ......................................... 4 2中国风力发电社会总成本的研究 (6)2.1研究方法的选择 (6)2.2原理及步骤 (6)2.2.1具体步骤 .....................................................62.2.2 进行层次总排序 ...............................................8 3层次分析综合评价法的应用 (9)3.1建立层次结构模型 (9)3.2构造判断矩阵 (9)3.3 进行层次单排序极其一致性检验 (11)3.4进行层次总排序 (13)3.5层次总排序一致性检验 (14)3.6世界各国促进风力发电发展的激励政策 (14)3.7小结 .............................................................. 16 4中国风力发电的成本走势分析 (16)4.1风机国产化的形式对成本走势的影响 (16)4.2.国家政策 (16)4.3目前我国风力发电成本较高原因分析 (17)4.3.1目前我国风力发电成本较高原因 ................................174.3.2解决的方法 ..................................................194.3.3风力发电在我国发展的美好前景 ................................19 谢辞 ..................................................................20 参考文献 ...............................................................21大连交通大学信息工程学院2011届本科生毕业设计(论文)1 概述1.1风力发电的研究现状风力发电于1890年起源于丹麦，之后经过几个重要的发展阶段。
有关风能发电的英语作文
有关风能发电的英语作文英文回答：Wind energy is a form of renewable energy that harnesses the power of the wind to generate electricity. It is a clean and sustainable source of energy that does not produce any emissions or waste. Wind turbines, which are used to convert the kinetic energy of the wind into electrical energy, are typically installed in windy areas, such as coastal regions, mountain passes, and open fields.One of the main advantages of wind energy is its cost-effectiveness. Wind turbines have become increasingly efficient and affordable over the years, making wind energy one of the most competitive renewable energy sources. Additionally, wind energy is a reliable source of energy, as wind is a relatively predictable resource.However, wind energy also has some disadvantages. One of the main challenges is that wind power is intermittent,meaning that it is not always available when needed. This can be overcome by integrating wind energy with other renewable energy sources, such as solar energy, which is available during the day when wind power is typically less available.Another challenge with wind energy is that wind turbines can have a negative impact on wildlife,particularly birds and bats. However, there are a number of measures that can be taken to mitigate this impact, such as siting wind turbines in areas where there is less wildlife activity and using bird deterrents.Overall, wind energy is a promising renewable energy source that has the potential to make a significant contribution to meeting our global energy needs. It is a clean, sustainable, and cost-effective source of energythat can help us to reduce our reliance on fossil fuels.中文回答：风能是一种可再生能源，利用风力发电。
风电叶片相关英文词汇
偏航驱动yawing driven风力机wind turbine极端风速extreme wind speed年发电量annual energy production叶片长度length of blade解缆untwist过载度ratio of over load减压阀reducing valve齿轮的变位addendum modification on gears传动误差transmission error重复接地iterative earth风电场wind power stationwind farm安全风速survival wind speed可利用率availability叶根root of blade塔架tower风力发电机组输出特性output characteristic of WTGS 安全阀safety valve变位齿轮gears with addendum modification传动精度transmission accuracy故障接地fault earthing 风力发电机组wind turbine generator syste m WTGS参考风速reference wind speed叶尖tip of blade数据组功率特性测试data set for power performance measurement 独立式塔架free stand tower调节特性gulating characteristics设定压力setting pressure圆柱齿轮cylindrical gear固有频率natural frequency过电压保护over-voltage protection水平轴风力机horizontal axis wind turbine风速分布wind speed distribution精度accuracy叶尖速度tip speed拉索式塔架guyed tower平均噪声average noise level切换switching直齿圆柱齿轮spur gear弹性联接elastic coupling 过电流保护over-current protection 垂直轴风力机vertical axis wind turbine瑞利分布RayLeigh distribution测量误差uncertainty in measurement浆距角pitch angle塔影响效应influence by the tower shadow机组效率efficiency of WTGS旋转接头rotating union斜齿圆柱齿轮helical gearsingle-helical gear刚性联接rigid coupling断相保护open-phase protection轮毂（风力机）hub (for wind turbine)威布尔分布Weibull distribution分组方法method of bins翼型airfoil<<功率特性测试>>使用寿命service life压力表pressure gauge节点pitch point滑块联接Oldham coupling防尘dust-protected 机舱nacelle风切变wind shear测量周期measurement period前缘leading edge功率特性power performance度电成本cost per kilowatt hour of the electricity generated by WTGS液压油hydraulic fluid节圆pitch circle 固定联接integrated coupling防溅protected against splashing 支撑结构support structure for wi nd turbine风廓线风切变律wind profile wind shear law测量扇区measurement sector后缘tailing edge净电功率输出net electric power output发电机液压马达hydraulic motor齿顶圆tip circle齿啮式联接dynamic coupling防滴protected against dropping water关机shutdownfor wind turbine风切变指数wind shear exponent日变化diurnal variations几何弦长geometric chord of airfoil功率系数power coefficient同步电机synchronous generator油封oil seal齿根圆root circle花键式联接splined coupling防浸水protected against the effects of immersion 正常关机normal shutdown for wind turbine对数风切变律logarithmic wind shear law浆距角pitch angle平均几何弦长mean geometric of airfoil自由流风速free stream wind speed异步电机asynchronous generator刹车盘brake disc直径和半径diameter and radius牙嵌式联接castellated coupling过电流保护装置over-current protective device紧急关机emergency shutdown for wind turbine 风切变幂律power law for wind shear距离常数distance constant气动弦线aerodynamic chord of airfoil扫掠面积swept area感应电机induction generator闸垫brake pad齿宽face width径向销联接radial pin coupling 保护继电器protective relay。
风力发电机外文翻译
为电力设计并研制三分之一比例的垂直轴风力发电机摘要：本文通过对风力涡轮机技术测量风速的研究来阐述马来西亚的发电技术。
测量超过三分之一比例的原型垂直轴风力发电机的风速，其主要目的是预测全尺寸H型垂直轴风力涡轮机的性能。
风力发电机产生的电力受发电机的两个主要部分的影响：风力发电和皮带传动系统。
叶片、阻力区系统和皮带传动系统决定转化成电力的风力能，转化成电力的风受叶片、阻力区系统和皮带传送系统的影响。
本文主要研究风力和皮带传送系统的影响。
塞格林工业大学热工学系实验室为这个三分之一规模的风力发电机组设计了一套叶片和拖动装置。
风力发电机组分别进行5.89米/秒、6.08米/秒和7.02米/秒的风速测试。
从实验中计算出风力分别为132.19W，145.40W和223.80W。
目前的研究正在探索最大风力。
关键词：皮带传送系统；雷诺数；风力；风力发电机组引言：风能是一种动能，与大气运动密切相关。
它已被用于航行船、磨粮食、灌溉数百年，风力发电系统将动能转化为更加有用其他形式的能量，自古以来风力发电系统就被应用在灌溉、磨坊中；自20世纪初，它就开始被用来发电，许多国家尤其在农村地区都安装了水抽水风车。
风轮机是一台把风的动能转换成旋转机械能的机器，然后被用来工作，在更先进的机型里旋转机械能通过发电机被转换成电能，这是能量最通用的形式（菲茨沃特等，1996）。
几千年来，人们利用风车抽水或磨粮食，即使进入二十世纪，身材高大、苗条、多叶片完全由金属制成的风力发电机也已经进入美国家庭和牧场将水抽到房子的管道系统或牲畜的饮水槽，第一次世界大战后，主要的工作是开始发展可以产生电力的风力涡轮机，马塞勒斯雅各布在1927年发明了一种可以为收音机和一些灯提供能量的原型，但仅仅如此。
当电力需求增加后，Jacobs的小型的有不足的风力发电机开始不用。
第一个大型风力涡轮机由帕尔默考斯莱特普特南在1934年美国建立起构思的，完成于1941年。
英语作文--翻译--风能
风是一种潜力很大的新能源。
风能(wind energy)既清洁又可再生，所以越来越受到世界各国的重视。
我国的风力资源极为丰富，绝大多数地区的平均风速都在每秒3米以上。
早在20世纪70年代，中国就开始了发展风力发电(wing power)的努力。
到2010年，中国风电装机容量(installed wind power capacity)超过美国，成为风力发电的第一大国。
风力发电为保护环境做出了巨大的贡献。
The wind is a kind of new energy which possesses great potential. Wind energy is clean and renewable, so more and more win the attention of the countries all over the world. Wind resource is very abundant in our country, the average wind speed in most areas is more than three meters per second. In the early 1970 s, China commences efforts to exploit wind power. By 2010, since the installed wind power capacity more than the United States, China became the first power of wind power generation. The wind power made a great contribution to protect the environment.。
【VIP专享】风力发电机用专业英语中文对照
风力发电机用专业英语中文对照（一）风力机wind turbine风电场wind power station wind farm风力发电机组wind turbine generator system WTGS水平轴风力机horizontal axis wind turbine 垂直轴风力机vertical axis wind turbine轮毂（风力机）hub (for wind turbine)机舱nacelle支撑结构support structure for wind turbine 关机shutdown for wind turbine正常关机normal shutdown for wind turbine 紧急关机emergency shutdown for wind turbine空转idling锁定blocking停机parking静止standstill制动器brake停机制动parking brake风轮转速rotor speed控制系统control system保护系统protection system偏航yawing设计和安全参数design situation设计工况design situation载荷状况load case外部条件external conditions设计极限design limits极限状态limit state使用极限状态serviceability limit states极限限制状态ultimate limit state最大极限状态ultimate limit state安全寿命safe life严重故障catastrophic failure潜伏故障latent fault dormant failure风特性wind characteristic风速wind speed风矢量wind velocity旋转采样风矢量rotationally sampled wind velocity额定风速rated wind speed切入风速cut-in speed切出风速cut-out speed年平均annual average年平均风速annual average wind speed平均风速mean wind speed 极端风速extreme wind speed安全风速survival wind speed参考风速reference wind speed风速分布wind speed distribution瑞利分布RayLeigh distribution威布尔分布Weibull distribution风切变wind shear风廓线风切变律wind profile wind shear law 风切变指数wind shear exponent对数风切变律logarithmic wind shear law风切变幂律power law for wind shear下风向down wind上风向up wind阵风gust粗糙长度roughness length湍流强度turbulence intensity湍流尺度参数turbulence scale parameter湍流惯性负区inertial sub-range风场wind site测量参数measurement parameters测量位置measurement seat最大风速maximum wind speed风功率密度wind power density风能密度wind energy density日变化diurnal variation年变化annual variation轮毂高度hub height风能wind energy标准大气状态standard atmospheric state 风切变影响influence by the wind shear阵风影响gust influence风速频率frequency of wind speed环境environment工作环境operational environment气候climate海洋性气候ocean climate大陆性气候continental climate露天气候open-air climate室内气候indoor climate极端extreme日平均值daily mean极端最高extreme maximum年最高annual maximum年最高日平均温度annual extreme daily mean of temperature月平均温度mean monthly temperature空气湿度air humidity绝对湿度absolute humidity相对湿度relative humidity降水precipitation雨rain冻雨freezing rain霜淞rime雨淞glaze冰雹hail露dew雾fog盐雾salt fog雷暴thunderstorm雪载snow load标准大气压standard air pressure平均海平面mean sea level海拔altitude辐射通量radiant flux太阳辐射solar radiation直接太阳辐射direct solar radiation天空辐射sky radiation太阳常数solar constant太阳光谱solar spectrum黑体black body白体white body温室效应greenhouse effect环境温度ambient temperature表面温度surface temperature互联interconnection输出功率output power额定功率rated power最大功率maximum power电网连接点network connection point电力汇集系统power collection system风场电器设备site electrical facilities功率特性power performance静电功率输出net electric power output 功率系数power performance自由流风速free stream wind speed扫掠面积swept area轮毂高度hub height测量功率曲线measurement power curve 外推功率曲线extrapolated power curve 年发电量annual energy production 可利用率availability数据组功率特性测试data set for power performance measurement精度accuracy测量误差uncertainty in measurement分组方法method of bins测量周期measurement period测量扇区measurement sector日变化diurnal variations浆距角pitch angle距离常数distance constant试验场地test site气流畸变flow distortion障碍物obstacles复杂地形带complex terrain风障wind break声压级sound pressure level声级weighted sound pressure level; sound level视在声功率级apparent sound power level 指向性directivity音值tonality声的基准面风速acoustic reference wind speed标准风速standardized wind speed基准高度reference height基准粗糙长度reference roughness length 基准距离reference distance掠射角grazing angle风轮风轮wind rotor风轮直径rotor diameter风轮扫掠面积rotor swept area风轮仰角tilt angle of rotor shaft风轮偏航角yawing angle of rotor shaft风轮额定转速rated turning speed of rotor 风轮最高转速maximum turning speed of rotor风轮尾流rotor wake尾流损失wake loss传动比transmission ratio齿轮gear齿轮副gear pair平行轴齿轮副gear pair with parallel axes齿轮系train of gears行星齿轮系planetary gear train小齿轮pinion大齿轮wheel gear主动齿轮driving gear从动齿轮driven gear行星齿轮planet gear行星架planet carrier太阳轮sun gear内齿圈ring gear外齿轮external gear内齿轮internal内齿轮副internal gear pair增速齿轮副speed increasing gear增速齿轮系speed increasing gear train中心距center distance增速比speed increasing ratio齿面tooth flank工作齿面working flank非工作齿面non-working flank模数module齿数number of teeth啮合干涉meshing interference齿廓修行profile modification , profile correction啮合engagement, mesh齿轮的变位addendum modification on gears变位齿轮gears with addendum modification 圆柱齿轮cylindrical gear直齿圆柱齿轮spur gear斜齿圆柱齿轮helical gear single-helical gear节点pitch point节圆pitch circle齿顶圆tip circle齿根圆root circle直径和半径diameter and radius齿宽face width齿厚tooth thickness压力角pressure angle圆周侧隙circumferential backlash蜗杆worm蜗轮worm wheel 联轴器coupling刚性联轴器rigid coupling万向联轴器universal coupling安全联轴器security coupling齿tooth齿槽tooth space斜齿轮helical gear人字齿轮double-helical gear齿距pitch法向齿距normal pitch轴向齿距axial pitch齿高tooth depth输入角input shaft输出角output shaft柱销pin柱销套roller行星齿轮传动机构planetary gear drive mechanism中心轮center gear单级行星齿轮系single planetary gear train 柔性齿轮flexible gear刚性齿轮rigidity gear柔性滚动轴承flexible rolling bearing输出联接output coupling刚度rigidity扭转刚度torsional rigidity弯曲刚度flexural rigidity扭转刚度系数coefficient of torsional起动力矩starting torque传动误差transmission error传动精度transmission accuracy固有频率natural frequency弹性联接elastic coupling刚性联接rigid coupling滑块联接Oldham coupling固定联接integrated coupling齿啮式联接dynamic coupling花键式联接splined coupling牙嵌式联接castellated coupling径向销联接radial pin coupling周期振动periodic vibration随机振动random vibration峰值peak value临界阻尼critical damping阻尼系数 damping coefficient 阻尼比 damping ratio 减震器 vibration isolator振动频率 vibration frequency 幅值 amplitude位移幅值displacement amplitude 速度幅值 velocity amplitude加速度幅值 acceleration amplitude 控制与监控系统远程监视 telemonitoring 协议 protocol 实时 real time风力发电机用专业英语中文对照（二）单向传输 simplex transmission 半双工传输 half-duplex transmission 双工传输 duplex transmission 前置机 front end processor 运输终端 remote terminal unit 调制解调器 modulator-demodulator 数据终端设备 data terminal equipment 接口 interface 数据电路 data circuit 信息 information 状态信息 state information 分接头位置信息 tap position information 监视信息 monitored information 设备故障信息 equipment failure information 告警 alarm 返回信息 return information 设定值 set point value 累积值 integrated total integrated value 瞬时测值 instantaneous measured 计量值 counted measured metered measured metered reading 确认 acknowledgement 信号 signal 模拟信号 analog signal 命令 command 字节 byte 位bit 地址 address 波特 baud 编码 encode 译码 decode 代码 code 集中控制 centralized control 可编程序控制 programmable control 微机程控 minicomputer program 模拟控制 analogue control 数字控制 digital control 强电控制 strong current control 弱电控制 weak current control 单元控制 unit control 就地控制 local control 联锁装置 interlocker 模拟盘 analogue board 配电盘 switch board 控制台 control desk 紧急停车按钮 emergency stop push-button 限位开关 limit switch 限速开关 limit speed switch 有载指示器on-load indicator 屏幕显示 screen display 指示灯 display lamp 起动信号 starting signal 公共供电点 point of common coupling 闪变 flicker 数据库data base 硬件 hardware 硬件平台 hardware platform 层 layer level class 模型 model 响应时间 response time 软件 software 软件平台 software platform 系统软件 system software 自由脱扣 trip-free 基准误差 basic error 一对一控制方式 one-to-one control mode 一次电流 primary current 一次电压 primary voltage二次电流secondary current二次电压secondary voltage低压电器low voltage apparatus额定工作电压rated operational voltage 额定工作电流rated operational current 运行管理operation management安全方案safety concept外部条件external conditions失效failure故障fault控制柜control cabinet冗余技术redundancy正常关机normal shutdown失效-安全fail-safe排除故障clearance空转idli负载load加载to load充电to charge放电to discharge有载运行on-load operation空载运行no-load operation开路运行open-circuit operation短路运行short-circuit operation满载full load效率efficiency损耗loss过电压over-voltage过电流over-current欠电压under-voltage特性characteristic绝缘物insulant隔离to isolate绝缘insulation绝缘电阻insulation resistance品质因数quality factor泄漏电流leakage current闪烙flashover短路short circuit噪声noise极限值limiting value额定值rated value额定rating环境条件environment condition 使用条件service condition工况operating condition额定工况rated condition负载比duty ratio绝缘比insulation ratio介质试验dielectric test常规试验routine test抽样试验sampling test验收试验acceptance test投运试验commissioning test维护试验maintenance test加速accelerating特性曲线characteristic额定电压rated voltage额定电流rated current额定频率rated frequency温升temperature rise温度系数temperature coefficient端电压terminal voltage短路电流short circuit current可靠性reliability有效性availability耐久性durability维修maintenance维护preventive maintenance工作时间operating time待命时间standby time修复时间repair time寿命life使用寿命useful life平均寿命mean life耐久性试验endurance test寿命试验life test可靠性测定试验reliability determination test 现场可靠性试验field reliability test加速试验accelerated test安全性fail safe应力stress强度strength试验数据test data现场数据field data电触头electrical contact主触头main contact击穿breakdown耐电压 proof voltage 放电 electrical discharge 透气性 air permeability 电线电缆 electric wire and cable 电力电缆 power cable 通信电缆 telecommunication cable 油浸式变压器 oil-immersed type transformer 干式变压器 dry-type transformer 自耦变压器 auto-transformer 有载调压变压器 transformer fitted with OLTC 空载电流 non-load current 阻抗电压 impedance voltage 电抗电压 reactance voltage 电阻电压 resistance voltage分接 tapping 配电电器 distributing apparatus 控制电器 control apparatus 开关 switch 熔断器 fuse 断路器 circuit breaker 控制器 controller 接触器 contactor 机械寿命 mechanical endurance 电气寿命 electrical endurance 旋转电机 electrical rotating machine 直流电机 direct current machine 交流电机 alternating current machine 同步电机 synchronous machine 异步电机 asynchronous machine 感应电机 induction machine 励磁机 exciter 饱和特性 saturation characteristic 开路特性 open-circuit characteristic 负载特性 load characteristic 短路特性 short-circuit characteristic 额定转矩 rated load torque 规定的最初起动转矩 specifies breakaway torque 交流电动机的最初起动电流 breakaway starting current if an a.c. 同步转速 synchronous speed 转差率 slip 短路比 short-circuit ratio 同步系数 synchronous coefficient 空载 no-load 系统system 触电；电击 electric block 正常状态 normal condition 接触电压 touch voltage 跨步电压 step voltage 对地电压 voltage to earth 触电电流 shock current 残余电流 residual current 安全阻抗 safety impedance 安全距离safety distance 安全标志 safety marking 安全色 safety color 中性点有效接地系统 system with effectively earthedneutral 检修接地 inspection earthing 工作接地 working earthing 保护接地 protective earthing 重复接地 iterative earth 故障接地 fault earthing 过电压保护 over-voltage protection 过电流保护 over-current protection 断相保护 open-phase protection 防尘 dust-protected 防溅protected against splashing 防滴 protected against dropping water 防浸水 protected against the effects of immersion 过电流保护装置 over-current protective device 保护继电器 protective relay 接地开关 earthing switch 漏电断路器 residual current circuit-breaker 灭弧装置 arc-control device 安全隔离变压器 safety isolating transformer 避雷器 surge attester ; lightning arrester 保护电容器 capacitor for voltage protection 安全开关 safety switch 限流电路 limited current circuit 振动 vibration 腐蚀 corrosion 点腐蚀 spot corrosion 金属腐蚀 corrosion of metals 化学腐蚀 chemical corrosion 贮存 storage 贮存条件 storage condition 运输条件 transportation condition空载最大加速度maximum bare table acceletation 电力金具悬垂线夹suspension clamp耐张线夹strain clamp挂环link挂板clevis球头挂环ball-eye球头挂钩ball-hookU型挂环shackleU型挂钩U-bolt联板yoke plate牵引板towing plate挂钩hook吊架hanger调整板adjusting plate花篮螺栓turn buckle接续管splicing sleeve补修管repair sleeve调线线夹jumper clamp防振锤damper均压环grading ring屏蔽环shielding ring。
风力发电技术英语翻译
Wind Power Generation TechnologyWind is very important and reserves of energy, it is safe, clean, and can provide abundant energy, stabilityof the stream. Now, use wind power has become the main form of wind, the world's attention, and the fastest. Wind energy technology is a high-tech; it relates more than a dozen of subjects, including meteorology,aerodynamics, structural mechanics, computer technology, electronic control technology, material science,chemistry, electrical engineering, electrical engineering, so the difficulty of a system technology may beyondthe difficulty of space technology.First, The division of wind energy technologies:Wind energy technology is divided into large-scale wind power technology and small and medium sizedwind power technology, although both are wind energy technology, working principles are the same, the twoindustries are completely different: specific performance of the "policy orientation is different in differentmarkets, different applications, applied technology is different, totally belong to the same kinds of industries inthe two sectors. Therefore, in China machinery industry meeting on the wind to large wind power and windpower to distinguish between small and medium treated separately. In addition, to meet different market needs,extending from the wind and solar technology has not only promoted the development of small wind powertechnology, but also for the small wind power opens up new markets.1. Large-scale wind power technology:The technology of large-scale wind power in China still has a certain gap between international.The technology of large-scale wind power technology originated in Denmark and some other Europeancountries, the wind power industry propelled by the government, because of the local wind resource-rich,large-scale wind power technology and equipment ahead of the international development. Our governmenthas also started to boost the development of large-scale wind power technology, and a range of policies toguide industry development. Large-scale wind power technology are for the large-scale wind turbine design,wind turbine applications for large area on the very strict environmental requirements are applied to limitedresources, wind energy resource-rich wind field, to accept a variety of perennial bad environment thatsomething was the complex nature of the environment, high demands on the technology up on the line.Currently large-scale wind power technology in general is not yet ripe, the core technology of large-scale windpower still rely on foreign, national policy guidance to the domestic wind power project launched in variousplaces, like crazy, all over look forward to slice.Worthy of the name "mad electricity" through the wind beganto Negative effect and Precaution policy. Although wind power projects have been started, but more ascomplementary type, complete with independent intellectual property rights of large-scale wind powersystems technology and core technology few. The test environment needs to have been a large-scale windpower technology to mature. In addition, the large-scale wind power generation technology and networktechnology has also improved a number of issues still restrict the development of large-scale wind powertechnology.2. The technology of small wind power:The technology of small wind power in China could compare with the international technology.In 1970s, the small wind power technology in China had been developed which has wind resources for abetter situation, including Inner Mongolia, Xinjiang areas, the first small wind power technology is widelyused in power transmission project to the Township for a one of farmers and herdsmen household powersupply, continuously updated as the technology improvement and development, not only alone but also withthe combination of complementary optical has been widely used in distributed independent power supply.These years as Chinese exports of small and medium wind steadily. Internationally, China's small and mediumsized wind power technology and wind and solar technology have leapt to international leadership.Small wind power technology is mature and relatively small by natural resource constraints, distributedindependent power as a significant effect not only connected, but also the formation of more stable andreliable combination of optical complementary technologies scenery Moreover, technology is completelyself-localization. Both from a technical or price in the international arena are very competitive; withinternational has now started a small wind power in China brand; "wall flower wall Hong" has intensified. Inthe country's most technical advantages and competitiveness of small and medium wind power has alwaysbeen forgotten by the government and policy in a corner of reasons, in the early states has been to locate thesmall and medium sized wind power in Inner Mongolia, Xinjiang, farmers and herdsmen in remote areas touse and return into the agricultural class, low cost, shoddy, low-performance reliability, security, no security ofland mostly sparsely populated areas, most of the domestic market are subject to loss of reliability of largeprice war; in people subconsciously form a poor understanding of So get national attention and development.Domestic small wind power technology in the "low wind start, low wind speed generation, pitch moment,multiple protection, and a series of technical attention by the international market and international clientsunanimously approved, has a leading position. Moreover, the smalland medium Wind power technology isultimately distributed independent power supply to meet end-market, rather than large-scale wind powergeneration and network technologies to meet the domestic monopoly market, technology, update rate must beadapted to a broad and rapidly growing market.3. wind and solar technology:Wind is the integration of technical skills and the Small and Medium Wind Energy Solar EnergyTechnology, combines a variety of applications of new technology, and it covers many areas, the wide rangeof applications, technical differentiation is so great that a variety of techniques which can separate match.Wind and solar power is currently the world in the use of new energy technology the most mature, mostlarge-scale and industrial development of the industry, separate and individual solar wind has its drawbacks ofdevelopment, but both wind and solar power complementary combined to realize the two new configurationof energy in natural resources, the technical programs of integration, performance and price compared toaspects of the new energy source for the most reasonable, not only reduces the demand to meet under the sameunit cost and expand the scope of application of the market, also increases the reliability of the product.In addition: solar and wind power are both new energy, solar energy than the wind started to be late morethan 30 per solar PV / W by the general public about the price of recognition can be converted to a 15% rate;while the price of small wind power conversion rate is only 1/5-1/6 of the same 60% -80%, only the low priceWorse still suppressed, photoelectric production of pollution on the environment greater than wind power,than substantial development in wind energy, this comparison contrast twist of meditation ......, if people usethe energy from the point of view, our goal is to meet the electricity from wind power generating capacity tomeasure the cost of solar energy economy than many .Wind, solar and wind power integration advantages, not only for the "energy saving, emission reduction,"opened up new horizons for the application of science to meet human needs, for the world to open a fourthrevolution.Second，Wind power has three kinds of operation mode:one is independent operation mode, usually a small wind generators to one or a few families to providepower, storage battery energy, to ensure the electricity without wind, Second is the wind turbines and otherpower mode (such as engine power), combining to a unit or an village or an island power supply, Three iswind power into conventional power operate and to provide electric power grid, is often a wind tens orhundreds of sets installed wind generators, this is the main development direction of windpower.Wind power system in the two main parts is wind machine and generators. Wind turbines to change fromadjusting technique, plasma generator toward VSCF technology, this is the development trend of wind powertechnology is the core technology nowadays wind turbines. The following simple introduction of this tworespects.1 the change of wind plasma from regulationWind turbines impeller, will capture the wind by converting wind effects on the mechanical wheeltorque.Change is the change from adjustment with vertical axis wind leaf surface of Angle, thus affecting theforce and the blade, when the wind resistance increases, the output power of the fan is kept constant poweroutput. By regulating mode, fan from the output power curve is smooth. In the rated wind leaf Angle of attack,controller will be placed near zero, do not change, approximate distance equal to adjust for pulp. In the ratedwind above, variable structure control function from pulp, adjust the blade Angle of attack, the output powercontrol in near ratings. Change from the wind plasma starting from wind speed is set slurry machinedowntime at low impact stress relative ease. The normal work, is mainly adopts power control, in practicalapplications, power and speed is directly proportional to the set. Small changes will cause the wind changes ofwind. Due to the change of wind from pulp by adjusting the impact than other wind from small, can reducematerial utilization rate, reduce overall weight. And the change of wind fromaccommodation type at lowspeed, can make the blades, keep good Angle of attack than accommodation type stall wind turbines havebetter energy output, therefore is suitable for low average speed of the region.Change from another advantage of regulation, when the winds reach a certain value, stall type of windand downtime, must from type machine can gradually changes to the wind load without a blades of openmode, avoid wing, increase of wind turbine.Change is to adjust the defect is sensitive response requires gusts. Because the wind accommodation typestall fan vibration power pulse are small, and accommodation type from wind turbines is bigger, especially forthe change from the constant speed windmills way, this kind of circumstance, this does not require moreobvious change in the fan is the response speed of wind system to fast enough, can reduce this phenomenon.Third, the development of wind energy technology requires constantinnovation:At present, China's wind energy development in technological innovation is still very weak, the lack ofcore technologies with independent intellectual property. Thus, much would import technology fromabroad.Although the arrival of knowledge economy era, all countries take full advantage of global resources andinternational cooperation through the introduction of technology to bridge the gap and improvecompetitiveness. But if there is no capability of independent innovation, not know what the introduction ofadvanced technologies, are not able to absorb the future, can not carry out another record, which is on the onehand; on the other hand, the core technology is the introduction of foreign countries cannot, and must be relyon innovation to master the core technology; Moreover, the domestic policy of independent innovation oftechnology needs to supporting, guiding, supporting, with the core technology of wind energy products to beincreasing support, such a "wall flower wall incense" situation can be change, innovation and power can comefrom constant innovation.In short: the wind power industry continuing to creating in a single generation from wind energytechnology to power the various areas of need ,its additional products have emerged such as: street, landscape,traffic control, communication, irrigation, planting, breeding, sea water desalination , fire, alarm, islands,mountains and so on. Shows the development of wind energy in this new industry can be brought aboutnumerous development and transformation of traditional industries, but the application of wind energytechnology in various fields has become the industry's benchmark. World revolution will be caused by windenergy technology from the New Energy and Industrial revolution.风力发电技术风能是非常重要并储量巨大的能源，它安全、清洁、充裕，能提供源源不绝，稳定的能源。
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风涡轮发电机设计的现状与未来趋势Yao Duan and Ronald G. HarleySchool of Electrical and Computer EngineeringGeorgia Institute of TechnologyAtlanta, GA摘要-近年来，各种风涡轮发电机组被设计和制造，例如传统的异步发电机，双馈感应发电机，现场励磁同步发电机和永磁同步发电机。
发电机通过变速箱或没有（所谓直接驱动）和涡轮耦合，在发电机和电网之间有4种不同接口，依赖于所使用的电力电子转换器的类型而定。
本文回顾了不同发电机的拓扑结构和它们的涡轮连接上的最近发展事态，提出了一个新的无变速箱或任何能量电子的发电机设计概念，可行性在此文章中被证明。
关键词-直接驱动，异步电动机，风Ⅰ、简介风能发电是一个世界范围级的快速增长区域。
各种风涡轮机和发电机的拓扑结构已被开发，来最大限度地提高能源转换效率，系统可靠性，并最大限度地降低成本。
风涡轮机的挑战，就是去转换一个相对较低和可变的输入- 冲击在转子上的风力 - 成为一个更快、稳定、适合电网连接的交流电输出[1]。
随着风力发电机组功率的快速增长，这个挑战越来越受到关注。
本文阐述了一些更流行风涡轮发电机组的概念和可用的商业产品，集中在发电机的设计和影响整体风涡轮机系统的发电机拓扑上。
在总结兆瓦级的机器目前趋势和挑战之后，一个新的风涡轮机的概念被提出，避免了变速箱和电力电子转换器，但提高了系统的整体效率，可靠性，机舱重量和系统的可能性整体成本。
II、当前发电技术的回顾A、发电机和电网互联的四种类型一般来说，目前有四大发电机类型被使用在实用级风涡轮发电机组中，名字：异步发电机，双馈感应发电机，现场励磁同步发电机和永磁同步发电机[2]。
风涡轮发电机受天气情况影响，在涡轮和发电机之间有变速箱。
另外，根据发电机连接到电网的手段，有四种类型，如图1所示: [3]图1:发电机和电网互联的四种类型的插图B、变速箱和直接驱动变速箱转变涡轮起步相对较低的转子速度成为接近于发电机的同步速度，降低了发电机重量和避免带有多极慢速度发电机的设计。
然而，变速箱有其自身的重量和低可靠性[2]。
此外，变速箱功率损失占系统总损失的比例相当高，然而效率降低[11]。
基于上述原因，风涡轮机所吸引的制造商将回归成为直接驱动发电机的制造者。
无论是在励磁同步发电机（表1类型2）或永磁同步发电机（表1类型9-11）类型里，目前销售的大多数直接驱动涡轮机都是同步发电机。
该表还显示直接驱动发电机的重量按预期的比通过变速箱驱动的发电机要高得多。
例如，3.8兆瓦永磁同步发电机（表1类型11）本身的重量比在表1 3-7设计的机舱高得多，尽管机舱包含发电机，变速箱，传动轴，刹车等等。
另外据在[2]中报道，和其他类型相比直接驱动永磁发电机都比较昂贵。
尽管直接驱动系统有较大的重量和更高的成本，风涡轮机市场的趋势显示直接驱动发电机正在成为首选。
例如，表1 设计10是来自维斯塔斯最新的发电机设计，维斯塔斯是风涡轮机市场的一个重要角色。
此3兆瓦永磁同步发电机产品显示，维斯塔斯正在从他们的前齿轮式中空玻璃（设计3,4和5）成为永磁同步发电机。
C、连接到电网表1还显示，大多数直接驱动发电机使用电力电子转换器连接到电网(图1类型4)。
其配置有全套可变轴转速操作，从而允许最大功率点跟踪风速。
此外，这些发电机可以被设计成较少的极数和产生约16至20赫兹而不是在60赫兹左右的频率。
然而，和图表1其他三种类型相比，这个配置的缺点也是重要的。
在类型4中，转换器以发电机的全功率评比，而在类型3的变频器以转差功率来评比，这是大约30％的发电机额定功率。
大功率电力电子转换器降低了系统的可靠性，并增加了成本。
此外，电力电子设备的电源电压和功率能力限制发电机的电压水平。
发电机设计时，首选更高电压等级因为它减少了绕组电流，从而降低了损失。
类型2和类型3受转子电阻控制，允许一定范围内的转子速度变化，如维斯塔斯得技术（类型2）[6]或双馈配置（类型3）。
转子电阻控制被赋予伤口转子和滑环。
不过，滑环发电机的使用也有缺点。
滑环部分还有额外的成本和需要保持刷齿轮包括定期更换电刷。
刷齿轮相关的问题在风涡轮机的运行和可靠性上是一个重大的问题。
D、定速或变速一个特定网点的变速或定速风发电机的选择是由多种因素决定的：网点的的风速分布，可靠性和维修问题，系统成本和发电利润。
目前，无论是由于尺寸较大的直接驱动发电机或电力电子转换器，还是绕线转子感应发电机上的滑环，变速发电机的成本远远高于定速发电机。
另一方面，大多数电力部门生产变速发电机都是因为最大功率点跟踪。
长远来说，哪种类型的风力发电机是更有利可图取决于发电机安装处网点的风分布。
表1：近年来发展的典型风力涡轮发电机名单编号发电机类型变速箱制造者功率齿轮转速发电机电压电网连接类型机舱重量发电机重量1 励磁同步发电机是DeWind[4]2MW11.1 -20.7 rpm13.8kV462,000 kgN/A2 励磁同步发电机直接驱动Enercon[5]4.5MW N/A N/A 2 N/A220,000 kg3 异步发电机是Vestas[6]850KW 26 rpm 690V 238,000 kgN/A4 异步发电机是Vestas[6]2MW 16.7 rpm 690V 267,000 kgN/A5 异步发电机是Vestas[6]3MW N/A 1000 V 370,000kgN/A6 双馈感应发电机是Gamesa[7]850KW16.2 -30.8 rpm690V 333,000 kgN/A7 双馈感应发电机是DeWind[4]2MW11.1 到2.7 rpm690V 362,000 kgN/A8 双馈感应发电机是Gamesa[7]2MW 9-19 rpm 690V 4107000kgN/A9 永磁同步发电机直接驱动Zephyros[8]1.5MW 18 rpm 3000 V 4 N/A47,200kg10 永磁同步发电机直接驱动Vestas[6]3MW N/A N/A 470,000 kgN/A11 永磁同步发电机直接驱动ＴheSwitch[9]3.8MW 21 rpm 690V 4 N/A81,000kg12 永磁同步发电机是ＴheSwitch[9]950KW N/A 690V 4 N/A3,400kg 根据[15]，一个特定网点的风速分布一般遵循WeiBull分布，按如下（1）中定义：然而： V 0 =风速h = lim {000)(V V V V ∆∆+}Q V →∆0k,l 是站点特定的形状因子。
不同的站点有不同的风速分布，不同的形状因素。
图2[16]显示在Weibull 风速分布上形状因子k 的影响。
一般来说，风点数据倾向于K 值为2，但网点观察值低至1.5，高至3[17][18]。
像在图2中所看到的，在低k 点，风速分布是更加“扁平化”和在电能生产方面变速发电机，将有超过定速发电机的优势。
另一方面，在具有较高的K 点，风速中心分布紧紧围绕在一个固定的值，大部分时间，定速发电机具有良好的风力发电转换。
图2.在WeiBull 分布上形状因子k 的影响E 、将来趋势从市售风力涡轮发电机的以上分析看出，直接驱动，电网连接发电机是风力发电未来趋势。
变速箱和电力电子转换器的消除将显著增加系统可靠性。
整个系统的效率会增加，因为变速箱和电力电子变换器的损失消除了。
此外，上面讨论的变速箱和转换器的其他的缺点也不再关注。
Ⅲ、直接驱动，电网连接的发电机设计基与商业可用性兆瓦发电机的使用，为了直接驱动，本文考虑了三种候选发电机类型，电网连接发电机：励磁同步发电机，永磁同步发电机和感应发电机。
然而，[12][13]声明了永磁铁励磁的好处，永磁励磁消除了励磁同步发电机励磁损失。
同步发电机和鼠笼式感应发电机通常是以固定速度的风力涡轮机运转，这是特别适合风速Weibull分布中较高的k点。
为了直接驱动和电网连接风力发电机应用，本文设计和比较了感应机和永磁电机。
A、鼠笼式异步发电机的设计鼠笼式感应发电机设计时首先阐明了直接驱动、电网互联兆瓦级发电机的可行性；基本设计参数是5兆瓦，13.8千伏（线-线电压）和400极，60赫兹。
选择的风力发电机组的额定转速为18转，这是一个兆瓦级风涡轮机如表1所示。
然后，如果选择3个插槽/杆/极，定子就有3600插槽。
为了减少发电机的谐波，定子绕组短投1插槽。
对于这种类型的绕组配置，绕组系数根本原来就是0.9452。
Kw异步发电机的基本设计开始于经典施胶方程[14]：S的单位是W，B是特定的磁感应强度，ac 是特定的电力负荷，单位A/m，D 是定子孔直径，单位米，L是发电机有效长度，单位米，n是额定转速，单位=0.9659，转每秒。
如果选择典型值，例如，效率eff=0.84，功率因数pf=0.84，KwD2计算公式为：B=0.5特斯拉，ac=40000，然后L是额定输出功率，为5ＭＷ。
Pout按如下定义：极距长度Ｋpl其中Y是极距以米为单位和p是极数。
如果选择一个方形的极点配置，因=1和定子内径24.3米，定子长度0.191米。
这显著的大型定子内径对于此Kpl发电机制造，运输，安装，是一个伟大的挑战，从而需要被减小，这意味着值需要降低。
另一方面，因为对于同样的极域，方极线圈长度最短，为了Kpl保持定子低电阻，K不能太小。
pl由于制造能力，结构刚度和轴承，此基础上设计的电机气隙长度较大。
根据[19]，对于此设计，气隙长度10毫米是一个可能值。
这个大气隙长度会显著增加整个气隙长度，从而导致降低气隙磁通密度。
作为结果，特定的磁感应强度B下降到0.25特斯拉。
随着选择K是1/10，定子内径被定义为15.245米和眼轴长度是1.197 pl米。
据报道的风力发电机最大定子膛直径是10米[5]，这表明在此基础上设计的15.245米定子内径可行性。
Enercon制造直径10米的发电机，发电机的结构如下面图3所示：图3：气隙直径10米的风发电机插图-EnerconE112[5]经过衡量机器的大小，这种环型感应机运用[14]中典型感应机设计方法进一步设计。
其他设计参数和性能指标突出如下表2：表2：直接驱动电网连接感应发电机的设计定子膛直径15310 mm 额定电压13.8 kV定子外直径15245 mm 额定滑差0.064转子外直径15185 mm 额定效率85.50%转自内直径15225 mm 额定功率因数0.6定子电流密度 5.1A／mm2 分裂滑差0.21转子导条电流密度 5.1A／mm2 分裂扭矩比1.72p u气隙磁通密度0.25 T 有效质量18.6 tons 尽管大气隙长度，表2表明，这个基本设计有一个比较高的效率（85.5％）。