第七章 虚拟语气

第七章虚拟语气虚拟语气是用来表示主观愿望和假想的虚拟情况，又称为Thought Mood。

§7．1 虚拟语气在非真实条件句中的应用1．在非真实条件句中虚拟语气的一般表示方法非真实条件句可能指的是过去、现在和将来的情况。

不管它指的是什么时间，它总是表示与事实相反的一种设想，可以分为三种情况：（1）与现在情况相反。

在条件句中用过去时，be 动词用were，在主句中用would/should+动词原形。

a．If I were you，I would go there．b．If he came with us，we should feel much better．（2）与将来情况相反。

在条件句中用should+动词原形，或用wereto+动词原形或用过去时，在主句中用should/would+动词原形。

a．If the sun should cease to give heat，the air would slowly cool off．b．If I were to see my wife who died a few years ago，I would tell her what a life we areliving now．c．If we missed the train，we should have to wait an hour at the sta－tion．d．If the sea rose 500 feet some day，India would become an Island．在条件句中，should+动词原形、过去时和were to+动词原形三种形式都可以表示虚拟语气，但在虚拟程度上不同。

a．If it should rain tomorrow，we would not go．b．If it rained tomorrow，we would not go．c．If It were to rain tomorrow，we would not go．上面三个例句中条件句的虚拟程度，即“下雨”的不可能性依次加重。

（ 3 ）与过去情况相反。

条件句中用过去完成时，主句中用should/would＋have+过去分词的形式。

a．I should have died of hunger if the Communist Party had not come in 1949．b．If I had time yesterday，I would have repaired the pump．c．If you had asked me，I would have told you the whole story．d．If I had met him，I would have spoken to him．2．虚拟语气应用中应该注意的几个问题（1）在主句中，我们可用could，might 来取代should 和would。

a．If I had another 500 yuan，I could buy a car．b．If you asked me nicely，I might take you out to dinner．c．If my parents had been rich，I could have gone to university．d．If the illness had been diagnosed earlier，it might havemade all dif- ference．（2）混合虚拟语气。

当条件句和主句所指的时间不一致时，就需要根据不同的要求，用不同的动词形式来表达。

a．If he had followed the doctor's advice at that time，he would be quite all right now．b．If you were to escape to the U．S．tomorrow，I would beat you to death this evening．c．If you hadn't made adequate preparations by now，we wouldn't dare to start the projectnext week．（3）不带if 的倒装句。

在文学作品中，如果条件从句中有were，had，should 等词时，常用不带“if”的主谓倒装句来作条件句。

a．Had he time（=If he had time），he would help us to solve these problems．b．Were there no sun（＝If there were no sun），there would be no life at all．c．Should you change your mind（=If you should change your mind），no one would blameyou．d．Should there be a flood（=If there should be a flood），what should we do？（4）不用if 的各种条件句。

有时，我们用其他手段表示真实或非真实的条件句，常用的有：①用介词短语a．Without steel，there would be no industry．b．Under another social system，such floods would have caused terri－ble disasters．②用动词不定式短语a．It would be a mistake not to help him．b ．To hear him speak English one would take him for anEnglishman．③用动名词短语a．Reading without thorough comprehension wouldn't do you much good．b．It would be a fine thing indeed not knowing what time it was in the morning．④用but for/but thata．But for the thick tree，the bitter wind would blow the house to pieces．（＝If it were notfor the thick tree，?）b．But for the rains，we should have had a pleased journey．（=If it had not been for the rains，?）c．But that I saw it，I could not have believed it．（＝If I had not seen it，?）d．She would have fallen but that I caught her．（=?if I had not caught her．）but for，but that 意为“若不是?”。

其实，象下面这样的句子，也可以认为是省掉“if”的条件句。

e．I had no time that day，otherwise I should have read it．（= If I had time that day，I should have read it．）f．Anyone who had been in your position would have done thesame．（=Anyone，if he had been in your position，he would havedone the same．）（5）含蓄结果句和含蓄条件句。

有时在虚拟语气中，只有表示假设愿望的条件句，根本不出现主句，但主句的意思可以推测出来。

a．If only I knew！（I should be satisfied．）b．If only I hadn't lost it．（It would be better．）与上情况相反，有时只有表示结果的主句，而把条件句省掉，但条件句的意思可以推测出来。

c．Such mistakes could have been avoided．（＝If we had been more careful，such?）d．You might stay here for ever．（=If you wish，you?）e．That would be fine．（＝If you should do it，that?）§7．2 从句中的虚拟语气当从句中含有表示愿望、建议和要求等含义时，一般用虚拟语气。

1．宾语从句当that 从句作下列动词的宾语时，在that 从句中要用虚拟语气，这些动词是：suggest，propose，advise，recommend，vote（建议），move（提议），intend，insist，demand，require，request，desire，ask，urge，advocate，order，command，appoint（=order 命令），direct，instruct，decree，e njoin（命令），ordain（规定），stipulate（规定），arrange，prescribe （规定），prefer，decide，resolve 决心），determine 等。

a．I vote that we（should）visit the Museum of the Chinese Revolution．b．They demanded that the aggressor troops（should）be withdrawn immediately．c．He asks that he（should）be given an opportunity to try his method．①在英国英语中，should 可有可无。

在美国英语中，特别是在正式的笔语中要求省去should。

②desire，intend，insist，determine，ordain，urge 等后面的宾语从句中，如果主语是第二人称或第三人称，谓语动词还可以用shall加动词原形。

a．I desire that you shall be there too．b．I intend that he shall set out at once．c．The law ordains that murderers shall be hanged．③suggest 意为“指出、表明”时，其后宾语从句中谓语必须用陈述语气。