定语从句+同位语从句教学文案

定语从句+同位语从句

定语从句

定义：用来说明主句中某一名词或代词（有时也可说明整个主句或主句中一部分）而起定语作用的句子叫作定语从句。

一、关系代词引导的定语从句

1. 关系代词用来指代先行词，先行词可以是指人或物的名词或代词

２．关系代词的用法

(1) 如果先行词是all, much, anything, something, nothing, everything, little, none等不定代词，关系代词一般只用that。

(2) 如果先行词被序数词和形容词最高级修饰时，关系代词常用that。

(3) 先行词被all, first, last, any, only, few, most, no, some, very等词修饰时, 关系代词用that。

(4) 非限制性定语从句中，不能用关系代词that,关系代词也不能省略。

There are about seven million people taking part in the election, most of whom are well educated.

(5) which还有一种特殊用法，它可以引导从句修饰前面的整个主句，代替主句所表示的整体概念或部分概念。在这种从句中，which 可以作主语，也可以作宾语或表语，多数情况下意思是与and this 相似，并可以指人。例如：

He succeeded in the competition, which made his parents very happy.

(6) that可指人或物，在从句中作主语（指人作主语时多用who）、宾语，有时也可作表语，仅用于限制性定语从句中。

(7) 如果作先行词的集体名词着眼于整体，关系代词用which;若是指集体中的各个成员，则用who。

(8) 先行词有两个，一个指人，一个指物，关系代词应该用that。

(9) 如果先行词是anyone, anybody, everyone, everybody, someone, somebody,关系代词应该用 who 或whom，不用 which。例如：

Is there anyone here who will go with you?（在这的所有人中谁和你一起去？）

３．“介词＋关系代词”是一个普遍使用的结构

(1) “介词＋关系代词“可以引导限制性定语从句，也可以引导非限制性定语从句。“介词＋关系代词”结构中的介词可以是 in, on, about, from, for, with, to at, of, without 等，关系代词只可用whom或 which,不可用 that 。

(2) from where为“介词＋关系副词“结构，但也可以引导定语从句。例如：

We stood at the top of the hill, from where we can see the town.

(3) 像listen to, look at, depend on, pay attention to, take care of等固定短语动词，在定语从句中一般不宜将介词与动词分开。例如：

This is the boy whom she has taken care of. （这是她曾经照顾的孩子。）

二、关系副词引导的定语从句

关系副词where, when, why也可以引导定语从句,where在从句中作地点状语，when在从句中作时间状语，why在从句中作原因状语。

I will never forget the day when I joined the League.我永远忘不了我入团的那一天。

He will go back to the school where he studied next week.下周他要回到他曾经学习过的学校。

I don't know the reason why he quarreled with Zhang Lin.我不知道他同张琳吵架的原因。

三、限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句

1．二者差异比较

限制定语从句紧跟先行词，引导词同先行词之间一般不加逗号，仅修饰先行词，可以由关系代词．关系副词或that来引导。非限制性定语从句仅作补充或说明，用逗号与主句隔开，既可修饰先行词，又可修饰整个主句，不可用that引导。

2．关系代词和关系副词的选择依据

弄清代替先行词的关系词在从句中作什么成分,作状语的应选用关系副词，作主语．宾语或表语的可选用关系代词。

四、As在定语从句中的用法

1. 引导限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句

（１）as用在such，the same或as之后，引导限制性定语从句。可以代替先行词是人或物的名词。

I live in the same place as Tom does. 我和汤姆住在同处。

He’s not such a fool as he looks. 他并不像看上去的那样愚蠢。

He smokes as expensive a cigarette as he can afford. 他抽一种他买得起的最贵的烟。

（２）as 也可单独使用，引导非限制性定语从句，作用相当于which。且主从句之间通常要用逗号隔开。例如：

The elephant’s nose is like a snake, as anybody can see.

注意：

as引导的非限制性定语从句位置较灵活，可以位于主句前面．中间或后面，一般用逗号与主句隔开，但which所引导的非限制性定语从句只能放在主句之后。例如：

As was expected, he succeeded at last. 正如我们所料，他终于成功了。

I had coffee after dinner, as is my usual practice. 我饭后喝咖啡，这是我的习惯。

Freddie, as might be expected, was attending the conference. 弗雷迪在参加会议，这是可以预料到的。

同位语从句

当名词后面所接的从句具体解释说明名词的实际内容时，这个从句就是同位语从句。如：

The news that China has joined the WTO excites us all. 中国加入了世界贸易组织这一消息使我们大家兴奋不已。

He told us the truth that he fell down from his bike this afternoon. 他告诉了我们他从单车上摔下来这一真相。

能带同位语从句的名词不多，常见的有:

1. answer, belief, conclusion, decision, discovery, doubt, explanation, fact, hope, idea, information, knowledge, law, message, news, opinion, order, possibility, problem, promise, proof, proposal, question, report, risk, rumor, story, suggestion, truth, theory, thought, wish, word等。如：

He sent us a message that he won’t come next week. 他送信来告诉我们说，下周他不来了。

There is no doubt that he is fit for this job. 毫无疑问，它适合这一工作。

2. 表示“命令、建议、要求” advice, demand, decision, desire, idea, insistence, instruction, order, plan, proposal, recommendation, request, requirement, suggestion, wish 等名词的同位语，须用虚拟语气。如(from Error! Hyperlink reference not valid.)：

He made clear his desire that he should work hard to go to college. 他已清楚的表明了他要努力学习考上大学这一愿望。

Soon came the order that all the people should obey the rules. 不久命令下来了，所有的人不得违犯制度。

同位语从句与定语从句形相似而实质不同，具体表现在以下几个方面：

(一)被修饰的词不同。同位语从句的前面一般是上述特殊的、表示抽象意义的名词；而定语从句的先行词则是普通的指人或物的名词。

(二)从句的作用不同。同位语从句解释说明同位名词的具体内容；而定语从句是对先行名词的限定修饰。

(三)引导词的作用不同。引导同位语从句的that是连词，在从句中不担任任何成分，但不能省略；而引导定语从句的that为关系代词，在从句中担任句子的某种成分，当担任定语从句中的宾语时，that可以省略。

(4)引导词不同。定语从句不能用what, how, whether引导；而同位从句可以用what, how, whether引导。

Have you any idea what time it starts? 你知道什么时候开始吗?

It is a question how he did it. 那是一个他如何做的问题。

There is some doubt whether he will come. 他是否会来还不一定。

(5)判定定语从句和同位语从句的方法：同位语从句可充当同位名词的表语；而定语从句不能充当先行词的表语。

五、英语定语从句专项练习

单项填空

1．I think you’re got to the point_______ a change is needed, otherwise you’ll fail.

A. when

B. that

C. which

D. where 2．The hours _______ the children spend in their one-way relationship with television people undoubtedly affect their relationships with real-life people.

A. when

B. on which

C. in which

D. that 3．Many people who had seen the film were afraid to go to the forest when they remembered the scenes________ people were eaten by the tiger.

A. that

B. by which

C. which

D. in which 4．There were dirty marks on her trousers ______ she had wiped her hands.

A. that

B. which

C. when

D. where

5．______ is often the case, we have worked out the production plan. A. Which B. When C. What D. As

6．______ is reported in the newspaper, talks between the two countries are making progress.

A.It

B.What

C.That

D. As

7．There are many people_________ only on-line activity is sending and receiving e-mails.

A.who

B.that

C.which

D.whose 8．EBay, Amazon and Wal Mart are popular websites_______people can sell goods to each other.

A.whose

B.which

C.when

D.where

9．On his 10th birthday. Marty manages to escape from the zoo and gets onto the subway, _____he believes that he can go to the wild.

A.which

B.from what

C.that

D.through which 10．I hope________the little _____I have been able to do has been of some use.