oraclesolaris11上手指南
Oracle Solaris 11 安装与部署快速参考说明书
Oracle Solaris 11 Cheat Sheet Installation and Deployment Administration
Automated Installation
Automated Installer (AI) is the new network based multi-client provisioning system on Oracle Solaris 11. AI provides hands-free installation of both SPARC and x86 systems by using an installation service that installs systems by leveraging software package repositories on the network.
# installadm create-profile –n s11service –f sc_profile.xml –c MAC=00:11:22:33:44:55 List what system configuration profiles are associated with a service, and for which criteria (if any) # installadm list –n s11service –p List all non-default system configuration profiles associated with any of the install services:
Default root password on AI clients during installation is: solaris Installation log file during installation
solaris11网络基本操作
solaris11网络基本操作设置IP地址：root@solaris:~# ipadm create-ip net0root@solaris:~# dladm show-physLINK MEDIA STATE SPEED DUPLEX DEVICEnet0 Ethernet up 1000 full e1000g0root@solaris:~# ipadm show-ifIFNAME CLASS STATE ACTIVE OVERlo0 loopback ok yes ---net0 ip down no ---root@solaris:~# ipadm create-addr -T static -a 192.168.109.5/24 net0root@solaris:~# ipadm show-ifIFNAME CLASS STATE ACTIVE OVERlo0 loopback ok yes ---net0 ip ok yes ---root@solaris:~# ipadm show-addrADDROBJ TYPE STATIC ADDRlo0/v4 static ok 127.0.0.1/8net0/v4 static ok 192.168.109.5/24lo0/v6 static ok ::1/128在同一个网卡上添加第二地址并删除root@solaris11-2:~# ipadm create-addr -T static -a 192.168.109.6 net0root@solaris11-2:~# ipadmNAME CLASS/TYPE STATE UNDER ADDRlo0 loopback ok -- --lo0/v4 static ok -- 127.0.0.1/8net0 ip ok -- --net0/v4 static ok -- 192.168.109.5/24net0/v4a static ok -- 192.168.109.6/24root@solaris11-2:~# ipadm delete-addr net0/v4aroot@solaris11-2:~# ipadmNAME CLASS/TYPE STATE UNDER ADDRlo0 loopback ok -- --lo0/v4 static ok -- 127.0.0.1/8net0 ip ok -- --net0/v4 static ok -- 192.168.109.5/24设置主机名：root@solaris11-2:~# svccfg -s svc:/system/identity:node setprop config/nodename = astring: testroot@solaris11-2:~# svcadm refresh svc:/system/identity:noderoot@solaris11-2:~# svcadm restart identity:node这三个命令改变了系统的主机名test，但是不会自动更改/etc/hosts文件，注意手动修改ipmp probe模式要仅使用probe探测，请执行以下步骤：缺省情况下此参数为“false”，probe和link模式同时支持# svccfg -s svc:/network/ipmp setprop config/transitive-probing=true# svcadm refresh svc:/network/ipmp:defaultipadm create-ip net0ipadm create-ip net1ipadm create-addr -T static -a ip0 net0ipadm create-addr -T static -a ip1 net1ipadm create-ipmp ipmp0ipadm add-ipmp -i net0 net1 ipmp0ipadm create-addr -a ip ipmp0ipmpstat -gipmpstat -aipmpstat -iipmp link模式如果要使用link模式，只要删除两个底层网卡的ip地址即可，或者一开始就不配地址# ipadm delete-addr net0/v4# ipadm delete-addr net1/v4# ipadmNAME CLASS/TYPE STATE UNDER ADDRipmp1 ipmp ok -- --ipmp1/v4 static ok -- 192.168.109.10/24lo0loopback ok -- --lo0/v4 static ok -- 127.0.0.1/8net0 ip ok ipmp1 --net1 ip ok ipmp1 --# ipmpstat -gGROUP GROUPNAME STATE FDT INTERFACESipmp1 ipmp1 ok -- net1 net0# ipmpstat -iINTERFACE ACTIVE GROUP FLAGS LINK PROBE STATEnet1 yes ipmp1 ------- up disabled oknet0 yes ipmp1 --mbM-- up disabled ok# ipmpstat -aADDRESS STATE GROUP INBOUND OUTBOUND:: down ipmp1 -- --192.168.109.10 up ipmp1 net0 net1 net0删除ipmp# ipadm remove-ipmp -i net0 -i net1 ipmp1 # ipadm delete-ipmp ipmp1。
Oracle Solaris 11.2 网络服务介绍说明书
Oracle® Solaris 11.2 网络服务介绍文件号码 E53863-022014 年 12 月版权所有 © 2002, 2014, Oracle 和/或其附属公司。
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Oracle Solaris 11.2 用户指南说明书
Oracle Solaris 11.2Frequently Asked QuestionsIntroductionOracle Solaris 11 is a complete, integrated and open platform engineered for large-scale enterprise cloud environments. It combines OpenStack, no compromise virtualization, powerful application driven Software Defined Networking, and agile, secure and compliant application deployment with a proven enterprise-class OS, all in a single, supported cloud offering.What’s New in Oracle Solaris 11.2Oracle Solaris 11.2 introduces many new features that enhance its capabilities as an overall cloud infrastructure solution, including the inclusion of OpenStack cloud controller software.• Centralized cloud management: OpenStack has been integrated into Oracle Solaris 11.2 providing acomprehensive self-service environment for managingcompute, network and storage resources in the data center.Integrated into all the core foundations of Oracle Solaris 11, including Oracle Solaris Zones, Elastic Virtual Switchnetworking, and the Oracle Solaris ZFS filesystem, you no longer need to compromise on mission critical capabilities and can expect an enterprise ready OpenStack distribution courtesy of Oracle.• Proven, zero overhead virtualization: Oracle Solaris Zones are at the heart of OpenStack compute, providing zero overhead virtual environments. A new capability ofOracle Solaris Zones, called Oracle Solaris Kernel Zones, introduce OS independence and isolation allowingadministrators to run multiple versions of Oracle Solariswithin a single system.• Application driven Software Defined Networking: Oracle Solaris 11.2 introduces a number of new software defined networking capabilities including powerful Elastic VirtualSwitching allowing administrators to control their virtualnetworks within the OS itself and across network hardware in the data centre leveraging fabric intelligence whenavailable. Applications can drive their service levelagreements across all layers of the software and hardware stack with powerful new application flows.• Error free lifecycle management: Oracle Solaris 11.2 continues the enhancements around software lifecyclemanagement helping to reduce the biggest cost tobusinesses, human error. Firmware management isincluded in the existing package management utilities,helping administrators to always have correct firmwarewhen updating systems. With enhanced support forcompliance monitoring and reporting, administrators canreduce the risks across their entire cloud infrastructure.• Flexible data management at scale: Data management is critical with the move towards cloud computing and theopportunity of big data. With exploding requirements, Oracle Solaris ZFS remains at the heart of simple, efficient, flexible and scalable data management through data compression, hybrid data storage and encryption.Frequently Asked QuestionsGeneral InformationQ: Where can I download Oracle Solaris 11?A: O racle Solaris 11 can be downloaded from the Oracle Technology Network (OTN) at the following location:/technetwork/server-storage/solaris11/downloads/Q: Where can I log issues relating to Oracle Solaris 11?A: C ustomers who have an active support agreement with Oracle can log issues in My Oracle Support which can be found at the following location:/Q: Where can I find out more information about Oracle Solaris 11?A: V isit the Oracle Solaris 11 pages on Oracle Technology Network:/technetwork/server-storage/solaris11/Q: Can I order Oracle Solaris 11 pre-installed on Oracle hardware products?A: Y es. Oracle Solaris 11 may be factory pre-installed at the time of order at no additional cost. Please check theavailable operating system configurations when ordering. System RequirementsQ: What architectures are supported with Oracle Solaris 11?A: Oracle Solaris 11 is supported on SPARC and x86.Q: Is Oracle Solaris 11 only available on Oracle based hardware?A: N o. Oracle Solaris 11 can be installed on both Oracle hardware and hardware from third party vendors asdetailed in the Oracle Solaris OS: Hardware CompatibilityList that can be found at the following location:/webfolder/technetwork/hcl/Q: What hardware and software are required to run Oracle Solaris Kernel Zones?A: O racle Solaris Kernel Zones have specific requirements on newer hardware and firmware as detailed in the followingproduct documentation:K WWS GRFV RUDFOH FRP FG ( B KWPO ( JQZRL KWPOQ: What languages are supported on Oracle Solaris 11?A: O racle Solaris 11 includes support for over 200 different locales. Translated messages include Japanese, Simplified Chinese, Traditional Chinese, Korean, French, German,Italian, Spanish and Brazilian Portuguese.InstallationQ: How do I choose which Oracle Solaris 11 ISO image to download and install?A: O racle Solaris 11 provides a number of installation options for different environments and customer scenarios, frominitial evaluation of the operating system, to single andmulti-node system provisioning. See the followingquestions for more details on each installation mediaoption.Q: What is the Oracle Solaris 11 Media?A: T he Oracle Solaris 11 Live Media, available only for x86 based systems, provides customers with an opportunity to explore a complete Oracle Solaris environment without the requirement of installing it onto a system by loading theoperating system into RAM. Once evaluated, customerscan start a graphical installer to install the operatingsystem. The graphical installer installs a fixed selection of software with minimal configuration, including a full desktop environment.Q: What is the Oracle Solaris 11 Interactive Text Install?A: T he Oracle Solaris 11 Interactive Text Install, available for SPARC and x86 based systems, provides a text orconsole-based installation most suitable for serversystems. The text installer installs a fixed selection ofsoftware with a greater level of configuration than theOracle Solaris 11 Live Media, but does not include adesktop environment (the required packages can easily be added later, if desired).Q: What is the Oracle Solaris 11 Automated Installer media?A: T he Oracle Solaris 11 Automated Installer media, available for SPARC and x86 based systems, provides anautomated ‘hands-free’ network installation for individualclients without requiring an existing Automated Installerserver. Administrators can boot this image and connectdirectly to an IPS package repository to install theirsystems.Q: What options are available to install Oracle Solaris 11 without access to a CD or DVD drive?A: O racle Solaris 11 can be installed through the network using an Oracle Solaris 11 Automated Installer server, or directly using USB bootable media.Q: How do I install a USB image onto a flash drive?A: I f you have an existing Oracle Solaris 11 system installed, use the usbcopy(1) utility. If you do not have such asystem then you can use the dd(1) utility on mostcommon platforms.On Oracle Solaris 11, follow these steps:Disable the HAL service.# svcadm disable -t halInsert the flash drive and locate the appropriate device.# rmformatCopy the image.# dd if=<path_to_b> \of=/dev/rdsk/<device> bs=16kEnable the HAL service again.# svcadm enable halOn MacOSX, follow these steps:# diskutil listIdentify the drive, /dev/diskN where N is the disknumber.# diskutil unmountDisk /dev/diskN# dd if=<path_to_b> of=dev/diskN \ bs=16kOn Linux, insert the flash drive and locate the appropriate device.# dmesg | tailThen copy the image using dd(1) as above.Q: Does Oracle Solaris 11 install on laptops?A: Y es. Oracle Solaris 11 installs onto many different laptop configurations. Check out the Oracle Solaris OS: Hardware Compatibility List to see a full list of supported systems:/webfolder/technetwork/hcl/index.htmlIf your laptop is not listed, Oracle VM VirtualBox canprovide a virtualized environment in which to run OracleSolaris 11 or other virtualization options from third partyvendors.Q: Can I install Oracle Solaris 11 into a virtual environment?A: Y es. Oracle Solaris 11 is a supported guest operating system on Oracle VM Server for SPARC, Oracle VMServer for x86, and Oracle VM VirtualBox. Oracle Solaris11 is known to work on a number of other third partyvirtualization offerings from vendors including VMware,Windows, and Red Hat.Q: How can I customize my Oracle Solaris 11 installation?A: O racle Solaris 11 installations can be customized using a number of administrative commands, including thepackage management utilities. You can learn more about administrative customization by reading the Oracle Solaris11.2 product documentation:/pls/topic/lookup?ctx=solaris11Q: Can I get an Oracle Solaris 11 Media Pack?A: Media Packs are only orderable from MOS. Log in, select "Contact Us", and "Software & OS Media Requests"http VXSSRUW RUDFOH FRPSystem UpdateQ: Can I update my systems from Oracle Solaris 11.1 to Oracle Solaris 11.2?A: Y es. Systems installed with Oracle Solaris 11.1 can be updated to Oracle Solaris 11.2 using the integrated IPSsoftware management tools. Refer to the Oracle Solaris11.2 Release Notes before attempting this update:/pls/topic/lookup?ctx=solaris11Q: Can I upgrade to Oracle Solaris 11 from Oracle Solaris 10?A: T here is no direct upgrade path from Oracle Solaris 10.Customers wishing to upgrade to Oracle Solaris 11 must either install a system from scratch, or consider the use of Oracle Solaris 10 Zones running on Oracle Solaris 11 and take advantage of built-in physical-to-virtual and virtual-to-virtual migration tools.Application SupportQ: How do I find out which applications are certified on Oracle Solaris 11?A: Y ou can view the latest list of certified applications on Oracle Solaris 11 by visiting the Oracle Partner Networkblog:/partnertechYou can also visit the Oracle Partner Network to see the“Oracle Solaris Ready” partners:/technetwork/server-storage/solaris11/partners-1544236.htmlOracle Solaris Ready recognizes qualifying OPN memberswho are developing and supporting their softwareapplications on the latest major releases of Oracle Solaris11. These partners can be viewed by application or bypartner nameQ: Will I need to recertify my application on Oracle Solaris11.2?A: N o. Applications certified for Oracle Solaris 11 do not need to be recertified when updating to Oracle Solaris 11.2 orlater updates. This is due to the Oracle Solaris BinaryCompatibility Guarantee:/us/products/servers-storage/solaris/solaris-guarantee-program-1426902.pdfThis guarantee ensures applications running on earlierversions of Oracle Solaris can be run on future versions of Oracle Solaris.Q: How can I package my application for Oracle Solaris 11?A: Y ou can learn more about packaging your application using IPS by checking out the Packaging and DeliveringSoftware with IPS Developer Guide:/pls/topic/lookup?ctx=solaris11&id=P KDEVQ: What recommendations are there for deploying applications on Oracle Solaris 11 and future updates?A: T hanks to the Oracle Solaris Binary Compatibility Guarantee, applications running on earlier versions ofOracle Solaris can be run on Oracle Solaris 11 and allfuture updates without being recompiled.To create new applications, or to move existingapplications to Oracle Solaris 11 from other platforms, the use of Oracle Solaris Studio is recommended as thecompiler of choice. Oracle Solaris Studio provides acomprehensive C, C++, and Fortran tool suite for OracleSolaris that accelerates the development of scalable,secure and reliable enterprise applications.During the development and deployment of applications on the Oracle Solaris platform, it is recommended thatcustomers consider the use of native OS virtualizationusing Oracle Solaris Zones. This virtualization technology provides a rapid provisioning environment with zero over-head helping to streamline the application deploymentprocess. You can learn more about Oracle Solarisvirtualization by looking at the Oracle Solaris 11Virtualization Technology Spotlight:/technetwork/server-storage/solaris11/technologies/Q: Where can I download Oracle Solaris Studio?A: O racle Solaris Studio is available for download at no cost from the Oracle Technology Network:/technetwork/server-storage/solarisstudio/Q: Does Oracle Solaris Cluster run on Oracle Solaris 11.2?A: Y es. Oracle Solaris Cluster 4.2 is supported on Oracle Solaris 11.2More InformationA: How can I get more news about Oracle Solaris 11?Q: Catch the latest news and information from our social media sites:Blogs:/solarisFacebook:ZZZ IDFHERRN FRP RUDFOHVRODULVLinkedIn:/groups/Oracle-Solaris-Insider-3951282YouTube:/oraclesolarisA: W hat training courses or certification programs are available for Oracle Solaris 11?Q: An extensive set of training courses and certification programs are available from Oracle University. A list of training courses can be found here:/technetwork/server-storage/solaris11/training/index.htmlOracle Corporation, World Headquarters Worldwide Inquiries500 Oracle Parkway Phone: +1.650.506.7000Redwood Shores, CA 94065, USA Fax: +1.650.506.7200C O N N E C T W I T H U S/solaris/oraclesolaris/orcl_solaris/solarisCopyright © 2014, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. This document is provided for information purposes only, and thecontents hereof are subject to change without notice. This document is not warranted to be error-free, nor subject to any otherwarranties or conditions, whether expressed orally or implied in law, including implied warranties and conditions of merchantability orfitness for a particular purpose. We specifically disclaim any liability with respect to this document, and no contractual obligations areformed either directly or indirectly by this document. This document may not be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by anymeans, electronic or mechanical, for any purpose, without our prior written permission.Oracle and Java are registered trademarks of Oracle and/or its affiliates. Other names may be trademarks of their respective owners.Intel and Intel Xeon are trademarks or registered trademarks of Intel Corporation. All SPARC trademarks are used under license andare trademarks or registered trademarks of SPARC International, Inc. AMD, Opteron, the AMD logo, and the AMD Opteron logo aretrademarks or registered trademarks of Advanced Micro Devices. UNIX is a registered trademark of The Open Group. 07/14。
Oracle Solaris 11 使用iso镜像配置本地IPS
Oracle Solaris11使用iso镜像配置本地IPS原创：jerryjzm 随着oracle发布了solaris11，也将IPS正式引入到针对企业的solaris环境中。
它带来了很多方便管理软件包的地方，特别是解决软件包之间的依赖关系。
在日常的工作中，并不是所有的环境都具备连接外网，即使能连接外网也不能保证有很好的网络速度。
所有的包都从外网下载安装，也就受到了这些因素的限制。
幸好，oracle也提供搭建本地IPS环境的方式，而且可以将外网的IPS镜像到本地，利于本地环境搭建和部署。
这里就将自己搭建本地IPS的步骤写出来，有什么更好更优的方法，也请大家指出。
一、准备环境这个本地IPS环境是可以搭建在X86或是sparc系统上的。
对操作系统的要求是IPS所搭建的操作系统版本要高于等于IPS版本（也就是搭建的本地IPS服务于那个版本的操作系统）。
官方的解释是：这里我们用的就是solaris11for x86，而且我将使用web（http）而不是nfs，这样通过浏览器查询也方便。
二、安装好操作系统这个内容就比较简单，现在默认也就是zfs的文件系统。
一路安装好。
root@solaris:~#zfs listNAME USED AVAIL REFER MOUNTPOINTrpool15.1G24.0G39K/rpoolrpool/ROOT 1.81G24.0G31K legacyrpool/ROOT/solaris 1.81G24.0G 1.55G/rpool/ROOT/solaris/var216M24.0G145M/varrpool/dump528M24.0G512M-rpool/export11.7G24.0G32K/exportrpool/export/home11.7G24.0G32K/export/homerpool/export/home/monitor11.7G24.0G11.7G/export/home/monitorrpool/swap 1.03G24.0G 1.00G-三、配置IPS1）为IPS创建一个单独的zfs文件系统root@solaris:~#zfs create rpool/export/repo11root@solaris:~#zfs listNAME USED AVAIL REFER MOUNTPOINTrpool15.1G24.0G39K/rpoolrpool/ROOT 1.81G24.0G31K legacyrpool/ROOT/solaris 1.81G24.0G 1.55G/rpool/ROOT/solaris/var216M24.0G145M/varrpool/dump528M24.0G512M-rpool/export11.7G24.0G33K/exportrpool/export/home11.7G24.0G32K/export/homerpool/export/home/monitor11.7G24.0G11.7G/export/home/monitorrpool/export/repo1131K24.0G31K/export/repo11rpool/swap 1.03G24.0G 1.00G-2）创建构造IPS的repository的基础机构root@solaris:~#pkgrepo create/export/repo11root@solaris:/export/repo11#ls-ltotal1-rw-r--r--1root root78Nov1717:47pkg5.repository3）从下载的文件生成ISO文件从oracle官网的/technetwork/server-storage/solaris11/downloads/index.html现在这2个压缩文件，解压后：root@solaris:/home/monitor#ls-ltotal24639827-rwx------1monitor staff2903566990Nov1601:03sol-11-1111-repo-full-iso-a-rwx------1monitor staff2762210301Nov1601:42sol-11-1111-repo-full-iso-b再cat sol-11-1111-repo-full.iso-a sol-11-1111-repo-full.iso-b>sol-11-1111-repo-full.isoroot@solaris:/home/monitor#ls-l*.iso-rw-r--r--1root root6940854272Nov1603:14sol-11-1111-repo-full.iso4）将生成的ISO文件以loopback的形式挂载使用root@solaris:~#mkdir/mnt/isoroot@solaris:~#lofiadm-a/mnt/iso//home/monitor/sol-11-1111-repo-full.isolofiadm:/mnt/iso is not a regular file,block,or character deviceroot@solaris:~#lofiadmBlock Device File Options/dev/lofi/1/home/monitor/sol-11-1111-repo-full.iso-root@solaris:~#mount-F hsfs/dev/lofi/1/mnt/isoroot@solaris:~#df-h/mnt/iso/Filesystem Size Used Available Capacity Mounted on/dev/lofi/1 6.5G 6.5G0K100%/mnt/iso5）从/mnt/iso中拷贝repository内容拷贝可以使用rsync也可以使用tar，使用过程中感觉到tar是相当快一些的，不过这一步都是比较耗费时间，毕竟有6G多内容嘛root@solaris:/mnt/iso/repo#tar cf-.|(cd/export/repo11;tar xfp-)6）为repository生产搜索索引root@solaris:/mnt/iso/repo#pkgrepo-s/export/repo11refreshInitiating repository refresh.四、配置web服务1）配置web服务，并检查root@solaris:/mnt/iso/repo#svccfg-s application/pkg/server setprop pkg/inst_root=/export/repo11root@solaris:/mnt/iso/repo#svccfg-s application/pkg/server setprop pkg/readonly=trueroot@solaris:/mnt/iso/repo#svcprop-p pkg/inst_root application/pkg/server/export/repo112）启动IPS（repository）服务root@solaris:/mnt/iso/repo#svcadm refresh application/pkg/serverroot@solaris:/mnt/iso/repo#svcadm enable application/pkg/server3）设置IPS的origin为本地的web服务地址root@solaris:~#pkg set-publisher-G'*'-g http://127.0.0.1:80solaris4）检查启动的服务情况root@solaris:/mnt/iso/repo#pkg publisherPUBLISHER TYPE STATUS URIsolaris origin online http://127.0.0.1:80/root@solaris:/mnt/iso/repo#pkgrepo info-s/export/repo11/PUBLISHER PACKAGES STATUS UPDATEDsolaris4292online2011-10-26T17:17:30.230911Zroot@solaris:/mnt/iso/repo#pkgrepo get-s/export/repo11/SECTION PROPERTY VALUEpublisher prefix solarisrepository description This\repository\serves\a\copy\of\the\Oracle\Solaris\11\Build\175b\Package\Repository. repository name Oracle\Solaris\11\Build\175b\Package\Repositoryrepository version4五、总结这样本地IPS就配置好了，安装一个包试试root@solaris:/mnt/iso/repo#pkg install SUNWdistro-constPackages to install:3Create boot environment:NoCreate backup boot environment:NoDOWNLOAD PKGS FILES XFER(MB)Completed3/365/650.2/0.2$<3>PHASE ACTIONSInstall Phase127/127PHASE ITEMSPackage State Update Phase3/3Image State Update Phase2/2打开web页面查看root@solaris:~#ifconfig net0net0:flags=1000843<UP,BROADCAST,RUNNING,MULTICAST,IPv4>mtu1500index2 inet130.30.3.249netmask ffffff00broadcast130.30.3.255ether8:0:27:d9:67:3。
Oracle Solaris 11.1 系统升级指南说明书
Upgrading to Oracle Solaris11.1 November2012This article details the steps required to upgrade your Oracle Solaris1111/11system to Oracle Solaris11.1 using the Image Packaging System(IPS),a feature of Oracle Solaris.Introduction to Upgrading a System to Oracle Solaris11.1 There are two main approaches for upgrading a system to Oracle Solaris11.1.■Using the Oracle Solaris support repository,for customers with an Oracle support agreement■Using the Oracle Solaris release repository,for customers without an Oracle support agreementUsing the Oracle Solaris Support RepositoryCustomers who have an Oracle support agreement can use the Oracle Solaris support repository as their configured package repository.If you are using the support repository,the package publisher definition should look like the following:%pkg publisherPUBLISHER TYPE STATUS URIsolaris origin online https:///solaris/supportThe release process for Oracle Solaris11was changed to accelerate the release of critical bug fixes.A consequence of this process is that the update might not contain some bug fixes released in a Support Repository Update(SRU)for the preceding release.For example,the most recent SRU for Oracle Solaris1111/11is SRU#12.4.Some packages in SRU#12.4have a version number that is higher than the version number in the Oracle Solaris11.1release.To preserve these bug fixes,the version difference will prevent the upgrade to the Oracle Solaris11.1release.If the upgrade process is not blocked because of the version numbers,some fixes that are part of the SRU will be removed if you upgrade to the Oracle Solaris11.1release.For convenience,these bug numbers are listed in“Bugs Fixed in Later SRUs”on page7.For instructions,see“Upgrading a System With a Support Agreement to Oracle Solaris11.1”on page3. Once an SRU for Oracle Solaris11.1is released,the process is simplified if you want to install the11.1release, as well as the latest SRU.For instructions,see“How to Upgrade a System to Oracle Solaris11.1With the Latest SRU”on page6.Using the Oracle Solaris Release RepositoryUsers who have installed Oracle Solaris11without an Oracle support agreement can use the Oracle Solaris release repository as their configured package repository.If you are using the release repository,the package publisher definition should look like the following:%pkg publisherPUBLISHER TYPE STATUS URIsolaris origin online /solaris/release/For instructions,see“How to Upgrade a System to Oracle Solaris11.1Using the Oracle Solaris Release Repository”on page7.Upgrading From Oracle Solaris10There are no upgrade methods or tools available to transition from Oracle Solaris10to Oracle Solaris11or 11.1.You must either do a fresh installation of Oracle Solaris11or migrate your Oracle Solaris10OS instances or zones to an Oracle Solaris11system.For more information,refer to Transitioning From Oracle Solaris10to Oracle Solaris11.Upgrading to Oracle Solaris11.1and ZonesAll of the zones on your system should automatically be upgraded when you upgrade the global zone.Make sure that you follow any specific instructions to deal with specific packages as noted in the following procedures.Upgrading to Oracle Solaris 11.1and Third-Party Packages In general,third-party packages are not touched during the upgrade process.Third-party services,and the software they deliver,will only be disturbed by the upgrade process when the service shares configuration files with the OS,or when the files are installed in directories that are written over by the upgrade process.Upgrading a System With a Support Agreement to Oracle Solaris 11.1The steps that are required might be different due to some systems running different SRU versions.First,follow the instructions in “How to Verify Which SRU a System Is Running”on page 3.Depending on the SRU that the system is running,perform one of the following procedures:■“How to Upgrade a System Running A SRU Before SRU#10.5”on page 4■“How to Upgrade a System Running SRU#10.5or SRU#11.4”on page 4■“How to Upgrade a System Running at Least SRU#12.4”on page 5Note –The amount of time each procedure takes is dependent on many factors,including system and network resources.▼How to Verify Which SRU a System Is Running Display the information about pkg:/entire .In this example,SRU#10.5is installed.%pkg info entire Name:entire Summary:entire incorporation including Support Repository Update (Oracle Solaris 1111/11SRU 10.5).Description:This package constrains system package versions to the same build.WARNING:Proper system update and correct package selection depend on the presence of this incorporation.Removing this package will result in an unsupported system.For more information see https:///CSP/main/article cmd=show&type=NOT&doctype=REFERENCE&id=1372094.1.Category:Meta Packages/Incorporations State:Installed Publisher:solaris Version:0.5.11(Oracle Solaris 11SRU 10.5)Build Release:5.11Branch:0.175.0.10.0.5.0Packaging Date:Fri Aug 0318:26:272012Size:5.45kB FMRI:pkg://solaris/**********.11,5.11-0.175.0.10.0.5.0:20120803T182627Z Package Information Displayed for Oracle Solaris 1111/11If your system has Oracle Solaris 1111/11installed,without any SRUs,the package information looks like:#pkg info entire Name:entire Summary:Incorporation to lock all system packages to the same build Description:This package constrains system package versions to the same build.WARNING:Proper system update and correct package selection depend on the presence of this incorporation.Removing this package will result in an unsupported system.Category:Meta Packages/Incorporations State:Installed Publisher:solaris Version:0.5.11Build Release:5.11Branch:0.175.0.0.0.2.0Packaging Date:October 20,201102:38:22PM●Example 1Size:5.45kB FMRI:pkg://solaris/**********.11,5.11-0.175.0.0.0.2.0:20111020T143822Z▼How to Upgrade a System Running A SRU Before SRU#10.5You can choose to update to SRU#10.5or to a later SRU release.Note that SRUs starting with SRU#12.4havecertain fixes that will not be present in Oracle Solaris 11.1until the first Oracle Solaris 11.1SRU is available.Verify which Solaris 11SRU you have installed.For instructions,see “How to Verify Which SRU a System IsRunning”on page 3.Become an administrator.For more information,see “How to Use Your Assigned Administrative Rights”in Oracle Solaris 11.1Administration:Security Services .Update the system.These commands create a new boot environment.■To update to SRU#10.5,use the following command:#pkg update --accept **********.11,5.11-0.175.0.10■To update to the latest SRU,use the following command:#pkg update --acceptReboot using the updated boot environment.#rebootFollow the instructions for upgrading the SRU that you installed in Step 2.■“How to Upgrade a System Running SRU#10.5or SRU#11.4”on page 4■“How to Upgrade a System Running at Least SRU#12.4”on page 5▼How to Upgrade a System Running SRU#10.5or SRU#11.4Verify that you have SRU#10.5or SRU#11.4installed.For instructions see “How to Verify Which SRU aSystem Is Running”on page 3.Become an administrator.For more information,see “How to Use Your Assigned Administrative Rights”in Oracle Solaris 11.1Administration:Security Services .SPARC only:For each zone,remove the ldomsmanager package.For any SPARC based system that has one or more zones installed,you must perform an additional step.Foreach zone installed on the system,remove the pkg:/system/ldoms/ldomsmanager package as follows:#for z in ‘zoneadm list‘;do zlogin $z pkg uninstall ldomsmanager;done Update the IPS package.#pkg update pkg:/package/pkgDue to earlier bugs in some packages,it was possible to incorrectly install those packages on a system.Thiscommand removes the following bad packages,if they are installed:■x86:pkg://solaris ldoms/ldoms-incorporation ■SPARC:pkg://solaris/consolidation/nvidia/nvidia-incorporationpkg://solaris/driver/network/ethernet/elxlBeforeYou Begin 1234BeforeYou Begin 123pkg://solaris/driver/network/ethernet/pcnpkg://solaris/driver/network/ethernet/dnetpkg://solaris/driver/network/ethernet/iprbUpdate the remaining system packages.#pkg update --be-name s11.1ga --acceptReboot using the updated boot environment.#reboot▼How to Upgrade a System Running at Least SRU#12.4If any of the following packages are installed,you must either remove them and add them back after theupdate to Oracle Solaris 11.1,or disassociate them from the constraints on the system (called unlocking ),asdescribed in this procedure:■pkg://solaris/network/dns/bind ■pkg://solaris/service/network/dns/bind ■pkg://solaris/mail/fetchmailFor SRU#13.4,the pkg://solaris/networkdhcp/isc-dhcp package must be removed or unlocked as well.Become an administrator.For more information,see “How to Use Your Assigned Administrative Rights”in Oracle Solaris 11.1Administration:Security Services .Adjust packaging for the DNS and fetchmail services.If you are not using these packages,you can remove them.If you have dependencies on these packages,youmust unlock them.Only follow this step if one or more of the three packages listed is installed on your server.■To remove the packages,run this command:#pkg uninstall pkg://solaris/network/dns/bind pkg://solaris/service/network/dns/bind\pkg://solaris/mail/fetchmailFor SRU#13.4,also remove pkg://solaris/network/dhcp/isc-dhcp .If you have any zones installed on your system,you must also uninstall these packages in each zone.Forexample:#for z in ‘zoneadm list‘;do zlogin $z pkg uninstall pkg://solaris/network/dns/bind;done■To unlock the packages,run this command:#pkg change-facet facet.version-lock.mail/fetchmail=false #pkg change-facet work/dns/bind=false #pkg change-facet work/dns/bind=falseFor SRU#13.4,also unlock pkg://solaris/network/dhcp/isc-dhcp .Note –To save time,it is possible to combine these commands into one command:#pkg change-facet facet.version-lock.mail/fetchmail=false \work/dns/bind=false \work/dns/bind=falseThe previous commands must be performed in each configured zone with the packages installed.Update the IPS package.#pkg update pkg:/package/pkg45123Update the rest of the packages.#pkg update --be-name s11.1ga --acceptReboot using the updated boot environment.#rebootReverse the changes to the DNS and fetchmail services.■If you removed the packages in Step 2,reinstall them.#pkg install pkg://solaris/service/network/dns/bind #pkg install pkg://solaris/mail/fetchmailNote –The first command installs pkg://solaris/network/dns/bind ,so it is not necessary to install that package.For SRU#13.4,also reinstall pkg://solaris/network/dhcp/isc-dhcp .■If you unlocked the packages in Step 2,when the first SRU is released for Oracle Solaris 11.1,lock thepackages.#pkg change-facet facet.version-lock.mail/fetchmail=true #pkg change-facet facet.version-lock.service/network/dns/bind=true #pkg change-facet work/dns/bind=trueRelocking the packages updates them as required.For SRU#13.4,also lock pkg://solaris/network/dhcp/isc-dhcp .Note –To save time,it is possible to combine these commands into one command:#pkg change-facet facet.version-lock.mail/fetchmil=true \work/dns/bind=true \work/dns/bind=true▼How to Upgrade a System to Oracle Solaris 11.1With the Latest SRUOnce the first SRU for Solaris 11.1is released,use the following procedure to upgrade to Oracle Solaris 11.1with the new SRU.Verify which Solaris 11SRU you have installed.For instructions,see “How to Verify Which SRU a System IsRunning”on page 3.Become an administrator.For more information,see “How to Use Your Assigned Administrative Rights”in Oracle Solaris 11.1Administration:Security Services .For early SRUs only:Upgrade to the latest Oracle Solaris 11SRU.Perform these steps only on systems running an SRU earlier than 10.5.a.Update the SRU.This command updates the OS to Oracle Solaris 11with the latest SRU.#pkg update --accept b.Reboot using the updated boot environment.#reboot456BeforeYou Begin 12For all SRUs:Update to Oracle Solaris 11.1with the latest SRU.#pkg update --accept --be-name s11.1sruReboot using the updated boot environment.#rebootBugs Fixed in Later SRUsThe following is a list of the bug fixes that have been addressed in SRU#12.4,but not in Oracle Solaris 11.1until SRU#1for 11.1is released.Kernel fixes:■7071362tcp_icmp_source_quench and other tunables may no longer be field modifiable ■7181137sol_umad should allow userland MAD operations in NGZs ■7196540After 7174929integration 0.9.0is shown for first disk in second RAID volumeOther software fixes:■7166132vim should be able to run its test suite ■7190213libibmad and associated files need to be delivered in an NGZ ■7191495mkisofs install is incomplete ■7195687Update fetchmail to version 6.3.2■7195704Problem with utility/fetchmail ■7196234Problem with network/dns ■7197223vim shows high CPU usage when editing dtrace script with syntax highlighting enabledThe following is a list of bugs that have been addressed in SRU#13.4,but not in Oracle Solaris 11.1untilSRU#1for 11.1is released.■15805793SUNBT7186501-11.2net-snmp crashes in net_cpu_arch_load ■15494128assertion failed:zvol_get_stats(os,nv)==0,when encounter i/o error ■15797349Problem with shell/korn93■15800889s11:zonestat core dumps when executed in non-global zone ■15816060update zoneinfo timezones to 2012f (Fiji)■15797515SUNBT7176189-12.0nfs4_write()can dirty too much pages during an unmount attemptUpgrading a System Without a Support Agreement toOracle Solaris 11.1Use the following procedure to upgrade a Oracle Solaris 1111/11system if you do not have a supportagreement,or have no SRUs installed.Note –The amount of time the procedure takes is dependent on many factors,including system and network resources.▼How to Upgrade a System to Oracle Solaris 11.1Using theOracle Solaris Release RepositoryUpgrading to Oracle Solaris 1111/11is a multistep process due to the requirement that certain systempackages must be updated first in order to achieve a successful update for the remaining system packages.34Become an administrator.For more information,see “How to Use Your Assigned Administrative Rights”in Oracle Solaris 11.1Administration:Security Services .Update the system packages.This command creates a new boot environment.#pkg update --acceptNote –For systems that cannot directly connect to Oracle's hosted package repositories,download the Oracle Solaris 11.1Pre-Upgrade Repository Image.This image contains packages that you must update prior toupdating to Oracle Solaris 11.1.See /technetwork/server-storage/solaris11/downloads/index.htm for more information.The ISO image contains a README file that describes thenecessary steps for constructing the repository and updating to Oracle Solaris 11.1.Reboot using the updated boot environment.#rebootSPARC only:For each zone,remove the ldomsmanager package.For any SPARC based system that has one or more zones installed,you must perform an additional step.Foreach zone installed on the system,remove the pkg:/system/ldoms/ldomsmanager package as follows:#for z in ‘zoneadm list‘;do zlogin $z pkg uninstall ldomsmanager;doneUpdate the IPS package.#pkg update pkg:/package/pkgUpdate the rest of the packages.#pkg update --be-name s11.1ga --acceptReboot using the updated boot environment.#reboot1234567Copyright©2012Oracle and/or its affiliates.All rights reserved.This software and related documentation are provided under a license agreement containing restrictions on use and disclosure and are protected by intellectual property laws.Except as expressly permitted in your license agreement or allowed by law,you may not use,copy,reproduce,translate,broadcast,modify,license,transmit,distribute,exhibit,perform,publish,or display any part,in any form,or by any means.Reverse engineering, disassembly,or decompilation of this software,unless 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the ernment.This software or hardware is developed for general use in a variety of information management applications.It is not developed or intended for use in any inherently dangerous applications,including applications that may create a risk of personal injury.If you use this software or hardware in dangerous applications,then you shall be responsible to take all appropriate fail-safe,backup,redundancy,and other measures to ensure its safe use.Oracle Corporation and its affiliates disclaim any liability for any damages caused by use of this software or hardware in dangerous applications.Oracle and Java are registered trademarks of Oracle and/or its affiliates.Other names may be trademarks of their respective owners.Intel and Intel Xeon are trademarks or registered trademarks of Intel Corporation.All SPARC trademarks are used under license and are trademarks or registered trademarks of SPARC International,Inc.AMD,Opteron,the AMD logo,and the AMD Opteron logo are trademarks or 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solaris新手入门
目录第1章、前言71.1了解超级用户状态81.1.1成为超级用户（su）91.1.2退出超级用户状态91.1.3以root注册91.2与用户通信91.2.1在注册时显示系统专用信息101.2.2将信息发送给单个用户101.2.2.1发送一个短消息给一个单独的用户101.2.2.2将作为一个文件的消息发给个别用户11 1.2.3将消息发送给一个系统或网络中的所有用户11 1.2.4通过电子邮件发送消息121.3启动和关闭系统121.3.1选择init状态121.3.1.1查看系统运行级131.3.1.2使用掉电状态，运行级0131.3.1.3使用系统管理员状态，运行级1131.3.1.4使用多用户状态，运行级2131.3.1.5使用远程资源共享状态，运行级3131.3.1.6使用替换多用户状态，运行级4141.3.1.7使用交互重引导状态，运行级5141.3.1.8使用重引导状态，运行级6141.3.1.9使用单用户状态，运行级s或S141.3.1.10改变运行级141.3.2选择所用的关闭命令151.3.2.1 shutdown151.3.2.2 telinit和init151.3.2.3 halt151.3.2.4 reboot151.3.3 引导系统151.3.3.1 引导到多用户状态151.3.3.2 引导到单用户状态151.3.3.3交互式引导161.3.3.4查看引导信息171.3.3.5增加新的硬件后引导系统171.3.3.6退回引导进程181.3.4关闭系统181.3.4.1关闭一个多用户系统181.3.4.2关闭系统：可选方式191.4监视进程191.4.1 ps命令报告的内容201.4.2使用ps报告221.4.3杀死进程231.5基本管理工具241.5.1经常使用的命令241.5.1.1在文件系统中移动241.5.1.2查看在文件系统中所处的位置241.5.1.3改变目录241.5.1.4查看文件的有关信息241.5.1.5显示文件信息241.5.1.6查找一个文件251.5.1.7查看一个文件的类型251.5.1.8查看文件中的信息261.5.1.9查找文件中的字符串261.5.1.10查看文件271.5.1.11浏览文件271.5.1.12查看文件尾281.5.1.13查看文件头281.5.1.14改变文件的所有权和许可权291.5.1.15改变文件组301.5.1.16设置或显示系统环境301.5.1.17定义Bourne和Korn shell环境变量31 1.5.1.18定义C shell环境变量311.5.1.19显示环境变量的设置311.5.1.20使用PATH变量321.5.1.21设置Bourne和Korn shell路径32 1.5.1.22设置C shell路径321.5.2使用管理工具32第2章、基本OS命令332.1查找用户信息332.1.1确定系统中有谁注册332.1.1.1使用who命令332.1.1.2使用finger命令332.1.1.3使用rusers －1命令332.1.1.4使用whodo命令342.1.2检查用户的用户号和组号(id命令)342.2查寻环境信息352.3创建和编辑文件352.3.1使用cat命令352.3.2使用touch命令362.3.3文件拷贝（cp）或改名（mv）362.3.4文本编辑器的使用362.3.5 vi的使用372.4命令组合及输出重新定向372.4.1在同一命令行里键入多个命令372.4.2输出重新定向(<>)382.4.3组合命令(|)382.5使用手册382.5.1显示手册（man）392.5.2找命令节号（whatis、man）392.6查阅磁盘信息402.6.1显示磁盘空间的信息（df －k）402.6.2判别某文件系统是否为本地文件系统（df）402.6.3找出某种类型已安装的文件系统（df -F）40第3章、设备管理423.1磁带的使用423.1.1磁带设备的命名习惯423.1.1.1使用缺省密度规定驱动器号433.1.1.2为磁带机指定密度433.1.1.3指定"不倒带"选项443.1.1.4不同磁带控制器和介质的设备名缩写443.1.1.5 1/2英寸卷绕式非SCSI内接(Rack mounted)磁带机44 3.1.1.6 1/4英寸SCSI盒式和1/2英寸前部装入的卷绕式磁带机45 3.1.1.7 螺线扫描磁带机453.1.2读写磁带的命令453.1.2.1拉紧磁带453.1.2.2倒带453.1.2.3列出磁带机状态463.2 磁带与软盘操作463.2.1 tar命令463.2.1.1向磁带写文件(tar)463.2.1.2列出磁带上的文件(tar)473.2.1.3向磁带上增加文件(tar)473.2.1.4从磁带中析取文件(tar)483.2.2cpio命令483.2.2.1将某目录下的所有文件拷入磁带(cpio)483.2.2.2列出磁带上的文件(cpio)493.2.2.3析取磁带上所有文件(cpio)493.2.2.4自磁带中析取个别文件(cpio)503.2.2.5软盘的使用503.2.3软驱设备名503.2.4ufs文件系统的软盘503.2.4.1格式化ufs软盘503.2.4.2自软驱中取出软盘513.2.4.3将ufs文件拷入单张格式化过软盘513.2.4.4列出软盘上的文件513.2.4.5向一个格式化好的软盘上附加文件(tar)523.2.4.6从软盘上拷出文件(tar)523.2.4.7自软盘上拷出bar格式的文件(cpio)533.2.5使用多张软盘存档533.2.5.1在软盘上创建一个ufs文件系统(newfs /dev/rdiskette)533.2.6pcfs(DOS)文件系统的软盘533.2.6.1 格式化pcfs(DOS)文件系统软盘543.2.6.2安装pcfs软盘543.2.6.3卸下pcfs软盘543.3硬盘命名管理543.3.1硬盘命名习惯543.3.1.1带有总线控制器的硬盘的使用553.3.1.2带有直接驱动器的硬盘的使用563.3.2检查硬盘使用状况563.3.3检查硬盘信息(Prtvtoc)573.3.3.1将文件存档583.3.3.2将硬盘上文件拷出583.3.3.3修复坏块583.3.3.4重新格式化硬盘583.3.3.5换下旧硬盘583.3.3.6加入错误表对硬盘进行格式化、分区及标记583.3.3.7重建文件系统(newfs)603.3.3.8在临时安装点安装文件系统(mount)613.3.3.9向文件系统转储文件(ufsrestore)613.3.3.10自临时装入点拆卸文件系统(umount)其方法如下:62 3.3.3.11检查文件系统的不一致性(fsck)623.3.3.12对恢复文件系统做0级备份623.3.3.13在永久安装点安装文件系统(mount)62第4章、文件系统管理634.1文件系统类型634.1.1磁盘文件系统634.1.2网络文件系统644.1.3伪文件系统644.1.3.1临时文件系统(tmpfs)644.1.3.2循环文件系统(lofs)654.1.3.3进程文件系统(procfs)654.1.3.4别的伪文件系统664.2 SunOS5.x缺省的文件系统664.3虚拟文件系统表(/etc/vfstab)664.3.1 文件系统表项的建立684.4文件管理命令694.4.1普通命令语法规则694.4.2普通文件系统命令和特别文件系统命令手册704.4.3利用文件系统命令确定文件系统类型704.4.4文件系统类型704.5如何使文件系统有效714.5.1安装与拆卸724.5.1.1安装与拆卸文件系统命令734.5.1.2查找已安装的文件系统734.5.1.3安装/etc/vfstab文件中的全部文件系统734.5.1.4安装特定类型的文件系统744.5.1.5安装单个文件系统（mount）744.5.1.6拆卸所有的远程文件系统（umountall -F nfs）74 4.5.1.7拆卸个别的文件系统(umount)744.5.2自动安装程序754.5.3共享服务器文件764.6检查文件系统的数据一致性(fsck)764.6.1决定文件系统是否需检测774.6.2以交互方式检测文件系统774.7备份和恢复文件系统784.7.1用QIC-150盒式磁带备份文件系统(ufsdump)784.7.1.1实现增量备份794.7.2恢复备份文件系统804.7.2.1决定使用哪一备份带804.7.2.2恢复全部备份804.7.2.3交互式恢复文件814.7.2.4从备份带中恢复单个文件( ufsrestore)83第5章、管理网络服务845.1检查远程系统状态845.1.1确定一个远程系统已运行了多长时间845.1.2确定一个远程系统是否在运行(ping\rup\rpcinfo-p)84 5.2注册到一个远程系统(rlogin)865.3系统之间传送文件(rcp、ftp)865.3.1使用RCP命令865.3.2使用文件传送程序(ftp)86第6章、管理用户帐号和用户组896.1增加和管理用户帐号896.1.1增加用户帐号896.1.1.1编辑Passwd数据库896.1.1.2定义用户组916.1.1.3建立主目录(home director)926.1.1.4自动安装目录946.1.1.5用nfs安装主目录946.1.1.7定义初化文件956.1.1.8建立用户的邮件帐号986.1.1.9建立口令996.1.2管理用户帐号996.1.2.1修改用户帐号1006.1.2.2取消用户帐号1006.1.2.3冻结用户帐号1006.2设置和管理用户组1006.2.1设置Group数据库中的域值1016.2.1.1设置组名(Group Name)域1016.2.1.2设置Group ID域1016.2.1.3设置成员表域1016.2.2建立缺省的UNIX用户组1016.2.3建立新的组1026.2.4修改或删除用户组1026.2.4.1修改某个组1036.2.4.2删除某个组103第7章、UNIX的shell命令1047.1各种shell的公共命令1047.1.1设置某种缺省shell1047.1.2在命令行中改变shell类型(sh，csh，ksh)105 7.1.3从shell解释器中退出(exit)1057.1.4清除一个shell窗口(clear)1057.2标准shell1057.2.1标准shell的初始文件1067.2.2定义标准shell的环境变量1067.3 C shell1067.3.1C shell的初始文件1067.3.2C shell环境变量的定义1067.3.3建立C shell的别名1067.3.4设置C shell的历史功能1077.3.5使用C shell历史功能1077.3.6设置C shell的退格键(stty erase)1097.3.7新命令的嵌入1097.3.8Cshell历史命令的编辑1097.4 Korn shell1107.4.1Korn shell的初始化文件1107.4.2Korn shell的选择项1107.4.3创建Korn shell的别名1127.4.4用Korn shell的联机编辑器编辑命令1137.4.5设置Korn shell的历史1147.4.6显示Korn shell的历史命令1147.4.7使用Korn shell的历史命令1157.4.8编辑Korn shell的历史命令115第8章、管理系统1168.1显示系统专有信息1168.1.1确定主机ID号（sysdef -h）1168.1.2确定硬件类型(uname -m)1168.1.3确定处理机类型(uname -p)1168.1.4确定OS版本号（uname -r）1168.1.5显示系统配置信息(prtconf)1168.1.6确定系统已经运行了多长时间1188.1.7确定系统的日期和时间（date）1188.1.8设置系统的日期和时间1188.1.9改变系统的时区（/etc/TIMEZONE）1198.2配置附加的交换空间（mkfile，swap）1208.3创建一个本地邮件别名（/etc/mail/aliases）121第9章、文件存取问题分析1229.1 诊断与查找路径有关的问题1229.1.1显示当前查找路径1229.1.2为Bourne和Korn shells设置路径1229.1.3Source Bourne和Korn shell的初始化文件1229.1.4为C shell设置路径1239.1.5Source C shell初始化文件1239.1.6检查当前的查找路径1239.1.7执行一个命令1239.2分析与权限和所有权有关的问题1239.2.1改变文件的所有权1249.2.2改变文件的权限1249.2.3改变文件组的所有权125第1章、前言本手册主要供Solaris系统管理员使用，所提供的内容包含SUN OS操作系统系统的安装、环境的建立及重要文件的创建，以及系统管理员在网络系统环境下如何建立、维护、管理网络系统下的工作环境，还包括系统管理的日常使用命令、主要命令、文件的索引等。
Oracle Solaris Operating System 初始启动指南说明书
This guide describes the minimum steps you must perform to power on and boot your server for the first time using the preinstalled Oracle Solaris™Operating System (Solaris OS).FIGURE 1Sun SPARC Enterprise T5120ServerShipping ContentsBefore You BeginFor quick installation and configuration,follow these steps.For more detailed information,refer to the complete online product documentation set at:/app/docs/prod/sparc.t5120Understand the following information before you set up the server for the first time:■Do not apply power until instructed to do so –This system includes a service processor (SP)that is used to configure and boot the host server.To properly configure the host server and view SP messages,do not apply AC power to the server until the SP and host networking connections are made,as described in this guide.■Choose the best instructions for your situation –The quick setup instructions in this guide work for any networking environment,and require the use of a terminal device for connection to a serial port.If you have a networking environment running DHCP,you can configure your system using the Ethernet management port.To take advantage of the DHCP setup method,refer to the online installation guide in the online product QuantityItem1Server2RJ-45Ethernet cable1RJ-45to DB-25adapter (crossover)1RJ-45to DB-9adapter (crossover)2Power cords (packaged separately)Sun SPARC Enterprise T5120 ServerGetting Started Guide■Set aside sufficient time–Installation times vary,but if you are performing these setup instructions for the first time,plan to spend about45to75minutes to complete all of these instructions.Additional time might be required for installing optional hardware and rackmounting kits.■Obtain a terminal device–You configure this rackmountable server through the SP using the built-in serial and network management ports,and not through a graphical interface and Sun keyboard.To communicate with the SP,you will need a terminal device,which can be a terminal,terminal server,or laptop running terminal emulation software.■Gather your configuration information–During the configuration,you are prompted for time zone and networking parameters for your e TABLE1to record your configuration information. TABLE1Configuration InformationParameter Description Your EntryLanguage Select a number from the displayed language list.Locale Select a number from the displayed locale list.Terminal Type Select a terminal type that corresponds with your terminal device.Network?Select Yes.Multiple Network Interfaces Select the network interfaces that you plan to configure.If you are not sure, select the first one in the list.DHCP?Select Yes or No according to your network environment.Host Name Enter the host name for the server.IP Address Enter the IP address for the selected Ethernet interfaces.Subnet?Select Yes or No according to your network environment.Subnet Netmask(If subnet was Yes)Enter the netmask for the subnet for your networkenvironment.IPv6?Specify whether or not to use IPv6.If you are not sure,select No toconfigure the Ethernet interface for IPv4.Security Policy Select either standard UNIX security(No)or Kerberos Security(Yes).If you are not sure,select No.Confirm Review the onscreen information and change it if needed.Otherwise,continue.Name Service Select the name service according to your network environment.Note–If you select a name service other than None,you will be promptedfor additional name service configuration information.NFSv4Domain Name Select the type of domain name configuration according to your environment.If you are not sure,select Use the NFSv4domain derived by the system.Time Zone(Continent)Select your continent.Time Zone(Country or Region)Select your country or region.TABLE1Configuration InformationTime Zone Select the time zone.Date and Time Accept the default date and time,or change the values.root Password Enter the root password twice.This password is for the superuser accountfor the Solaris OS on this server.This password is not the SP password.Quick Setup Instructions1.Unpack the server,and check that you received all of the shipping contents(FIGURE1).2.Place the server in its intended location for verification.For rackmounting instructions,refer to the instructions included with the rail kit,the service label on the server,and to the online Sun SPARC Enterprise T5120and T5220Servers Installation Guide.3.Connect a serial cable between the server’s SER MGT port(FIGURE2)and a terminal device.This connection provides your initial communication with the SP.The device must be set up to communicate using9600baud,8bit,no parity,1stop bit.A null modem configuration is needed,meaning the transmit and receive signals are reversed(crossed over)for DTE to DTE communications.You can use the supplied RJ-45crossover adapters with a standard RJ-45cable to achieve the null modem configuration.FIGURE 2Server Connections4.(Optional)Connect an Ethernet cable between the server’s NET MGT port (FIGURE 2)and the network towhich future connections to the SP and host will be made.After the initial configuration of the system using the SER MGT port,communication with the SP and host is usually performed through this Ethernet interface.5.Connect an Ethernet cable between one of the server’s NET ports (FIGURE 2)and the network to which theserver will communicate.6.Plug the power cords into the power supplies and into separate power sources.To provide redundancy,plug both power supplies into separate power sources.Note that the system can operate with only one power connection,but there is no redundancy in this case.When power is applied,the SP initializes and power supply LEDs illuminate.After a few minutes,the SP login prompt appears on the terminal device.Note that the host is not initialized or powered on yet.SER MGTRJ-45NET MGT RJ-45Numbered cablescorrespond to setup steps.NET 0 to NET 3RJ-45SP to Ethernet (Optional)Host to Ethernet RJ-45 to DB-25crossover adapterRJ-45 to DB-9crossover adapterTerminal devicen7.At the terminal device,log in to the SP as root with a password of changeme .After a brief delay,the SP prompt is displayed (->).At this point,there are many commands you can perform using the Integrated Lights Out Manager interface.For example,to create a user named admin ,and to set the admin account role to Administrator and the CLI mode to alom ,enter:Note that the asterisks in the example will not appear when you enter your password.Additional SP information,such as how to change the password and how to set up the SP network parameters,is available in the online documentation set.8.Power on the server and redirect the host output to display on the serial terminal device:After you start the SP console,the server initialization takes approximately 20minutes to complete.9.When prompted,follow the onscreen instructions and enter the configuration information.Refer to TABLE 1for the list of configuration information and your entries.You will be prompted to confirm the configuration several times,enabling confirmation and changes.If you are not sure how to respond to a particular value,you can accept the default,and make future changes when the Solaris OS is running.When the configuration menus are completed,the server reboots and displays the Solaris login prompt.10.Log in to the server and explore the capabilities.The following commands provide information about the system:■showrev –Displays the hostname and system architecture e the -a option with this command to see the patches that are installed.■psrinfo –Displays information about the number and status of the processors and cores in the host.Review the Solaris OS man pages and documentation for more details.SUNSP00144FAC732F login:root Password:changeme . . .->->create /SP/users/admin role=Administrator cli_mode=alom Creating user...Enter new password: ********Enter new password again: ********Created /SP/users/admin->start /SYSAre you sure you want to start /SYS (y/n)?y ->start /SP/consoleAre you sure you want to start /SP/CONSOLE (y/n)?y Serial console started. To stop, type #.. . .Accessing Additional InformationYou can view,print,and download additional information for this product from the following URLs:■Oracle’s Sun SPARC Enterprise T5120server documentation set,including important documents such as product notes:/app/docs/prod/sparc.t5120■A broad selection of Sun documentation,including localized versions:■Preinstalled Solaris OS information:/software/preinstall■CoolThreads™–Overview and access to Cool Tools:/servers/coolthreads/tnb/index.jsp■CoolThreads–CMT tuning and resources:/servers/coolthreads/tnb/t2.jspTechnical SupportIf you have technical questions about this product that are not answered in this document,go to:/service/contactingDocumentation FeedbackSubmit comments about this document by clicking the Feedback[+]link at:/Please include the title and part number of your document with your feedback:Sun SPARC Server Enterprise T5120Server Getting Started Guide,part number820-4417-11Copyright©2006,2010,Oracle and/or its affiliates.All rights reserved.FUJITSU LIMITED provided technical input and review on portions of this material.Copyright©2006,2010,Oracle et/ou ses affiliés.Tous droits réservés.Entrée et revue tecnical fournies par FUJITSU LIMITED sur des parties de ce matériel.。
Oracle Solaris 11 操作系统更新指南说明书
Oracle® Enterprise Manager Ops CenterUpdating Y our Oracle Solaris 11 Operating System12c Release 3 (12.3.0.0.0)E60020-01June 2015This guide provides an end-to-end example for how to use Oracle Enterprise ManagerOps Center.IntroductionOracle Solaris 11 uses a different update mechanism than earlier versions of theoperating system. Oracle Solaris 11 uses packages to update the operating system andany non-global zones. The packages are part of an Image Packaging System (IPS) thatis integrated with the ZFS file system. The ZFS integration automatically creates analternate boot environment every time an operating system is installed or updated.You can quickly and easily create an alternate boot environment when needed, andmanage existing boot environments. Creating an alternate boot environment providesa safe method of testing an update before deploying it to your live environment.The global zone is the default operating system and has control over all the processes.A global zone always exists even when no other zones are configured. The global zoneis used for systemwide administrative control. Non-global zones, or simply zones, areconfigured inside the global zone.You can patch zones that run on a supported configuration. When you update theglobal zone or the Oracle Solaris 11 operating system, depending on the IPS packagesetting, the non-global zones are also updated. If the package setting is to update thenon-global zones, then the non-global zones are also updated.A boot environment is created, whenever you update or make any changes to OracleSolaris 11 operating system.This example describes how you can update a boot environment by creating severalprofiles and plans and include them in a larger deployment plan to consistently applyupdates to Oracle Solaris 11 operating system.You will create a boot environment profile for Oracle Solaris 11 operating system, aprofile for updating Oracle Solaris 11, create a deployment plan for updating OracleSolaris 11 operating system, and then apply the deployment plan.See Related Articles and Resources for links to related information and articles.What You Will NeedYou will need the following to update an Oracle Solaris 11 operating system:■The operating system that is being updated must be agent-managed.■Enterprise Controller and a Proxy Controller installed on an Oracle Solaris 11operating system.■Oracle Solaris 11 Software Update Library must have latest packages.■An Update Admin and a Plan/Profile Admin role to create a Profile.Updating an Oracle Solaris 11 Operating SystemComplete the following actions to update your Oracle Solaris 11 operating system:■Create a Profile for Boot Environment for Oracle Solaris11 Operating System ■Create a Profile for Updating Oracle Solaris 11 Operating System■Create a Deployment Plan for Updating Oracle Solaris 11 Operating System ■Apply the Deployment Plan for Updating Oracle Solaris 11 Operating SystemCreate a Profile for Boot Environment for Oracle Solaris11 Operating SystemThe steps to create a profile for boot environment for Oracle Solaris 11 operating system are:1.Click Plan Management, then expand Profiles and Policies. Click BootEnvironments option.2.Click Create Profile from the Actions pane to start the Create Profile for BootEnvironments wizard. Enter the following information.■Name: Enter the name of the profile■Description: (Optional) Enter the description of the profile■Subtype: Select Solaris 11 for the subtype3.Click Next to specify the boot environment parameters. Enter the followinginformation.■BE Policy: Select Create a New Boot Environment when needed■Boot Environment Name: Select Auto-generate a unique Boot Environment name.Click Next to display the summary for the boot environment profile.4.Click Finish to create the profile for boot environment for Oracle Solaris 11operating system.After the profile is created, you can view the profile for the boot environment for Oracle Solaris 11 operating system in the center pane.Create a Profile for Updating Oracle Solaris 11 Operating SystemThe steps to create a profile for updating an Oracle Solaris 11 operating system are:1.Click Plan Management in the Navigation pane.2.Click Update Profiles under Profiles and Policies hierarchy.3.Click New Profile in the Actions pane to start the Create OS Update Profilewizard. Enter the following information.■Name: Enter the name of the profile■Type: Enter the type as Solaris 11■Description: (Optional) Enter the description of the profileUse the Search Criteria to search the category you want to upgrade. Click Upgrade icon.Click Create OS Update Profile to create the profile.After the profile is created, you can view the profile in the center pane.Create a Deployment Plan for Updating Oracle Solaris 11 Operating System The steps to create a deployment plan for updating an Oracle Solaris 11 operating system are.1.In the Navigation pane, under Plan Management, expand Deployment Plans.Click Update Solaris 11 OS option.2.Click Create Plan from Template in the Actions Pane.3.Enter a plan name and the plan description. Select the Failure Policy as Stop atfailure.4.Each step has a drop-down menu of available actions in the Associated Profiles /Deployment Plan field. On the Update OS step, select the profile that you have just defined, and then click Save.5.The created deployment plan now appears under the Deployment Plan branch ofPlan Management drawer of Navigation pane.Apply the Deployment Plan for Updating Oracle Solaris 11 Operating SystemAfter you create the deployment plan, you must select the target asset to run the deployment plan.1.Click Plan Management, then expand Deployment plans. Click Update Solaris 11OS.2.Select the deployment plan that you just created and click Apply DeploymentPlan in the Actions pane.The Select Target Assets window is displayed.3.Select the target assets and click Add to Target List. Select Apply the plan withminimal interaction and click Next.plan. Click Next.Mode and click Next to skip the Pre Install Script.6.Click Next to display the Create a Boot Environment Summary.7.Click Next to view the Update OS Summary.8.Click Next to Schedule the job. Select Now to execute the deployment plan on theselected target and click Apply.The job runs to execute the deployment plan.You can view the boot environment in the center pane.What’s Next?You can update an alternate boot environment by deploying a Software Deployment / Update deployment plan and selecting the alternate boot environment as the target. Related Articles and ResourcesFor more information on updating your Oracle Solaris 11 operating systems, see the following:The following chapters in the Oracle Enterprise Manager Configure Reference and Oracle Enterprise Manager Operate Reference contain more information:■Asset Management■Hardware Management■OS Provisioning■Oracle Enterprise Manager Ops Center Concepts Guide■Oracle Solaris 11 documentation at/technetwork/documentation/solaris-11-192991.html■For end-to-end examples, see the workflows and how to documentation in the library. For deployment tasks, go to /cd/E59957_01/nav/deploy.htm and for operate tasks go to/cd/E59957_01/nav/operate.htm. Documentation AccessibilityFor information about Oracle's commitment to accessibility, visit the Oracle Accessibility Program website at/pls/topic/lookup?ctx=acc&id=docacc.Access to Oracle SupportOracle customers that have purchased support have access to electronic support through My Oracle Support. For information, visit/pls/topic/lookup?ctx=acc&id=info or visit/pls/topic/lookup?ctx=acc&id=trs if you are hearing impaired.Oracle Enterprise Manager Ops Center Updating Your Oracle Solaris 11 Operating System , 12c Release 3 (12.3.0.0.0)E60020-01Copyright © 2007, 2015, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.This software and related documentation are provided under a license agreement containing restrictions on use and disclosure and are protected by intellectual property laws. Except as expressly permitted in your license agreement or allowed by law, you may not use, copy, reproduce, translate, broadcast, modify, license, transmit, distribute, exhibit, perform, publish, or display any part, in any form, or by any means. Reverse engineering, disassembly, or decompilation of this software, unless required by law for interoperability, is prohibited.The information contained herein is subject to change without notice and is not warranted to be error-free. If you find any errors, please report them to us in writing.If this is software or related documentation that is delivered to the U.S. Government or anyone licensing it on behalf of the U.S. Government, then the following notice is applicable:U.S. GOVERNMENT END USERS: Oracle programs, including any operating system, integrated software, any programs installed on the hardware, and/or documentation, delivered to U.S. Government end users are "commercial computer software" pursuant to the applicable Federal Acquisition Regulation and agency-specific supplemental regulations. As such, use, duplication, disclosure, modification, and adaptation of the programs, including any operating system, integrated software, any programs installed on the hardware, and/or documentation, shall be subject to license terms and license restrictions applicable to the programs. No other rights are granted to the U.S. Government.This software or hardware is developed for general use in a variety of information management applications. It is not developed or intended for use in any inherently dangerous applications, including applications that may create a risk of personal injury. If you use this software or hardware in dangerous applications, then you shall be responsible to take all appropriate fail-safe, backup, redundancy, and other measures to ensure its safe use. Oracle Corporation and its affiliates disclaim any liability for any damages caused by use of this software or hardware in dangerous applications. Oracle and Java are registered trademarks of Oracle and/or its affiliates. Other names may be trademarks of their respective owners.Intel and Intel Xeon are trademarks or registered trademarks of Intel Corporation. All SPARC trademarks are used under license and are trademarks or registered trademarks of SPARC International, Inc. AMD, Opteron, the AMD logo, and the AMD Opteron logo are trademarks or registered trademarks of Advanced Micro Devices. UNIX is a registered trademark of The Open Group.This software or hardware and documentation may provide access to or information about content, products, and services from third parties. Oracle Corporation and its affiliates are not responsible for and expressly disclaim all warranties of any kind with respect to third-party content, products, and services unless otherwise set forth in an applicable agreement between you and Oracle. Oracle Corporation and its affiliates will not be responsible for any loss, costs, or damages incurred due to your access to or use of third-party content, products, or services, except as set forth in an applicable agreement between you and Oracle.。
Oracle Solaris 11.4 许可信息用户手册说明书
Oracle® Solaris 11.4 中提供的免费软件2018 年 8 月Oracle Solaris 11.4 捆绑软件更新免费开源软件 (Free and Open Source Software, FOSS)（简称免费软件）是随 Oracle Solaris 11 提供的软件包，它的数量已经随着每次更新而增加，在 Oracle Solaris 11.4 中有 1,000 多个软件包。
以下各表显示了 Oracle Solaris 11.4 发行版中捆绑的一些常用免费软件，并显示了 Oracle Solaris 11.4中提供的这些组件的版本，以及 Oracle Solaris 11.3 的初始发行版中提供的版本。
有关许可信息，请参见Licensing Information User Manual Oracle Solaris 11.4（《Oracle Solaris 11.4许可信息用户手册》）。
有关 Oracle 将为其提供标准支持 (Premier Support) 的免费软件列表，请参见“Oracle Solaris 11.4 中支持的免费软件” [3]。
表 1编译器和解释器软件Oracle Solaris 11.3 版本Oracle Solaris 11.4 版本Cython NA0.28.2gcc 3.4, 4.5, 4.7, 4.8 5.5, 7.3Go NA 1.7Java7, 88LLVM/Clang NA 6.0PHP 5.3, 5.6 5.6, 7.1Perl 5.8, 5.12 5.22, 5.26Python 2.6, 2.7, 3.4 2.7, 3.4, 3.5Ruby 1.9, 2.1 2.1, 2.3TCL/TK8.58.6表 2开发者和 DevOps 工具软件Oracle Solaris 11.3 版本Oracle Solaris 11.4 版本Cmake 2.8 3.9GDB7.68.0Git 1.7 2.15Mercurial 3.4 4.1MySQL 5.1, 5.5, 5.6 5.5, 5.6, 5.7Oracle Instant Client NA12.2OpenStack2014.2NAPuppet 3.6 5.5表 3网络服务和客户机软件Oracle Solaris 11.3 版本Oracle Solaris 11.4 版本Apache HTTPD 2.2, 2.4 2.4防火墙IPfilter、PF OpenBSD 5.5 包过滤器 (Packet Filter, PF) ISC BIND9.69.10Kerberos Sun 派生 1.16LDAP Mozilla LDAP、OpenLDAP 2.4OpenLDAP 2.4Open Fabric Enterprise Distribution NA 3.18Postfix 2.11 3.2Samba 3.6 4.7软件Oracle Solaris 11.3 版本Oracle Solaris 11.4 版本SSH SunSSH、OpenSSH 6.5OpenSSH 7.5Tomcat 6.0, 8.08.5Wireshark 1.12 2.6表 4用户环境软件Oracle Solaris 11.3 版本Oracle Solaris 11.4 版本bash 4.1 4.4vim7.3.6008.0.711zsh 5.0 5.3Firefox31.852.9GNOME 2.30 3.24Thunderbird31.652.8Xorg 1.14 1.19Oracle Solaris 11.4 中支持的免费软件下面列出了 Oracle 将根据 Oracle Solaris 11 的 Oracle 标准支持 (Oracle Premier Support) 为其提供支持服务的免费软件。
Oracle Solaris 11 部署指南说明书
Deploying Oracle Solaris 11Dave Miner – Senior Principal Engineer, Oracle Solaris Core Technology ORACLE PRODUCT LOGOThe following is intended to outline our general product direction. It is intended for information purposes only, and may not be incorporated into any contract. It is not a commitment to deliver any material, code, or functionality, and should not be relied upon in making purchasing decisions. The development, release, and timing of any features or functionality described for Oracle’s products remains at the sole discretion of Oracle.SECTION 1: Requirementsand IdeasBig Ideas for Simplified Deployments •Reduce up-front and ongoing cost of deployments–Ease-of-use a priority for all features–Engineer for efficiency at any scale•Leverage Oracle Solaris strengths–Integrate deployment of Zones–Design with SMF, ZFS, IPS–Best place to run Oracle ApplicationsRosetta Stone for Oracle Solaris 10 Users Oracle Solaris 10Oracle Solaris 11SVR4 Packages IPS PackagesInstall DVD Install CD + pkg repositoryLive Upgrade Boot EnvironmentsUpgrade from installer pkg(1), Update Manager JumpStart Automated Installer(AI) JumpStart Profiles AI manifestsBlueprints for custom DVD's Distribution ConstructorValue-engineering in Installation, Configuration •Simplified architecture•+ Improved automation•+ Improved safety•+ Improved flexibility•+ Improved integration•= Better user experience•No longer a sum of independent partsOn a Large ScaleReduced Downtime, Reduced Risk•Automated Installer and Image Packaging System make maintenance fool-proof and safe–Built-in dependency tracking prevents system modification if changes are incorrect–Upgrading in sand-boxed boot environments provides easy roll-back option–Ease of use through automatic dependency tracking•Drastic Improvement of Reboot Performance–Streamlined shutdown–“Fast Reboot” reduces time by not testing hardware we already know to be goodWhen “Good Enough” Is Not Reliable Enough6x faster Zone provisioning vs hypervisors4x faster upgrades vs Red Hat2.5x faster reboots vs Red HatSECTION 2: Snap Upgrades with Boot EnvironmentsSafe Upgrades “in a snap”•ZFS Boot Environments Benefits–No initial investment–Updates are applied to a file system clone, nointerruption–Reboot into upgraded environment when you’re ready–Trivial roll-back if failure occurs–Integrated, enforced best practice for safety •Fast reboot reduces planned maintenance windows•Excellent for recovery purposes Active BEActive BENew BEActive BE Updated BEBoot Environments•Make updates safe, reliable, recoverable •Different from/simpler than Solaris 10 Live Upgrade –Takes advantage of ZFS–Use liberally as an administrative safety net •Managed by beadm(1M), functionality includes:–List–Activate, Rename–Create, Destroy–Mount, UnmountBoot Environments in Non-global Zones•BE's automatically include installed/attached zones •Zone BE is linked to a global zone BE•Multiple zone BE's can be linked to a single global zone BE•Zone administrator can create, mount, activate BE's –Active BE is within the context of the active global zone BEListing Boot Environments{badboy} beadm listBE Active Mountpoint Space Policy Created -- ------ ---------- ----- ------ ------- b-140 - - 11.51M static 2010-05-26 12:47 b-141 - - 11.98M static 2010-06-10 15:40 b-142 - - 10.14M static 2010-06-24 08:05 b-143 - - 13.85M static 2010-07-12 09:47 b-144 - - 1.48G static 2010-07-22 12:09 b-145 - - 14.64M static 2010-08-03 22:23 b-146 - - 10.43M static 2010-08-20 15:31 b-147 - - 12.29M static 2010-09-06 19:28 b-148 - - 13.11M static 2010-09-23 17:05 b-149 - - 14.49M static 2010-09-30 18:53 b-150 - - 11.83M static 2010-10-15 10:32 b-151 - - 130.94M static 2010-11-15 10:10 b-152 NR / 56.03G static 2010-11-17 16:32More Fun with beadm{badboy} beadm activate b-151{badboy} beadm mount b-151 /tmp/mnt{badboy} beadm listBE Active Mountpoint Space Policy Created -- ------ ---------- ----- ------ ------- b-140 - - 11.51M static 2010-05-26 12:47 b-141 - - 11.98M static 2010-06-10 15:40 b-142 - - 10.14M static 2010-06-24 08:05 b-143 - - 13.85M static 2010-07-12 09:47 b-144 - - 1.48G static 2010-07-22 12:09 b-145 - - 14.64M static 2010-08-03 22:23 b-146 - - 10.43M static 2010-08-20 15:31 b-147 - - 12.29M static 2010-09-06 19:28 b-148 - - 13.11M static 2010-09-23 17:05 b-149 - - 14.49M static 2010-09-30 18:53 b-150 - - 11.83M static 2010-10-15 10:32 b-151 R /tmp/mnt 53.82G static 2010-11-15 10:10 b-152 N / 1.71G static 2010-11-17 16:32SECTION 3: Types of InstallersTwo types of interactive installers•Text-based UI for server systems (SPARC & x86)•GUI for x86 desktop/laptop systems•Principle: Install fixed software payload with basic configuration, customize after installation–GUI installs desktop/laptop-appropriate software (solaris-desktopgroup package), automatic network configuration–Text installer installs server-appropriate software (solaris-large-server group package), choice of automatic or manual network & name service configuration•Both provide configuration of initial user account, with administrative privileges via sudoText Install Summary ScreenLive Media GUI Install Summary ScreenAutomated Installation (AI)•Reduce initial and ongoing costs of deploying Solaris-based software stack•Leverages ZFS, SMF, IPS features to provide enhancedfeatures vs. JumpStart–Reduces need for third-party or customer-developed extensions–Most scripting moved to first-boot SMF services•Integrated, seamless Zones deployment•WAN-capable design provides operational flexibility •Designed to be manageable and observable–installadm(1M) provides one-stop management interfaceAI Terminology•Client – physical or virtual machine to be installed •Manifest – XML specification of installation (storage layout, software payload)•Profile – SMF profile to pre-configure system services •Service – server infrastructure needed to network boot an installation client•Criteria – mapping of clients to services, manifests and profiles •Repository – IPS package repository•“Bootable AI” - service-less AI boot from media–Manifest included on media or downloaded from network locationBasic Flow of Automated InstallationJumpStart to AI MappingJumpStart Automated Installation setup_install_server Installadm create-service add_install_client Installadm create-clientJumpStart profile & rules AI manifest & criteriasysidcfg file SMF configuration profile Begin script Derived Manifests, customimages from DistributionConstructorFinish script pkg actions, First-boot SMFservicesSECTION 4: System Configuration, Leveraging SMFNew System Configuration Framework•Enables streamlined configuration management •Leverages existing Oracle Solaris features •Provides a modernized, consistent mechanism forconfiguring systems to deliver servicesNew System Configuration Framework & UI •Replaces sysidtool/sysidcfg/sys-unconfig•sysconfig(1m)interactive UI–configure, unconfigure, create-profile subcommands •Interactive tool provides basic, required system configuration. UI similar to Text Installer.•Profiles can configure any SMF service property •sysconfig unconfigure reverts the properties configured by the interactive UI to shipped defaults–--destructive option requests more complete cleanup, e.g.deleting initial user account's home directorySystem Configuration Profiles•Common parameters available in Solaris 11:–User account, including RBAC roles, profiles and sudo –Root user: password, role/normal–Timezone, locale–Hostname–Console terminal type, keyboard layout–IPv4 and/or IPv6 interface, default route–DNS, NIS, LDAP clients–Name service switchCreating a Configuration Profile with sysconfig •Easiest starting point# sysconfig create-profile -o myprofile.xml •Runs the sysconfig UI, places output into specified profile •Edit further to add properties not configured by sysconfigSECTION 5: Automation ThroughManifestsStatic Manifests•Default manifest provided with service–Installs solaris-large-server package set from Oracle's Solarisrepository to firmware-designated boot disk–Sysconfig invoked automatically at first boot to interactively configure basic system• Manifest specifies:–Package repositories and lists; major group packages: solaris-small-server, solaris-large-server, solaris-desktop–Target disk: choose by device path, volume id, type, vendor, size,container/receptacle/occupant (CRO) label; ZFS configuration–Locales are installed/removed using package facets; all locales are installed by default<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><!DOCTYPE auto_install SYSTEM "file:///usr/share/install/ai.dtd"> <auto_install><ai_instance name="default"><target><logical><zpool name="rpool" is_root="true"><filesystem name="export" mountpoint="/export"/><filesystem name="export/home"/><be name="solaris"/></zpool></logical></target><software type="IPS"><source><publisher name="solaris"><origin name="/solaris/release"/> </publisher></source><software_data action="install"><name>pkg:/entire@latest</name><name>pkg:/group/system/solaris-large-server</name></software_data></software></ai_instance></auto_install>•Dynamically generate manifest in a script•Scales AI management by reducing number of manifests maintained by administrators•Most effective model is to load template manifest, modify specific elements•Script uses the aimanifest(1M) command as interface to generate AI manifest•Generated manifest located on the client at:/system/volatile/manifest.xmlAI Criteria•Default manifest (if configured) is used when no criteria exist or match; similar to any rule in JumpStartCriterion Range Equivalent JumpStart Rulearch No karchcpu No archipv4Yes hostaddressmac Yes hostname (with RARP & ethers)mem Yes memsizeplatform No modelSECTION 6: Simplifying Zones DeploymentsDeploying Zones with AI•Zones can be specified in the AI manifest<configuration type=”zone” name=”zone1”source=”http://server/zone1/config”/><configuration type=”zone” name=”zone2”source=”file:///net/server/zone2/config”/>•config file is the zone's configuration file as output from “zonecfg export”•Automatically installed on first boot of the global zone svc:/system/zones-install:default•Use zonename criterion to associate manifests and profiles with a zone# installadm create-manifest -n S11-x86 -f /tmp/zmanifest.xml -c zonename=”zone1 zone2”# installadm create-profile -n S11-x86 -f /tmp/zprofile1.xml -c zonename=”zone1”# installadm create-profile -n S11-x86 -f /tmp/zprofile2.xml -c zonename=”zone2”•AI is also used when installing non-global zones from existing global zone•Default manifest is/usr/share/auto_install/manifest/zone_default.xml •Default profile enables interactive system configuration during first boot•Provide alternate manifest and/or profile with# zoneadm -z <zone> install -m <manifest> -c <profile>SECTION 7: Simplifying Solaris JumpStartTransitioningSteps to Convert from Solaris 10 JumpStart •Deploy Solaris 11 server instance to host AI service –Use as JumpStart server as well•Translate rules to criteria•Translate profiles to manifests•Translate sysidcfg to SMF profile•Publish manifests and profiles to AI service •Convert finish scripts to SMF service(s)•Publish SMF service package to IPS repositoryjs2ai JumpStart to AI translation tool •Automatically converts existing JumpStart rules, profiles, sysidcfg files to AI equivalents •Conversion is best-effort, with instructions on issues that need manual resolution•Result is a directory hierarchy with AI profiles, system config manifests, log of the tool's actions•See js2ai(1m)SECTION 8: Summary, Q & ASimplified Administration, Service ProvisioningSummary•Oracle Solaris 11 deployment is different from Solaris 10–Little required customization work to start deploying–Powerful, stable, supported capabilities for those who need tocustomize•Transition documentation, tools are provided •Feature set will expand & evolve•Development of IPS and Installation are still in the open as OpenSolaris projects–Many opportunities for advice, feedback, discussion–/bin/view/Community+Group+install/For More Information / Try Out Today•Product overview and download–/solaris•Oracle Technology Network–/technetwork/server-storage/solaris11•System administrators community–/technetwork/systems•@ORCL_Solaris•/oraclesolaris•Oracle Solaris InsiderReduce Deployment Time with Training•Expert-led training to support your adoption ofOracle Solaris 11•Learning paths for new and experienced systemadministrators•Flexible training formats to save you time andmoney: In-class, virtual-class or self-studyKey Courses Available for:•Transition to Oracle Solaris 11•Oracle Solaris 11 System Administration•Oracle Solaris 11 Advanced SystemAdministrationOracle University: Oracle Solaris TrainingPrepare Your Organization for SuccessOverview/training/solaris11Exclusive Offer For Premier SupportCustomers:•Save 20% on Training. Details at/renewalofferRecovery Example with beadm (1)。
Oracle Solaris 11 使用iso镜像配置本地IPS
Oracle Solaris11使用iso镜像配置本地IPS原创：jerryjzm 随着oracle发布了solaris11，也将IPS正式引入到针对企业的solaris环境中。
它带来了很多方便管理软件包的地方，特别是解决软件包之间的依赖关系。
在日常的工作中，并不是所有的环境都具备连接外网，即使能连接外网也不能保证有很好的网络速度。
所有的包都从外网下载安装，也就受到了这些因素的限制。
幸好，oracle也提供搭建本地IPS环境的方式，而且可以将外网的IPS镜像到本地，利于本地环境搭建和部署。
这里就将自己搭建本地IPS的步骤写出来，有什么更好更优的方法，也请大家指出。
一、准备环境这个本地IPS环境是可以搭建在X86或是sparc系统上的。
对操作系统的要求是IPS所搭建的操作系统版本要高于等于IPS版本（也就是搭建的本地IPS服务于那个版本的操作系统）。
官方的解释是：这里我们用的就是solaris11for x86，而且我将使用web（http）而不是nfs，这样通过浏览器查询也方便。
二、安装好操作系统这个内容就比较简单，现在默认也就是zfs的文件系统。
一路安装好。
root@solaris:~#zfs listNAME USED AVAIL REFER MOUNTPOINTrpool15.1G24.0G39K/rpoolrpool/ROOT 1.81G24.0G31K legacyrpool/ROOT/solaris 1.81G24.0G 1.55G/rpool/ROOT/solaris/var216M24.0G145M/varrpool/dump528M24.0G512M-rpool/export11.7G24.0G32K/exportrpool/export/home11.7G24.0G32K/export/homerpool/export/home/monitor11.7G24.0G11.7G/export/home/monitorrpool/swap 1.03G24.0G 1.00G-三、配置IPS1）为IPS创建一个单独的zfs文件系统root@solaris:~#zfs create rpool/export/repo11root@solaris:~#zfs listNAME USED AVAIL REFER MOUNTPOINTrpool15.1G24.0G39K/rpoolrpool/ROOT 1.81G24.0G31K legacyrpool/ROOT/solaris 1.81G24.0G 1.55G/rpool/ROOT/solaris/var216M24.0G145M/varrpool/dump528M24.0G512M-rpool/export11.7G24.0G33K/exportrpool/export/home11.7G24.0G32K/export/homerpool/export/home/monitor11.7G24.0G11.7G/export/home/monitorrpool/export/repo1131K24.0G31K/export/repo11rpool/swap 1.03G24.0G 1.00G-2）创建构造IPS的repository的基础机构root@solaris:~#pkgrepo create/export/repo11root@solaris:/export/repo11#ls-ltotal1-rw-r--r--1root root78Nov1717:47pkg5.repository3）从下载的文件生成ISO文件从oracle官网的/technetwork/server-storage/solaris11/downloads/index.html现在这2个压缩文件，解压后：root@solaris:/home/monitor#ls-ltotal24639827-rwx------1monitor staff2903566990Nov1601:03sol-11-1111-repo-full-iso-a-rwx------1monitor staff2762210301Nov1601:42sol-11-1111-repo-full-iso-b再cat sol-11-1111-repo-full.iso-a sol-11-1111-repo-full.iso-b>sol-11-1111-repo-full.isoroot@solaris:/home/monitor#ls-l*.iso-rw-r--r--1root root6940854272Nov1603:14sol-11-1111-repo-full.iso4）将生成的ISO文件以loopback的形式挂载使用root@solaris:~#mkdir/mnt/isoroot@solaris:~#lofiadm-a/mnt/iso//home/monitor/sol-11-1111-repo-full.isolofiadm:/mnt/iso is not a regular file,block,or character deviceroot@solaris:~#lofiadmBlock Device File Options/dev/lofi/1/home/monitor/sol-11-1111-repo-full.iso-root@solaris:~#mount-F hsfs/dev/lofi/1/mnt/isoroot@solaris:~#df-h/mnt/iso/Filesystem Size Used Available Capacity Mounted on/dev/lofi/1 6.5G 6.5G0K100%/mnt/iso5）从/mnt/iso中拷贝repository内容拷贝可以使用rsync也可以使用tar，使用过程中感觉到tar是相当快一些的，不过这一步都是比较耗费时间，毕竟有6G多内容嘛root@solaris:/mnt/iso/repo#tar cf-.|(cd/export/repo11;tar xfp-)6）为repository生产搜索索引root@solaris:/mnt/iso/repo#pkgrepo-s/export/repo11refreshInitiating repository refresh.四、配置web服务1）配置web服务，并检查root@solaris:/mnt/iso/repo#svccfg-s application/pkg/server setprop pkg/inst_root=/export/repo11root@solaris:/mnt/iso/repo#svccfg-s application/pkg/server setprop pkg/readonly=trueroot@solaris:/mnt/iso/repo#svcprop-p pkg/inst_root application/pkg/server/export/repo112）启动IPS（repository）服务root@solaris:/mnt/iso/repo#svcadm refresh application/pkg/serverroot@solaris:/mnt/iso/repo#svcadm enable application/pkg/server3）设置IPS的origin为本地的web服务地址root@solaris:~#pkg set-publisher-G'*'-g http://127.0.0.1:80solaris4）检查启动的服务情况root@solaris:/mnt/iso/repo#pkg publisherPUBLISHER TYPE STATUS URIsolaris origin online http://127.0.0.1:80/root@solaris:/mnt/iso/repo#pkgrepo info-s/export/repo11/PUBLISHER PACKAGES STATUS UPDATEDsolaris4292online2011-10-26T17:17:30.230911Zroot@solaris:/mnt/iso/repo#pkgrepo get-s/export/repo11/SECTION PROPERTY VALUEpublisher prefix solarisrepository description This\repository\serves\a\copy\of\the\Oracle\Solaris\11\Build\175b\Package\Repository. repository name Oracle\Solaris\11\Build\175b\Package\Repositoryrepository version4五、总结这样本地IPS就配置好了，安装一个包试试root@solaris:/mnt/iso/repo#pkg install SUNWdistro-constPackages to install:3Create boot environment:NoCreate backup boot environment:NoDOWNLOAD PKGS FILES XFER(MB)Completed3/365/650.2/0.2$<3>PHASE ACTIONSInstall Phase127/127PHASE ITEMSPackage State Update Phase3/3Image State Update Phase2/2打开web页面查看root@solaris:~#ifconfig net0net0:flags=1000843<UP,BROADCAST,RUNNING,MULTICAST,IPv4>mtu1500index2 inet130.30.3.249netmask ffffff00broadcast130.30.3.255ether8:0:27:d9:67:3。
Oracle数据库教程 —— solaris11修改时区、ip、hostname
Oracle数据库教程—— solaris11修改时区、ip、hostnamesolaris11调整从solaris11开始，系统的调整如时区网络，已经发生了很大的变化，很多不能再去修改文件来实现，而是通过命令，下面就几个常用的地方进行说明1、时区调整root@MYTEST:~# dateWednesday, December 11, 2013 10:36:55 AM UTC这个时候是安装的没有进行选择的，我们需要调整成中国时区，修改如下：root@MYTEST:~# svccfg -s timezone:default setprop timezone/localtime=astring: PRCroot@MYTEST:~# svcadm refresh timezone:default2、网络调整有时候，在安装的时候，我们没有规划ip，在后期过程中，要进行调整# ipadm show-addrADDROBJ TYPE STATE ADDRlo0/v4 static ok 127.0.0.1/8net0/v4 static ok 10.0.0.14/24root@MYTEST:~# ipadm delete-addr net0/v4root@MYTEST:~# ipadm create-addr -T static -a local=192.168.19.77/24 net0root@MYTEST:~# route add default 192.168.19.2543、修改hostname--查看当前的名称，感觉不爽，需要修改-bash-4.1# hostnametest-bash-4.1# svccfg -s system/identity:node listprop configconfig applicationconfig/enable_mapping boolean trueconfig/ignore_dhcp_hostname boolean falseconfig/nodename astring testconfig/loopback astring test--进行修改-bash-4.1# svccfg -s system/identity:node setprop config/nodename="MYTEST"-bash-4.1# svccfg -s system/identity:node setprop config/loopback="MYTEST"--重启服务-bash-4.1# svccfg -s system/identity:node refresh-bash-4.1# svcadm restart system/identity:node--检查修改-bash-4.1# svccfg -s system/identity:node listprop configconfig applicationconfig/enable_mapping boolean trueconfig/ignore_dhcp_hostname boolean falseconfig/nodename astring MYTESTconfig/loopback astring MYTEST更多文章可见：我们其中一位工程师的博客：/。
Oracle Solaris 10 8 11更新功能介绍说明书
Oracle®Solaris108/11新增功能文件号码E232972011年8月版权所有©2011,Oracle和/或其附属公司。
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5、solaris11基础管理和操作
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Compress压缩命令
compress命令可将文件压缩以减少存储空间。压缩后 的文件以“.Z”结尾。展开命令为uncompress。压缩命令 格式： compress filename #则压缩后的文件名为file.Z 对file 文件进行压缩和解压缩 uncompress filename.Z
如何控制at的使用
编辑控制文件 /etc/cron.d/at.deny 控制规则 若at.deny存在，则此文件中的用户不能使用at 若at.deny不存在，则只有root能使用at 测试：1、将用户test添加到at.deny文件里 2、用test用户执行at –l和at 2:30pm命令
调度重复性系统任务crontab
退出at并提交at任务
显示、删除at作业
显示at作业队列
%atq
显示at作业
%at -l [job-id]
删除at作业
%at -r [job-id]
at实践测试
root@sol11:~# at 1536 #定时在15:36分
at> ls -l /etc/ >/root/test at> Press Control-D commands will be executed using /usr/bin/bash job 1448523360.a at 四 11月 26 15:36:00 2015 root@sol11:~# atq Rank Execution Date Owner Job Queue Job Name 1st Nov 26, 2015 15:36 root 1448523360.a a stdin
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在后台运行程序
在后台运行程序 要让程序在后台执行，只需在命令行的最后加上“&”符号。 [例1] 在后台运行find命令，在当前目录及其子目路下查找文件名为abc 的文件。 执行命令和立即显示的内容如下： root@sol11:/test# find . -name abc -print& [1] 3120 [1] Done find . -name abc –print 3120表示进程号（PID）。当find命令在后台执行完后，会显示结果。 在后台运行find命令，在当前目录及其子目路下查找文件名为abc的文 件并将结果存到myfind 文件中。 执行命令如下： $ find . -name abc -print>myfind&
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Oracle Solaris 11 上手指南作者：Brian Leonard 和 Glynn Foster注：本文替代Solaris 11 Express 版本。
Oracle 不再支持Oracle Solaris 11 Express。
Oracle Solaris 11 安装简介，包括安装新软件和管理其他系统配置的步骤。
Oracle Solaris 11 分发时有多个不同安装选项：基于服务器的无需手动操作的自动化安装、基于文本的交互式安装（也适用于服务器）和包括完整桌面环境的交互式图形安装程序。
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尽管本文所讨论的许多概念也适用于其他 Oracle Solaris 11 安装选项，但本文重点介绍交互式图形安装程序。
强烈建议使用 Oracle Solaris 10 的用户阅读从Oracle Solaris 10 转移到Oracle Solaris 11指南。
图形安装程序的正式名称为“Live Media”。
这意味着 Oracle Solaris 将被引导到 RAM 中，不会对现有操作系统造成任何影响。
加载安装安装程序后，您就可以随意体验 Oracle Solaris，然后确定是否确实要将其安装到系统中。
您可以下载适用于 x86 的 Oracle Solaris 11 Live Media（该映像文件约为 800 MB）并使用 DVD 刻录机刻盘，也可以在虚拟机中或通过 Oracle Integrated Lights Out Manager (ILOM) 远程控制台直接使用该 ISO 映像。
Live Media 不适合长期使用。
例如，关闭系统后，您对系统的所有更改都将丢失。
因此，接下来您需要在系统上安装 Oracle Solaris。
通过 Live Media 在桌面上放置的 Install Oracle Solaris 图标，您可以轻松进行安装。
在继续下一步之前，我们先来了解一下安装选项。
安装选项可通过以下几种方式安装 Oracle Solaris 11：安装到现有操作系统的虚拟机上作为独立的操作系统安装到计算机上在已经安装了其他操作系统的计算机上进行安装（多重引导方案）安装在虚拟机上开始使用 Oracle Solaris 的最简单方法是将其安装到现有操作系统的虚拟机上。
图 1 显示在使用 Oracle VM VirtualBox 的 Apple OS X 上安装的 Oracle Solaris 11。
图 1. Apple OS X 上的 Oracle SolarisOracle Solaris 11 可以识别虚拟机提供的虚拟设备。
实际上，如果以全屏幕模式运行 Oracle Solaris 11，您甚至会忘记这是在另一个操作系统上运行。
该方法的一个缺点是您需要足够的内存来同时运行两个操作系统，为了保持良好的性能，建议内存最小为 2 GB。
您还需要至少 7 GB 的磁盘空间来安装操作系统。
Oracle VM VirtualBox是一个可以免费下载的虚拟机监控程序，支持将 Microsoft Windows、Apple OS X、Linux 和 Oracle Solaris 作为主机平台，当然，Oracle Solaris 也可以作为它的一个来宾操作系统。
为方便您采用此方法，Oracle 为 Oracle VM VirtualBox 提供了一些专用于特定用途（如评估 Oracle Solaris 11 上可用的开发工具）的预先安装的虚拟机。
通过 Live Media 引导启动之后，安装过程变得非常简单。
只需单击桌面上的Install Oracle Solaris图标，即可启动图形安装程序，如图 2 所示。
图 2. Oracle Solaris 图形安装程序如图 2 所示，安装过程十分简单，只是在部署一组固定的程序包之前询问几个基本问题。
Oracle Solaris 安装成功之后，您可以使用Package Manager 轻松定制安装。
安装过程完成后，就可以直接重新启动进入新的 Oracle Solaris 环境或查看 Oracle Solaris 安装日志，如图 3 所示。
图 3. 查看安装日志作为独立的操作系统安装到计算机上如果您有一个 x86 系统专门用于安装 Oracle Solaris 11，则此安装过程实际上与将操作系统安装到虚拟机中相同。
只需引导 Live Media 并启动图形安装程序。
此方法最大的问题是 Oracle Solaris 11 是否有适合您硬件设备的驱动程序。
如果您运行 Live Media，就可以轻松确定您设备的受支持程度。
Live Media 桌面上有一个 Device Driver Utility 图标，如图 4 所示。
双击该图标，等待扫描完成。
从 Live Media 引导时，默认的用户登录名和口令都是jack。
如果需要成为 root 用户，可以使用口令solaris。
稍后我们将进一步讨论如何在 Oracle Solaris 安装过程中设置初始用户。
图 4. Oracle Solaris Device Driver Utility如果缺少驱动程序，该实用程序会告诉您从何处获得帮助。
您也可以用 Google 搜索驱动程序。
如果仍无法解决问题，建议您在获得所需驱动程序或购买新系统、组件来解决驱动程序问题之前先使用Oracle VM VirtualBox。
如果要在基于 SPARC 的系统上安装 Oracle Solaris 11，则必须使用交互文本安装程序。
与 Live Media 不同，该安装将有选择地安装适合面向服务器环境的软件。
它不包括桌面环境。
初始安装之后，可以使用 Package Manager 安装solaris-desktop程序包来安装完整桌面环境。
多重引导方案在多重引导方案中，可以在已经安装了其他操作系统的计算机上安装Oracle Solaris 11。
该方案最复杂，且需要一些准备。
Oracle Solaris 11 Live Media 包括GNOME Partition Editor (GParted)，可用于对硬盘进行分区。
您应创建 Oracle Solaris 安装程序可识别的Linux swap类型的分区。
如果现有操作系统为 Windows，则 Oracle Solaris 引导加载程序可以顺利识别。
如果现有操作系统为 Linux，请确保备份了GRUB配置文件，因为您需要把它的内容添加到 Oracle Solaris GRUB菜单中。
请参见针对这些方案的Oracle Solaris 11 产品文档。
用户现在，Oracle Solaris 11 已经安装好，我们来讨论如何利用分配给用户 ID（在安装期间创建）的权限来管理您的系统。
请回想一下，您在安装期间创建了一个用户帐户，如图 5 所示。
图 5. Oracle Solaris 图形安装程序—配置用户安装程序仅向您询问一个口令，以此作为root帐户和初始用户帐户的口令。
但是，root口令很快会过期，如果您尝试切换到root帐户就会发现这一点：bleonard@solaris:~$ suPassword:su: Password for user 'root' has expiredNew Password:需要管理员权限的 GUI 工具还将提示您输入root口令，然后说明该 root 用户已经到期，必须提供新的口令，如图 6 所示。
图 6. 提示输入新的root口令root角色如果您查看/etc/passwd文件，可以看到root已经定义。
bleonard@solaris:~$ cat /etc/passwdroot:x:0:0:Super-User:/root:/usr/bin/bashdaemon:x:1:1::/:bin:x:2:2::/usr/bin:sys:x:3:3::/:adm:x:4:4:Admin:/var/adm:lp:x:71:8:Line Printer Admin:/:...然而，您仍然无法作为root登录。
出于安全考虑，Oracle Solaris 11 不会将root定义为传统用户帐户。
如果您查看/etc/user_attr 文件，将看到root被定义为一个角色，如清单 1 所示。
清单 1：验证root被定义为角色bleonard@solaris:~$ cat /etc/user_attr## The system provided entries are stored in different files # under "/etc/". They should not be copied to this file.## Only local changes should be stored in this file.# This line should be kept in this file or it will be overwritten.#root::::type=rolebleonard::::type=normal;lock_after_retries=no;profiles=Syst em Administrator;roles=root您还可以看到，默认情况下，为安装程序创建的用户 ID 分配了root 角色。
因此，虽然无法作为root登录，但可以切换到root角色，此时将提示您输入root口令。
注：使用su时，默认用户名为root且不是必填的，这在前面更改默认口令的示例中已经介绍过。
bleonard@solaris:~$ su rootPassword:bleonard@solaris:~#sudo命令除了为安装时创建的用户分配root角色外，还将其添加到/etc/sudoers文件中。
/etc/sudoers文件提供了详细记录。
您可以定义非常细粒度的规则，规定特定用户可执行的操作。
而安装期间创建的用户可以执行任何操作（就像root用户一样）。
安装期间所创建用户的条目如下所示：bleonard ALL=(ALL) ALL上述条目说明，用户bleonard可以在任何主机上作为任何用户运行任何命令。
要详细了解如何微调用户权限，请参阅sudoers手册页面。
理论上讲，您永远不应切换到root角色来执行授权的操作，例如，将文件写入文件系统根目录：bleonard@solaris:~$ touch /file1touch: cannot touch `/file1': Permission denied通过为命令添加前缀sudo可获得完成操作所需的权限：bleonard@solaris:~$ sudo touch /file1Password:注意，sudo所需的口令并非root口令，而是您的用户帐户口令。