英文 自由贸易和保护主义

Features of free trade
• trade of goods without taxes (including tariffs) or other trade barriers （贸易壁垒） • trade in services without taxes or other trade barriers • The absence of ―trade-distorting‖ policies (such as taxes, subsidies（补贴）) that give some firms, households, or factors of production an advantage over others
Super protectionism
• 19th century.
• During this period, the monopoly instead of free competition and become the basis of social and economic life. Thus, countries Monopoly Capitalist Class in order to monopolize the domestic market and for foreign markets, have called for the protection of trade policy.
• Later, David Ricardo 's model demonstrated the benefits of trading . specialization— states could acquire more than autarkic（自 给自足的） states.
• This basic model ultimately led to the formation of one of the fundamental laws of economics: The Law of Comparative Advantage（比较优势）. • The Law of Comparative Advantage states that each member in a group of trading partners should specialize in and produce the goods in which they possess lowest opportunity costs（机会成本） relative to other trading partners. • Under a policy of free trade, trade via specialization maximizes labor, wealth and quantity of goods, exceeding what an equal number of autarkic（自给自足的） states could produce.
Infant industry argument
The Infant industry argument is an economic rationale for protectionism. The crux of the argument is that nascent industries often do not have the economies of scale that their older competitors from other countries may have, and thus need to be protected until they can attain similar economies of scale.
• International free trade made market fo rm a market mechanism.The invisible han d of the market mechanism, rather than government policy should determine what a country imports and what it exports.
• Especially in the post-war trade liberalization starting in the leading role of the United States, the competitiveness in the world market, increasingly faced with Japan and the EC countries of challenges, from the 1970s onwards, the trade surpluswk.baidu.comto deficit, and the difference Growing rapidly. So the United States took the lead to trade protectionism, and have caused countries follow suit, resulting in new trade protectionism to spread and expansion.
赵雨晴 20112112128
• Concept of free trade
• Concept of protectionism
【WHAT IS FREE TRADE】
• Free trade refers to a situation where a g overnment does not attempt to influence t hrough quotas or duties what its citizens c an buy from other country or what they ca n produce and sell to other country. Inter national free trade also has barriers. It is the decline in barriers to the free flow of goods,service and capital.Countries to look for the best benefit in world and achieve t he most well deploy of resource in the who le world.
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小组成员：周 颖 20112112129 赵雨晴 20112112128 邓费慧 20112112125 唐晓蓓 20112112124 彭娴坤 20112112123
• -Nowadays, with the spread of the globalization, the whole world is involved in every aspect, especially in the economic field. • Along with the economic development, the world economy situation is becoming more complicated, FreeTrade and the Protectionism has caught the whole world's attention.
• But infant industry protection is controversial as a policy recommendation.Even when infant industry protection is well–intentioned, it is hard for governments to know which industries they should protect.In addition, countries that put up barriers to imports will often face retaliatory barriers to their exports, potentially hurting the same industries that infant industry protection is intended to help.
• Free access to markets • Free access to market information • Inability of firms to distort markets through government-imposed monopoly(垄 断) or oligopoly（寡头垄断） power • The free movement of labor between and within countries • The free movement of capital between and within countries
【WHAT IS PROTECTIONISM】
• The protection of national trade policy is to actively interfere with the import and export of goods, using various measures to restrict imports of goods, protection of domestic markets and domestic production,give preferential treatment to domestic and export subsidies, to encourage the expansion of exports.
New trade protectionism
• New trade protectionism is a tendency to reflect on trade liberalization. • formed in the mid-1970s. • The capitalist countries experienced two economic crisis, economic recession, the plight of a stagflation, increasing employment pressure, the market increasingly serious problem.
free trade
周颖 20112112129
• brief introduction about free trade • Features of free trade • Analysis of free trade
• The value of free trade was first observed and documented by Adam Smith in his book, The Wealth of Nations, in 1776.
• The protection of trade policy can be divided into: • infant industry argument 幼稚工业保护说 • super protectionism 超贸易保护主义 • new trade protectionism 新贸易保护主义
• However, this period of protection of trade policy and the protection of free competition era trade policies are obvious differences, is a aggressive protection of trade policy, so called super-protection trade policies.