段落的展开法
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段落的展开法
1.段落的设计
段落需要事先设计好。首先要定下一个主题或一个中心意思,
并用一句话表达出来(即主题句);其次,选择有助于阐述这一中
心意思的例子或细节,把它们一一列出;最后,把这些细节按逻
辑顺序排好,一个段落的初稿就这样设计出来了。
初学者最好先写一个提纲。比方说,要写一个关于集邮的段
落,可以先写下这样一个中心句:“集邮是一个很有意思的业余爱
好”,然后列出下面几点:
(1)邮票上印有美丽的图案;
(2)邮票上印有历史人物的画像;
(3)每当收集到过去未见过的邮票时,我总是格外高兴;
(4)从收集的邮票里,我能学到不少知识。
当你重读以上写好的四点提纲时,也许会发现最后一点还是放
在前面更为合适。按照这个提纲,你可以写出下面的段落:
Philately is an interesting hobby.Every time I open
my albums and look at the stamps I've collected over the
years,I learn something new.On many of them are printed drawings or pictures of rare birds,animals,trees or flowers.Under a magnifying glass they look very beautiful,
and they help to increase my knowledge of nature.On other stamps there are portraits of historical figures,such as Qu Yuan and Dr.Sun Yatsen, George Washington and Chester W.Nimits.Whenever I see an unfamiliar name,I will try to find some information about the person by consulting an encyclopedia. In
this way I have come to know something about quite a few people
who are famous for one reason or another.Some of my friends
and relatives who know I am interested in stamps often show
me used envelopes.If I see a stamp which I have never seen
before or I haven’t got yet,I will ask them to give it to
me,and it seems that they are always kind enough to
oblige me.It is always a delight to add a new stamp to my collection,and the more stamps I have,the more interested
I am in philately.
上面的这一段一开头就先提出一个论点点出集邮的好处,
随后举出实例加以说明。这里用的是以实例展开段落的方法。
2.按时间展开
讲故事或追述往事时最简单、也最清楚的表达方式就是按事件
发生的时间顺序来叙述。先发生的事情先讲,后发生的事情后讲。
My heart gave a leap when I heard the announcement
that our train would soon arrive at its destination-Beijing.
Like other passengers,I began to collect my things and
put my mug,towel,atlas,apples,and other things into
my bag.To the tune of a beautiful song the train pulled into the station and gently stopped by a platform.I walked out of the train and was carried forward by the stream of people into
an underground passage and then into a big hall.As I stepped out of the station,I was dazzled by the bright autumn skies
of Beijing.Though I had been on the train for more than thirty hours and spent an sleepless night,I didn’t fee l tired at all,and I believed my days in Beijing would be as sunny as the skies.
3.按过程展开
为了讲清楚如何做一件事情,我们通常按其步骤的先后顺序
逐项说明。在这一类文章里常常用祈使句和不定代词“你”来表达。
如果文章中的说明至今有效,须在行文中使用现在时。请看下面的例子:
Once you encounter a person who has stopped breathing,
you should begin immediately to do mouth-to-mouth breathing. First,place the victim on his back and remove any foreign
matter from his mouth with your fingers.Then tilt his head backwards,so that his chin is pointing up.Next,pull his mouth open and his jaw forward,pinch his nostrils shut to prevent the air which you blow into his mouth from escaping through his nose.Then place your mouth tightly over the
victim’s.Blow into his mouth until you see his chest rise.Then turn your head to the side and listen for the outrush of
air which indicates an air exchange.Repeat the process...
4. 按空间展开
我们有时需要对一个地方进行一番描述。不论我们要描述的是
一个大国家还是一个小房间,我们都要先设计好描述的顺序。要做
到这一点,就要先搞清楚所要描述的地方有哪些细节,它们之间的
方位关系如何,从哪一个角度开始展开描述比较清楚等。对一个地
方的描述最忌零散无章,使读者摸不着头脑。请看下面的例子: