考博英语(阅读理解)-试卷85.doc

考博英语（阅读理解）-试卷85(总分：32.00，做题时间：90分钟)一、Reading Comprehensio(总题数：4，分数：32.00)Science and politics make uncomfortable bedfellows. Rarely is this more true than in the case of climate change, where it is now time for emergency counseling. One point repeatedly made at last week's climate change congress in Copenhagen was that formulating an action plan to curb climate change is not a job of scientists. Politicians may be left scratching their heads over what to do, but at this stage climate scientists cannot provide more guidance than they did in the 2007 report from the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, for two reasons. First, models will never provide a straightforward prediction of how the climate will change. As one Copenhagen delegate put it: "Tell me what the stock market will do in 100 years and I will tell you what the climate will do. " Second as most climate scientists will agree, their role is not to formulate policy. They can provide more or less apocalyptic(大灾预测的)scenarios of what will happen if emissions hit certain thresholds, from burning forests to disappearing islands. But when politicians ask what is the absolute maximum amount of carbon dioxide we should allow to be pumped out, the answer is, invariably, how much risk do you want to take? There are ways out of the deadlock. As the major climate negotiations in December approach, scientists need to be able to take off their labcoats sometimes and speak as concerned citizens. Some may feel uncomfortable with blurring the line between science and activism, but they should be aware that no one understands the risks better than they do and no one is better placed to give informed opinions. Politicians, for their part, should stop begging climatologists for easy answers. What they need instead is a new breed of advisers to descend from the ivory towers of academia and join the climate fray — people who are willing and able to weight up the risks, costs and benefits of various degrees of action. If all else fails, there may still be the safety net of geoengineering. As we have said on several occasions, this option can no longer be dismissed as fantasy. Reputable scientists are discussing options among themselves and with policy-makers, but the fact that we are even considering it should spur governments to cut emissions, cut them deeply and cut them fast. Geoengineering is no get-out-of-jail-free card; it has dangers of its own. The military are already taking an interest, raising the spectre of climate weapons able to divert rainfall and bring drought. That is the last thing we want.（分数：8.00）(1).Speaking of climate change, politicians______.（分数：2.00）A.don't like it when scientists are indirectB.never see eye to eye with scientists thereC.seldom want to play the game with scientistsD.are left puzzled over the formulation of policy(2).To bridge the gap between the two sides, according to the passage, scientists are supposed to______.（分数：2.00）A.act with more concern and enthusiasmB.discard their prejudice towards politiciansC.be definite enough to offer informed opinionsD.do as concerned citizens do in protecting environment(3).For their part, politicians ought to be reasonable and______.（分数：2.00）A.pick up the right scientists for informed opinionsB.place policy and decision in the hands of scientistsC.receive reeducation in the ivory towers of academiaD.choose those who can provide a straightforward prediction(4).The author reminds those who are talking about geoengineering of______.（分数：2.00）A.the other alternatives in the matterB.the climate weapon as a double-edged swordC.the dangers of the fantasy among the reputable scientistsD.the urgency of emission reduction on the part of governmentsWhen Liam McGee departed as president of Bank of America in August, his explanation was surprisingly straight up. Rather than cloaking his exit in the usual vague excuses, he came right out and said he was leaving "to pursue my goal of running a company. " Broadcasting his ambition was " very much my decision," McGee says. Within two weeks, he was talking for the first time with the board of Hartford Financial Services Group, which named him CEO and chairman on September 29. McGee says leaving without a position lined up gave him time to reflect on what kind of company he wanted to run. It also sent a clear message to the outside world about his aspirations. And McGee isn't alone. In recent weeks the No. 2 executives at Avon and American Express quit with the explanation that they were looking for a CEO post. As boards scrutinize succession plans in response to shareholder pressure, executives who don't get the nod also may wish to move on. A turbulent business environment also has senior managers cautious of letting vague pronouncements cloud their reputations. As the first signs of recovery begin to take hold, deputy chiefs may be more willing to make the jump without a net. In the third quarter, CEO turnover was down 23% from a year ago as nervous boards stuck with the leaders they had, according to Liberum Research. As the economy picks up, opportunities will abound for aspiring leaders. The decision to quit a senior position to look for a better one is unconventional. For years executives and headhunters have adhered to the rule that the most attractive CEO candidates are the ones who must be poached. Says Korn Ferry, senior partner Dennis Carey : "I can't think of a single search I've done where a board has not instructed me to look at sitting CEOs first. " Those who jumped without a job haven't always landed in top positions quickly. Ellen Marram quit as chief of Tropicana when the business became part of PepsiCo(PEP)a decade ago, saying she wanted to be a CEO. It was a year before she became head of a tiny Internet-based commodities exchange. Robert Willumstad left Citigroup in 2005 with ambitions to be a CEO. He finally took that post at a major financial institution three years later. Many recruiters say the old disgrace is fading for top performers. The financial crisis has made it more acceptable to be between jobs or to leave a bad one. "The traditional rule was it's safer to stay where you are, but that's been fundamentally inverted," says one headhunter. "The people who've been hurt the worst are those who've stayed too long. "（分数：8.00）(1).When McGee announced his departure, his manner can best be described as being______.（分数：2.00）A.arrogantB.frankC.self-centeredD.impulsive(2).According to Paragraph 2, senior executives' quitting may be spurred by______.（分数：2.00）A.their expectation of better financial statusB.their need to reflect on their private lifeC.their strained relations with the boardsD.their pursuit of new career goals(3).The word "poached"(Line 3, Paragraph 4)most probably means______.（分数：2.00）A.approved ofB.attended toC.hunted forD.guarded against(4).It can be inferred from the last paragraph that ______.（分数：2.00）A.top performers used to cling to their postsB.loyalty of top performers is getting outdatedC.top performers care more about reputationsD.it's safer to stick to the traditional rulesThe rough guide to marketing success used to be that you got what you paid for. No longer. While traditional " paid" media — such as television commercials and print advertisements — still play a major role, companies today can exploit many alternative forms of media. Consumers passionate about a product may create " earned" media by willingly promoting it to friends, and a company may leverage "owned" media by sending e-mail alerts about products and sales to customers registered with its Web site. In fact, the way consumers now approach the process of making purchase decisions means that marketing's impact stems from a broad range of factors beyond conventional paid media. Paid and owned media are controlled by marketers promoting their own products. For earned media , such marketers act as the initiator for users' responses. But in some cases, one marketer's owned media become another marketer's paid media — for instance, when an e-commerce retailer sells ad space on its Web site. We define such sold media as owned media whose traffic is so strong that other organizations place their content or e-commerce engines within that environment. This trend , which we believe is still in its infancy, effectively began with retailers and travel providers such as airlines and hotels and will no doubt go further. Johnson & Johnson, for example, has created BabyCenter, a stand-alone media property that promotes complementary and even competitive products. Besides generating income, the presence of other marketers makes the site seem objective, gives companies opportunities to learn valuable information about the appeal of other companies' marketing, and may help expand user traffic for all companies concerned. The same dramatic technological changes that have provided marketers with more(and more diverse)communications choices have also increased the risk that passionate consumers will voice their opinions in quicker, more visible, and much more damaging ways. Such hijacked media are the opposite of earned media: an asset or campaign becomes hostage to consumers, other stakeholders, or activists who make negative allegations about a brand or product. Members of social networks, for instance, are learning that they can hijack media to apply pressure on the businesses that originally created them. If that happens, passionate consumers would try to persuade others to boycott products, putting the reputation of the target company at risk. In such a case, the company's response may not be sufficiently quick or thoughtful, and the learning curve has been steep. Toyota Motor, for example, alleviated some of the damage from its recall crisis earlier this year with a relatively quick and well-orchestrated social-media response campaign, which included efforts to engage with consumers directly on sites such as Twitter and the social-news site Digg.（分数：8.00）(1).Consumers may create "earned" media when they are______.（分数：2.00）A.obsessed with online shopping at certain Web sites.B.inspired by product-promoting e-mails sent to them.C.eager to help their friends promote quality products.D.enthusiastic about recommending their favorite products.(2).According to Paragraph 2, sold media feature______.（分数：2.00）A.a safe business environment.B.random competition.C.strong user traffic.D.flexibility in organization.(3).The author indicates in Paragraph 3 that earned media______.（分数：2.00）A.invite constant conflicts with passionate consumers.B.can be used to produce negative effects in marketing.C.may be responsible for fiercer competition.D.deserve all the negative comments about them.(4).Toyota Motor's experience is cited as an example of______.（分数：2.00）A.responding effectively to hijacked media.B.persuading customers into boycotting products.C.cooperating with supportive consumers.D.taking advantage of hijacked media.While still catching-up to men in some spheres of modern life, women appear to be way ahead in at least one undesirable category. "Women are particularly susceptible to developing depression and anxiety disorders in response to stress compared to men," according to Dr. Yehuda, chief psychiatrist at New York's Veteran's Administration Hospital. Studies of both animals and humans have shown that sex hormones somehow affect the stress response, causing females under stress to produce more of the trigger chemicals than do males under the same conditions. In several of the studies, when stressed-out female rats had their ovaries(the female reproductive organs)removed, their chemical responses became equal to those of the males. Adding to a woman's increased dose of stress chemicals, are her increased "opportunities" for stress. "It's not necessarily that women don't cope as well. It's just that they have so much more to cope with," says Dr. Yehuda. " Their capacity for tolerating stress may even be greater than men's," she observes, "it's just that they're dealing with so many more things that they become worn out from it more visibly and sooner. " Dr. Yehuda notes another difference between the sexes. " I think that the kinds of things that women are exposed to tend to be in more of a chronic or repeated nature. Men go to war and are exposed to combat stress. Men are exposed to more acts of random physical violence. The kinds of interpersonal violence that women are exposed to tend to be in domestic situations, by, unfortunately, parents or other family members, and they tend not to be one-shot deals. The wear-and-tear that comes from these longer relationships can be quite devastating. " Adeline Alvarez married at 18 and gave birth to a son, but was determined to finish college. "I struggled a lot to get the college degree. I was living in so much frustration that was my escape, to go to school, and get ahead and do better. " Later, her marriage ended and she became a single mother. "It's the hardest thing to take care of a teenager, have a job, pay the rent, pay the car payment, and pay the debt. I lived from paycheck to paycheck. "（分数：8.00）(1).Which of the following is true according to the first two paragraphs?（分数：2.00）A.Women are biologically more vulnerable to stress.B.Women are still suffering much stress caused by men.C.Women are more experienced than men in coping with stress.D.Men and women show different inclinations when faced with stress.(2).Dr. Yehuda's research suggests that women______.（分数：2.00）A.need extra doses of chemicals to handle stressB.have limited capacity for tolerating stressC.are more capable of avoiding stressD.are exposed to more stress(3).The sentence " I lived from paycheck to paycheck. "(Line 6, Para. 5)shows that______.（分数：2.00）A.Alvarez cared about nothing but making moneyB.Alvarez's salary barely covered her household expensesC.Alvarez got paychecks from different jobsD.Alvarez paid practically everything by check(4).Which of the following would be the best title for the text?（分数：2.00）A.Strain of Stress: No Way Out?B.Responses to Stress: Gender DifferenceC.Stress Analysis: What Chemicals SayD.Gender Inequality: Women Under Stress。