equivalence -部分欧标美标材料对应
510(k) SUBSTANTIAL EQUIVALENCE DETERMINATION说明书
510(k) SUBSTANTIAL EQUIVALENCE DETERMINATIONDECISION SUMMARYA. 510(k) Number:K092353B. Purpose for Submission:This is a new 510k application for a new indication for the MONOLISA™ Anti-HAV IgM EIA with the EVOLIS™ Automated Microplate System. The MONOLISA™ Anti-HAV IgM EIA was previously cleared with a manual assay procedure.C. Measurand:Antibody to Hepatitis A (IgM)D. Type of Test:Enzyme immunoassay (competitive assay format)E. Applicant:Bio-Rad LaboratoriesF. Proprietary and Established Names:MONOLISA Anti-HAV IgM EIA/Hepatitis A test (IgM Antibody)EVOLIS Automated Microplate System/Automated Laboratory AnalyzerG. Regulatory Information:Product Code Classification Regulation Section PanelLOL Class II 21 CFR 866.3310 Microbiology (83)JJE Class I 21 CFR 862.2160 Chemistry (75)H. Intended Use:1. Intended use:The MONOLISA Anti-HAV IgM EIA is an in vitro enzyme immunoassay kit intendedfor use in the qualitative detection of IgM antibodies to hepatitis A virus (anti-HAV) inhuman (adult and pediatric) serum or plasma (EDTA, Heparin, Citrate, ACD). This assay is indicated for testing specimens from individuals who have signs and symptomsconsistent with acute hepatitis. Assay results, in conjunction with other serological orclinical information, may be used for the laboratory diagnosis of individuals with acute orrecent hepatitis A. The MONOLISA Anti-HAV IgM EIA is intended for manual use and with the Evolis Automated Microplate System in the detection of IgM antibodies tohepatitis A virus.Assay performance characteristics have not been established for immunocompromised or immunosuppressed patients, and cord blood or neonatal specimens.WARNING: This assay is not intended for screening blood or solid or soft tissue donors.2. Indication(s) for use:Same as Intended Use3. Special conditions for use statement(s):For prescription use only.4. Special instrument requirements:The assay may be run using a manual method or with the EVOLIS Automated Microplate System.I. Device Description:The MONOLISA Anti-HAV IgM EIA 192 test kit contains the following components:• 2 Microwell strip plates. Wells are coated with polyclonal anti-human IgM•Wash Solution Concentrate – Tris NaCl buffer, ProClin, Tween 20•Negative Control – Human serum negative for anti-HAV IgM and total antibodies•Positive Control – Human serum positive for anti-HAV IgM antibodies•Calibrator – Human serum positive for anti-HAV IgM antibodies•Sample Diluent – Tris buffer containing protein and sample indicator dye•HAV Viral antigen – inactivated HAV virus in Tris buffer and ProClin•Conjugate – Peroxidase labeled mouse monoclonal antibody to HAV in Tris buffer•Substrate buffer – H2O2, buffer, DMSO•Chromogen - TMB•Stopping solution – 1N H2SO4The EVOLIS Automated Microplate System is an automated microplate analyzer thatperforms all functions necessary for processing microplate assays. Functions include:barcode scanning, sample pre-dilutions, sample and reagent dispensing, plate incubations, plate wash cycles, photometric measurement of completed assay plates and resultsevaluation. The analyzer instrument is controlled via the EVOLIS software, a Windows 2000 application running on a separate dedicated PC. An operator loads the appropriatemicroplates, assay reagents, and patient and control samples, then selects assay parameters, loads sample information, initiates instrument processing, and generates results reports.J. Substantial Equivalence Information:1. Predicate device name: MONOLISA Anti-HAV IgM EIA2. Predicate 510(k) number: K0633193. Comparison with predicate:SimilaritiesItem Device PredicateIntended Use/Indications for Use An in vitro enzymeimmunoassay kit intendedfor use in the qualitativedetection of IgM antibodiesto hepatitis A virus (anti-HAV) in human (adult andpediatric) serum or plasma(EDTA, Heparin, Citrate,ACD)An in vitro enzymeimmunoassay kit intendedfor use in the qualitativedetection of IgM antibodiesto hepatitis A virus (anti-HAV) in human (adult andpediatric) serum or plasma(EDTA, Heparin, Citrate,ACD)Assay procedure Per the instructions in thepackage insert Per the instructions in the package insertPlate incubation 60 ± 5 minutes at 37°C +2°C60 ± 5 minutes at 37°C +2°CPlate washing Wash with ≥ 370 μL ofWorking Wash Solution perwell, and 30 - 60 secondsoak between each washcycle for a total of 5 cycles. Wash with ≥ 370 μL of Working Wash Solution per well, and 30 - 60 second soak between each wash cycle for a total of 5 cycles.Result interpretation Result interpretations, basedon sample O.D.s, aredetermined according topackage insert criteria. Result interpretations, based on sample O.D.s, are determined according to package insert criteria.Photometric measurement of completed assay plates Read absorbance using 450nm filter with 620 nm as thereferenceRead absorbance using 450nm filter with 615 to 630nm as the referenceDifferencesItem Device PredicateSample and reagent dispensing Samples and reagents aredispensed by the automatedsystemSamples and reagents aredispensed manuallyBarcode reading Sample and reagent ID areverified automatically NA or can be performed manually with barcode wandDifferencesItem Device PredicatePlate incubation Plates are automaticallymoved to the incubationchamber Plates are moved manually to an incubation chamberPlate wash cycles Plates are automaticallywashed Plates are moved manually to an automated plate washerData management Archives and retrieves dataand sample informationNA Spectrophotometricverification of sample and reagent pipeting Performed automaticallyOptional verificationvisually or with microplatereaderK. Standard/Guidance Documents Referenced:•Guidance on Informed Consent for In Vitro Diagnostic Device Studies Leftover Human Specimens that are Not Individually Identifiable (April 2006) •Statistical Guidance on Reporting Results from Studies Evaluating Diagnostic Tests;Guidance for Industry and FDA Reviewers (March 2007)•Guidance for the Content of Premarket Submissions for Software Contained in Medical Devices (May 2005)•Evaluation of Precision Performance of Qualitative Measurement Methods, CLSI EP5-A2•User Protocol for Evaluation of Qualitative Test Performance, CLSI EP15-A2L. Test Principle:Patient specimens, a calibrator, and controls are incubated with anti-human IgM antibodies coated on the microwells. If IgM antibodies to HAV are present in a specimen or control, they bind to the antibody. Excess sample is removed by a wash step. The HAV Viral Antigen and the Conjugate (containing horseradish peroxidase - labeled mouse monoclonal antibody to HAV) are successively added to the microwells and allowed to incubate. The presence of anti-HAV IgM in the sample enables the HAV Viral Antigen and the Conjugate to bind to the solid phase. Excess Conjugate and HAV Viral Antigen are removed by a wash step, and a TMB Chromogen/Substrate solution is added to the microwells and allowed to incubate. If a sample containsanti-HAV IgM, the bound enzyme (HRP) causes the colorless tetramethylbenzidine (TMB) in the Chromogen solution to change to blue. The blue color turns yellow after the addition of a Stopping Solution. If a sample does not contain anti-HAV IgM, the Chromogen/Substrate solution in the well remains colorless during the substrate incubation, and after the addition of the Stopping Solution. The color intensity is measured spectrophotometrically. Absorbance value readings for patient specimens are compared to the cutoff value.M. PerformanceCharacteristics:1. Analytical performance:a. Precision/Reproducibility:A 21-member panel consisting of the following was tested: three (3) serum samples withsix (6) corresponding plasma samples (EDTA K2, EDTA K3, Sodium Citrate, Sodium Heparin, Lithium Heparin, ACD) at three (3) different levels [1 low positive near thecutoff (Panel Set 1), 1 negative near the cutoff (Panel Set 2) and 1 negative (Panel Set3)]. Two replicates each of the twenty-four (24) member panel were assayed twice a dayfor 20 days. The data were analyzed following the CLSI guidance EP5A2. The meanratio, the Standard Deviation (SD) and percent coefficient of variation (%CV) werecalculated for each panel member.Mean Within run1 Between Run 2Between Day3 Total4 Panel Member NS/CO SD CV (%) SD CV (%) SD CV (%) SD CV (%) Positive Control 80 1.97 0.035 1.8 0.091 4.6 0.163 8.3 0.190 9.7High Negative 80 0.10 0.006 6.1 0.015 14.9 0.015 14.7 0.022 21.8Cutoff Control 80 3.78 0.146 3.9 0.132 3.5 0.166 4.4 0.256 6.8Serum (1) 80 1.55 0.036 2.3 0.076 4.9 0.138 8.9 0.161 10.4EDTA K2 (1) 80 1.44 0.020 1.4 0.075 5.2 0.131 9.1 0.152 10.6EDTA K3 (1) 80 1.49 0.030 2.0 0.083 5.6 0.126 8.5 0.154 10.3 Sodium Citrate (1) 80 1.48 0.033 2.2 0.086 5.8 0.140 9.5 0.168 11.3 Sodium Heparin (1) 80 1.41 0.024 1.7 0.080 5.7 0.132 9.4 0.156 11.1 Lithium Heparin (1) 80 1.39 0.026 1.9 0.077 5.5 0.120 8.7 0.145 10.5 ACD (1) 80 1.64 0.021 1.3 0.107 6.6 0.144 8.8 0.181 11.0Serum (2) 80 0.62 0.016 2.7 0.031 5.0 0.059 9.5 0.068 11.1EDTA K2 (2) 80 0.69 0.016 2.3 0.034 5.0 0.077 11.3 0.086 12.5EDTA K3 (2) 80 0.69 0.014 2.0 0.046 6.6 0.073 10.5 0.087 12.5 Sodium Citrate (2) 80 0.74 0.014 1.9 0.044 5.9 0.075 10.1 0.088 11.9 Sodium Heparin (2) 80 0.66 0.011 1.6 0.041 6.2 0.061 9.2 0.074 11.2 Lithium Heparin (2) 80 0.66 0.020 3.0 0.040 6.1 0.058 8.9 0.073 11.1 ACD (2) 80 0.78 0.012 1.5 0.052 6.7 0.072 9.2 0.090 11.5Serum (3) 80 0.10 0.004 3.6 0.010 9.7 0.010 10.1 0.015 14.5EDTA K2 (3) 80 0.11 0.005 4.7 0.011 10.3 0.009 8.2 0.015 14.0EDTA K3 (3) 80 0.10 0.004 4.2 0.010 9.5 0.011 10.6 0.015 14.8 Sodium Citrate (3) 80 0.10 0.003 2.9 0.009 9.2 0.010 9.6 0.014 13.8 Sodium Heparin (3) 80 0.10 0.004 3.8 0.009 8.7 0.010 9.9 0.014 13.7 Lithium Heparin (3) 80 0.10 0.015 4.5 0.010 9.5 0.010 9.2 0.014 14.0 ACD (3) 78 0.10 0.005 4.3 0.010 10.0 0.009 8.7 0.015 13.91 Within Run: variability of the assay performance from replicate to replicate2 Between Run: variability of the assay performance from Run to Run3 Between Day: variability of the assay performance from Day to Day4 Total: Total variability of the assay performance includes within run, between run and between daysA 6-member panel consisting of diluted plasma specimens (negative and different levels of positive) was tested in triplicate, once a day for 5 days with the MONOLISA Anti-HAV IgM EIA at 3 separate clinical trial sites. Each panel was coded with a different number on each day tested in order to blind the operator to the expected value of the sample. One (1) lot was used at each of 3 sites.Mean Within Run1 BetweenDay2Between Site3 Total4Panel Member NCO/S SD %CV SD %CV SD %CV SD %CVP1 90 0.16 0.02 13.5 0.01 8.9 0.0050.0 0.026 16.1 P2 89 0.72 0.02 3.3 0.03 3.8 0.021 2.9 0.042 5.8 P3 90 1.18 0.04 3.4 0.03 2.9 0.031 2.6 0.061 5.2 P4 90 1.17 0.45 3.9 0.04 3.1 0.032 2.8 0.066 5.7 P5 90 3.05 0.08 2.6 0.10 3.2 0.084 2.8 0.151 5.0 P6 88 3.63 0.18 4.8 0.14 4.0 0.0005 0.0 0.227 6.3 P7 90 1.90 0.08 4.0 0.07 3.7 0.044 2.3 0.113 5.9 P8 88 0.11 0.01 9.7 0.02 13.0 0.0005 0.0 0.018 16.2 P9 88 3.46 0.23 6.6 0.23 6.6 0.106 3.1 0.339 9.81 Within run: Variability of the assay performance from replicate to replicate2 Between day: Variability of the assay performance from day to day3 Between site: Variability of the assay performance from site to site4 Total: Total variability of the assay performance includes within run, between days and between sites5 Negative variances were rounded to zero, per statistical conventionb. Linearity/assay reportable range:K063319c. Traceability, Stability, Expected values (controls, calibrators, or methods):See K063319d. Detection limit:See K063319e. Analytical specificity:See K063319f. Assay cut-off:See K0633192. Comparison studies:a. Method comparison with predicate device:Six-hundred ninety-one retrospective samples were tested on the MONOLISA Anti-HAV IgM assay, using a total of four (4) EVOLIS instruments at three sites. The same samples were tested manually (reference method) on the MONOLISA Anti-HAV IgM assay.Specimens that were borderline with the reference assay and negative with EVOLIS were considered as false negative for the EVOLIS; specimens that were borderline with thereference assay and reactive with EVOLIS were considered as false positive for the EVOLIS.EVOLIS Anti-HAV IgM Results Manual Anti-HAV Results Reactive Borderline Nonreactive TotalReactive 94 0 0 94Borderline 1 0 0 1Nonreactive 1 0 595 596Total 96 0 595 691The positive percent agreement with the reference method, manual testing, is 100% (94/94) with a 95% confidence interval of 96.1 – 100%. The negative percent agreement with the reference method is 99.7% (595/597) with a 95% confidence interval of 98.8 –99.9%.The EVOLIS was also evaluated by performing a combination of 2 assays on the same plate. In this study 313 samples were tested with the MONOLISA Anti-HAV IgM assay on a combination plate on the EVOLIS (both the Anti-HAV IgM EIA and Anti-HAV EIA assays were run in a single microplate frame). Results were compared to the same samples tested manually (the reference method, individual plate format) on theMONOLISA Anti-HAV IgM assay. Specimens that were borderline with the reference assay (manual individual plate) and negative with EVOLIS (combination plate) were considered as false negative for the EVOLIS (combination plate).EVOLIS™ Anti-HAV IgM Results - Combination Plate Manual Anti-HAV IgMResults - Individual Plate Reactive Borderline Nonreactive Total Reactive 49 0 0 49 Borderline 1 0 0 1 Nonreactive 0 1 262 263 Total 50 1 262 313 The positive percent agreement with the reference method, manual testing, is 100% (49/49) with a 95% confidence interval of 92.7 – 100%. The negative percent agreement with the reference method is 99.2% (262/264) with a 95% confidence interval of 97.3 –99.8%.b. Matrix comparison:See K0633193. Clinical studies:a. Clinical Sensitivity:See K063319b. Clinical specificity:See K063319c. Other clinical supportive data (when a. and b. are not applicable):Not applicable.4. Clinical cut-off:Not applicable.5. Expected values/Reference range:See K063319N. Instrument Name:EVOLIS Automated Microplate SystemO. System Descriptions:1. Modes of Operation:The EVOLIS Automated Microplate System is an open tube, batch mode analyzer with a continuous load option. The reagent bottles used from the test kit are placed on theinstrument with the caps removed. The sample tubes can be the primary tubes withstoppers removed or the serum/plasma can be poured off into identified test tubes.2. Software:FDA has reviewed applicant’s Hazard Analysis and software development processes for this line of product types:Yes ____X___ or No ________3. Specimen Identification:Specimen information may be entered either by EVOLIS system barcode reading directly off the specimen tube or entered manually by the user.4. Specimen Sampling and Handling:The system can store and distribute samples from different types of vessels into dilution vessels and microplates. The samples can be accessed in any order. Sample addition isvia a 300 μL disposable tip. The system can load and unload samples and assay reagents while it is operating.The pipetting system utilizes a liquid syringe pump and system fluid. The system usesdisposable tips (300 μL and 1100 μL), and can aspirate and dispense fluids from a variety of different vessels. Key functions of the system are liquid level detection, usingcapacitive sensing, verification of fluid distribution, and the detection of clots andblocked tips. If the pipettor does not detect a sufficient volume an error is displayed. The pipettor automatically flushes with system fluid between each aspirate/dispense cycle of samples and reagent during a pipetting sequence. Mixing occurs during the transfer ofsample, addition of diluents, and other reagents.Intermediate vessels are used to dilute samples when the level of dilution exceeds thevolume available in the final reaction vessel. Mixing is utilized to obtain a homogeneous mixture after preparing the dilution. The instrument has space for at least one microplate to be used as a dilution position.5. Calibration:The system performs a self-test each time EVOLIS software is launched. During the self-test the instrument hardware is initialized and the status of all instrument modules isverified. The self-test evaluates the following systems: Pipettor, washer, photometer,plate transport, incubators, system communications, and other user-defined maintenance.Users are instructed in the Operator’s Manual to perform the following PerformanceEvaluation Procedures monthly: Plate Transport Check, Photometer Verification Check, Fluidics Panel Check.6. Quality Control:Assay includes positive and negative controls that are run with each batch.P. Other Supportive Instrument Performance Characteristics Data Not Covered In The “Performance Characteristics” Section above:N/AQ. Proposed Labeling:The labeling is sufficient and it satisfies the requirements of 21 CFR Part 809.10.R. Conclusion:The submitted information in this premarket notification is complete and supports asubstantial equivalence decision.。
离散数学课件(英文版)----Equivalence(II)
A1
A It is straight to prove that R is reflexible, symmetric and transitive, so, it is an equivalence relation.
Symmetry
Let A={1,2,3}, RAA {(1,1),(1,2),(1,3),(2,1),(3,1),(3,3)} symmetric. {(1,2),(2,3),(2,2),(3,1)} antisymmetric. {(1,2),(2,3),(3,1)} antisymmetric and asymmetric. {(11),(2,2)} symmetric and antisymmetric. symmetric and antisymmetric, and asymmetric!
• R is reflexive relation on A if and only if IAR
Visualized Reflexivity
A={a,b,c} a
1 0 0 1 1 1 MR 0 1 1
b
c
Symmetry
Relation R on A is Symmetric if whenever (a,b)R, then (b,a)R Antisymmetric if whenever (a,b)R and (b,a)R then a=b. Asymmetric if whenever (a,b)R then (b,a)R (Note: neither anti- nor a-symmetry is the negative of symmetry)
从英汉互译实例浅析翻译的对等理论
从英汉互译实例浅析翻译的对等理论彭玺【摘要】对等（equivalence）理论形形色色,在各种翻译理论繁荣发展的今天,它在翻译理论和实践上仍具有存在价值和应用意义。
梳理对等理论的分支,结合英汉互译实例从词、短语、句子、语篇多个层面分析对等理论及相应的翻译策略。
%There are several kinds of equivalence theories,which still own certain value both for translation theories and practical translation.The writer outlined and specified branches of equivalence theories and offered corresponding translation strategies by analyzing C-E translation examples from aspects of words,phrases,sentences as well as contexts.【期刊名称】《福建师大福清分校学报》【年(卷),期】2011(000)006【总页数】5页(P108-111,115)【关键词】对等理论;译者;英汉互译【作者】彭玺【作者单位】福建医科大学外国语学院,福建福州350004【正文语种】中文【中图分类】H315.9不同语言用来表达同一事物的词叫对等词。
如：动物“狗”用汉语来表达是“狗”这个汉字，而在英语中是dog这个单词。
有史记载的最早的翻译方法就是对等翻译。
有些译者以为对等翻译就是从最原始的角度等同的翻译原作，是一种机械的翻译理论，因而弃之如敝履。
有些译者又将某些名家的对等理论视为只可独用其一的金科玉律。
对等理论不是只有一条理论，从不同维度来看有几类理论形式，而且并非一定互不相容。
译者在翻译实践中需要结合英汉互译实例正确认识对等理论的分支并对其权衡取舍。
语言学专业词汇
AAcS (actor Subject), ReS (Receptor Subject) and DaS (dative vesubject) P85Active deposit 活性沉积P393adaptability制宜原则P39adjustment 调整P135AdjMr：Ajective Modifier 定语修饰语P19Affixing morpheme of fixed position 定位性附加语素P342Affixation 缀合法P29All encompassing 无所不包P ixAphasic 失语症患者P386ApoP 同位短语式P188Approximative system 近似体系P58arbitrariness任意性; selectiveness 选择性P181Aspect 体（tentative尝试体, inchoative开始体, successive继续体, perfect完成体, progressive 进行体）P114Autonomy 自主权P53Bbackshift后移P370/372bilingualism 双语学P522Blending 拼缀法P29Bottom-up perception自下而上的感知，top-down perception自上而下的感知P493CCart Fames1980 对比分析P xcirculativeness 周遍性P86categorization范畴化, grouping 归为类P487category word 范畴词P418/474/513cleft sentence 分裂句P230cognate equivalence同源对应P134/468，词根对应P478cognitive schema认知图示P386Cohesion 粘着性P62Cohesion and coherence接应与连贯P74Cohesive tie 联结关系接应词，additive 增补连接词，adversative 对比连接词，causal conjunction因果连接词，temporal conjunction 时间连接词P436Combination (虚词功能)组合P452Total combination完全结合，formal combination形式结合P464Common value （语言）共同价值；special value 特征价值P47Complement 补语P126Composition 合成法P29Compactness of meaningful morpheme有义语素结合紧密度P299Compressed predicate 紧缩式谓语P120Compound （汉语）合成词P443Conversion 转化法P29Constant 常数（ie. tertium comparationis中间比较项）；variable变数；tertium 中间项P50Context-sensitive rule 受上下文制约的规则P362Convertness and overtness 隐含性与外显性P61Copula 系词；copulative object 判断宾语；quasi-copulas 准判断动词P217Coverb 前置动词（能愿、意向、规劝动词）和后置动词的统称；operator基本助动词/功能词P114DDative case与事格P159defiguration还原法, figuration 形象描写P472Description and Prescription 描写与规定P41descriptive approach描写态度P39determinative premodifier 限制性前置定语，descriptive premodifier 描绘性前置定语，classifying premodifier 分类性前置定语P298Diachronic and synchronic/ diachronism and synchronism 历时与共时P2Diachronic experience and synchronic performance 历时经验和共时运用P314Dichotomic 二分性，可切分为二P167Differentiating ability 分辨力P361Diffuse 扩散型；compact聚集型P235Directness 直接性，indirectness间接性，explic itness鲜明性, specificness重实，non-specificness反虚P417Disintegration 解体P28dismantle拆除P28Disorganization 瓦解P28Disposal form动词处置式(把字句) P213; pre-transitive V erb 前及物动词(赵元任：把字句)P233 Diversiform 多样性P85Divide 长句切分；contract 长句紧缩P208Doer and receptor 行为者与承受者P89Doublet/ word pair谐音叠词P426EEnd-focus 短语后焦点；front-focus 弱化前焦点P175End-weight词尾重心P229Epicene通性名词P82Equivalence 对应P58evolution演进P28Explanation 解释; Interpretation 阐释P41Explication 演绎法P469Expletive 先行词P74Expletive subject 形式主语P92FFamily resemblances 维根斯坦：家族相似；Dissimililarilies 非相似性PvFinite verb 定式动词；non-finite verb 非定式动词P236Formal or inflexional linkage 形式或形态对接P26Formal indication 形式的标定P62-3Frame of word词语联立关系P466Functional compensation 功能互补P154Functional expansion 功能扩大化P191Functional redress, functional compensation 功能代偿法P33Function test 话题性的测试P90Functional word (form word, structural word) 结构词（英语），empty word虚词（汉语）, P449 closed classes 封闭性词类，P449determiner 限定词，auxiliary助动词，pronoun代词，P449，preposition介词，qualifier 修饰词，coordinator 并列连接词，subordinator 从属连接词，interrogative 疑问词，negative 否定词P450full word 实词（汉语）P450GGiven-new contract已知-新知信息默契P372HHead word 中心词P296Heterology 异质性/特殊素质P95/202HW：head word中心词P19Hypotaxis and parataxis 形合与意合P75IIcon 图像性，iconization图像化, indexization索引化P455identity等同（是字句功能）P219Ideographicand semipronouncing 单体形意音文字P viIdeational pvotal, idea-centered 意念主轴；formal-pivotal, formal-centered 形式主轴P18idea-centered structure意念主轴结构；formal-centered structure形式主轴结构P18idiom 成语/习语；a single unit一个单位P166image code 象码；Souund code音码P68immediate constituent analysis 直接成分分析法P232impersonal subject非人称主语P498implication 暗示法P22Inbreak of the modernity 葛兆光：现代性入侵P ivIndicator 指示器P47indispensability不可或缺性P47infiltration 渗透性，intrinsicness固有性，peculiarity特性P476Inflectional devices 无形态程式P viiiInflexional formation 形态构性P453Inflexional system 形态体系P52Inflexionalization 形态化P154Inner speech 内部言语，speech 外部言语P387Intentional word意向词语P163intensifier加强词P378Interlingua 中介语P58Interlingual comparability 语际可比性P51Interpretation 解释法P22Intraflexion 内部屈折P396Introducer 引导性结构P302JJohn Stuart Mill 1806-1873 功利追求P xJuxtaposing 联合短语式P183KKernel (句法结构) 核心P84Kinship 与原亲属关系P468Llanguage game 语言游戏P39Latin Grammar马建忠：泰西格朗玛PvLexicalization 词汇化P312，inflexion 形态化P368Linearization对接；formation成型；aggregation聚集P69Linguistic determinism语言决定论，language relativity语言相对论P525LocWP 方位短语式P187LR (linear reverse???) 顺序线性P62；RL (reversed linear) 逆线性P69MMapping 映射P68/371/492Masculine 阳性P397Matching 配对P52Maximized implicitness 最大化隐含；information focus信息焦点P191mean中数；overlap语义场界重叠；outlap非重叠P183means of generalization实义虚化手段，affixational means词缀虚化手段P446，inflexional means 形态虚化手段P447, specified 实化P449Misplacement and breach 错位和缺位P ixMissing link 缺环P518MnS(Means Subject) 方式主语P102Mode of expression表现法，relativity相关性，instrumentality实用性，generality通用性P391 Moderate adaptation 适度的适应，adaptationby通过adjustment调整来适应P429Mood 语气，indicative mood直陈式, imperative mood祈使式, subjunctive mood虚拟式, Intrinsic and extrinsic 内在和外在语言结构机制，factualsupposition事实假设, counterfactual supposition 反事实假设deficit 欠缺的观点P369morpheme for morpheme义素对义素P468Mr-Md (modifier-modified) 修饰语前置式,偏正词组；Md-Mr (modified-modifier)；hyphenated adjectives 连字符连接的多词形容词P167MrS（Modifier Subject）修饰语主语P102Mutual compensatory 互为补充代偿P308NN.Machiavelli 1459-1527 马基尔维利，15世纪‘欧洲最著名政论、史论家之一P iv Nominal 名词性P91Nominal phrase名词性短语P188Nominative 主格，genitive 所有格，dative 与格，accusative 宾格P396Non-SP sentence非主谓句P203nucleus（语音）调核P304OOnomatopoeia 象声，拟声P5Open beginning 句首开放性；contracting ending/closed ending 句尾收缩性P205Operating and orientating mechanism 支配与定势作用P487Operator 功能词P118Ordering 序列P70Orientation 导向P391Outwardness 外象（包括：表象、形象、现象、物象）P26PPattern （形态体系的）结构形式P396pair成对词P184Paradox 悖理P182PC of extend/ degree表程度的述补结构P131PC of movement 表行为态势活动向的述补结构：direction趋向；progress继续；completion 完成P128PC of possibility表可能的述补结构P128PC of result表结果的述补结构P129PC of state表状态的述补结构P130Pejoration 贬义化Perceptive language 感性语言P xPeriodic sentence 掉尾句P310Phonograph 表音文字P418Phonetic morpheme 语义语素，form morpheme 构形语素，reduplication morpheme复叠语素，full morpheme 完全语素P460/461Phrasal verb and particle 短语动词与小品词/介副词P？？/154pictograph/ hieroglyph 象形文字P2pivot/axle主轴P236PlS (Place Subject) P86Polar contrast 正反两面合二为一的复合词P473Polarization 两极化P87Pragmatic motivation语用理据P175Pragmatic presupposition 语用预设P164Predicate-complete construction述补结构P128predication谓词性；sub-predication次谓词性P189Predicative phrase 谓词性短语P188PrepOP 介词短语式P187Pre-position coverb 前置助动词P377Principle of cause and result sequence 因果律P299Principle of compactness of meaningful morpheme 语素结合紧密度律P299Principle of exterior-interior sequence 表里律P296Principle of spatial sequence 范围律P294Principle of subject-object sequence 主客律P295Principle of temporal sequence 时序律P291Principles of SV concord 主谓一致原则: Grammatical principle 语法原则, Logical principle逻辑原则, Principle of Proximity 靠近原则, Principle of Idiomaticness 惯用法原则P115 Presupposed statement and concluding statement, PS and CS 前述与结述P57/309QQrQd (qualifier-qualified) 附加式P202QunWP 量词短语式P188Rrecipiency受事性；recipiency 施授关系；affection 受到影响的关系P158Redress/ compensation （语法功能的）代偿法P22Reduplication（构词法）重叠法，adjunction附加法，affixation加缀法，compound 合成法P444-445Refinement 提炼；Gradation 提升P41Relative comparability 相对可比性P51Reflective 反映式的，折射式的P456equivalence对应式(correspondence契合式)，inclusion涵盖式P457，intersection 交叉式P458，substitution替代式，conflict 冲突式(exclusion 语义相悖) P459 kinship term P457，borrowing借用P459reflection 反映P496relativity 相关性，instrumentality实用性，generality通用性，familiarization通晓性P392 Repetition 重叠手段，anaphora句首反复，epiphora句尾反复P427Reversed Linear Expansion逆线性延伸；Natural Linear Expansion顺线性延伸P205 reversibility 可反逆性P174/276reversion 对接的反转P464reversing and synchronizing 顺译与反逆翻译P105R.Philippson 2002: 英语帝国主义PvRunning sentence 流水句P235SSA V P62Selective and critica 选择性和批判性P xSemantic combination 语义结合，grammatical combination 语法结合P441Semantic relevance 语义关涉性P181Semantic structuring 语义结构过程，form structuring 形式结构过程P387Sense morpheme义素，meaningful morpheme有义语素，free morpheme自由语素，boundmorpheme黏着语素P441Sentence starter句首起词P110/503Sequence 顺序，inverse/reverse 抵触逆序，mixed order混合序P409Shift 转换P100Shortening 缩略法P29Sign language手语P386Signifying 意指; analogizing类比P47Situationally defined语境化P479Space between words词间距P80Staccato 断续P421Stratification 层次结构P232Stress domain 重音范域P75Stressed position 强调位P279Structural analogy 结构类比P81Structural inversion 结构性倒装functional inversion 功能性倒装stylistic inversion文体性倒装P277Structural order-shift 结构性位移P279Structural word 结构性词语，substantial word 实质性词语，presupposed information 预知性信息，replenished information 补足性信息，base挤出前述，climax递进叙述P305 StrWP 助词短语式P188SV concord/agreement 主谓一致P88/115SV Device主语-谓动机制P88SVOC P61subcategorization（语义特征）次范畴化（转换生成语法）P368Substitution替代法P22Sub-subject次主语P95Supplement 补充P106Syntagmatic device组合手段P404Syntagmatic ordering of element 组合型序列P275Syntagmatic pivot 形态组合主轴P237；paradigmatic pivot 意念聚合主轴P239TTautology 重复, sysmetry对仗P424TDC Expansion (topic-development-coda expansion) 命题-发展-结语语段扩展P257 Temporal sequence时序律P121Temps opératif (G. Guillaume)活动时间, system de representation 反应系统，system d’expression 观念P387Tense 语法的“时”，time自然概念的“时间”P340, tense particle 时态助词P342Tensity 紧张感，importunity 短促感，monotonounsness单调感P424Text 语段；logical expansion 逻辑扩展式；basic level 基础层级；logical level逻辑层级P234 Thematic 主位性P284/ 句首主题P315Thematization主题化，thematic fronting 宾语主题前置，topicality 话题性P316The relative 关系语P86TmS（time subject）P85Topic, theme, 话题（主语句）comment, rheme 述题P37-38Topic subject 话题主语P92transfer 迁移P522Transferability 可转换性P386Transformation 转型P28 转换式P214TR device 话题-述题机制P88typological 类型学体系P60VV alence/valency价（可以带什么宾语）P152/154V ertical 历时比较；horizontal共时比较P49Visual differentiation 视觉分辨率P404Visual recognizibility 视觉可辨性P449V ocalicending元音字尾P425voice in covertness 隐性语态P313, inflictive voice 不幸语态P318 volitional future 强于是将来时（表意志等）P453WWalter Benjamin; historical duress, geschichtlich Zwang: 历史的裹挟P xiZZero 零位P87ZeS-VP 零位主语结构P106。
equivalence
A language is always a part of culture and the meaning of any text refers directly or indirectly to the corresponding culture. Finally, words only have meaning in terms of the corresponding culture.
Equivalence Theory The concept of equivalence is quite controversial. Scholars have different explorations about translation equivalence. Among these explorations, i will explain the equivalence theories of Nida and Jin Di.
(1) The term equivalence focus on the sourcelanguage message. The content of source language meurce language is the starting point and the checking standard of translation.
(3) The term “closest” is the combination of the above two elements. As Nida claims, it binds the two orientations together on the basis of the highest degree of approximation. The equivalence between the source language and the target language is not always possible. Thus what a translator can do is to balance the two to a possible highest degree of approximation.
equivalence
• 对等 (equivalence) 就是指不同语言 对同一事物的描述。如一种动物汉语叫 “ 狗 ”,英语叫 dog,汉语的 “ 狗 ” 与英语的 dog 这两个 词就是对等．前 面说过,翻译是将 SL 表达的事物用 TL 重新表达 一遍,这实际上是用两种语言 SL 与 TL 表达同一事物,这两种语言对 同一事物的表达就是对等。因此，翻译 实际上就是对等问题
• (10) 红茶 • A:red tea • B:black tea • (11) 要注意策略。 • A:Pay attention to the strategy. • B:Be diplomatic. • 以上各例形式对等,有的 (8,11) 意思不清楚,有的 (7,10)费解,不知 所云,有的 (6,9) 意思错了。由此可见,形式对等在多 数情况下照 顾了形式,牺牲了意思,是不可取的。
Equivalence
equivalence ----A term used by many writers to describe the nature and the extent of the relationships which exist between SL and TL texts or smaller linguistic units. Means a very close similarity in meaning, as opposed to similarity in form
Formal Correspondence
• formal equivalence----a term used by Nida, to refer to a TL item which represents the closest decontextualized counterpart to a word or phrase in. Typically, formal correspondence distorts the grammatical and stylistic patterns of the receptor language, and hence distorts the message, so as to cause the receptor to misunderstand or to labor unduly hard; opposed to dynamic equivalence. □
相似性评价-FDA_equivalenttest
I. Overview of 3-Tier Approach (Cont’d)
• Different statistical/quantitative approaches are applied to each tier;
Tier 1 – Critical QAs Statistical Equivalence Testing
5
I. Overview of 3-Tier Approach (Cont’d)
• The tiered approach is developed by Office of Biostatistics and Office of Biotechnology Products at CDER/FDA. • First, evaluate the criticality of quality attributes:
limitations of Quality Range Method • For cQAs, Quality Range method may not be a sensitive method to assure the similarity.
Ideal Case: Similar QR of Ref. Biosimilar Obs.
1
Outline
I. Overview of 3-Tiered Approach II. Tier 1 - Statistical Equivalence Testing
III. An Example of Tier 1 Statistical Equivalence Testing
IV. Remarks
Statistical Rigor
Tier 2 – Less Critical QAs Quality Range Method: mean +/- X σ
[当代西方翻译等值理论回顾]当代西方主流的理论
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[当代西方翻译等值理论回顾]当代西方主流的理论翻译的等值（equivalence,有人翻译成对等）作为翻译活动的重要标准，“是现代翻译学的核心概念之一。
”在西方，从18世纪英国文艺理论家泰特勒在其著作《翻译原理简论》中提出“等值原则”，到费道罗夫再次关注该理论并于1953年在《翻译理论概要》中提出“作用相符、语言与文本相符”的等值理论，等值理论逐渐受到西方翻译理论家的重视，各理论家也纷纷提出自己对等值的看法，如雅各布森的差异值理论、奈达的动态等值理论等，都大大地发展了等值理论并进而推动了翻译理论的发展。
以下笔者将分4个派别来详述各派对于等值理论的探讨。
一语言学派中对等值理论的探讨较有影响的主要是雅各布森和卡特福德1 雅各布森的等值理论主要有两点：（1）提出“在语际翻译的层面上，一般在符号单元之间没有完全对等。
”此处的符号单元实质上就是单词或词组。
即在不同的语言之间，字与字，词与词是不可能完全对等的。
如英语中“cup”一词在汉语中的对应词是“杯子”，但事实上根据《朗文当代高级英语辞典》中的解释，cup指“a small round container with a handle,that you use to dri nk tea, coffee etc.”而汉语中的“杯子”一词显然不止包含cup，还应包含glass、vessel等容器。
因此，即使是最常用的词也不可能达到完全的对等。
但这并不是说这些语言是不可译的，“种种信息可以对外来的符号单元或信息做出充分解释。
”即可以用目的语的完整信息来解释源语的信息，以达到意义上的等值。
（2）根据雅各布森的观点，还提出“差异等值”的理论。
“意义和对等的问题主要在于语言结构和语言用语中的差异，而不在于强调一种语言能否表述以另一种口头语写成的信息……即跨语言的差异主要集中在一定的语法和辞汇形式。
”这段话表明，首先雅各布森承认语言的可译性，同时跳出了直译和意译的束缚，提出了差异等值。
西方翻译理论 第三讲 dynamic equivalence
• 'Equivalence in difference is the cadinal problem of language and the pivotal concern of linguistics.'
• 2 Dynamic equivalence
• Dynamic equivalence is based on what Nida calls 'the principle of equivalent effect', where 'the relationship between receptor and message should be substantially the same as that which existed between the original receptors and the message.
• Examples of differences are easy to find. They occur at:
• the level of gender: e.g. honey is masculine in French, German and Italian, feminine in Spanish, neuter in English, etc.
• These include hierarchical structuring, which differentiates series of words according to their level (for instance, the superordinate animal and its hyponyms goat, dog, cow, etc.) and techniques of componential analysis. The latter seek to identify and discriminate specific features of a range of related words. The results can be plotted visually to assist in making an overall comparison.
语言学中英术语对照
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counterfactualproposition反事实命题couplet对句;对联creativity创造性;原创性Creole克里澳尔语;混和语cross-cultural跨文化cross-culturalcommunication跨文化交际cross-linguistic跨语言的culture文化culturally-specific文化特异的curriculum教学大纲customizing定制的Ddactyl扬抑抑格Danilanguage达尼语dataretrieval,DR资料检索database数据库dative(case)与格dativemovement与格移动declarative陈述句decoding解码deductive演绎的deepstructure深层结构defeasibility消除可行性definite有定的degeneratedata无用的语料deixis指称delicacy精密阶denotation外延;指称dental齿音dentalization齿音化derivation衍生derivationalaffix.衍生词汇derivationalmorphology派生形态学description描写descriptiveadequacy描写充分性descriptivelinguistics描写语言学designfeature结构特征determiner限定词developinggrammar发展语法deviant变体deviation偏离;变异devoicing清音化diachroniclinguistics历时语言学diachronic历时的diacritic附加符号;变音符diagnostictest诊断性测试dialect方言dialectology方言学dialogue对话dictionary词典digitizedsound数字化语音dimetre二音步诗行diphthong二合元音;双元音directobject直接宾语directspeech,DS直接言语directthought,DT直接思想directionality方向性discourse语篇;话语discourseanalysis语篇分析;话语分析discourseinterpretation语篇理解discrete分离的;离散的discrete-pointgrammar离散语法discretepointtest分立性测试disjunction分离关系displacement移位dissimilation异化（作用）distinctivefeature区别性特征distinguisher辩义成分distribution分布do-insertionruledo添加规则domain范围;领域dorsal舌背音;舌中音dorsum舌背（音）doublecomparative双重比较download下载drama戏剧drill-and-practicesoftware操练软件D-structureD结构dual双数dualisticview二分观点duality二重性economy经济性;简洁性earlyModernEnglish早期现代英语ejective爆发音electronicmail电子邮件ElizabethanEnglish伊利莎白时期英语ellipsis省略（法）ellipticalsentencestructure省略句子结构embeddedelement嵌入成分emic位学的emotive感情的emphasis强调empiricaldata经验主义的语料empirical经验主义的empiricalvalidity经验效度empiricism经验主义emptycategory,EC空范畴enablingskills使成技能化encoding编码endrhyme末端韵endocentricconstruction内向结构entailment蕴涵entrycondition入列条件epenthesis插音;增音equipollentopposition均等对立equivalence相等equivalencereliability相等信度erroranalysis错误分析EST科技英语ethnicityidentity民族认同ethnographyofcommunication交际民族学etic非位的;素的evaluation评估eventprocess事件过程example-basedmachinetranslation基于例句的机器翻译exchangeerror交换错误exchangesequence交际序列exchangestructure交际结构exhaustive穷尽的;彻底的existent存在物existential存在句existentialprocess存在过程existentialquantifier存在数量词exocentric外向的exocentricconstruction外向结构experiential经验的experientialfunction经验功能experimentalpsycholinguistics实验心理语言学explanatoryadequacy解释充分性explicitgrammarinstruction,EGI明显的语法教学法expressionminimization表达最底程度expressive表达的extendedstandardtheory,EST扩展标准理论extensive引申的;扩展的extent-conditionformat程度条件格式externalevaluation外部评估externalqualifier外部修饰语extrinsicsourcesoferror外在的错误来源eyemovement眼部移动。
相似性评价-FDA_equivalenttest
QAs
Structure
Functional Assay
Physicochemical Attributes
• Primary Structure • in vitro Bioactivity • Protein Content • Impurities • Higher Order Structure • Receptor Binding • Specific Activity • In vivo Bioactivity • ADCC • ….-Tier Approach (Cont’d):
Biosimilar ≠Biosame ≠ Biobetter
Reference: Leah Christl, Biosimilar AC Webinar
3
I. Overview of 3-Tier Approach (Cont’d) • A stepwise approach to assess similarity:
Foundation
Additional Clinical
Clin. Pharm
Non-clinical
Analytical
Totality-of-the-Evidence
4
I. Overview of 3-Tier Approach (Cont’d)
• Analytical similarity study: Characterize the proposed biosimilar and its reference product; Tests for a number of quality attributes (QA);
Tier 2 – Less Critical QAs Quality Range Method: mean +/- X σ
equivalence
1．Eugene Nida: Formal equivalence and Dynamic equivalence.Formal equivalence focuses on the message itself, in both form and content. In such a translation one is concerned with such correspondences as poetry to poetry, sentence to sentence, and concept to concept. Viewed from this formal orientation, one is concerned that the massage in the receptor language should match as closely as possible, that the message in the receptor culture is constantly compared with the message in the source culture to determine standards of accuracy and correctness. Dynamic equivalence aims at complete naturalness of expression, and tries to relate the receptor to modes of behavior relevant within the context of his own culture; it does not insist that he understand the cultural patterns of the source-language context in order to comprehend the message. Of course, there are varying degrees of such dynamic-equivalence translations. One of the modern English translations which, perhaps more than any other, seeks for equivalent effect is J.B.Philips’ rendering of the New Testament. In Romans 16:16 he quite naturally translates” greet one another with a holy kiss as “give one another a hearty handshake all around.”他从《圣经》中摘取的例子“Lamb of God”, “Lamb”在献祭语境里代表“无辜”，照字面翻译（formal equivalence）可能会在另一种文化如爱斯基摩文化中产生理解困难。
Equivalence and Equivalent Effect(等值和等效)
For the message to be ‘equivalent’ in ST and TT, the code-units will be different since they belong to two different sign systems. In his discussion, the problem of meaning and equivalence thus focus on differences in the structure and terminology of languages rather than on any inability of one language to render a message that has been written in another language. Thus, Russian can still express the full semantic meaning of cheese even if it breaks it down into two separate concepts.
Nida uses semantic structure analysis to separate out visually the different meanings of spirit(demos, angels, gods, ghost, ethos, alcohol, etc). The central idea of this analysis is to encourage the trainee translator to realize that the sense of a complex semantic term such as spirit varies and most particularly is ‘conditioned’ by its context. Spirit thus does not always have a religious significance. Even when it does, as in the term Holy Spirit, its emotive or connotative value varies according to the target culture. The associations ‘attached’ to the word are its connotative value, and these are considered to belong to the realm of pragmatics of ‘language in use’. Above all, he stresses the importance of context for communication when dealing with metaphorical meaning and with complex cultural idioms.
新解奈达翻译理论——详解Equivalence含义
２ 作为普通 词 的 Ｅ ｕｖｌｎ Ｅ ｕ ａ ｎｅ ｑ ｉａ ｔ ｑ ｉ ｌ ｃ ｅ／ ｖｅ 真正 意义
《 氏大学词 典》 释 ｅｕ ａ ｎ： ｅｕｌｎ 韦 解 ｑｉ ｅｔ ｏ ｑａ ｉ ｖ ｌ
ｆｒ ｅ，ａ ｕ ｔｏ ａ ｕ ｏｃ ｍｏ ｎ ｒｖ ｌ ｅ；ａｓ ｌｏ，ｅ ａ ｎ ａ ｅ ｒｖ ｌ ｅ ｑｕ ｌｉ ｒ ａ ｏ ａ ｕ
是 这种 翻译 理 论 的 核 心 概 念 。 是 上 述 理 论 家 对 可
１ “ 当’（ ｑ ｉａ ｎ／ ｑ ｉａｅ ｃ ） 对 ’ Ｅ ｕｖ１ ｔＥ ｕｖｌｎ ｅ ： ｅ 西 方翻 译 理 论 的核 心 术语
他 们 都 要 求 译 文 与 原 文 “ 当 ”（ ｑ ｉ ｅｔ 对 Ｅ ｕｖ ｎ ｌ ａ ／
Ｅ ｕｖｌ ｃ ） 在 “ 当” Ｅ ｕｖｌ ｔＥ ｕｖｌｎｅ 这 ｑ ｉａ ｎ ｅ ， 对 ｅ （ ｑ ｉａ ｎ／ ｑ ｉａ ｃ ） ｅ ， ｅ
当或相 似” 。 在 现实 世 界 ， 无论 在 人文 领 域 还是 自然科 学 领
较， 而是 表示模 糊 和大概 比较 。译 文是 ： 这套 舞蹈动
例 ５ Ｔ ｅｌ ｇ ａ ｏ ｓｔ ｑ ｉ ｌｎ ｏ ｒｅ ｈ ｒｅｃｒ ｎｉ ｈ ｅｕｖ ｅ ｔ ｆ ｈｅ ａ ｔ ｅ ａ ｔ
ｔ ａ ｒ ｎｌ ； ： ｉ ｉ ｉ ａｃ ｏ ｉｐｒ ０ 词 ） ｏ ｉ ｇ ｔａ ｅ） ９ａ ｌ ｅ ｎｓ ｎ ｉ ｎｅ ｒ ｍ ｏ ； ｋ ｉ ｇｆ ｃ ｔ 。
ICEM CFD 常用专业术语解析
ICEM CFD常用专业术语解析利用ICEM CFD进行网格划分，是需要了解一些专业术语的。
主要是为了方便交流。
ICEM CFD是一款全英文的软件，至今尚无官方简体中文版，因此，对于术语，我们尽量使用英文，同样是为了方便交流。
否则根据个人英文水平的不同，翻译成中文也是五花八门。
好吧，闲话不多说，让我们开始吧。
PartPart是一个非常重要的名称，我也不知道该如何去翻译它，通常都称之为part。
类似于hypermesh中的component，主要用于模型组织。
其相当于一个容器，我们可以往part中添加几何和网格。
相当多的流体求解器无法识别边界，因此part的作用就非常重要了，我们通常需要在网格生成之前，将几何组织成一个个的part，这样在网格生成之后，导入到求解器中，能方便求解器识别。
另外，在一些选取操作中，也可以利用已构建的part进行选择。
比如非结构划分中，设定各part的尺寸、按part进行划分等操作。
建议在几何生成后（通常是几何修补创建拓扑后），即进行part构建。
BodyBody可以翻译成体或体区域，但是有别于几何体。
实际上在ICEM CFD中是没有几何实体的概念的，封闭的面在网格生成中会被当作体。
之所以在这里强调Body，主要是因为其与CFD计算中一个重要概念“计算域”相关的。
通常一个Body对应流体计算中的一个计算域，后面会谈到交界面的问题，到时候Body的作用就很重要了。
我们可以在生成网格之前人为的创建Body（自动生成体网格时必须创建Body，分块生成体网格时可以不创建Body），如果不创建Body的话，软件会自动搜索几何，封闭的区域会被当作一个Body。
块结构网格的Body是利用Part创建的，通过将不同的块放入不同的Part，以便于在求解器中识别为计算域。
BlockICEM CFD利用拓扑块的方式创建六面体网格，每一个拓扑块均为六面体。
有两种创建块的方式：自顶向下及自底向上方式。
语篇语用学及语篇对等
Textual Pragmatics and equivalence
翻译学
张莉
1.Translation properly defined
2. Langue-oriented vs parole-oriented equivalence
Equivalence
3.Equivalence: double linkage
translation Between the resultant text in L2(the TL text) and theto ST in L1(the SL text) there exists a relationship which can be designated as a translational, or equivalence relation. (Koller, 1995: 196)
Translations are produced under different conditions compared with other activities.
2 Langue-oriented vs Parole-oriented Equivalence
At the virtual level of langue
Way to reconcile the two extremes
Textual equivalence is obtained at the level of text in context not at the level of the linguistic system
To define equivalence in relative (not categorical)terms and in hierarchical (not static) terms.
奈达等值标准-概念解析以及定义
奈达等值标准-概述说明以及解释1.引言1.1 概述概述部分的内容：奈达等值标准（Neda Equivalence Standard）是一种衡量和评估各类物品和概念之间相等性的标准。
它起源于奈达学派，该学派认为物品和概念的相等性应该基于多个因素的综合考虑而不仅仅是数量上的平衡。
奈达等值标准的提出，旨在解决传统的计量理论和方法在评估相等性时的局限性和片面性，并为各行业提供更科学、准确的评估手段。
在过去的几十年中，奈达等值标准已经广泛应用于各个领域。
例如，在经济学中，奈达等值标准被用于衡量不同商品之间的价值相等性，以及评估经济政策的效果。
在教育领域，奈达等值标准用于评估学生的学术成绩和能力水平，以便更全面地了解他们的综合素质。
在医疗领域，奈达等值标准也用于评估不同治疗方法的疗效，并帮助医生做出更合理的治疗决策。
在评估奈达等值标准时，通常采用一系列客观和主观的指标来综合考虑不同因素的影响。
例如，对于经济学中的商品价值评估，除了考虑价格和市场需求外，还需要考虑商品的质量、品牌、功能和市场地位等因素。
在教育领域的学术成绩评估中，除了考虑分数和排名，还需要考虑学生的参与度、创新能力、社交能力等因素。
在总结上述内容后，可以得出结论，奈达等值标准在各个领域中的应用具有重要意义。
它能够综合考虑多个因素，更全面地评估物品和概念之间的相等性，帮助人们做出更科学、准确的判断和决策。
在未来，奈达等值标准可能会得到更广泛的应用，同时也需要进一步深化和完善，以适应不断变化的社会和经济环境。
1.2 文章结构文章结构部分的内容应该包括本文的主要章节和各个章节的内容概述，可以按照以下方式编写：为了全面介绍奈达等值标准，本文将分为以下几个章节进行论述：第2章正文2.1 奈达等值标准的定义和背景在这一章节中，将对奈达等值标准的定义进行详细解释，并介绍其背景和起源。
奈达等值标准的概念来源于奈达理论，其对于衡量和比较各种价值和效益具有重要意义。
Lecture 1--lexical equivalencestudent
4. Dynamic Equivalence or pragmatic equivalence
the SL and TL words have the same effect on their respective readers.
5. Textuห้องสมุดไป่ตู้l Equivalence:
the concepts of equivalence to cover similarity in ST and TT information flow and in the cohesive roles ST and TT devices play in their respective texts. (Baker)
6. Functional Equivalence:
translators must decide which considerations should be given priority at any one time.
II. Types of word meaning & Equivalence
Stylistic meaning
dialect register
dialect
dialect is a variety of language which has currency within a specific community or group of speakers.
Dialect
Definition
-- Associative meaning is the secondary meaning supplemented to the conceptual meaning. liable to the influence of ： culture, experience, religion, geographical region, class background, education, etc.
对等原则
Roman Jakobson: Equivalence
• Jakobson pointed out that equivalence in meaning between words in different languages. • The translator recodes and transmits a message received from another source. Thus translation involves two equivalent messages in two different codes.(两种不同 代码表示相同信息)
类似翻译是“释译”，最贴近原语结构，通常附以注释让 读者对原语文化的语言和习俗加深理解。)
• Dynamic equivalence, or functional equivalence, is based on what Nida calls “the principle of equivalent effect”, where “the relationship between receptor and message should be substantially the same as that which existed between the original receptors and t源自e message.”（动态对等，也即
“成功的翻译作品往往取决于译者对原作者思维的共鸣多于 成功的翻译作品往往取决于译者对原作者思维的共鸣多于 对语言和文化的熟悉程度” ），你可 对语言和文化的熟悉程度”（Newmark, 1981:54），你可 ）， 以找到哪些译例支持或推翻该论断？ 以找到哪些译例支持或推翻该论断？ 支持 • 林译小说的译笔有其独自的特色。如所译《撒克逊劫后英 雄略》，颇能保有原文的情调，人物也能传原著之神。 《孝女耐儿传》中，写胖妇劝主妇之母为主妇出气以重罚 其夫一段，不仅原作情调未改，有时连最难表达的幽默也 能表达出来。（译者对原作者思维的共鸣） • 林纾不懂外文，选择原本之权全操于口译者之手。因而也 产生了一些疵误，如把名著改编或删节的儿童读物当作名 著原作，把莎士比亚和易卜生的剧本译成小说，把易卜生 的国籍误成德国等。（语言文化熟悉程度）