英语翻译文档
英语翻译
Amold Toynbee has said that all progress ,all development come from a challenge and a consequent response.阿诺德.汤恩比说过，一切进步，一切发展均来自于挑战及由此引发的反应。
Without challenge there is no response, no development , no freedom.没有挑战就没有反应，没有发展，就没有自由。
So frist we owe to our children the most demanding,challenging curriculum that is within their capabilities. 所以我们首先应该在我们孩子的能力所允许的范围内为他们开设要求最严格，最富有挑战性的课程。
The second opportunity we can give our boys and girl is the right to failure .我们可以向我们的孩子提供的第二个机会是允许他们有失败的权力。
“Freedom is not only a privilege, it is a test.” writes De Nouy.德.纽尹写到；“自由不仅是一种特权，也是一种考验。
”What kind of a test is it,what kind of freedom where no one can fail?如果没有人可以失败，那它算什么考验，算什么自由呢？The day is past when the United States can afford to give high school diplomas to all who sit through four years of instruction,regardless of whether any visible results can be discerned.美国可以向所有在高中读完四年课程而不管其是否取得任何收获的学生发放毕业文凭的日子已经一去不复返了。
2023年度高一英语必修一全册课文翻译
2023年度高一英语必修一全册课文翻译本文档旨在提供2023年度高一英语必修一全册课文的翻译。
以下是每个课文的翻译：Unit 1 FriendshipLesson 1 A Good Friend一个好朋友Lesson 2 A Private Conversation私人谈话Lesson 3 Helping Others帮助他人Lesson 4 Making a Difference产生影响Unit 2 Relationships Lesson 1 Family Matters家庭事务Lesson 2 A Parent's Expectation父母的期望Lesson 3 Generation Gap代沟Lesson 4 Young Love青春之爱Unit 3 SocietyLesson 1 A Better Life更好的生活Lesson 2 Citizens and Society 公民与社会社区服务Lesson 4 Volunteer Work志愿工作Unit 4 CultureLesson 1 Traditional Festivals 传统节日Lesson 2 Cultural Diversity文化多样性Lesson 3 Cultural Relics文化遗迹文化交流Unit 5 Science and Technology Lesson 1 The Space Race太空竞赛Lesson 2 Scientific Advancements科学进步Lesson 3 The Impact of Technology技术的影响Lesson 4 Artificial Intelligence人工智能Unit 6 Arts and Entertainment Lesson 1 The World of Music音乐世界Lesson 2 The Art of Painting绘画艺术Lesson 3 The Magic of Movies电影魅力Lesson 4 The Power of Literature文学的力量以上是2023年度高一英语必修一全册课文的翻译。
英语翻译
请将以下英语句子译成汉语（1）I came, I saw, I conquered.我来到了这，我看到了它，我征服了它。
（2）As Caesar loved me, I weep for him; as he was fortunate, I rejoice at it; as he was valiant, I honour him; but as he was ambitious, I slew him.当凯撒爱我时，我为他流泪；当他遇到幸运的事时，我为它欢呼雀跃；当他英勇善战，我对他满怀尊敬；可当他野心勃勃时，我杀了这样的他。
（3）It has never stopped being true. It was, it is and it will be.从未停下追寻真理的步伐。
过去是这样，现在是这样，将来也会是这样。
（4）She looks five years younger than she actually is.她看起来就像林志玲一样。
（5）This is my husband Dave. Oh, sorry, was.这是我的丈夫Dave。
欧，抱歉，是亡夫。
（6）It is right to be contented with what we have, but never with what we are.应该我们所拥有的东西感到满足，却永不该安于现状、不知进取。
（7）We have lunch at school.我们在学校吃午餐。
（8）I’ll make my own decision in marriage.我的婚姻我做主。
（9）When I entered the classroom, I saw many students reading different magazines.当我走进教室时，我看见很多同学在看各种杂志，就是不看书。
（10）It is advised that the man who was seen to take an umbrella from the lecture theatre last Sunday put it back if he does not wish to get into trouble.那个上周日从演讲厅被人看到拿了伞走了的男人最好知趣地把它换回来，不然他会知道花儿为什么那样红。
英语文章带翻译
英语⽂章带翻译 英语是按照分布⾯积⽽⾔最流⾏的语⾔，但母语者数量是世界第三，仅次于汉语、西班⽛语。
下⾯店铺为⼤家带来英语⽂章带翻译，希望⼤家喜欢! 英语⽂章带翻译篇1 我们应该限制私家车吗？Should We Put A Limit on Private Cars? With the rapiddevelopment of Chinese economic and the improvement of living standards ofordinary people, more and more private cars are on road. Some people thinkprivate cars can bring great convenience to the owners while others argue thatgovernment should put a limit on private cars. In my humble opinion, we shouldput a limit on private cars. 随着中国经济的快速增长和普通⼈民⽣活⽔平的提⾼，⼈们拥有了越来越多的私家车。
⼀些⼈认为私家车给车主提供了极⼤的便利，其他⼈则认为政府应该限制私家车的数量。
在我看来，我们应该限制私家车。
First of all, themore private cars, the more traffic jams. If people stuck on a traffic jam, itwill cost them a lot of time, some people even late for work. What’s more,nowadays finding a parking spot is much harder than before because there aretoo many cars on streets. Sometimes you just arrive at the destination, but youjust cannot find a place to park your car. The place is so crowded that youhave to park in other place which may be far away from your destination. ⾸先，私家车越多，交通越拥堵。
英语短文带翻译20篇(精品文档)_共4页
英语短文带翻译20篇英语短文带翻译20篇My family I love my family, because I have a happy family. My father is an English teacher. His name is Jacky. He is thirty-eight. He likes playing basketball. What’s my mother job? Is she a teacher? Yes, you’re right! My mother is very kind and nice, she is thirty-seven. My mother is always laborious work. I love my parents! On Saturday and Sunday, I often go to the library and play the piano, My father go to play basketball. Sometimes, we watch TV and listen to music at home. I love my family. Because I’m very happy to live with my parents together! 我的家庭我爱我的家庭,因为我有一个快乐的家庭. 我的爸爸是一名英语教师,他的名字叫Jacky.他今年38岁.他非常喜欢打篮球.我的妈妈是赶什么呢?她是一名教师吗?是的.你说对了!我的妈妈是一个很亲切、友善的人,她今年37岁.我妈妈总是勤劳的干活.我爱我的父母. 在星期六和星期天里,我经常去图书馆和弹钢琴.我爸爸去打篮球.有时侯,我们都在家看电视和听音乐. 我爱我家.因为我和爸爸妈妈一起生活得很开心!My Room This is my room. Near the window there is a desk. I often do my homework at it. You can see some books, some flowers in a vase, a ruler anda pen. On the wall near the desk there is a picture of a cat. There is a clock above the end of my bed. I usually put my shoe under my bed. Of course there is a chair in front of the desk. I sit there and I can see the trees and roads outside. 我的房间这是我的房间。
如何翻译Word文档？三种翻译方法介绍
前几天看到一篇不错的Word文档，小编想要翻译成英文分享给国外的网友。
但是小编的英语翻译能力不是很好，那么该如何翻译Word文档呢？还真的是让人头大。
不过小编已经找到翻译方法了。
一起来看看是什么方法吧。
方法一：利用文档翻译器
借助软件：文档翻译器
操作步骤：
1、在软件首页找到“文档翻译”，然后点击“点击上传文档”将Word文档添加进去。
2、然后在页面中设置翻译形式为“简体中文→英文”，然后点击“翻译”就可以了。
文档翻译器不仅仅是能实现文档的翻译哦，还能实现语音翻译文字，短句翻译哦，功能很多，一款多用哦。
方法二：在线Word文档翻译
网址：迅捷PDF在线转换器
操作步骤：
1、在网站首页找到“文档处理”，然后点击其中的“Word在线翻译”进入操作页面。
2、然后将Word文档添加进去，在自定义设置栏里设置语言翻译类型为“简体中文→英文”，然后点击“开始翻译”就可以了。
这个迅捷PDF在线转换器网站不仅仅能实现Word文档翻译，还能实现PDF 转图片，PDF转Word等文档转换哦。
方法三：利用Word 2016
借助工具：Word 2016
操作步骤：
1、首先，全选Word文档，然后点击页面中的“语言”，接着点击“翻译”，选择其中的“翻译所选文字”。
2、然后在信息检索选项栏里，设置翻译：源语言为简体中文，目标语言为英文。
点击“→”翻译Word文档，然后点击“插入”就可以了。
大家可以根据自己的需要选择适合自己的方法，以上是有关Word文档翻译的三个方法，希望对大家有所帮助。
Blackmail课文翻译(精品文档)
(高级英语课文翻译)Book 1 Lesson 3 Blackmail敲诈--阿瑟•黑利负责饭店保安工作的欧吉维探长打了那个神秘的电话，本来说好一个小时后光临克罗伊敦夫妇所住的套房的，可实际上却过了两个小时才到。
结果，当外间门上的电铃终于发出沉闷的嗡嗡声时，公爵夫妇的神经都紧张到了极点。
公爵夫人亲自去开门。
此前她早已借故把女仆支开，并且狠心地给那位脸儿圆圆的、见到狗就怕得要死的男秘书派了一个要命的差事，让他牵着贝德林顿狼犬出去散步。
想到这两个人随时都会回来，她自己的紧张情绪怎么也松弛不下来。
随着欧吉维进屋的是一团雪茄烟雾。
当他随着她走进起居室时，公爵夫人目光直射着这个大肥佬嘴里叼着的那烧了半截的雪茄。
“我丈夫和我都讨厌浓烈的烟味，您行行好把它灭了吧!”探长那双夹在面部隆起的肉堆中的猪眼睛轻蔑地将她上下打量了一番。
接着，他便移动目光，对这个宽敞豪华、设备齐全的房间扫视了一周，看到了那位正背朝窗户、神色茫然地望着他们的公爵夫人。
“你们这套房间布置得倒挺讲究的呢。
”欧吉维慢条斯理地从口中拿下雪茄，敲掉烟灰，然后将烟蒂扔向靠右边的一个装饰性壁炉，但他失了准头，烟蒂掉到地毯上，他也不去管它。
公爵夫人的嘴唇绷得紧紧的。
她没好气地说道，“我想你该不是为谈论房间布置到这儿来的吧。
”他乐得咯咯直笑，肥胖的身子也跟着抖动起来。
“不是的，夫人，怎么会呢!不过，我确实喜爱高雅的东西。
”他压低了他那极端刺耳的尖嗓音接着说，“比如像你们那辆小轿车，就是停在饭店的那辆，美洲虎牌，是的吧?”“噢!”这声音不像是从口中说出来的，倒像是从克罗伊敦公爵鼻子中呼出来的。
他的夫人马上瞪了他一眼，以示警告。
“我们的车子与你有什么相干呢?”公爵夫人的这句问话似乎是个信号，一听到这个信号，探长的态度马上就变了。
他猝然问道，“这儿还有别的人么?”公爵回答道，“没有。
我们早把他们都打发出去了。
”“还是检查一下的好。
”这个大胖子以敏捷得出奇的动作对整个套房前前后后地巡查了一遍，凡是有门的地方就打开往里看看。
中国传统文化英语翻译Word 文档
1.香囊(scented sachet)，古代也称“香袋”，通常是用布缝制或彩色丝线编织的袋子，里面塞满香草(aromatic herbs)。
香囊最初用来吸汗、驱虫和避邪。
香囊不仅有用，而且可作装饰品。
它们的形状和大小各异，有圆形、椭圆形和其他形状。
它们通常配有精致的图案，每个图案都象征着特别的含义。
例如，双鱼或成对蝴蝶图案象征男女之爱;莲花或牡丹花(peony flower)等图案象征女性;松树和仙鹤图案象征长寿;石榴(guava)图案象征很多孩子。
漂亮的香囊不仅是装饰品，而且含有丰富的文化和历史内涵。
翻译：Scented sachets, also called “fragrant bags” in ancient times, are bags usually sewed with cloth or weaved with multicolor silk threads and stuffed with aromatic herbs. The fragrant bags were originally used for absorbing sweat, repelling insects and warding off evils. Scented sachets are not only useful, but also ornamental. They come in different shapes and sizes, such as round, oval and many others. And they are normally decorated with elaborate patterns, with each pattern symbolizing a special meaning.For instance,a double-fish or double-butterfly pattern smybolizes the love between a man and a woman;patterns like lotus or peony flowers symbolize women;pine and crane patterns symbolize longevity and a guava pattern is the symbol of lots of children.A nice scented sachet is not just an ornament,but more of something that contains cultural and historical richness.2.中国民间艺术与中国哲学统一于“阴阳(yin-yang)生万物”这一理念。
如何将英文pdf文档在线翻译成中文？
如何将英文pdf文档在线翻译成中文？
我们都要掌握一些办公技巧，像pdf翻译就是必不可少的，如何将英文pdf文档在线翻译成中文的，这个对英语差的来说简直就是福利，接着我就来发放一波福利。
1、打开浏览器输入“迅捷在线PDF转换器”，并在搜索结果中找到对应网页，点击访问该在线操作平台。
2、进入在线操作界面后。
在菜单栏上的操作功能中找到“文档处理”下的“在线翻译”并点击“pdf在线翻译”选项。
3、来到转换界面点击“点击选择文件”添加需要转换的文件
4、添加之后，点击“开始翻译”按钮，翻译时间根据文件大小而定，翻译时可在下方查看具体的文件转换进度。
5、等待文件转换完成，点击“立即下载”，将翻译好的pdf文件下载使用即可。
如何将英文pdf文档在线翻译成中文的答案你知道了吗？相信聪明的人都知道了，你是不是聪明的人呢？这个只有试了才知道，so 我们赶快去试试啊。
英语翻译
1.同时，我们的对外开放采取了多种形式，包括搞经济特区，开放十四个沿海城市。
In the meantime, we have implemented the policy of opening China to the outside world in many ways, including setting up special economic zones and opening 14 costal cities.2.会谈中，双方集中讨论了保护知识产权的问题。
During the talks, their discussion has been centered around protection of intellectual property rights.3.孩子们看电视过多会大大地损坏视力。
Too much exposure to TV programs will do great harm to the eyesight of children.4.期待大学毕业生即使在竞争激烈的时代中也要活得正直，彬彬有礼，富有爱心是否要求过高了？Is it too much to expect that, even in this hard-edged, competitive age, a college graduate will live with integrity, civility—even compassion?5.在任何情况下，中国绝不首先使用核武器。
Under no circumstances will China be the first to use nuclear weapons.6.没有知识分子，我们的事情就不能做好，所以我们要好好团结、依靠他们，使他们富起来。
Without intellectuals, our work cannot be done well, and we should therefore do a good job of uniting with them, relying on them and making them rich.7.在我们这个时代，任何人想要在社会上起到所希望的作用，必须接受必要的教育。
英语翻译文章原文
Designing a Wireless NetworkExploring the Design ProcessFor years,countless network design and consulting engineers have struggled to streamline the design and implementation process. Millions of dollars are spent defining and developing the steps in the design process in order to make more effective and efficient use of time.Many companies,such as Accenture (),for example, are hired specifically for the purpose of providing processes.For the network recipient or end user,the cost of designing the end product or the network can sometimes outweigh the benefit of its use.As a result,it is vital that wireless network designers and implementers pay close attention to the details associated with designing a wireless network in order to avoid costly mistakes and forego undue processes.This section will introduce you to the six phases that a sound design methodology will encompass—conducting a preliminary investigation regarding the changes necessary,performing an analysis of the existing network environment,creating a design,finalizing it,implementing that design,and creating the necessary documentation that will act as a crucial tool as you troubleshoot.探索设计过程过去几年，无数的网络设计以及工程师都致力于流线型的设计和执行过程，为了使时间的利用率更有效，曾经有人花费数百万美元来定义和开发设计过程的步骤。
通用学术英语翻译文档
课文翻译Unit 1 2020年将蓬勃发展的10个行业要从零进入拥有大量的就业机会和良好的薪酬领域，现在就开始规划预测未来这是很难的，特别是假如你仍在努力搞清楚在当今的经济社会里发生了什么事情时。
但如果你正在读大学、正开始新的职业生涯、或投资于新的技能。
预测未来这正是你需要做的。
由于强大的全球化和数字化技术，商业世界比以往任何时候都将以更快的步伐发生变化。
在进入未来热门的零领域的一种方式是远离那些没有的领域。
政府的劳工统计局（BLS）公布的年度表衰退产业都遵循一些共同趋势。
他们往往涉及到可以在海外更便宜完成，诸如低技能的装配线工作，或迅速取代人类工人的技术，以及呼叫中心的工作。
削减成本和政府裁员等都可为脆弱的领域。
雇主本身有时会提供他们想要的各种技能有用提示。
全国大学与雇主协会的最新年度调查表明，公司最感兴趣打算聘请的毕业生是在工程，商业，会计学，计算机科学，经济学等专业。
不幸的是，许多学生喜欢的专业诸如社会科学、历史学、教育学、心理学这些都不是有很高的需求领域。
为了制定一个更完整的可能提供大量的就业机会和良好薪酬领域列表，我分析了各种来源数据，包括劳工统计局（BLS）和行业研究公司IBISWorld的数据，表明未来的高就业水平在数十个领域。
就业及其重要的法则有：首先，即使你担心教育费用，良好薪酬领域就业仍然需要有一个本科学位。
咨询公司麦肯锡公司预测到2020年将短缺150万大学毕业生，这意味着雇主将继续高度关注受过良好教育的工人。
另外重要的一点：最成功的人往往是终身学习者，他们从大学毕业或完成一个培训项目后不久的就发展新的技能。
事实上，构建多元技能系统，诸如具有分析专长与文科背景融合，科学知识与法律学位相结合，可以是在杂乱的就业市场来突显自己的一个很好的方法。
另外，由于经济衰退和流动，最持久的技能往往是那些可以从一个领域转移到另一个领域。
但你必须锚定你职业生涯的地方，所以在这里列出10个可能在2020年蓬勃发展的领域：1．数据分析。
英语稿件范文带翻译
Conclusion
结论
In conclusion, the importance of English in today's globalized world cannot be overstated. Whether it is in business, education, technology, or various other fields, English has become the language of opportunity and success. It is essential for individuals to invest in improving their English language skills, as it can open doors to new opportunities, facilitate cross-cultural communication, and enhance personal and professional growth.
比如，一家希望在全球扩大市场的中国公司依赖英语与其他国家的潜在合作伙伴和客户交流。如果没有良好的英语能力，该公司将难以应对国际商业的复杂性，并可能错失增长和扩张的宝贵机会。
Importance of English in Education
英语在教育中的重要性
English has also become the language of instruction in many educational institutions worldwide. Proficiency in English is crucial for students who wish to pursue higher education abroad, as many prestigious universities and colleges use English as the medium of instruction. Additionally, the majority of academic journals, research papers, and educational resources are also available in English, making it essential for academic and scholarly pursuits.
英语范文带翻译
英语范文带翻译《The Power of English》英语作为世界上最广泛使用的语言之一，具有强大的影响力。
从国际贸易和商务交流到科学研究和文化交流，英语都扮演着重要的角色。
在当今全球化的时代，掌握英语已经成为一种必备的能力。
首先，英语的广泛使用使得交流变得更加便利。
几乎在全世界的国际会议上，英语都是主要的工作语言。
这使得不同国家的人们能够更加容易地进行沟通和合作，促进了国际关系的发展。
其次，许多重要的科学研究成果都是用英语发表的。
因此，许多科学家和研究人员都需要具备良好的英语阅读和写作能力，以便与国际同行进行学术交流和合作。
此外，英语也是电影、音乐和文学作品的主要语言之一。
许多顶尖的作品都是用英语创作的，这使得英语成为全球流行文化的重要传播工具。
总之，英语的影响力不容忽视。
掌握英语不仅可以拓宽个人的视野，还可以为个人的成长和职业发展提供更多机会。
因此，学习和掌握英语已经成为当今社会不可或缺的能力之一。
"The Power of English"As one of the most widely spoken languages in the world, English holds great power and influence. From international trade andbusiness communication to scientific research and cultural exchange, English plays a vital role. In today's era of globalization, mastering English has become an essential skill.Firstly, the widespread use of English has made communication more convenient. English is the primary working language at almost all international conferences around the globe. This enables people from different countries to communicate and collaborate more easily, promoting the development of international relations.Secondly, many important scientific research findings are published in English. As a result, many scientists and researchers need to have good reading and writing skills in English in order to engage in academic exchanges and collaborations with international peers.Furthermore, English is also one of the main languages for films, music, and literary works. Many top-notch works are created in English, making it an important tool for the global dissemination of popular culture.In conclusion, the influence of English cannot be overlooked. Mastering English not only broadens one's horizons but also provides more opportunities for personal growth and career development. Therefore, learning and mastering English has become an indispensable skill in today's society.。
英语翻译
英语翻译1.The Negro lives on a lonely island of poverty in the midst of a vast ocean of material prosperity .译文一：黑人依然生活在物质富裕的汪洋大海中贫乏的孤岛上。
译文二：黑人仍生活在贫困的孤岛上，尽管放眼四周，是一片繁华景象。
2.as wise as Solomon像所罗门国王一样有智慧智如诸葛亮3. carry coal to Newcastle把煤运到纽卡斯尔运槟榔到广东4.all roads lead to Rome5.kill two birds with one stone6.He moved in the direction of his desire, chanting Apache scalp-music. (Stephen Crane, The Bride Comes to the Yellow Sky)他唱着《阿帕切头皮曲》，朝他理想的方向走去了。
7.At 11:15 this morning,the Prime Minister, speaking to the nation from Number Ten Downing Street, announced that Great Britain is at war with Germany.今天上午11点15分,首相在唐宁街10号向全国发表了讲话,宣布英国与德国处于交战状态。
今天上午11点15分,首相在唐宁街10号———英国首相府邸向全国发表了讲话,宣布英国与德国处于交战状态。
8.He is no smoker, but his father is a chain-smoker.译文一：他不是一个抽烟的人，但他父亲是一个一支接一支不停抽烟的人。
译文二：他不抽烟，但他父亲却一支接一支不停地抽。
译文三：他不抽烟，但他父亲是个不熄火的老烟枪。
高级英语1Unit4Oxford翻译
精品文档Unit4牛津Therearecertainthingsintheworldthataresopraiseworthythatitseemsaneedless,i ndeedanalmostlaughablethingtopraisethem;suchthingsareloveandfriendship,foodands leep,springandsummer;suchthings,too,arethewisestbooks,thegreatestpictures,theno blestcities.ButforallthatImeantotryandmakealittlehymninproseinhonourofOxford,ac ityIhaveseenbutseldom,andwhichyetappearstomeoneofthemostbeautifulthingsinthe world.此世间确有诸多凡物，它们本身便是值得人们去品味和赞誉的，譬如说爱情和友谊、美食和睡梦、春色和夏日，还有如那些注满了智慧的书卷、注满了心血的画作和注满了圣意的城邦。
也许对于这些凡物而言，再多的赞誉已无非是陈词滥调，荒唐可笑的，但我之所以还是想要对上述这些事物品味、赞誉一番，都是为了向牛津城表示我的敬意。
牛津城对我来说，就是这世间极其罕见，又最为美丽的地方之一。
Idonotwishtosingleoutparticularbuildings,buttopraisethewholeeffectofthepla ce,suchasitseemedtomeonadayofbrightsunandcoolair,whenIwanderedhourafterhour amongthestreets,bewilderedandalmostintoxicatedwithbeauty,feelingasapoorman mightwhohaspinchedallhislife,andmadethemostofsinglecoins,andwhoisbroughtintothe presenceofaheapofpiled-upgold,andtoldthatitisallhisown.我并不想单独从牛津城里遴选出一些建筑来赞誉；我想要赞誉的是这块土地上所映射出的一种整体效果。
优秀英语短文带翻译：ToHELEN致海伦
Helen，thy beauty is to me
Like those Nicèan barks of yore
That gently, o'er a perfumed sea, The weary way-worn wanderer bore To his own native shore.
On desperate seas long wont to roam, Thy hyacinth hair, thy classic face, Thy Naiad airs have brought me home To the glory that was Greece,
And the grandeur that was Rome. Lo, in yon brilliant window-niche How statue-like I see thee stand,
The agate lamp within thy hand,
Ah! Psyche, from the regions which Are holy land!
翻译：
致海伦
爱伦坡
海伦哦，我眼⾥你的美丽
就像昔⽇尼西亚的⼩船，
轻柔地在飘⾹的海⾯，
将那旅途劳顿的游⼦
带回他故乡的海岸。
在绝望的海⾯、亘古波涛⽆边，
你飘飘的秀发，你典雅的脸庞，
你⽔中仙⼥般的丰姿让我想见
希腊的荣光、
罗马的庄严。
看哦！在远⽅的华丽窗龛，
我见你如雕像⽟⽴，
⼿⾥擎着玛瑙灯盏！
啊，灵魂之⼥，你来⾃哪⾥，
哪⾥就是圣地！。
(完整word版)新概念英语第三册课文及翻译(word文档良心出品)
Lesson1 A puma at largePumas are large, cat-like animals which are found in America. When reports came into London Zoo that a wild puma had been spotted forty-five miles south of London, they were not taken seriously. However, as the evidence began to accumulate, experts from the Zoo felt obliged to investigate, for the descriptions given by people who claimed to have seen the puma were extraordinarily similar.The hunt for the puma began in a small village where a woman picking blackberries saw 'a large cat' only five yards away from her. It immediately ran away when she saw it, and experts confirmed that a puma will not attack a human being unless it is cornered（adj.被困得走投无路的）. The search proved difficult, for the puma was often observed at one place in the morning and at another place twenty miles away in the evening. Wherever it went, it left behind it a trail of dead deer and small animals like rabbits. Paw prints were seen in a number of places and puma fur was found clinging to bushes. Several people complained of 'cat-like noises' at night and a businessman on a fishing trip saw the puma up a tree. The experts were now fully convinced that the animal was a puma, but where had it come from ? As no pumas had been reported missing from any zoo in the country, this one must have been in the possession of a private collector and somehow managed to escape. The hunt went on for several weeks, but the puma was not caught. It is disturbing to think that a dangerous wild animal is still at large in the quiet countryside.美洲狮是一种体形似猫的大动物，产于美洲。
英文翻译稿
Implementation Arrangements of HaJia Railway Project Project Institutional and Implementation ArrangementsI. Project Administration MechanismsThis project follows the implementation arrangement model that has already been successfully used for the ShiZheng, NanGuang and GuiGuang railway projects.As with past World Bank financed railway projects, the Ministry of Railway s (MOR) through its Foreign Capital and Technical Import Center (FCTIC) will be responsible for: (i) overseeing the project implementation including monitoring, reporting, and compliance with safeguards; (ii) financial management of the World Bank loan, including disbursement and reporting; and (iii) all World Bank financed procurement with the support of an independent procurement company. FCTIC will provide implementation progress reports every half year. The World Bank will also supervise this project closely through half yearly supervision missions.The Ministry of Railways formed a Preparatory Group (PG) for the HaJia Passenger Dedicated Railway Line Company on September 4, 2009, staffed primarily by the Ministry of Railways’ regional Harbin Railway Administration. The Preparatory Group, led by the Harbin Railway Administration, is tasked with the day to day responsibility for the railway line construction. This includes the procurement, management and supervision of all contracts for non-World Bank funded civil works, installation of goods and equipment funded by the World Bank loan through contractors, coordination with the Heilongjiang provincial government and local government entities responsible for resettlement and land acquisition and transfer of funds to that end to local authorities, monitoring of project progress, as well as reporting to the Ministry of Railways on physical progress, safeguards and financial management.The Preparatory Group will manage the procurement of non-World Bank funded contracts using the well-defined standards and procedures established by the Ministry of Railways for the construction of such railway lines. Goods procured by FCTIC will be delivered to the Preparatory Group and its contractors for installation. For reporting, FCTIC will draw on inputs from the Preparatory Group.A project company, the HaJia Passenger Dedicated Railway Line Company (HRC), is expected to be formed for the construction and management of the line as a successor to the Preparatory Group. The controlling share of the company will be held through an investment arm by the Ministry of Railways. The other major shareholder is expected to be the Province of Heilongjiang through a provincial investment body. The percentage of shares will be provisionally defined based on the project cost estimates for constructionand land acquisition contributed by the Ministry of Railways and the Province respectively, and will be adjusted based on actual equity contributions.The establishment of such special purpose entities is common in the railway sector, where the Ministry of Railways oversees over 120 similar companies. Those companies strictly follow well-established technical standards and directives from the Ministry, which regulate the construction and management of such lines. The Ministry plays a control role in terms of planning, standards, management and acceptance of works. As per previous projects, some of the specific features of this joint venture are yet to be decided, including who will own the rolling stock, how it will be operated and how the interfaces will be managed. Once the HaJia Railway Company is formed, it is expected that, as in the past, staff from the Preparatory Group will be transferred to the new company, occupying similar roles and functions. The HRC will then take over all the Preparatory Group’s responsibilities. Because of this, all references in the World Bank’sproject-related documents to the Preparatory Group will become references to HRC upon its establishment.The Preparatory Group will monitor the implementation of safeguards with the support of independent environment and resettlement and land acquisition monitoring consultants. Land acquisition, resettlement and construction may commence shortly after appraisal. Though the procurement of the World Bank financed goods and equipment will not start until about two years after loan signing (the World Bank does not finance civil works), the World Bank’s task team will carry out supervision activities together with FCTIC to ensure that implementation proceeds in accordance with agreements reached during project preparation.As per other railway projects supported by the World Bank, the Ministry of Railways will continue to carry the legal responsibility for implementation, as the main shareholder in HRC, and provide additional support to HRC whenever needed. There is little risk to implementation even if construction starts before the specific company details are settled. When the project company is formed, the World Bank will confirm that the project company meets, at a minimum, the capacity of the Preparatory Group currently in place.Reporting: The Ministry of Railways will monitor and evaluate the progress of the project on a six-monthly basis. The Ministry, through FCTIC, will prepare by February 15 and August 15 of each year (starting August 15, 2011 and until completion of the project), a project progress report, reporting on the overall project progress, on any significant changes or challenges, and on performance indicators. The report will include as annexes the progress report for the Ministry of Railways prepared by the Preparatory Group, the environmental report and the resettlement report.II. Financial Management, Disbursements and Procurementa.Financial ManagementThe FM capacity assessment identified the following principal risk: the project financial staffs in the Preparatory Group are assigned from Harbin Railway Bureau, which has not managed World Bank- financed projects before.Mitigation measures agreed include: (a) World Bank loan proceeds will be exclusively managed by FCTIC who is familiar with World Bank operations; (b) a project Financial Management Manual (FMM) will be issued to standardize the FM and disbursement procedures; and (c) some training will be provided to the project financial staff in the Preparatory Group to furnish them the necessary knowledge in managing WorldBank-financed operations.The overall pre-mitigation FM risk has been assessed as “Moderate” andpost-mitigation has been assessed as “Low”.Budgeting: Counterpart funding represents the vast majority of project funding (over 95 percent). It consists of shareholders’ contributions and domestic loans. Shareholders’ contributions include funds from the Ministry of Railways as well as funds and land from the Heilongjiang provincial g overnment. The shareholders’ contributions will be reflected as equity contributions in the HaJia Railway Company upon its establishment. Domestic loans will be mobilized by the Finance Department of the Ministry of Railways. In accordance with the project implementation plan and construction progress, the Preparatory Group will prepare an annual investment budget. This budget will be reviewed and approved by the Ministry of Railways’ Finance Department and FCTIC. Based on the approved budget, the Preparatory Group and upon its incorporation the HaJia Railway Company will receive government appropriations and domestic loans mobilized by the Ministry of Railways. For budget variances arising during execution, necessary authorization and close monitoring should be by the company. Timely and accurate information on variances should be used as the basis for mid-term adjustments.Flow of Funds: The World Bank loan proceeds will flow from the World Bank into a project designated account to be set up at and managed by FCTIC. The loan proceeds will either be disbursed from the World Bank to contractors directly based on withdrawal applications, or through the designated account managed by FCTIC.Accounting and Financial Reporting: The administration, accounting and reporting of the project will be set up in accordance with Circular #13: “Accounting Regulations f or World Bank Financed Projects,” issued in January 2000 by the Ministry of Finance.Both FCTIC and the Preparatory Group will be managing, monitoring and maintaining respective project accounting records and retaining original supporting documents. The Preparatory Group will prepare the project financial statements on its implemented project activities, which will then be used by FCTIC for preparing consolidated project financial statements (following the format in accordance with the aforementioned Circular #13 agreed with the Ministry of Finance) for annual reporting. As part of the progress report, no later than 45 days following each calendar year semi-annual period (the due dates will be August 15th and February 15th), the FCTIC will prepare interimfinancial reports (IFRs) to report the usage of loan proceeds in the form and substance satisfactory to the World Bank.Internal Control: The policy, procedures and regulations applicable to the accounting of the project have already been issued and are in use by the Ministry of Finance and Ministry of Railways. In addition, a financial management manual used for all World Bank financed railway projects will be distributed to all project financial staff to enable alignment with the World Bank’s financial ma nagement and disbursement requirements. The Ministry of Railways has its own internal inspection division. This division will operate as the internal auditor for this project and will conduct compliance and transaction-oriented examinations on a regular basis.Audit: The Audit Service Center for Foreign Loan and Assistance Projects (ASC) of the China National Audit Office (CNAO) and the CNAO’s resident office in Harbin willaudit the project. One consolidated annual audit report, encompassing all project related activities, will be issued in the name of ASC and will be due to the World Bank within 6 months after the end of each calendar year.b. DisbursementsDisbursement Arrangements: Four disbursement methods will be available for the project: advance, reimbursement, direct payment and special commitment. Supporting documents required for the different disbursement methods will be documented in the Disbursement Letter issued by the World Bank. A designated account denominated in US dollar will be opened at a commercial World Bank acceptable to the World Bank and will be managed by FCTIC.The World Bank loan would be disbursed against eligible expenditures (including taxes) as in the following table.Table A: Disbursement ArrangementsofLoan(in2. Front-end Fee 0.75Total 300.00c.ProcurementThe overall project risk for procurement is assessed as moderate.The key issue and risk concerning procurement for implementation of the project is the possible influence of domestic procurement practice. In view of these risks, the followingactions will take place during implementation: (i) provision of training to FCTIC on procurement procedures of World Bank financed projects; (ii) where necessary, early procurement support missions by the World Bank’s procurement specialist; (iii) annual field procurement supervision missions to review procurement actions.General Procurement for the proposed project would be carried out in accordance with the World Bank’s "Guidelines: Procurement under IBRD Loans and IDA Credits" dated May 2004, revised in October 2006 and May 2010; and "Guidelines: Selection and Employment of Consultants by World Bank Borrowers" dated May 2004, revised in October 2006 and May 2010, and the provisions stipulated in the legal agreements. The various items under different expenditure categories are described in general below. For each contract to be financed by the Loan, the different procurement methods or consultant selection methods, the need for pre-qualification, estimated costs, prior review requirements, and time frame will be agreed between the Borrower and the World Bank in the Procurement Plan during appraisal. The Procurement Plan will be updated annually or as required to reflect the actual project implementation needs and improvement in institutional capacity.Only two types of procurement are foreseen:Procurement of Goods: Goods procured under this project will include: goods for the communication, signaling, and electrification system, operation and maintenance equipment, and rails, beams, bearings, and other materials required for the proposed HaJia Railway Project. The procurement will be undertaken using the World Bank’s Sample Bidding Documents for all International Competitive Bidding (ICB) and the Chinese Model Bidding Documents, agreed with or satisfactory to the World Bank, for all National Competitive Bidding.Selection of Consultants: Consultant services provided by firms and individuals for the project will be identified during implementation. An amount of US$300,000 is tentatively allocated to consultant services and an overseas training and study tour. Short lists of consultants for services estimated to cost less than US$300,000 or equivalent per contract may be composed entirely of national consultants in accordance with the provisions of paragraph 2.7 of the World Bank’s Consultant Guidelines. Select consultant services may be carried out by universities and government research institutions.Procurement Plan: FCTIC will develop a Procurement Plan for project implementation, which provides the basis for the procurement methods. This plan will be agreed between the Borrower and the Project Team at appraisal and will be available at FCTIC’s office. It will also be available in the project’s database and on the World Bank’s external website. The Procurement Plan will be updated in agreement with the Project Team annually or as required to reflect the actual project implementation needs and improvements in institutional capacity.Table B: Details of the Thresholds for Procurement Methods and Prior ReviewThresholds for Procurement MethodsGoods <=US$100,000 ShoppingConsultant Services<=US$200,000 CQS <=US$100,000 SSSThresholds for Prior ReviewGoods>=US$500,000The first NCB contract irrespective of contractsumPrior ReviewConsultant Services Consultant firm selection>=US$100,000Prior Review All SSS contracts (either firm or individual)Prior ReviewAll individual consultantselection >=US$50,000Prior ReviewNCB=National Competitive Bidding; CQS= Consultants’ Qualifications;SSS=Single Source Selection.III. Environmental and SocialEnvironmental Impacts: The project is anticipated to have positive benefits in terms of mobility and accessibility in the project region, facilitation of passenger and freight travel and regional economic and social development. Due to the large scale of civil works and project characteristics, the project has the potential to cause substantial social and environmental impacts, which have been thoroughly assessed and can be adequately avoided, minimized and/or mitigated with measures developed in the project Environmental Management Plan (EMP) and Resettlement Action Plan (RAP). Manageable adverse impacts are primarily related to: (i) crossing sensitive sites such as a water resource protection area; (ii) community impacts such as land acquisition and resettlement; (iii) noise, dust, soil erosion and social disturbance during construction; (iv) noise, safety issues and loss of community connectivity during operation.Social Impacts: The project resettlement planning indicates that the land acquisition and resettlement happens in six counties and districts in two municipalities. In total, an estimated 1,705 households with 6,927 persons will be relocated; 21,244 mu (1,416 ha) land will be permanently acquired; and 9,972 mu (665 ha) of land will be temporarily acquired for the project construction. An estimated total of 23 enterprises will be affected, as well as 11,879 persons.Project preparation has included a social assessment and indigenous population screening along the planned railway line. The reports concluded that, while there are nine villages with minority households or individuals, there is no minority village or community within the project corridor, which was defined as the area within five kilometer distance on either side of the railway. Based on the finding of the social assessment, OP 4.10 is not triggered.Due Diligence Review: The upgrade of the Harbin Rail Station is not part of the project but is related. The Task Team carried out a due diligence review on the corresponding resettlement. It is being upgraded since June 2010, will use 835 mu land, lead to the demolition of 14 enterprises and 33,508 square meters of houses. Among these impacts, only 83 mu land, 9 enterprises and 5500 square meter houses do not belong to the Ministry of Railways. The resettlement is being implemented according to Chinese regulations.Key Measures Taken by the Borrower to Address Safeguards IssuesThe Ministry of Railways has prepared an Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA), an Environmental Management Plan (EMP) and a Resettlement Action Plan (RAP) for the project. The EMP, IA and RAP meet the World Bank requirements of OP 4.01 and 4.12 respectively.Mitigation Measures: To address potential impacts, The Ministry of Railways has requested 3rd Railway Survey & Design Institute (TSDI), a Class A licensed EIA consultant in China, to prepare an Environmental Impact Assessment with guidance and advice from the World Bank’s environmental team. In summary, the Ministry implemented a three-fold approach to minimize environmental and social impacts:∙Avoidance: Alternative analysis has been carefully conducted to avoid the environmental and social sensitive areas to the extent possible, as one of the most important mitigation measures to minimize potential adverse environmental andsocial impact. The selected alignment led to reduced house and structuredemolition, especially in the urban areas, and has avoided a number of sensitivesites, including nature reserves and cultural heritage sites.∙Reduced footprint: The project has been designed with state-of-the art engineering. Bridges and tunnels will be constructed for more than 55 percent ofthe alignment (51 percent bridges, 4 percent tunnels). As such, it reduces theecological footprint and the need for land acquisition.Comprehensive mitigation. Detailed environmental design plans (green corridors and landscaping), environmental management plans, and resettlementaction plans have been prepared in order to minimize or compensate forunavoidable impacts from the project.Environmental Management Plan: A stand-alone Environmental Management Plan (EMP) has been developed based on the findings of the EIA report. The EMP detailed the environmental management and supervision organizations and responsibilities, mitigation measures, capacity training plan, monitoring plan, and budget estimates of EMP implementation. EMP measures to be implemented by the contractors will be incorporated into bidding documents and contracts to ensure effective implementation. EMP implementation will be managed by the Ministry of Railways (FCTIC) through the Preparatory Group. An environmental management unit will be established in the Preparatory Group with dedicated environmental staff. The contractors and supervision engineers will need to assign qualified environmental staff to their team to ensure effective implementation of the EMP.Resettlement Mitigation Measures: The scope of land acquisition has been minimized by using bridges and tunnels on more than 55 percent of the total railway length and by adjusting the alignment of the railway line to reduce housing and structure demolition, especially in the urban areas.Compensation and Restoration Measures: Compensation for permanently and temporarily acquired land will be conducted according to the provincial land regulation stated in the Resettlement Action Plan. All affected villages will lose less than five percent of farmland, which means no village is seriously affected by the projec t’s land acquisition. People who have lost rural land and houses will be compensated equivalent to the replacement price of the house plus a plot of land provided by the village committees, and people who lost an urban house will be compensated according to market value. Temporarily used land will be restored and returned to the land owner. All compensation will be based on agreements to be reached with the affected farmers, urban citizens and enterprise owners after meaningful consultation. Infrastructure restoration will be directly financed and conducted as part of a contractor’s contract.Capacity: The FCTIC has many years of experience with World Bank projects. The Preparatory Group and local governments will be trained to enhance their implementation capacity in accordance with the Environmental Management Plan and Resettlement Action Plan, which include detailed internal and external monitoring arrangements for their implementation. External consultants on environmental aspects and land acquisition will monitor the implementation of both these plans by all parties involved and provide guidance to the Preparatory Group accordingly.Consultation: During preparations the environmental assessment and Resettlement Action Plan (RAP), public consultations were conducted in accordance with the World Bank’s OP4.01 and OP4.12. These were supplemented by a combination of opinionsurveys and public meetings in the townships, village committee and affected villagers’ homes. Stakeholders such as local authorities, civil society, and the affected population were consulted through diverse ways like TV, newspaper, meetings, and focus groups on land acquisition matters. The local governments were consulted on the alignment and location of stations. All the affected villages are informed, investigated and consulted. Specific public concerns have been incorporated in project design, the Environmental Management Plan and the Resettlement Action Plan.Disclosure: The Environmental Management Plan and Resettlement Action Plan have been disclosed in accordance with the World Bank’s policy and were sent to the Infoshop on xx. Information related to the Environment Assessment has been disseminated using posters and bulletins in townships and villages, a local newspaper (Heilongjiang Daily) and through the internet. The draft Environmental Impact Assessment document was disclosed through the Heilongjiang, Harbin and Jiamusi Provincial Environmental Protection Bureaus (EPB) and the HaJia Railway Preparation Group on August 25, 2010 Information disclosure on project land acquisition and resettlement was distributed in the affected villages and communities during the resettlement impact investigation and planning process.Grievance Handling: A contact point will be set up to collect and respond to grievances and the contact information, including contact agencies, contact persons and telephone numbers, for this grievance channel will be made public prior to the project appraisal. The Resettlement Action Plan indicates that any grievance should be rapidly handled through the Preparatory Group resettlement management system, external monitor, local government system, or even court system.IV. Monitoring & EvaluationThe Ministry of Railways collects sufficient data to allow satisfactory monitoring and reporting of the outcomes and results of the project as part of its regular operations. FCTIC will compile data and include them in the semi-annual progress reports. The Preparatory Group will be tasked to collect relevant data to enable monitoring of these indicators. The cost of data collection, monitoring and evaluation will be covered by the administrative budget of the Ministry of Railways and the Preparatory Group. No additional budget is required.Since this is a new line, it is anticipated that most outcomes and results will only be measureable after the completion and commissioning of the project. During project implementation, progress monitoring will focus on intermediate result indicators which capture physical progress in the implementation of the project and impact of the program on employment.During project implementation, a set of indicators will be defined to measure the broader impact of the project on economic development in the first five years of implementation of the new line (2015-2020).。
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将下列英语译为汉语，你可以查阅字典，但要注意措辞和语言的流畅。
A jobless man wanted very much to have the position of "office boy” at Microsoft. The Human Resources manager interviewed him and then watched him cleaning the floor as a test. "You have passed the test,” he said. "Give me your e-mail address and I'll send you the form to fill in and the date when you may start.” The man replied, "But I don't have a computer, neither an e-mail.” "I'm sorry,” said the Human Resources manager. "If you don't have an e-mail, that means you are not living. And anyone who isn't living cannot have the job.”The man left with no hope at all. He didn't know what to do with only $10 in his pocket. He thought and thought. Then he went to the supermarket and bought 10 kilos of tomatoes. He sold the tomatoes from door to door. In less than two hours, he had 20 dollars. He repeated the operation three times, and started to go early every day, and returned home late. Shortly, he bought a cart, then a truck, then he had his own fleet of delivery vehicles (送货的车队). Five years later, the man was one of the biggest food retailers （零售商）in the US.4. 专业化幼儿教师的特征。
答：（一）学科知识和专业知识（二）实践智慧（三）合作和反思能力（四）人文素养（推理判断）三、论述题：1. 幼儿教师在托幼机构中的作用与任务?答：（1）作用科学合理地利用“物”的要素，组织和引导幼儿与“人”和“物”的交往活动，决定着师生互动的组织形式与师生接触交往的性质。
（2）幼儿教师的任务首先，观察了解幼儿，依据国家规定的幼儿园课程标准，结合本班幼儿的具体情况，制订和执行教育工作计划，完成教育任务；其次，严格执行幼儿园安全、卫生保健制度，指导并配合保育员管理本班幼儿生活和做好卫生保健工作；再次，与家长保持经常联系，了解幼儿家庭的教育环境，商讨符合幼儿特点的教育措施，共同配合完成教育任务；第三，参加业务学习和幼儿教育研究活动；第四，定期向园长汇报，接受其检查和指导2.论述家庭教育在学前教育中的地位和作用？答：家庭教育中关键的人物是父母，首先自己做好人生规划，努力生活，还有互相配合，其次，用行动影响孩子比说教更有用，孩子的第一任老师是家长，家庭教育的核心是家长，要做好自己，才能更好的教育孩子。
1.对理由：个性是指一个人比较稳定的、比较经常的心理特性。
学前儿童个性的初步形成有以下的特点：（1）自我意识的发展。
（2）自觉性和有意性逐渐发展起来（3）独立性的发展进入了一个新的阶段。
1.论述儿童思维发展的一般趋势。
答（1）从一般性质的演变和发展儿童的思维的总趋势是普遍认为的总结概括的代表性行动，概述了进一步的概念发展;（2）反映的内容的演变来看，外部联系，反映事物的现象内在的联系，在本质上反映的事情，反映了当前的事务，以反映未来发展的事情。
发展的思维方式，孩子们的思想最初直观的行动，那么最后的抽象逻辑思维的具体形象。
下面我们分析的思维过程将有三个不同层次的本能思维，图像和抽象逻辑思维的具体思路，更好地了解儿童的思维发展的一般趋势。
2.论述儿童早期自我意识的发展答：人的个性的初步形成，是从学前期开始的。
在学前儿童个性形成中，自我意识的发展，起着重要的作用。
（1）从轻信成人的评价到自己独立的评价（2）从对外部行为的评价到对内心品质的评价（3）从比较笼统的评价到比较细致的评价3.试论述儿童语法结构的发展趋势。
答： (一)句型从不完整句向完整句发展 1．从简单句到复合句 2．从陈述旬到非陈述句(二)语句结构处于不断发展变化之中 1．句子结构从混沌一体到逐步分化 (1)表达内容的分化 (2)词性的分化 (3)结构层次的分化2．句子结构从松散到逐步严谨3．句子结构从压缩、呆板到逐步扩展和灵活(三)句子的含词量不断增加4.结合具体例子，论述同伴关系对幼儿发展的价值。
答：人的社会性成熟与其品德发展、个性完善具有一致性。
在当代教育发展中，社会性的研究愈来愈引起人们的高度重视，它在德育中的地位日益显现出来。
因此，在幼儿园教育中，如何促进幼儿的社会性发展，不仅是我们的教育目标之所在，也是衡量我们的教育实践是否成功的尺度。
幼儿社会化发展是指幼儿在社会环境的相互作用下，了解与初步掌握社会规范，逐步掌握社会生活技能，处理人际关系，发展自主性，逐渐适应社会生活的心理发展过程，包括社会性情感的发展，社会性认知的发展与社会交往行为、能力和人际关系的发展等。
研究表明幼儿的社会化过程基本上是沿着两条路进行的，幼儿的社会性发展首先是在家庭中开始的，家庭作为幼儿社会化的最基本动因，对幼儿早期的行为塑造发挥着关键的作用，家庭中同伴群体的缺失，导致其成长初期的人际关系单一，这是一种不完满的人际结构，因而造成独生子女一系列社会性问题，如，以自我为中心，缺乏爱心责任心，孤僻、霸道、自私、任性、情绪不稳定、自理能力差，不善于合作等等，这些都对其社会性发展形成阻碍。
所以，当幼儿逐渐在环境的作用下，认知和情感逐渐发展，同伴关系对幼儿的社会性发展起到了极其重要的作用。
一、同伴关系的性质及理论依据1 、同伴关系的性质决定了对幼儿社会性的重大意义2 、同伴关系的功能在幼儿社会性发展中体现的理论依据二、幼儿同伴关系对幼儿社会性影响的趋势1 、从以自我为中心到社会交往的 " 相互合作性” 。
2 、同伴关系从一个到多个的变化趋势三、良好同伴关系在幼儿社会性发展过程中的重大作用1 、良好的同伴关系有助于幼儿获得熟练成功的社交技巧。
2 、良好的同伴关系能使幼儿具有安全感和归属感.3 、幼儿的同伴交往经验有利于自我概念和人格的发展。
4 、同伴群体对幼儿社会性发展的作用。
（ 1 ）、同伴群体为幼儿提供了互相模仿的诸多对象，促进了幼儿的社会性发展。
（ 2 ）、同伴群体中，合作与竞争的发展对幼儿社会化有一定的影响。
（ 3 ）、同伴群体影响幼儿的自我调节能力和道德行为。
四、影响同伴关系及幼儿社会性发展的因素（一）、家庭关系对同伴关系的影响1 、父母的社会化策略会影响到幼儿在同伴关系中的地位。
在同伴关系中，幼儿会将这种特征在社会交互作用中体现出来。
2 、父母对于幼儿在同伴中如何交往有明确的指导。
3 、作为孩子社会生活管理者的父母的作用，（二）、幼儿自身因素对同伴关系的影响1 、行为特征。
2 、认知能力。
（三）、教师对同伴关系的影响六、如何培养同伴关系来发展幼儿的社会性 1 、社会技能训练的步骤 2 、社会技能训练的方法5试论述影响儿童攻击行为的因素答：攻击行为会妨碍孩子今后一生的发展，如果攻击行为延续至青年和成年，就会出现人际关系紧张、社交困难。
另外，攻击行为与犯罪有一定关联。
心理学研究表明：70%的少年暴力罪犯在儿童期就被认定为有攻击行为。
也就是说，从小攻击性强的孩子，如果不注意克服和制止，长大后容易走上违法犯罪道路。
因此，如果孩子经常出现攻击性较强的行为时，家长切不可掉以轻心，必须及早予以矫治。
攻击行为的原因遗传因素家庭因素环境因素攻击行为的对策 1.创造不利于攻击行为的环境 2.去除攻击行为的奖励物 3.教孩子懂得宣泄情感烦恼、挫折、愤怒是容易引起攻击行为的情感。
4.培养孩子丰富的情感 5.对孩子的攻击行为"冷处理” 6.引导孩子进行移情换位 7.家长以身作则做孩子的表率6.论述早期依恋对后期行为的影响。
答：依恋及其形成依恋是一种社会性情感联结，是婴儿寻求并企图保持与父母亲密的身体联系的一种倾向。
一般来说，依恋最早是产生于母婴之间，因为母亲是婴儿接触最多、最广泛的抚养者。
在与母亲最亲密、最密切的感情接触与交流中，婴儿与母亲之间建立一种特殊的社会性情感联结，即对母亲产生依恋。
其通常表现为：婴儿将其多种行为，如微笑、咿呀学语、哭叫、注视、依偎、追踪、拥抱等都指向母亲；喜欢与母亲在一起，在母亲身边感到安全、轻松，与母亲分离感到焦虑、紧张不安，生理需要得不到满足时，会寻找母亲，在遇到陌生人和陌生环境而产生恐惧、焦虑时，母亲的出现会使其感到安全。
心理学研究表明，儿童早期良好的安全依恋感的产生，主要源自依恋对象在抚育过程中所表现出的敏感与爱心。
婴儿的依恋一般分为回避性、安全性和反抗性依恋3种类型。
7.如何理解尊重儿童。
答：要想别人尊重你，你就必须先尊重别人，这句话用在家庭教育中也一样，要想孩子尊重父母，能和父母交朋友，父母首先就必须尊重孩子，能和孩子交朋友，现在回想起孩子在我的怒吼中的那种畏惧的眼神，我不禁深深的自责--这样的家庭氛围不行，从现在起改正还为时不晚，要想改正自己，就必须认识自己的错误，回顾自己以往的错误: 一:首先，在家庭生活中，孩子就没有自己的平等权。
二：孩子的事情我做主。
三：孩子的事情是小事情，学习是大事情。
8. 试论述语言获得的强化理论。
答：强化理论是美国的心理学家和行为科学家斯金纳、赫西、布兰查德等人提出的一种理论，也称为行为修正理论或行为矫正理论。
最早提出强化概念的是俄国著名的生理学家巴甫洛夫，在巴甫洛夫经典条件反射中，强化指伴随于条件刺激物之后的无条件刺的呈现，是一个行为前的、自然的、被动的、特定的过程。