平面设计中英文对照外文翻译文献
ui设计类外文参考文献
ui设计类外文参考文献Title: The Impact of UI Design on User Experience Introduction:UI design plays a crucial role in creating a positive user experience for various digital products and services. It involves the planning and implementation of visual elements, navigation systems, and interactive features to enhance usability and engagement. This article explores the significance of UI design in improving user experience and discusses various key aspects of effective UI design.1. Visual Hierarchy and Information Architecture:One fundamental aspect of UI design is establishing a clear visual hierarchy and information architecture. By organizing content in a logical and intuitive manner, users can easily navigate and understand the interface. Proper use of fonts, colors, and spacing helps in highlighting important elements and guiding users' attention to the desired actions or information.2. Consistency and Familiarity:Consistency is vital in UI design to ensure a seamless user experience. Consistent placement of navigation menus,buttons, and icons across different screens or pages helps users feel familiar with the interface. When users can predict the location and behavior of interactive elements, they can navigate through the interface effortlessly, resulting in a positive experience.3. User-Friendly Navigation:Intuitive and user-friendly navigation is crucial for enhancing usability. UI designers should carefully consider the placement and labeling of navigation elements to ensure easy access to various features or sections. Implementing clear and concise menus, breadcrumb navigation, and search functionalities can significantly improve the overall user experience.4. Responsive Design:With the increasing use of mobile devices, UI design must adapt to different screen sizes and resolutions. Responsive design ensures that the interface is optimized for various devices, providing a consistent experience across platforms. This includes implementing flexible layouts, scalable images, and touch-friendly elements to accommodate different screen orientations and user interactions.5. Interactive Feedback:Providing visual and interactive feedback to user actions is essential for enhancing the user experience. UI designers should incorporate animations, transitions, and visual cues to acknowledge user inputs and guide them through the interface. Feedback helps users understand the system's response and provides a sense of control and engagement.6. Error Prevention and Handling:Effective UI design should aim to prevent errors and provide clear error messages when they occur. By implementing design patterns that minimize the likelihood of user mistakes, such as confirmation dialogs and input validation, users can feel confident while interacting with the interface. Clear error messages with actionable instructions help users recover from errors efficiently, minimizing frustration.7. Accessibility and Inclusivity:UI design should consider the needs of users with disabilities to ensure equal access and usability. Designing for accessibility involves providing alternativetext for images, using color schemes with sufficient contrast, and implementing keyboard navigation support. By considering diverse user requirements, UI designers can create inclusive experiences for all users.Conclusion:UI design significantly influences user experience by guiding users through an interface, enhancing usability, and creating visually appealing and engaging experiences. By implementing effective UI design principles such as visual hierarchy, consistency, user-friendly navigation, and interactive feedback, digital products and services can provide an intuitive and enjoyable user experience. Incorporating accessibility considerations further ensures inclusivity and equal access for all users. Ultimately, prioritizing UI design leads to increased user satisfaction and success in achieving the desired goals of the digital product or service.。
艺术设计中英文对照外文翻译文献
中英文对照外文翻译The traditional and newAbstractIts usefulness and beauty -- creation of form and beauty -- traditional beauty -- beauty beyond the accumulation generationIts usefulness and functional beauty and its propertiesFunction of beauty is useful in certain conditions and transformed into, including: improving the transformation of beauty -- full effectiveness is reasonable and perfect, such as the validity of the reasonable structure and material and engineering, although not to the laws of the United States as a constraint, but probably because of the laws of the United States into" rationality". From the function of beauty in light of the phenomenon that the essence of it, so that we can more deeply understand the beauty. First of all, it is the natural beauty of a similar nature beauty. Secondly, the practical purpose of functional beauty by great traction. Function to achieve the purpose, function of beauty can be achieved.Complete with artistic beauty standards to measure product design, it is often difficult to draw the conclusion that. Similarly, simple use and certain human material needs, supplies is beautiful generally does not affect the use. Third, United States also has a social function. Products containing the function beauty can not affected by social productivity development and aesthetic psychology historical limitations. Function of beauty is a social concept, it is not possible to beyond the limitations of history, these belong to non traditional artistic beauty. Function of beauty is not useful to both beauty""Function of beauty is not useful to both beauty""The function of beauty as beauty of technology full, objective denied that the aesthetic value of the relative independence, the exclusion of form beauty. The specific meaning of" transformation" is what? First of all, this conversion depends on the main body to take aesthetic attitude, aesthetic attitude is selective, aesthetics, aesthetic value is not purely objective, not subjective, but the unity of objective and subjective. Generally speaking, passive aesthetic feelings does not require specialized training, but any person in the utilitarian purpose and social conditions, the aesthetic objects always have a choice. Secondly, the need to transform, it illustrates the use of value and aesthetic value are not completely the same, they are the unity of opposites. Use value bring survival conditions,and can bring the enjoyment of the material. Aesthetic enjoyment is" care in enjoyment", this word is mostly used in the visual arts, and appreciation, appreciation of different. The exhibition will have enough space, monument to the broad field of vision, is to have a sufficient distance to care, the whole body visible object. At the same time, simple use and certain human material needs, supplies is beautiful generally does not affect the use. Use value and aesthetic value can not be substituted for each other. The modern design idea is the extreme importance of their unity, is not functional, not aestheticism. 4-2-3creation form and beauty of form and content is a relative concept, content organization form, is the content of each part of the combination mode. Everything has a form, aesthetic form, refers to the aesthetic object of the whole feeling is, is also considered, auditory or tactile perception of the entity, is the content of the being of beauty. Function : the being of beauty, is the technology of beautiful form, the beauty of form. A is any thing all has the form, one is content beauty relative beauty of form. Creation of content, usually understood as" usefulness". So, in order to achieve useful form is the premise of the structure form. Structural forms are often influenced by the functional purpose of strict restrictions, each part as far as possible, efficient economy was integrated into a working whole.Form for the content that relative independenceThe so-called relative independence, refers to the form can become independent of the design elements, but in the end it is difficult from the content. He believes that a function has a variety of forms of point of view, but he is against" function determines form". Consumer products of different shape change request. We use the" degree of freedom" and" definition" two concepts to summarize, objective time Oh deeper form of descriptions of relative independence. 1forms of the degrees of freedom on the form of" degrees of freedom", the form of freedom, refers to the product structure and appearance for the designer to control the extent of. The 2form of definition is followed by a form of " definition", form clear high, the appearance of the product quality requirements are high.4-2-2creation form characteristics of 1forms and content sharing a carrier such as; a Book2forms with distinctive visual description of a creation of perception, often directly to its form, that precede the content to see its shape, color. While the content is sometimes cryptic, implication, so is the perception. 3form must have quality form material form is the physical form, is that people can perceive form the basic conditions. From form to form beautyThe beauty of form beauty in form of the quality connotation is very rich: (1) the function beauty beauty -- the direct expression of the form, and the function of the com., is to the thing itself some characteristics of externala kind of beauty.The traditional aesthetic meaning is actually refers to the traditional beauty contained in the spirit, is said by Li Zehou reason and passion "human nature", the aesthetic form of the accumulation of social content. 1be handed down from age to age" style " and " style" here refers to those containing the traditional culture art form, and because the program and be handed down from age to age and universality. For example, Chinese ancient etiquette building. 2" reproduction " of the original ecological pattern. The traditional beauty of form1and form2 and the aesthetic function of the corresponding things related to form from Le Corbusier absorption and development of gold segmentation examples can be seen clearly, the traditional form of beauty is what is real in design. Although we are not each day to see such a phenomenon, but it is impossible to ignore. 4-3modern beauty beyond design revolution triggered by the" anti traditional"Design revolution triggered by the" traditional" trend of thought 1"1" decoration decorative worship" worship" the so-called" loaded worship" refers to the decoration can be detached from the function of free expansion, fancy coat become the aesthetic main object, even the decoration as the main design, no decoration design is not design. The development of modern industry and full of decorative and interesting design: first, the contradiction between the manual era that carved theshould be large quantities of production machines, only exclusive decoration will have a large number of cheap products to market. Function of" worship" function" worship" the so-called functional worship", refers to the product design according to functional needs rather than decorative needs, in order to meet the students can repel any decoration production machine. Truly realize the design must emphasize function and machines for the production of this principle the key figures. The design has two common characteristics: the consciousness to machine production or batch production; two prominent adaptation function thus made succinct. They make the name spread throughout the United States and europe. The modernistic design position to accommodate the large industrial production as the premise, emphasize high-volume production, product function is good, cheap, in the final analysis is amenable to function, namely " form follows function" or" form and function of the high degree of unity", the attendantSimple and unadorned geometric style is very natural, with " Decor worship " for the characteristics of the traditional design has also been completely subvert.Forms of worship"The form of worship" the worship of modernism design can be understood as" functionalism" design, modern design and good atcoordination function and design of coordinating the relationship between function and form, making them reach a" harmonious". Therefore, it is not a pure function, and also not the pure form type. " From its structure and aesthetic characteristics, the international style building was eventually replacing it with the Renaissance tradition is the opposite." 1pop art mass culture is a kind of popular democracy, and machine are combined as one of the culture. 2radical eclecticism" postmodernism " is a construction led, spread all areas of design, the mainstream style. Postmodernism and modernism of the fundamental difference in where? In modern simplistic form complex, and therefore does not hesitate to use once abandoned decoration, symbolism, but the decoration is modernism on the basis of additional fee, formation of classical, incongruous contrast effects and seems rather than the exterior or interior space, resulting in the modern cold coagulation soil box talent showing itself in the. 3" ugly beauty"3" ugly beauty" ugly is the nature and common phenomenon in human society, it is a violation of the aesthetic standard, hinder the aesthetic consideration, classical beauty ugliness as beauty all the negative state, and humanity" evil " contact. Classical art basically does not accept ugly, ugly modern art becomes a kind of aesthetic factors, modernist art of ugliness becomes non-negligible role. We can summarize the evolution law of beauty are: first, the ugly can be transformed into a beautiful. Secondly, the beauty and the ugly boundaries are not fixed. Tosum up : the proof of design art in the" beauty" of modernism design challenge, or say to" function determines form" beyond. Modern beauty modern beauty beyond the beyond is refers to the traditional aesthetic transcendence. Modern aesthetic concepts, although the traditional view for maternal-fetal. Design revolution triggered by the" anti traditional" Design revolution triggered by the" traditional" trend of thoughtSince twentieth Century the modern aesthetic concepts, essentially everything "and the traditional " are linked, but" unconventional " idea from where Erlai? It is not only a margin of natural philosophy, is also from the edge of aesthetics. Mechanical revolution is actually the design revolution, in twentieth Century, artistic conception is the cornerstone of the" innovation", the most common words in the" avant-garde " and "modern". The thought is the core of" anti traditional". On the other hand, is the new concept of art" the feed" design, making it a departure from the traditional design concept and has the" avant-garde" and" modern" features.美的传统与新生摘要人造物的有用性与功能美——人造物的形式与形式美——传统美的积淀——现代美的超越人造物的有用性与功能美和它的性质功能美是有用性在一定条件下转化而成的，包括：完善转化的美——充分的有效性就是合理和完善，如有有效性相应的合理结构和材料加工，虽然不以美的规律为约束，但可能因为符合美的规律而转化为“合理性” 。
外文翻译---100个改变平面设计的观念(英文为图片)
中文1850字100个改变平面设计的观念（部分）观念53 影子游戏平面设计师永久痴迷的问题之一，即是如何从平面世界中脱离出来。
他们想要让图像和文字摆脱二维水平的限制。
匈牙利裔艺术家LászlóMoholy-Nagy 终生都致力于解决这个棘手的问题。
通过摄影，以及用透镜、反射镜、滤光片来控制光影的方法，他赋予了静态的平面元素一种纵深和动态的感觉。
1929年的一本名为《14部包豪斯著作》的手册封面上，LászlóMoholy-Nagy通过从各种角度拍摄排字盘上的金属字并拼贴在一起的方法，创造了一种奇特的视觉混合物。
这些单词不仅突出于画面而且也不符合透视原理。
他意识到，将字形与它们被扭曲的影子放在一起，可以将纸面转换为一扇通往超凡脱俗的境界的窗口。
László Moholy-Nagy应该会喜欢美国艺术家Ed Ruscha的作品，他的单色的“文字作品”常和一种奇特的光影游戏联系在一起，受洛杉矶的印刷环境启发，他的作品介于电影标题序列和路边广告之间。
他创作于1990年的作品“Mighty Topic”则是以块状的大写字母为前景，而投射在背后墙上的是斜体的大小写的字母的模糊影子。
而且，投影被设计为一个陡峭的角度，一种视觉的荒谬。
然而，奇怪的是，图像并没有给人一种错误的印象，相反，它忠实地再现了一种视觉矛盾，并给南加利福尼亚州的风景、广告牌、汽车旅馆标志和大型加油站的遮檐注入了更多的个性。
2004年，巴黎Châtelet剧院宣传Richard Wagner的Tannhäuser的海报中，Rudi Meyer 用字体和阴影创造了一个幽灵似的视觉幻象。
透视上看，一个大写字母T投射出一个长长的令人生畏的十字架形状的阴影。
一个人们可能不会下意识地注意到的细节——T的角度和十字架阴影并不匹配——成就了作品给观者的怪异印象。
影子游戏经常用于舞台设计，所以并不令人意外，Rudi Meyer在为Châtelet剧院的7年任期中创造了许多这种的平面幻像。
平面设计英文
平面设计英文Introduction to Graphic DesignGraphic design is a creative and dynamic field that involves manipulating visual elements to convey a message or tell a story. The term “graphic design” encompasses a wide range of disciplines, including branding and identity development, print design, web design, and motion graphics.Graphic designers often work in a variety of settings, from traditional design firms to advertising agencies to in-house design departments at larger companies. The skills required to be a successful graphic designer include a strong sense of visual aesthetics, mastery of design software, and the ability to work collaboratively with clients and colleagues.In this article, we will explore the history of graphic design, the elements of effective visual communication, and some of the most popular design software tools used by professionals today.History of Graphic DesignThe origins of graphic design can be traced back to the early developments of human civilization, when symbols and pictures were used to communicate ideas and stories. The ancient Egyptians, for example, used hieroglyphs to record their history and religious beliefs.The development of printing technology in the Renaissance era helped to establish graphic design as a distinct profession. In the 15th century,Johannes Gutenberg’s invention of movable type made it possible to mass-produce printed materials, such as books, newspapers, and posters.Throughout the 20th century, graphic design continued to evolve and adapt to new technologies and cultural trends. The emergence of digital tools in the 1980s and 1990s revolutionized the industry, making it easier and faster to create and produce a wide range of visual materials.Today, graphic designers work across a variety of mediums, from print and traditional media, to digital platforms and virtual reality environments.Elements of Effective Visual CommunicationGood graphic design is all about effective visual communication. Successful designers are able to use a variety of elements to convey a specific message or tell a story. Here are some of the most important elements of effective visual communication:Color: Color is one of the most important elements of design, as it can be used to evoke emotions, convey meaning, and create a cohesive visual identity. Different colors can have different psychological effects on the viewer, and designers must consider the cultural, historical, and social context in which their work will be seen.Typography: Typography refers to the art of arranging type to make written language readable and appealing when displayed. Good typography adds a hierarchy of visual significance to different parts of the text and invites the viewer to read the content. Typeface, font size, and line spacing are all important elements to consider when working with typography.Shape: Geometric shapes, organic shapes, and negative space all play a role in effective graphic design. Shapes can be used to create balance, contrast, and visual interest. The way in which shapes are arranged can help guide the viewer’s eye through the design and emphasize specific elements.Image: The use of images, whether photographs or illustrations, can help to bring a design to life and make it more engaging. Images can add context, emotion, and visual interest to a design. It is important to choose images that are high-quality and relevant to the message being conveyed.Composition: The way in which individual design elements are arranged is important in creating an effective piece of graphic design. A strong composition creates visual balance, harmony, and a sense of rhythm or movement that guides the viewer through the design.Software Tools for Graphic DesignersIn order to create professional-quality graphic designs, designers rely on a variety of software tools. Here are some of the most popular and widely-used design programs available today:Adobe Creative Cloud: Adobe Creative Cloud is a suite of software tools that includes Photoshop, Illustrator, and InDesign, among others. These programs are used to create and edit images, vector graphics, and layouts for print and digital media.Sketch: Sketch is a popular vector graphics editing program used by many graphic designers. It is particularly well-suited for designing interfacesand digital experiences, and includes features such as artboards, grids, and symbols.Figma: Figma is a web-based design tool that allows designers to collaborate in real-time on designs. It includes features such as vector editing tools, prototyping tools, and a library of reusable design components.Canva: Canva is a user-friendly design tool that is ideal for creating graphics for social media, presentations, and other web-based content. It includes a library of templates and design elements that make it easy to create professional-quality designs without extensive design knowledge.ConclusionGraphic design is a field that is constantly evolving as new tools and technologies emerge. However, the core principles of effective visual communication remain the same. By using these principles and the latest design software tools, graphic designers are able to create compelling visuals that engage and inspire their audiences.。
建筑设计中英文对照外文翻译文献
中英文对照外文翻译文献(文档含英文原文和中文翻译)原文：Housing Problems and Options for the Elderly 1. IntroductionHousing is a critical element in the lives of older persons. The affordability of housing affects the ability of the elderly to afford other necessities of life such as food and medical care. Housing that is located near hospitals and doctors, shopping, transportation, and recreational facilities can facilitate access to services that can enhance the quality of life. Housing can also be a place of memories of the past and a connection to friends and neighbors. Housing with supportive features and access to services can also make it possible for persons to age in place. In this session, we will be examining housing problems andoptions for the elderly. Along the way, we will be testing your housing IQ with a series of questions and exercises.2. Housing Situation of Older PersonsHow typical is the housing situation of the olders?We will begin by examining five areas :（1）Prevalence of home ownership （2）Length of stay in current residence （3）Living arrangements （4）Attachments of older persons to where they live （5）Moving behavior.With whom older persons live can influence housing affordability, space needs, and the ability to age in place. About 54% of older persons live with their spouses, 31% live alone, almost 13% live with related persons other than their spouse and about 2% live with unrelated persons. With increasing age, older persons (primarily women) are more likely to live alone or with a relative other than a spouse. Frail older women living alone are the persons most likely to reside in homes with ‘extra’ rooms and to need both physically supportive housing features and services to "age in place". This segment of the population is also the group most likely to move to more supportive housing settings such as assisted living.Many older persons have strong psychological attachments to their homes related to length of residence. The home often represents the place where they raised their children and a lifetime of memories. It is also a connection to an array of familiar persons such as neighbors and shopkeepers as well as near by places including houses of worship, libraries and community services. For manyolder persons, the home is an extension of their own personalities which is found in the furnishings . In addition, the home can represent a sense of economic security for the future, especially for homeowners who have paid off their mortgages. For owners, the home is usually their most valuable financial asset. The home also symbolizes a sense of independence in that the resident is able to live on his or her own. For these types of reasons, it is understandable that in response to a question about housing preferences, AARP surveys of older persons continue to find that approximately 80% of older persons report that what they want is to "stay in their own homes and never move." This phenomena has been termed the preference to "age in place."Although most older persons move near their current communities, some seek retirement communities in places with warmer weather in the southwest, far west and the south.3. The Federal Government's Housing Programs for the ElderlyThe federal government has had two basic housing strategies to address housing problems of the elderly. One strategy, termed the "supply side" approach, seeks to build new housing complexes such as public housing and Section 202 housing for older persons. Public housing is administered by quasi-governmental local public housing authorities. Section 202 Housing for the elderly and disabled is sponsored by non-profit organizations including religious and non-sectarian organizations. Approximately 1.5 million olderpersons or 3% of the elderly population live in federally assisted housing, with about 387,000 living in Section 202 housing. Over time, the government has shifted away from such new construction programs because of the cost of such housing, the problems that a number of non-elderly housing programs have experienced, and a philosophy that the government should no longer be directly involved with the building of housing. Section 202 housing, a very popular and successful program, is one of the few supply-side programs funded by the federal government, although the budget allocation during the last ten years has allowed for the construction of only about 6,000 units per year compared to a high of almost 20,000 units in the late 1970s. Instead of funding new construction, federal housing initiatives over the last decade have emphasized ‘demand side’ subsidies that provide low-income renters with a certificate or a voucher that they can use in a variety of multiunit settings, including apartments in the private sector that meet rental and condition guidelines. These vouchers and certificates are aimed at reducing excessive housing costs. Some certificates are termed ‘project based’ subsidies and are tied to federally subsidized housing such as Section 202. Because housing programs are not an entitlement, however, supply-side and demand side programs together are only able to meet the needs of about 1/3 of elderly renters who qualify on the basis of income.While advocates for housing have been trying to hold on to the existing programs in the face of huge budget cuts at HUD, much of the attention has been shifting towards meeting the shelter and service needs of the frail elderly. This emphasis reflects the increasing number of older persons in their eightiesand nineties who need a physically supportive environment linked with services. This group of older persons includes a high percentage of older residents of public and Section 202 housing. Initially built for independent older persons who were initially in the late sixties and early seventies, this type of housing now includes older persons in their eighties and nineties, many of whom have aged in place. Consequently, the government is faced with creating strategies to bring services into these buildings and retrofit them to better suit the needs of frail older persons. A major initiative of the early 1990s, which may be stalled by current budget problems at HUD, has been for the federal government to pay for service coordinators to assess the needs of residents of government assisted housing complexes and link them with services. As of 1998, there were approximately 1,000 service coordinators attached to government assisted housing complexes across the country.4. The Housing Continuum: A Range of Options for ElderlyA long-standing assumption in the field of housing has been that as persons become more frail, they will have to move along a housing continuum from one setting to another. As the figure on housing options suggests, along this continuum are found a range of housing options including single family homes, apartments, congregate living, assisted living, and board and care homes (Kendig & Pynoos, 1996). The end point of the housing continuum has been thenursing home. These options vary considerably in terms of their availability, affordability, and ability to meet the needs of very frail older persons.The concept of a continuum of supportive care is based on the assumption that housing options can be differentiated by the amount and types of services offered; the supportiveness of the physical setting in terms of accessibility, features, and design; and the competency level of the persons to whom the housing is targeted. The figure on housing options indicates how such options generally meet the needs of older persons who are categorized,as independent, semi-dependent and dependent. Semi-dependent older persons can be thought of as needing some assistance from other persons with instrumental activities of daily living (IADLs) such as cooking, cleaning, and shopping. In addition to needing assistance with some IADLs, dependent older persons may require assistance with more basic activities such as toileting, eating and bathing. Although semi-dependent and dependent older persons can be found throughout the housing continuum, independent older persons are very unlikely to reside in housing types such as assisted living specifically designed and equipped to meet the needs of frail older persons unless their spouses require these needs.Although the continuum of housing identifies a range of housing types, there is increasing recognition that frail older persons do not necessarily have to move from one setting to another if they need assistance. Semi-dependent or dependent older persons can live in a variety of settings, including their own homes and apartments, if the physical environment is made more supportive, caregivers are available to provide assistance and affordable services areaccessible.5. ConclusionsHousing plays a critical role in the lives of older persons. Most older homeowners who function independently express a high level of satisfaction with their dwelling units. However, high housing costs, especially for renters, remain a financial burden for many older persons and problems associated with housing condition persist especially for low- income renters and persons living in rural areas. Federal housing programs such as public housing, Section 202 housing, and Section 8 housing certificates have only been able to address the basic housing problems of only about one-third of eligible older persons because of limited budgets. Moreover, a shortage of viable residential options exists for frail older persons. Up until the last decade, housing for the elderly was conceived of primarily as shelter. It has become increasingly recognized that frail older persons who needed services and physically supportive features often had to move from their homes or apartments to settings such as board and care or nursing homes to receive assistance. Over time, however, the concept of a variety of housing types that can be linked has replaced the original idea of the continuum of housing. It is possible for frail older persons to live in a variety of existing residential settings, including their own homes and apartments with the addition of services and home modifications. Consequently, the last decade has seen a number of efforts to modify homes, add service coordinators to multi-unit housing and create options such as accessory and ECHO units. Although thesestrategies have been enhanced by a somewhat greater availability of home care services, Medicaid policy still provides incentives to house frail older persons in nursing homes. The most visible development in the field of housing for frail older persons has been the growth of private sector assisted living which is now viewed by many state governments as a residential alternative to nursing homes. The AL movement itself has raised a number of regulatory and financing issues that cross-cut housing and long term care such as what constitutes a residential environment, insuring that residents can age in place, accommodating resident preferences, protecting the rights of individuals and insuring quality of care. Nevertheless, the emergence of AL along with a wider range of other housing options holds out the promise that older persons will have a larger range of choices among living arrangements.译文：老年人的住宅问题与选择一、简介住宅在老年人生活的极为重要。
艺术设计中英文对照外文翻译文献
中英文对照外文翻译(文档含英文原文和中文翻译)原文：office space design一、the layout of the early office space(一) office space concept"Office space is defined in the concept of space," as the name suggests, "office space" is to provide environment can be used for the needs of the people, and it must not only refers to the office or the isolated space, but with respect to the commercial space, entertainment space, residential space, for from business activities and organs, enterprises and institutions to handle the administrative affairs and the office environment.(二) the generation of office spaceThe Athens Charter has divided human basic social activities into four categories: living, working, games and transportation.. And office is one of the most important social activities of human beings.. In fact, the real sense of the office space in the west after the industrial revolution. During this period, the society developed rapidly, and the new material, new technology and new function. Resulting in a large number of new, more free and open indoor environment.(三) layout analysis of office spaceAt that time, the typical three types of office space layout are:1. Cellular (hive): This is the industrial production line of the type of work, the space is narrow, workers are crowded in together like a bee busy work, little interaction, autonomy low and daily work the same, work efficiency is very low a working mode.2 independent studio (CELL): less interactive, lack of communication between people.3 living (DEN): the living room of the working environment with team work, highly interactive, but low autonomy. Team members can share office equipment Because of the differences in the history and culture of Europe and America, there is a big difference in the performance of the office buildings.. In the special emphasis on money, power and heroism in North America, developers are often keen to build majestic office building. The emphasis on order and control of enterprise management is also making the staff as the individual itself can not affect the office environment. In northern Europe, the Nordic office building looks more human, compared with North America. The starting point of building design is not the expression of power will, but it is often from the actual needs of itself. Ordinary employees in the work also have the right to request the quality of office environment according to their own needs and preferences.二、the space layout of modern office space(一) the status quo of office spaceSpace is the place of work life. This new concept of office space, its history, but a century, and the change has followed the times. Twentieth Century many new inventions completely changed the work environment of the office building, the mechanization of mass production will be a lot of labor inhalation of the city. Under the support of efficient management theory, system modernization design and huge complex technology, office development becomes the "high tech box for people" s work. ". However, many new inventions of the new century, such as network, e-mail and mobile communications, etc., have the same catalytic effect on the office space in twenty-first Century.. The new inventions are a model for the new century, and office space is being presented in a new way, unlike the one that was before us..Early modern in China, the office is belongs to the local government office workers, are generally in the form of a small bay, Tongzilou appeared, a room is also the largest 10 square meters, the decoration inside put a few tables put a few chairs, just simple can work to, and this belong to the scope of the use of some leaders, ordinary more employees do not have a decent office environment. In the modern office environment, with the rhythm of the times and the transformation of the layout of the office space generated tremendous changes. These early offices were obviously lack of competitiveness, and gradually replaced by the development of the times and gradually improved the new office space layout..From the space, the layout of the office also began to emphasize open style. In an open large office space, not only is conducive to the leadership of the staff supervision, more conducive to the exchange between employees, ease of organization, management and coordination.With the rapid development of society, people increasingly high demand for office space, office space, the significance of not only focus on formal beauty, but also relates to the efficiency of the office, the landscape and the intelligent problems, office space currently in the design of the new trend of development, new space concept.At present, the popular office space based on the layout of the layout can be summarized into four categories: honeycomb type, room type, team type and club type. In the design of different enterprises in the design of office space should take into account the distinction between the company's business and office of information development, according to the need tailor-made.First is the honeycomb type (hive), honeycomb type belongs to the typical open space, self-discipline and interactive nature, which is the least routine, repetitive high and low personal enthusiasm of the work patterns, suitable for nine to five or 24 hour shift work. The office uses open form and there is less interaction between colleagues, which is more traditional office planning. Typically, this form of typical working space, including banking, finance and administrative staff, data entry and customer service center, etc..The second is the group type (DEN), the team type belongs to the team type of work space, self-discipline is low but interactive high. Office space is usually open space or independent group rooms, each with fixed working table and computers, photocopiers and other office equipment sharing, which also contains the common negotiation table or conference table space for discussion. This type of workers has design team, research and development team, multimedia department, insurance business personnel, etc..The three chamber type (cell), the chamber of secrets is more personal space to work independently, self high degree of interaction and poor, for personal, attention and less interactive work and work time and place is not the rule. This office has a separate room, or in open space, there are a high office compartment, where a variety of office functions, so that the individual work undisturbed. This type of worker includes an accountant, a lawyer, a computer engineer and a company management..A fourth Club (Club), club is both individual and team work, often need to group discussion and work for a long time, place is not restricted, suitable for self-discipline and highly interactive knowledge workers. This type of office requiresa separate workspace, but also a frequent interaction with colleagues. This makes the space layout is to do spatial privacy but also take into account the open space.In this form, personal seat is not fixed, but pay attention to privacy, personal work without interference. Talk region can accommodate minority or majority people together to discuss and these talks district is not just limited in meeting rooms and other fixed region, when individual research problems can be discussed in the bar and dining area or comfortable sofa. Office space design of club has attracted the most attention. Part of the reason is this kind of office to promote full of creative architecture thus was born, but leading designers creative era in the test work family fitness. There are no separate offices in this office, and each of them is designed for the purpose of the object, such as the couch between the living room, the coffee house, etc.. In addition, this design can save money, for this type of work with advertising, media, public relations, network, management consultants and other companies and all kinds of creative departments of the company. For example, the Anderson Consulting Company headquarters from France to ten thousand square meters of office to the new headquarters of seven thousand square meters, a year can save $one million. However, this design approach is the most criticized the staff morale, because employees feel lost in such an office environment.(二) the impact of changes in office space layoutSpace is the layout and pattern, which refers to the physical and psychological segmentation of the space.. The design of office space needs to consider many factors, which involves many other factors, such as science, technology, humanities, art, etc.. The ultimate goal of office space interior design is to create a comfort, convenience, health, safety, high efficiency working environment for the staff, to a greater extent to improve the efficiency of the staff. This goal is more important in the current commercial competition, it is the basis for office space design.With office space is different from ordinary residential, it is by the three regional office, conference room, corridor to form inner space function, from theview of office organization and natural lighting and ventilation in favor of, the depth usually to 9 meters is the basic size.The biggest feature of office space is the publicity, this space should take care of the aesthetic needs and function of the employees.. The current office space design concept of the most emphasized elements of:Team space.Two is public space. There are a number of office space, the public part of the smaller, from the elevator up to the lobby, into the office, the lack of conversion process. A good design must have a space transition, not only aisle corridors, there must be an environment, there is a process from the public space over to the private space. Of course, some customers will think this is not very waste, in fact, this is entirely another concept. For example, the elevator door is designed to be part of the living room or negotiation room, the same is to achieve public space and private space a separate, forming a different rhythm. As a public space, not only have a formal meeting rooms and other public space, but also informal public space, such as a comfortable tea, deliberately vacated corner. Informal public space allows employees to meet each other naturally, the casual chat out ideas that are often beyond the formal meeting. At the same time, also make communication between employees can be strengthened. At the same time, the office space to give employees to autonomy. The freedom to dress their personal space.三、the development trend of office space in the futureIn the future, there will be more and more of the office environment in the space layout and strive to account for the human factor, unique personality, and like a small community, the office environment as man-made things, whose attributes are more and more to arouse people's attention, the diversified design of office space should be become "humanization" space creation is one of the major characteristics, in people's life and work have a positive psychological said response and a very good feeling is the main design goal in order to achieve.Microsoft chairman Bill Gates once said, "the imagination of employees is Microsoft's biggest assets. Therefore, at Microsoft headquarters in an area of 265 acres, the senior staff has a relatively independent and fully according to the office of their meaning and style layout, which are to stimulate the imagination and creativity of the staff, a shapes is successful example of life, influenced by the work of design. The content of human nature of office space design will be changed due to different industries, and diversified design meets this requirement.. Famous Intel is all employees, even President of the presence of an open force, office (Open Office), low translucent grille for people to communicate anywhere and anytime, interactive, inspired. The two office space design example is for enterprises to be} fracture employees actual demand, there is no uniform law, important purpose is let the boss and employee seems to be equal, so as to produce a sense of trust. The former let individual thinking and constantly produce creative which emphasizes team work, embodies more groups to help the spirit. Short for people anywhere translucent grid communication, interaction and inspiration. The two office space design example is for enterprises to be} fracture employees actual demand, there is no uniform law, important purpose is let the boss and employee seems to be equal, so as to produce a sense of trust. The former let individual thinking and constantly produce creative which emphasizes team work, embodies more groups to help the spirit., there will be more and more enterprises will be leisure space and public space in front of the office area, such a design, let visitors not as to march into the office area, affect the employee's work clear thread, also let visitors set foot in the door, the oncoming is tea flavor and thick coffee flavor, in light music accompanied with the reception conversation, in a relaxed and trusting atmosphere to win business opportunities, a success.Past office uniform, in the layout of the home furnishings in the home furnishings, the same as boring. In the layout of the office space after the miniaturization, family, people have more performance self, personality space andfreedom. Different levels of office groups, in their own cultural awareness, aesthetic, the different tastes, the need also reflects a lot of differences. Therefore, the design of the extension should continue to decrease. Then, the market "diversity orientation" determines the design of "diversification". After the design will not have some strips of Kuang Kuang and bound, exaggerated form and variation technique is one of the notable features of and forms from the innocent and funny to bizarre, from fantasy to virtual can become a reality. And future of office and home furniture does not have strict classification and obvious difference, in the modern home, they found. - kind of flowing space form and the space of flows around the three basic functions of living, living room, office, its furnishings most was merged with the two office and living environment, the desk is a multifunctional computer desk, chair can lift, can be suitable for the office, watching television and a variety of environments.Surreal atmosphere of diversified design often need to break through the traditional space approach, using the surface or interface with liquidity and strong exaggerated color, very dramatic lights and lighting, personalized activities within the limited space with various technological means to break through the reality space, beyond the traditional concept of three-dimensional space, make people away from the hustle and bustle of the world, seeking a spiritual home, ultimately achieve the creation of sequential cut into.In in the past, people strongly emphasized working and living different connotation of the two kinds of space, and the two have obvious difference of spatial form, furniture and furnishings, interface treatment to emphasize this distinction, and in the new ideas in the future this distinction will gradually faded, instead will be more comfortable and pleasant, with temporary and appropriate personalized future humanized office space. The ultimate power, public space in front of people is the creation, the pursuit of time and space efficiency, and with the variety of functions. In the past in the rapid development and economic level is relatively low, many people still can not completely get rid of the traditional office model, thisundoubtedly give designers more challenging and imaginative space. In the park the problem, usually ranging from low to high, made of man-made board or the glass push-pull type movable partition, separated by a flexible, transparent and translucent white, thus making office space and living space form a relationship can be divided and combined, when you need quiet contemplation or work without interference, you can choose closed style office space, not to affect the family's normal life in leisure, office space and living space of melting body, but also make the home become uplift, birthday party, get togethers and some other entertainment places, the house has become a multi-functional castle. The variable flow space form for communication between people, enhance between people relationships people place oneself among them, will be deeply office free and fun, life convenience and ease. The hotel of the future office space, family is the trend of the times.To sum up, the rapid development of information society, the office space is facing a profound change. "Work" is more abstract from concept, "workplace" will be given the connotation of renewal, which will directly or indirectly affect the development of office space. People a day most of the time is in the office, so for a long time so that people have higher requirement and understanding of office space, and in the development of the future office space to create more rich humanized office space.四、结语Ini modern cities, office workers spend about 1/3 of the time in office, office space has become an important part of human activity space. Especially in the fast-paced modern society, high efficiency, influence quality of office space for its users' emotions and psychological more significantly, or even directly affects the work efficiency and the quality of the user, it also reflects the modern workers and the ncreasingly high demand for office space, so how to make the office space environment the layout is more in line with the psychological needs of modern people has become a common concern of the owners and designers, pay attention tothe function of the traditional layout method in architectural design has been unable to meet the needs of the development of modern society, modern office environment design should pay more attention to the space environment layout of the physical, psychological and emotional needs, a good space environment design can alleviate the tense mood, relieve fatigue, meet people's private psychological and enhance their sense of belonging to the company and to the heart. So that employees can have more autonomy when the company office. Also makes the layout of the office space in the future development of more inclined to humanization and personalization.译文办公空间设计办公空间的设计要素一、早期的办公空间的布局（一）办公空间的概念在空间的概念上定义“办公空间，”顾名思义，“办公空间”是为人们工作需要提供可使用的环境，而它决不仅指办公室之类的孤立的空间，而是相对于商业空间、娱乐空间、住宅空间等，供从事业务活动和机关、企事业等办理行政事物和的办公环境系统。
中英文外文文献翻译办公空间设计办公室办公楼设计研究
本科毕业设计（论文）中英文对照翻译(此文档为word格式,下载后您可任意修改编辑!)作者：Hsiao M C期刊：South African Journal of Economic and Management Sciences 2016, 3(1),151-160原文The research of office space designHsiao M CAbstractNowadays, the development of society and the progress of science and technology, people are faced with is accelerating the pace of life andmore and more competition in the workplace, fast rhythm, high efficiency of modern society is that people cannot escape the reality. People will be more time and energy on the work; therefore, the office will naturally become the central in the life of modern people. International association of architects (CIAM) in the Athens charter basic activities as human society to live, work, recreation, transportation, four categories, and the office is the most important one of the basic activities of human beings. Now, people take up a third time a day in the office or even more time, it makes people always in a state of very nervous, in such cases, people are becoming more and more high to the requirement of office space environment, only pay attention to use function in the design of office space has already cannot satisfy the needs of the development of modern society, people choose to work now pay more attention to have a good and comfortable working environment, the design of humanity, life, healthy and comfortable office space allows employees to work anywhere at any time to adjust their own state, maintain good mood, to experience the fun in life is full of confidence in the work, in a better state into work, to a greater extent to improve the working efficiency of the office staff. Although for office space comfort and humanized design need more capital investment, but from the point of long-term interests, the enterprise itself will get more benefits.Keywords: office; open space; humanized1 IntroductionOffice space as the name suggests is the place for people in office, the main purpose of office space for people is to create wealth and value. Nowadays, competition in the society to get people to put more time on the job, in the face of the increasing pressure of work, people to the requirement of working environment increases, the use of office space is not only to have the basic function, at the same time to meet people's physical, psychological and emotional needs, such as good and comfortable working environment can improve the work efficiency of people, so as to bring more benefit for the enterprise. Along with the development of era and people's ideological change, the influence of many factors that make the development of office space experiencing a series of great changes. Modernist architect miens van DE lo had described the office space to become a "machine" for work, and this kind of one-sided pursuit of office density and efficient office way already can not satisfy the needs of the development of modern society, the traditional single enclosed Spaces were replaced by a flexible and open space of the communication. In the 21st century, the rapid development in the new technological revolution in the era of information, digital living style will make human life into an unprecedented status, office space is presented with a new look. The office space design is the lack of consistency and a certain continuity that is typical in the development of office space designfeatures. From a natural economy to commodity economy era today office space itself has experienced a long period of development. From the perspective of the development of history, since the human society to form a fixed settlements, our earliest period can be traced back to ancient Egypt had the embryonic form of the original construction of office space, the place of from a primitive tribe to the slave society, feudal society amen, hall, shops and so on can reflect a office action. Western industrial revolution led to the rise of commercial society, the workplace and life of people gradually began to separation, because the new material, new technology, the continuous development of new features, prompted the production of large Numbers of new office building, modern office space begins in the true sense, the earliest definition of literature for commercial office is part of the family or shops. 2 Literature reviewUnder the impetus of the economic development and technological progress, the foreign office space research early, books provides office space for the development of more powerful theory basis. Grover leather us 1914 deutsche manufacturing alliance exhibition office building design in cologne marks the beginning of modern office buildings. American entrepreneur’s successful expe rience is: must have a first-class office, this is an important business investment. Architects constantly explore new type of office space; the possible way of office and the office environment make predictions of the future. In the early 1950 s, thefamous German Quick burner Team on the basis of analyzing the function of office put forward: according to the working process and the structure of the communication process, in a large open space set up some unit of work, to improve office efficiency. Office space with different professional work processes and work requirements, broke the long-term produced by closed offices and hierarchical, emphasizes the equal status between people, to the office as a place for exchange of information, once all the rage this office pattern, open compartment has been popular in the United States in the 1960 s. Northern Europe and Japan and other countries research also have their own style, for example, the Japanese experts and scholars on the study of office space is mainly engaged in office space system automation research and forecast the impact of the rapid development of the information for office space, etc. The middle of the 20th century, some German architect requests a landscape of office space, 1967, Chicago in the United States held the first international conference of landscape office buildings. After entering the information age, various technology affects people's life and the way of office, people research focus to the intelligent office building, the word "intelligent building", first appeared in the united technology group UTBS company in January 1984 in Connecticut City construction completed by the Place the tagline of the building.1989 Americans Fay pop Cohen first puts forward the concept of "home office", the home office quickly catch onaround the world economy developed office building experts Frank generation of fe (Frank Duffy) in The "The emergence of intelligent office buildings", The emergence of The intelligence office building), The article to The characteristics of intelligent office buildings were described in detail. Cambridge university master, the royal architects association member Adam thinks, office space should be versatile, that is, a space need to derive a variety of functions, each function is not fixed interval, they can be either office area, also can be a recreation area. This view highlights the landscape of the office and intellectualization. MIT professor Alan (Thomas Allen) after more than ten years of research, proved the group work or "work unit" is in the office is the most effective way to achieve "intimacy". At the same time, the environment behaviorist to the satisfaction degree of the work environment and the findings of a study of the working life has a profound influence on the development of office environment. Many developed countries in Western Europe and Japan and other countries have held a "new office space" this paper will, on the development of office space has carried on the deep discussion. Including some designers for office furniture research and some office furniture fair held all influence the development of office space. At the same time in the research of intelligent office space and other technical, western scholars gradually began to attach importance to office space and the socialbackground, enterprise organization structure and other associated factors influence each other between the British DEGW's office space design phenomenon and social phenomenon is introduced into the design of the office, and study out of the office space design and organizational structure of the relationship between methods. 3 The present situation of the office space design 3.1 More flexible way of office"Front shop, back home in the early" style of work will live and work together, people's homes is a living place and the workplace. By the 18th century industrial revolution, the family of the production function gradually disappear, people no longer production, occupy the office of "collective" appears gradually, people began to habits of "nine to five" working mode, in the late 19th century and the early 20th century Taylor scientific management style to infiltrate the office management, work and the activities of people in the presence of regulators. As office space from day to day routine work is gradually replaced by the computer, office will eventually become a meeting place for communication, instead of dealing with affairs. In the face of all kinds of modern technology and the impact of the Internet, now the new office way is also constantly emerging. All contact and communication is convenient as well as the time and place for the office is not qualified, SOHO family office began to emerge. SOHO is the abbreviation of "Small office Home office", meaning a Small office space and Home office space, is a freer, more flexible waysof working. In traditional agricultural society, almost all products are manufactured by the family, the material of the whole society by household production to meet demand. Office mode along with the development of The Times through a series of evolution, Fay pop Cohen first proposed the concept of "home office". The establishment of the development of information technology and network space and the development of residential construction to provide home office, the office way gradually flourished in the economically developed regions in the world. The workings of a family and work together both save social resources, and eliminating the commuting time, this way of working can be flexible, free time is gradually accepted by more and more people. Due to the SOHO is a new way of working, must give workers a variety of convenient while also appeared a lot of disadvantages. With this way of family office is accepted by more and more people, SOHO will improve in the future development. Experts estimate that by 2020, the world will be more than 60% of the workers will work at home.3.2 More perfect office spaceOffice space design's ultimate purpose is to provide the best office and living environment for people, make people in the indoor environment for the physical and psychological comfort, security, and light touch. Built in the late 19th century early 20th century some office space would be staff communication, and rest, recreation. Developmentin the 21st century today, the function of office space was further refinement; office workers demand determines the design direction of office space. American SOM design firm in the Far East business development director Tony Bath: new definition of work in the United States is working and living together, office environment is the most important is to provide an open space, make the staff to be able to work and leisure together. Now began to put the meeting room of office space design as the core of floor design, some enterprises for staff in the office space provides a coffee bar, tea area and kitchen, the discussion area, library, etc., Germany, the new economy era of vocational place after the company held a party, this has blurred the line between work and play. There are some new things, such as gym, game rooms, leisure hall, and even functional space is applied to the work environments, such as basketball court, in the function of these affiliated facilities, used for leisure as well as the temporary office employees. The improvement of the office space function can make the person tired spirit immediately relax, relieve tension when people work, solve the original space of monotonous, more comfortable office environment.译文办公空间设计研究Hsiao M C摘要现如今，社会的发展和科技的进步，人们所面对的就是生活节奏的不断加快以及越来越激烈的职场竞争，快节奏、高效率的现代社会是人们无法逃避的现实。
办公空间设计外文文献翻译
办公空间设计外文文献翻译文献出处：Marquardt. Environmental satisfaction with open-plan office design and layout. Institute for Research in Construction, 2015:267-284.原文Environmental satisfaction with open-plan office design and layoutMarquardtAbstractPurpose - understand the physical environment of open office for office employees' satisfaction with the environment of psychological quality present situation, and discusses how to construct the humanized office physical environment.Methods - compiled by the office physical environmental satisfaction questionnaire and environmental psychology quality questionnaire, physical environment satisfaction including 13 elements such as lighting, sound, office facilities, office environment induces four dimensions: psychological quality comfort feeling, sense of belonging, a sense of security, privacy, and field.Results - employees for the physical environment in middle rdi level of overall satisfaction. To sound, office number, greening, office setting for colleagues communication convenient degree of satisfaction is low, and the tables and chairs of comfort, safety facilities, office facilities satisfaction is higher. The overall environment of the staff psychological quality in middle rids level; including comfort, sense of belonging and the feeling of privacy and field level is low, high security level. Physical environmental satisfaction and environmental psychological quality.Conclusions - weissman theoretical hypothesis, from the Angle of environmental psychology design humanized office physical environment.Keywords: environmental psychology; Office space; Open feelingIntroductionWith the development of the society, the progress of science and technology, market competition is intense, sharp development of high-rise office building, officeis more and more become the center of the modern life, office space environment quality had a great influence on consumer sentiment and mood. Humanity, life of office space allows employees to adjust their own physical and mental balance, to experience the fun of life at work; Office space with the characteristic of enterprise can make employees proud and confident, conducive to good interpersonal and communication; Information exchange office space can produce has new creative team for the enterprise. In the era of knowledge to create wealth, whether it is a wise business leader, or as an interior designer should be aware of the importance of office space design. And at present the design of office space, but I did not get the attention they deserve most of the traditional office environment lack of human physiological and psychological need to consider.From the perspective of the environmental psychology, the ideal working environment should be both function and social area, at the same time in the meet the needs of work and to take into account personnel multiple psychological demand within the office environment. T o meet all this we must understand the environment psychology and interior design office.The definition of open-plan officesAs the '50 s movement of interpersonal relationships, more open communication between employees and supervisors encouraged. Workflow (workflow) principle, namely the workstation arrangement to ensure the paperwork or products for mobile, promote vigorously reform office space. Industrial production and the rapid development of science and technology, social competition is increasingly fierce, make each enterprise at home and abroad to pursue flexible office layout, they hope to have the advanced office equipment installation time in office space, or may be adjusted at any time according to the change of the enterprise. At the same time the rapid development of the urban high-rise also create conditions for the realization of the open-plan offices. In this context, open-plan offices also arises at the historic moment. Open-plan offices (open plan office), also known as TingYuanShi office this concept originated in Germany schneier brothers and their Quiekborner consultancy team (sundstrom, 1986), the late '50 s and Germany took the lead.Chicago in theUnited States, in 1967, held the first global forum of the open-plan offices, since this office arrangement was popular in the world.Whether high-rise office buildings or function in a wide range of comprehensive building, or remodeling an old house renovation, open-plan offices can be applied, meanwhile, meet all kinds of function that currently known and possible future.Open-plan offices often give active, fully, efficient and free of visual impression. Research indicated that, everyone's work efficiency can be multiplied in the group, open office to improve the production efficiency in the present is most appropriate. Open-plan offices abandoned the conservative way of workingand the construction pattern make the staff at the same time of have a large number of convenient communications, noise interference. Experts according to the survey, mistakes and errors in the accounting personnel to work for the typist are largely affected by typewriter and computer noise. Its sound and smell, the lack of privacy problem is particularly serious, be open office is of vital importance to the environmental impact factors.Literature ReviewPeter Crouch (Crouch et al., 1989, asked to work in the office of 56 managers find out which factors can promote the task operation, what factors will hinder task operation. The results show that the suitable space, light and other factors are important factors in promoting, and are often interfere with room structure such as conversation overheard the same office others to interfere with the task.Sir Alex Ferguson (Fergnson) in 1986, the study results show that job satisfaction has obvious associated with the physical environment of work. The role of physical environment on the job satisfaction is mainly hygiene factors. When the staff of the physical environment of the workplace is not satisfied, such as temperature, humidity, noise, security, their job satisfaction is greatly reduced. When the hygiene factors are met in the physical environment, although can't guarantee they will be satisfied, but at least they won't produce dissatisfaction. From this point of view, inappropriate workplace, can lead to not satisfied. Appropriate workplace, though not enough to lead to a high level of job satisfaction, but at least they won't produce.Walker hart, popular science, (V ollker Hartkopf), led the team in the Future of office design (Designing the office of the Future) book, think about the Future of office building, inaddition to high technology products to the building, should also be stressed to create a good physical and psychological environment, organization form, in order to improve the employee's work speed, comprehension, communication ability and creation ability. The existent environment design influence on job satisfaction to prove: the work environment and job performance are very complex variables, only a small positive correlation between them (Riggio, 2000).In general, on the job satisfaction, despite the physical environment less important than job security, wages and friendly colleagues, but employees do physical condition, as an important factor of job satisfaction (Crouch Nimran, 1989).A very influential in industrial psychology and management theory, points out that although a satisfactory working environment does not substantially increase the job satisfaction, but lower than the standard environment will certainly result in dissatisfied (Herzberg, 1966; Herzberg, Mausner Snyder man, 1959).Weisman (release) that if employees have higher satisfaction to office environment, seem to be able to produce high comfort and belonging. At the same time, he also suggests that employees work in a pleasant quality office environment, its value will significantly increase, and produce less turnover rate. For this phenomenon, has yet to be further discussed in theory.The realization of the sense of open spaceIn terms of building environment psychology, the current study of architectural space to pursue close feeling open and two kinds of thoughts. These two trends is the unity of opposites, their common goal is to pursue the most suitable for user's architectural space environment. For most of the design and use of office space, the pursuit of open the design thought of feelingis objective and reasonable. The so-called open feeling is gained by the people through visual space feeling, namely, visual volume feeling of the space. The scale of the open feeling is starting from scratch, of every space to a certain size, maximum reach a certain scale, and open feeling is just a relative concept scale.Color and material quality affects not only feel comfortable or not, at the same time also to open play a role. In addition to changes in temperature in the middle of the color effect, but also has the weight, far and near (backward, approximation), expansion effect. On the texture, generally rough surface and Detailing composition has close to feeling; and fine surface, fine composition has backward effect. Low intensity of illumination are appropriate, intensity of illumination, of course, will affect the open feeling, but the intensity of illumination is strong, not only visual discomfort, and me tope light can produce close to move instead, accordingly will narrow opening. The location and form will affect the space effect of lamps and lanterns, wall lamp, dome light generally has the sense of opening wider to the outside, and desk lamp, lamp, droplight has shrinkage depression. In addition, the room of the flat form can also affect the effect of open, usually rectangular room window open at the edge of the short edge me tope than open in long wall, its open to a few bigger. As long as good at all and to use the physical stimulation and psychological reaction, can obtain both open and beautiful and comfortable office space.The optimization of open office environmentGood office space physical environment is the foundation of the people to work, the office environment should respect people physiological and psychological needs make the office staff realizes casual and comfortable in the busy work every day.Overall satisfaction with the physical environment is affect the environment of psychological quality in the comfort of the office staff, the sense of belonging, privacy and field are the main factors. Through to the construction of human physical office environment, therefore, to improve the staff's comfortableness, sense of belonging and the feeling of illicit close sex and area, and thus improve the psychological quality, environment, in turn, improve the quality of office of employees, from the overall improve office employees job satisfaction will be the main direction of the future office environment construction.Need a good delighting environment of office space, the unity of the modern office space is often integrated with low illumination lighting and matches the high intensity of illumination of local lighting, in the form of combination of direct andindirect illumination. Using the unity of the low illumination lighting in public area, in individual areas, the use of the high intensity of illumination local lighting. Floodlight reasonable decorate can make the space bright and open, and local lighting will increase to a certain area of concentration.A means of color is to create the environment atmosphere. In the indoor environment atmosphere, highlight the emotional appeal cannot leave the color design. Because we live for a long time in the world of a color, accumulated a lot of visual experience, once the perceptual experience and foreign color stimulation occurred some echo, the sort of emotions will lead the person's psychology. In general, the office color configuration of large space on the whole is harmonious and unified, the choice of the color is relatively sedate, elegant; Independent office or small area between the color changes can have big different, varyfrom person to person. Office space color of avoid by all means colorful, imbalance of color can aggravate the fatigue.Office space household to design not only can enhance employees' comfort, can increase recognition of the enterprise even more psychological sense of belonging, thus reducing staff turnover, at the same time, it also a kind of embodiment of office culture progress. Inside in the office, all the space utilization, filing cabinets, lockers, file cases in place of the space, add partition put objects on wall, use the stairs space data, the office space set up talks and exchanges with tea or coffee, around the office is ready to install complete freedom of network and telephone jack seat, at the same time also can increase the staff on the autonomy of office environment, set up in the office can flexible combination of office furniture, sofa, furniture, partition, table free optional combination and so on.译文开放式办公空间设计与布局的环境满意度Marquardt摘要目的——了解开放式办公室员工对所在办公室的物理环境满意度与环境心理品质现状,并探讨如何构建人性化办公室物理环境。
烟箱拆盘机x-y平面设计外文翻译
High speed machining mold manufacturingHigh speed machining mold manufacturing as one of the most important advanced manufacturing technologies, high efficiency, high quality, low cost is set in one of the advanced manufacturing technology.In the conventional cutting process has been troubled by a series of problems, the application of high speed machining is solved.The cutting speed, feed rate compared to conventional machining, in the series of cutting mechanism, also produced fundamental pared with traditional machining, high speed machining to produce substaintial sex leap, its unit power metal removal rate was increased from 30% to 40%, the cutting force is reduced by 30%, cutting tool is improved by 70%, stay on the workpiece cutting heat is reduced greatly, the low order cutting vibration almost disappeared.With the increase of the cutting speed, time unit of blank material removal rate was increased, the cutting time is reduced, the processing efficiency is improved, thus shortening the production cycle, improve the market competitiveness of the product.At the same time, high speed machining of small fast cutting force decreases, cutting speed excluded, reduces the cutting force and heat stress and deformation, improves the rigidity and thinwalled part machining possibilities.As a result of cutting force decreases, the speed increases the cutting system working frequency away from the lower order natural frequency of machine tool, and the workpiece surface roughness is the most sensitive to low frequencies, thereby reducing the roughness of the surface.In the mold of high hardened steel parts (hrc45 ～ 65) in the process, using the high speed cutting processing and can replace the electric grinding and polishing process, avoids the electrode manufacture and timeconsuming processing time, greatly reduce the grinding and polishing of fitter.Some market more and more in need of thinwalled workpiece in high speed milling of mold, can be successfully completed.And in high speed milling of CNC die processing center, to be completed by the first clamping multistep processing.These advantages in capital circumgyrate requirements quickly, delivery time, competitive products emergency mold industry is very suitable.High speed machining system can meet the needs of high speed cutting is mainly composed of the high speed machining center, high performance cutting tool clamping system, high speed cutting tool, safe and reliable highspeed cutting cam software, therefore, speed of processing is essentially a large system engineering.As the cutting tool technology, highspeed processing can be applied to the processing of alloy steel (hrc>30), widely used in automotive products and electronic components of stamping die, injection mold parts processing.High speed machining definition depends on the processing of the workpiece material type.For example, highspeed processing of alloy steel with cutting speed is 500m/min, the velocity in the processing of aluminum alloy used for conventional down milling speed.Terminology of highspeed cutting (HSM) generally refers to the high speed and high feed milling surface.For example, at a very high rate of metal removal, to the aluminum alloy for aircraft wing frame recess for cutting.In 60 years of in the past, the highspeed cutting has been widely used in metal and nonmetallic materials, including specific surface shape parts production and the hardness is higher than or equal to 50 HRC materials cutting.For the most part quenchingto about 3242 HRC steel parts, the current cutting options include: in soft (annealed) conditions materials roughing and semifinishing cutting reach the final hardness = 63 HRC requirements of the heat treatment mold parts processing and the electrode discharge machining (especially gold cutting tool to close a small radius deep recess) for carbide, metal ceramic, carbide, mixed ceramic or polycrystalline cubic boron nitride (PCBN) tool for cylindrical / flat / concave surface finishing and superfinishing for many components, the production process involves a combination of these options, in the mold manufacturing case, it also includes time finishing.The results led to the production of the high cost and long time of preparation.In mold manufacturing industry of typical is the only production of one or several of the same product.Production process of products continue to change, because of these changes, the need for measuring and reverse design.The main criterion is the size of the die and the surface roughness of the quality level.If the processing quality level is low, can not meet the requirements, needs manual finishing.Hand finishing can produce satisfactory surface roughness, but the size and profile accuracy always produce bad influence.This mold manufacturing industry one of the main problem had been resolved, but there is still a need for reduction or exemption of manual polishing, thereby improving the quality, reduce production cost and shorten preparation time.High speed cutting development main economical and technical factors for the survival of the market increasingly fierce competition leads to the continuous setting new standards.On time and cost efficiency of the increasingly high demand.This forced new technology and production technology development.High speed cutting provides hope and solutions.New material is more difficult to machine material have been highlighted by the discovery of new cutting solution necessity.The aerospace industry is the heart of heatresistant alloy steel and stainless steel.The automotive industry has a different pair of metal materials, the small graphite cast iron (Compact Graphite Iron), and increased the amount of aluminum.Mold manufacturing industry must face cutting of hardened steel problems, from the rough to finishing.High speed machining on NC programming system of the increasingly high demand, expensive highspeed processing equipment for software put forward higher safety and efficacy requirements.High speed cutting than a traditional cutting specific process requirements, in addition to the high speed cutting machine tool and cutting tool in high speed machining, with the appropriate CAM programming software is essential.NC NC instruction contains all of the process, a good high speed machining programming CAM system should have high calculation speed, strong interpolation function, full automatic inspection and handling capacity of over cutting, automatic tool holder and clamp interference checking, feed rate optimization processing function, machining trajectory monitoring function, tool track edit optimization function and processing residual analysis function.High speed cutting programming first note processing methods of safety and efficacy; secondly, to do everything possible to ensure the smooth smooth tool path, it will directly affect the machining quality and spindle component life; finally, we should try to keep the tool load evenly, it will directly influence the service life of the cutter.The practical advantages of highspeed cuttingThe tool and workpieceCan maintain low temperature, which in many cases extend tool life.On the other hand, in the high speed cutting application, cutting quantity is shallow, the cutting edge of the cutting time is very short.That is to say, the feed heat transmission time.Low cutting force is small and consistent tool bending.This and every tool and process required constant machining allowance of thecombination, is highly efficient and safe processing is one of the prerequisites for.Due to the high speed cutting in typical cutting depth is shallow, the tool and spindle radial force on the low.This reduces the spindle bearing, guide and ball screw wear.High speed cutting and axial milling is also good combinations of spindle bearings, small impact, using this method can use the extended longer tool and vibration of the risk of not.The high productivity of small size parts cutting, such as roughing, semifinishing and finishing, in the total material removal rate is relatively low with good economy.High speed cutting of the general processing of high productivity, can obtain good surface quality.Surface quality and often less than Ra 0.2µ; M.High speed cuttingThe thin cutting parts become possible.The use of high speed cutting, cutting time is short, the impact and bending decreases.Mold geometric accuracy, assembly is easier and faster.No matter what the people, skills, can obtain the CAM/CNC production of surface texture and geometric accuracy.If the flower in the cutting at the time a bit more, timeconsuming manual polishing work can significantly reduce.Can often be reduced to 60100%.Some processing, such as quenching, electrochemical machining and electrical discharge machining (EDM), can greatly reduce the.It can reduce investment cost and simplify the logistics supply.Cutting instead of electrical discharge machining (EDM), the service life of the die and the quality is improved.High speed cutting, through CAD/CAM soon to change the design, especially in is not required for the production of new electrode case.Because of the start process for high acceleration and deceleration and stop, guide, ball screw and spindle bearing produces relatively fast wear.This often leads to high cost of maintenance.The need for specialized technical knowledge, a programming device and fast data transmission interface.It may be hard to find and the selection of senior technical staff.There is considerable debugging and fault time.Processing without the need of an emergency stop, leading to human error and software or hardware failure will have many serious consequences.Must have good processing plan "machine tools to provide food to the hungry".Must have the safety protection measures: use with safety cover and preventing the debris cap machine.Avoid tool large overhang.Do not use "heavy" tool and connecting rod.Regular inspection tool, a connecting rod and a bolt for fatigue e only the marked maximum spindle speed tool.Do not use the whole highspeed steel (HSS) tool!高速切削加工作为模具制造中最为重要的一项先进制造技术，是集高效、优 质、低耗于一身的先进制造技术。
室内设计风格外文翻译参考文献
室内设计风格外文翻译参考文献(文档含中英文对照即英文原文和中文翻译)浅释室内设计中的女性装饰风格美国著名的女艺术家弗洛琳•斯蒂海默曾经在她的绘画《家庭画像第2号》中传递了一个她所钟爱的被繁华织锦与鲜花包围着的住所，画面中的室内空间和女人们以极其艳丽的姿态占据了整个视觉中心。
一切正如她诗歌里描述的那样“韦罗内塞绿的蕾丝紧身衣，深色花纹的长裙还有针织荷叶边，丝制珠宝盒里装满串串罗马珍珠；非常喜爱的淡色水洗丝窗帘，带有轻快罗马条纹的缎带，满布花束的地毯，塞夫尔瓷花瓶和镀金饰边的桌子上洒满清晨的光辉；母亲为我们朗读的童话故事，还有花园繁华盛开和梅拉德的甜点和沃尔特•迪斯尼的卡通……”在这些文字里，跳跃性的细节描述和纯感官的认知特征解读了女性的感知体验特性，而所叙述的鲜花、织物、摆设、童话正是女性对于家的最温柔、最甜美的期待，这所有的一切也都是女性装饰风格最完美的诠释。
古往今来由于女性特殊的生理本能，女性风格的装饰艺术在历史上一直占有很大的市场空间，尤其是十七至十八世纪在意大利文艺复兴发展起来的具有强烈女性特征的巴洛克艺术(BAROQNE ART)装饰风格更是风靡和影响了整个欧洲，其艺术语言多少的影响了紧跟其后的是新艺术运动的产生与发展。
然而，作为一种爱好和时尚风格，巴洛克也只局限在奢华的宫廷和达官贵人的居室装饰中流行，装饰风格的概念局限了，从而与女性装饰风格的内涵上产生了偏离。
今天，社会经济飞速发展，女性的地位也因其教育和收入水平的提高达到了一个相对合理的高度，一个崭新的女性话语世界正在全面构建。
就如人类学家海伦费希认为的那样，21世纪的女性将是“第一性”。
由于她们的介入，直接或间接地影响了现代的审美意识和消费观，一种独特的以女性为代表的消费文化和审美思潮正潜移默化的流行于时尚消费层。
这就是我们称之为“她”时代的女性消费文化，依照国际广告协会主席卡波尔对“她”时代的内涵的解释：“今天，以男性为主的消费主义正在向以女性为中心的消费主义平衡。
设计的分类与方法学英文对照汇总
设计的分类与方法学英文对照汇总1 设计 Desgin2 现代设计 Modern Design3 工艺美术设计 Craft Design4 工业设计 Industrial Design5 广义工业设计 Generalized Industrial Design6 狭义工业设计 Narrow Industrial Design7 产品设计 Product Design8 传播设计 Communication Design8 环境设计 Environmental Design9 商业设计 Commercial Design10 建筑设计 Architectural Design11 一维设计 One-dimension Design12 二维设计 Tow-dimension Design13 三维设计 Three-dimension Design14 四维设计 Four-dimension Design15 装饰、装潢 Decoration16 家具设计 Furniture Design17 玩具设计 Toy Design18 室内设计 Interior Design19 服装设计 Costume Design20 包装设计 packaging Design21 展示设计 Display Design22 城市规划 Urban Design23 生活环境 Living Environment24 都市景观 Townscape25 田园都市 Garden City26 办公室风致 Office Landscape27 设计方法论 Design Methodology28 设计语言 Design Language29 设计条件 Design Condition30 结构设计 Structure Design31 形式设计 Form Design32 设计过程 Design Process33 构思设计 Concept Design34 量产设计，工艺设计 Technological Design35 改型设计 Model Change36 设计调查 Design Survey37 事前调查 Prior Survey38 动态调查 Dynamic Survey39 超小型设计 Compact type40 袖珍型设计 Pocketable Type41 便携型设计 Portable type42 收纳型设计 Self-containing Design43 装配式设计 Knock Down Type44 集约化设计 Stacking Type45 成套化设计 Set (Design)46 家族化设计 Family (Design)47 系列化设计 Series (Design)48 组合式设计 Unit Design49 仿生设计 Bionics Design50 功能 Function51 独创性 Originality52 创造力 Creative Power53 外装 Facing54 创造性思维 Creating Thinking55 等价变换思维 Equivalent Transformationn Thought56 KJ法 Method of K.J57 戈顿法 Synectice58 集体创造性思维法 Brain Storming59 设计决策 (Design) Decision Making60 T-W-M体系 T-W-M system61 O-R-M体系 O-R-M system62 印象战略 Image Stralegy63 AIDMA原则 Law of AIDMA64 功能分化 Functional Differentiation65 功能分析 Functional Analysis66 生命周期 Life Cycle67 照明设计 Illumination Design设计色彩方法（1 色 Color2 光谱 Spectrum3 物体色 Object Color4 固有色 Propor Color5 色料 Coloring Material6 色觉三色学说 Three-Component Theary7 心理纯色 Unique Color8 拮抗色学说 Opponent Color Theory9 色觉的阶段模型 Stage Model of the Color Perception10 色彩混合 Color Mixing11 基本感觉曲线 Trisimulus Valus Curves12 牛顿色环 Newton's Color Cycle13 色矢量 Color Vector14 三原色 Three Primary Colors15 色空间 Color Space16 色三角形 Color Triangle17 测色 Colourimetry18 色度 Chromaticity19 XYZ表色系 XYZ Color System20 实色与虚色 Real Color and Imaginary Color21 色等式 Color Equation22 等色实验 Color Matching Experiment23 色温 Color Temperature24 色问轨迹 Color Temperature Locus25 色彩三属性 Three Attribtes and Color26 色相 Hue27 色相环 Color Cycle28 明度 Valve29 彩度 Chroma30 环境色 Environmetal Color31 有彩色 Chromatic Color32 无彩色 Achromatic Colors33 明色 Light Color34 暗色 Dark Color35 中明色 Middle Light Color36 清色 Clear Color37 浊色 Dull Color38 补色 Complementary Color39 类似色 Analogous Color40 一次色 Primary Color41 二次色 Secondary Color42 色立体 Color Solid43 色票 Color Sample44 孟塞尔表色系 Munsell's Color System45 奥斯特瓦德表色系 Ostwald's Color System46 日本色研色体系 Practical Color Co-ordinate System47 色彩工程 Color Engineering48 色彩管理 Color Control49 色彩再现 Color Reproduction50 等色操作 Color Matching51 色彩的可视度 Visibility Color52 色彩恒常性 Color Constancy53 色彩的对比 Color Contrast54 色彩的同化 Color Assimilation55 色彩的共感性 Color Synesthesia56 暖色与冷色 Warm Color and Cold Color57 前进色与后退色 Advancing Color Receding Color58 膨胀色与收缩色 Expansive Color and Contractile Color59 重色与轻色 Heavy Color and Light Color60 色价 Valeur61 色调 Color Tone62 暗调 Shade63 明调 Tint64 中间调 Halftone65 表面色 Surface Color66 平面色 Film Color67 色彩调和 Color Harmony68 配色 Color Combination69 孟塞尔色彩调和 Munsell's Color Harmony70 奥斯特瓦德色彩调和 Ostwald's Color Harmony71 孟.斯本瑟色彩调和 Moon.Spencer's Color Harmony72 色彩的感情 Feeling of Color73 色彩的象征性 Color Symbolism74 色彩的嗜好 Color Preference75 流行色 Fashion Color76 色彩的功能性 Color Functionalism77 色彩规划 Color Planning78 色彩调节 Color Conditioning79 色彩调整 Color Coordinetion80 色彩设计 Color Design材料与加工成型技术1 材料 Material2 材料规划 Material Planning3 材料评价 Material Appraisal4 金属材料 Metal Materials5 无机材料 Inorganic Materials6 有机材料 Organic Materials7 复合材料 Composite Materials8 天然材料 Natural Materials9 加工材料 Processing Materials10 人造材料 Artificial Materials11 黑色金属 Ferrous Metal12 有色金属 Nonferrous Metal13 轻金属材料 Light Metal Materials14 辅助非铁金属材料 Byplayer Nonferrous Metal Materials15 高熔点金属材料 High Melting Point Metal Materials16 贵金属材料 Precions Metal Materials17 辅助非铁金属材料 Byplayer Nonferrous Metal Materials18 高熔点金属材料 High Melting Point Metal Materials19 贵金属材料 Precions Metal Materials20 陶瓷 Ceramics21 水泥 Cement22 搪瓷、珐琅 Enamel23 玻璃 Glass24 微晶玻璃 Glass Ceramics25 钢化玻璃 Tuflite Glass26 感光玻璃 Photosensitive Glass27 纤维玻璃 Glass Fiber28 耐热玻璃 Hear Resisting Glass29 塑料 Plastics30 通用塑料 Wide Plastics31 工程塑料 Engineering Plastics32 热塑性树脂 Thermoplastic Resin33 热固性树脂 Thermosetting Resin34 橡胶 Rubber35 粘接剂 Adhesives36 涂料 Paints37 树脂 Resin38 聚合物 Polymer39 聚丙烯树脂 Polypropylene40 聚乙烯树脂 Polyethylene Resin41 聚苯乙烯树脂 Polystyrene Resin42 聚氯乙烯树脂Polyvinyl Chloride Resin43 丙烯酸树脂 Methyl Methacrylate Resin44 聚烯胺树脂，尼龙 Polyamide Resin45 氟化乙烯树脂 Polyfurol Resin46 聚缩醛树脂 Polyacetal Resin47 聚碳酸脂树脂 Polycarbonate Resin48 聚偏二氯乙烯树脂 Polyvinylidene Resin49 聚醋酸乙烯脂树脂 Polyvinyl Acetate Resin50 聚烯亚胺树脂 Polyimide Resin51 酚醛树脂 Phenolic Formaldehyde Resin52 尿素树脂 Urea Formaldehyde Resin53 聚酯树脂 Polyester Resin54 环痒树脂 Epoxy Resin55 烯丙基树脂 Allyl Resin56 硅树脂 Silicone Resin57 聚氨酯树脂 Polyurethane Resin58 密胺 Melamine Formaldehyde Resin59 ABS树脂 Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene Redin60 感光树脂 Photosensition Plastics61 纤维强化树脂 Fiber Reinforced Plastic62 印刷油墨 Printing Ink63 印刷用纸 Printing Paper64 铜板纸 Art Paper65 木材 Wood66 竹材 Bamboo67 树脂装饰板 Decorative Sheet68 蜂窝机制板 Honey Comb Core Panel69 胶合板 Veneer70 曲木 Bent Wood71 浸蜡纸 Waxed Paper72 青铜 Bronge73 薄壳结构 Shell Construction74 技术 Technic75 工具 Tool76 金工 Metal Work77 铸造 Casting78 切削加工 Cutting79 压力加工 Plastic Working80 压力加工 Plastic Working81 焊接 Welding82 板金工 Sheetmetal Woek83 马赛克 Mosaic84 塑性成型 Plastic Working85 灌浆成型 Slip Casting86 挤出成型 Sqeezing87 注压成型 Injection Molding88 加压成型 Pressing89 水压成型 Cold Isostatic Pressing90 加压烧结法 Hot Pressing91 HIP成型 Hot Isostatic Pressing92 压缩成型 Compression Molding Pressing93 气压成型 Blow Molding94 压延成型 Calendering95 转送成型 Transfer Molding96 雌雄成型 Slash Molding97 铸塑成型 Casting98 喷涂成型 Spray Up99 层积成型 Laminating100 FW法 Fillament Winding101 粘接与剥离 Adhesion and Excoriation 102 木材工艺 Woodcraft103 竹材工艺 Bamboo Work104 表面技术 Surface Technology105 镀饰 Plating106 涂饰 Coating107 电化铝 Alumite108 烫金 Hot Stamping109 预制作 Prefabrication110 预制住宅 Prefabricated House111 悬臂梁 Cantilever112 金属模具 Mold113 型板造型 Modeling of Teplate114 染料 Dyestuff115 颜料 Artist Color传播与传媒设计1 传播 Communication2 大众传播 Mass Communication3 媒体 Media4 大众传播媒体 Mass Media5 视觉传播 Visual Communication6 听觉传播 Hearing Communication7 信息 Information8 符号 Sign9 视觉符号 Visual Sign10 图形符号 Graphic Symbol11 符号论 Semiotic12 象征 Symbol13 象征标志 Symbol Mark14 音响设计 Acoustic Design15 听觉设计 Auditory Design16 听觉传播设计 Auditory Communication Design17 图象设计 Visual Communication Design18 视觉设计 Visual Design19 视觉传播设计 Visual Communication Design20 图形设计 Graphic Design21 编辑设计 Editorial Design22 版面设计 Layout23 字体设计 Lettering24 CI设计 Corporate Identity Design25 宣传 Propaganda26 广告 Advertising27 广告委托人 Adveertiser28 广告代理业 Advertising Agency29 广告媒体 Advertising Media30 广告目的 Avertising Objectives31 广告伦理 Morality of Advertising32 广告法规 Law of Advertising33 广告计划 Advertising Planing34 广告效果 Advertising Effect35 广告文案 Advertising Copy36 广告摄影 Advertising Photography37 说明广告 Informative Advertising38 招贴画海报 Poster39 招牌 Sign-board40 小型宣传册 Pamphlet41 大型宣传册 Portfolio42 商品目录 Catalogue43 企业商报 House Organ44 户外广告 Outdoor Advertising45 POP广告 Point of Purchase Advertising46 展示 Display47 橱窗展示 Window Display48 展示柜 Cabinet49 博览会 Exposition50 万国博览会 World Exposition51 包装 Packaging52 工业包装 Industrial Packing53 标签 Label54 企业形象 Corporate Image55 企业色 Company Color56 动画 Animation57 插图 Illustration58 书法 Calligraphy59 印刷 Initial60 设计费 design fee61 标准 standard62 注册商标 registered trade mark设计美学与设计实验（英）1 美 Beauty2 现实美 Acture Beauty3 自然美 Natural Beauty4 社会美 Social Beauty5 艺术美 Artisitc Beauty6 内容与形式 Content and Form7 形式美 Formal Beauty8 形式原理 Principles and Form9 技术美 Beauty of Technology10 机械美 Beauty of Machine11 功能美 Functional Beauty12 材料美 Beauty of Material13 美学 Aesthetics14 技术美学 Technology Aesthetics15 设计美学 Design Aesthetics16 生产美学 PAroduction Aesthetics17 商品美学 Commodity Aedthetics18 艺术 Art19 造型艺术 Plastic Arts20 表演艺术 Performance Art21 语言艺术 Linguistic Art22 综合艺术 Synthetic Arts23 实用艺术 Practical Art24 时间艺术 Time Art25 空间艺术 Spatial Art26 时空艺术 Time and Spatial Art27 一维艺术 One Dimantional28 二维艺术 two Dimantional29 三维艺术 Three Dimantional30 四维艺术 Four Dimantional31 舞台艺术 Stagecraft32 影视艺术 Arts of Mmovie and Television33 环境艺术 Environmental Art34 美术 Fine Arts35 戏剧 Drama36 文学 Literature37 意匠 Idea38 图案 Pattern39 构思 Conception40 构图 Composition41 造型 Formation42 再现 Representation43 表现 Expression44 构成 Composition45 平面构成 Tow Dimentional Composition46 立体构成 Three Dimentional Composition47 色彩构成 Color Composition48 空间构成 Composition of Space49 音响构成 Composition and Sound50 多样与统一 Unity of Multiplicity51 平衡 Balance52 对称 Symmetry53 调和、和声 Harmony54 对比 Contrast55 类似 Similarity56 比例 Proportion57 黄金分割 Golden Section58 节奏 Rhythm59 旋律 Melody60 调子 Tone61 变奏 Variation62 纹样 Pattern63 形态 Form64 有机形态 Organic Form65 抽象形态 Abstract Form66 简化形态 Simptified Form67 变形 Deformation68 图学 Graphics69 透视画法 Perspective70 线透视 Linear Perspective71 视点 Eye on Picture Plane72 灭点 Vanishing Point73 平行透视 Parallel Persective74 成角透视 Angular Perspective75 斜透视 Obligue Perspective76 单点透视 Single Paint Perdpective77 两点透视 Tow-Point Perdpective78 三点透视 Three-Point Perdpective79 鸟瞰图 Bird's Eye View80 平面视图 Ground Plain81 轴侧投影 Axonometric Projection82 设计素描 Design Sketch83 预想图 Rendering84 模型 Model85 粘土模型 Clay Model86 石膏模型 Plaster Model87 木制模型 Wooden Model88 缩尺模型 Scale Model89 原大模型 Mock Up90 仿真模型 Finished Model91 制造原形 Prototype92 计算机图形学 Computer Graphics93 框架模型 Frame Model94 实体模型 Solid Model95 计算机辅助设计 COMPUTER AIDED DESIGN96 计算机辅助制造 Computer Aided Manufacture97 计算机三维动画 Computer Three Dimentional Animation98 计算机艺术 Computer Arts99 计算机书法 Computer Calligraphy100 计算机图象处理 Computer Image Processing101 计算机音响构成 Computer Sound Composition实验心理学与人机工程学1 人类工程学 Human Engineering2 人机工程学 Man-Machine Engineering3 工效学 Ergonomice4 人因工程学 Human Factors Engineering5 人因要素 Human Factors6 人机系统 Man-Machine System7 人体工程学 Human Engineering8 人本位设计 Human Sstandard Design9 实验心理学 Experimental Psychology10 物理心理学 Psychophysics11 感觉 Sensation12 知觉 Perception13 感觉阙限 Threshold of Senssation14 心理量表 Psychological Scaling15 视觉 Visual Perception16 视觉通道 Visual Pathway17 听觉 Hearing Perception18 肤觉 Skin Sensation19 视觉心理学 Visual Psychology20 听觉心理学 Hearing Psychology21 感光元 Photoreceptor Cell22 明视、暗视、间视 Phootopic Vision ,Scotopic Vision , Mesopic Vision23 光适应与暗适应 Photopic Adaptation and Sscotopic Adaptation24 格式塔，完形 Gestalt25 形状知觉 Shape Perception26 轮廓 Conotour27 主观轮廓 Subjictive Contour28 图形与背景 Figure and Ground29 图形与背景逆转 Reversible Figure30 良好形状法则 Prinzip der Guten Gestalt31 群化 Grouping32 等质性法则 Fsctor of Similarity33 伪装 Camouflage34 形状的恒常性 Shape Constancy35 大小的恒常性 Size Constancy36 空间知觉 Space Perception37 立体视 Stereopsis38 运动知觉 Movement Perception39 视错觉 Optical Illusion40 残像 After Image41 似动 Apparent Movement42 视觉后效 Aftereffects in Visuvl43 瀑布效应 Waterfall Effect44 视线记录仪 Eye Camera45 听觉刺激 Auditory Stimulus46 声压 Sound Pressure47 声压水平 Sound Pressure Level48 频谱 Spectrum49 乐音与非乐音 Tone and Nontone50 噪声 Noise51 听觉阙限 Auditory Threshold52 响度 Loudness53 听觉掩蔽 Auditory Masking54 音乐心理学 Psychology of Music55 音响心理学 Psychology of Sound56 音的四属性 Four Attribute Sound57 音高 Pitch58 音色 Timbre59 力度 Loudness60 频率辨别阙限 Difference Threshold of Frequency61 强度辨别阙限 Difference Threshold of Loudness62 混响 Reverberation63 音源距离感 Distance Perception of Sound64 音源方位感 Orientation Perception of Sound65 立体声 Stereophony66 语言心理学 Psycholinguistics67 语言声谱 Language Spectrum68 语言清晰度 Articulation69 人体尺寸 Humanlady Size70 作业空间 Work Space71 模数 Module72 心理尺度 Psychological Measure73 动作分析 Motion Analysis74 时间研究 Time Study75 动作时间研究 Motion and Time Study76 时间动作轨迹摄影 Chronocyclegragh77 动迹 Traffic Line78 光迹摄影 Luminogram79 脑波 Brain Wave80 生物钟 Bio-o'clock81 睡眠 Sleep82 疲劳 Fatigue83 姿态 Body Posture84 皮肤电反应 Galranic Skin Response85 临界闪烁频率 Critical Flicker Frequence86 肌肉运动学 Kinesiology87 肌电图 Electromyography88 形态学 Morphology89 仿生学 Bionics90 人、环境系统 Man-Environment System91 照明 Hlumination92 振动 Oscillate93 气候 Climate94 空气调节 Air Conditioning95 功能分配 Functional Allocation设计团体与部分人物（英）1 维也纳工厂 Wiener Werksttate2 德意志制造联盟 Der Deutsche Werkbund3 克兰布鲁克学院 The Cranbrook Academy4 国际现代建筑会议 Congres Internationaux D'Architecture Moderne5 现代艺术馆 Museum Of Modern Art6 芝加哥设计学院 Chicago Institute of Design7 英国工业设计委员会 Council of Industrial Design8 设计委员会 The Desgin Council9 国际建筑师协会 Union Internationale des Architects10 设计研究组织 Design Research Unit11 日本工业设计师协会 Japan Industrial Desginers Association12 日本设计学会 Japanese Society for Science of Design13 乌尔姆造型学院 Ulm Hochschule fur Gestallung14 国际设计协会联合会 International Council of Societies Industrial Desgin15 国际工业设计会议 International Design Congress ,ICSID Congress16 国际设计师联盟 Allied International Designers17 国际室内设计师联合会 International Federation of Interior Designers18 国际图形设计协会 International Graphic Desgin Associations19 国际流行色协会 International Commission for color in fashion and Textiles20 工业产品设计中心 The Centre de Creation Industrielle21 中国工业设计协会 China Industrial Design Association22 阿尔齐米亚集团 Alchymia Studio23 中国流行色协会 China Fashion Color Association24 中国技术美学委员会 China Technological Aesthetics Association25 莫里斯 Willian Morris (1834-1896E)26 奥斯特瓦德 Wilhelm Friedrich Ostwald(1853-1932G)27 孟赛尔 Albert F.Munsell (1858-1918A)28 凡.德.维尔德 Henry Vande Velde (1863-1957)29 莱特 Lloyd Wright (1867-1959A)30 贝伦斯 Peter Behrens(1868-1940G)31 霍夫曼 Joseph Hoffmann(1870-1956)32 皮克 Frank Pick(1878-1941)33 维斯宁兄弟 Alexander Leonid and Victor Vesnin34 格罗皮乌斯 Walter Gropius(1883-1969)35 蒂格 Walter Dorwin Teague36 利奇 Bernard Leach37 勒.柯不西埃 Le Corbusier(法)38 伊顿 Johennes Itten39 里特维尔德 Gerrit Thomas Rietvela40 庞蒂 Gio Ponti41 拉塞尔 Gordon Russel42 格迪斯 Norman Bel Geddes43 洛伊 Raymond Fermam44 里德 Herbert Read45 莫荷利.纳吉 Laszlo Moholy Nagy46 凡.多伦 Harold Van Doren47 阿尔托 Alvar Aalto48 拜耶 Herbert Bayer49 卡桑德拉 A.M.Cassandre50 佩夫斯纳 Nikolans51 布劳耶尔 Marcel Breuer52 佩里安 Charlotte Perriand53 德雷夫斯 Henry Dreyfuss54 迪奥 Christian Dior55 鲍登 Edward Bawden56 贾戈萨 Dante Giacosa57 伊姆斯 Charles Eames58 伊娃齐塞尔 Eva Zeiesl59 比尔MaxBill设计法规与标准（英）1 知识产权Intellectual Property2 著作权 Copyright3 工业产权 Industrial Property4 专利 Patent5 发明专利 Patent for Invention6 实用新型 Utility Modle7 外观设计专利 Registation of Design8 注册商标 Registered Trade Mark9 广告法 Advertising Law10 反不正当竞争 Repression of Untair Competition11 设计费 Design Fee12 标准 Standard13 德国工业标准 Deutsche Industrie Normen设计生产经营与评价1 工业工程学 Industrial Engineering2 工业心理学 Industrial Psychology3 科学管理法 Scientific Management4 生产管理 Production Control5 质量管理 Quality Control6 系统工程 System Engineering7 批量生产 Mass Production8 流水作业 Conveyer System9 互换式生产方式 Interchangeable Produsction Method10 标准化 Standardization11 自动化 Automation12 市场调查 Market Research13 商品化计划 Merchandising14 产品开发 Product Developement15 产品改型 Model Change16 产品测试 Product Testing17 产品成本 Product Cost18 营销学 Marketing19 买方市场 Buyer's Market20 卖方市场 Seller's Marker21 促销 Sales Promotion22 适销 Marketability23 消费者 Consumer24 购买动机调查 Motivation Research25 深层面接法 Depth Interview26 销售热点 Selling Point27 卡通测试法 Cartoon Test28 产品形象 Product Image29 形象策略 Image Strategy30 公共关系 Public Relations31 运筹学 Operations Research32 设计策略 Design Policy33 艺术总监 Art Director设计思潮与流派（英）1 学院派 Academicism2 理性主义 Rationalism3 非理性主义 Irrationalism4 古典主义 Classicism5 浪漫主义 Romanticism6 现实主义 Realism7 印象主义 Impressionism8 后印象主义 Postimpressionism9 新印象主义 Neo-Impressionisme(法）10 那比派 The Nabject11 表现主义 Expressionism12 象征主义 Symbolism13 野兽主义 Fauvism14 立体主义 Cubism15 未来主义 Futurism16 奥弗斯主义 Orphism17 达达主义 Dadaisme(法)18 超现实主义 Surrealism19 纯粹主义 Purism20 抽象艺术 Abstract Art21 绝对主义，至上主义 Suprematism22 新造型主义 Neo-plasticisme(法)23 风格派 De Stiji24 青骑士 Der Blaus Reiter25 抒情抽象主义 Lyric Abstractionism26 抽象表现主义 Abstract Expressionism27 行动绘画 Action Painting28 塔希主义 Tachisme(法)29 视幻艺术 Op Art30 活动艺术、机动艺术 Kinetic Art31 极少主义 Minimalism32 概念主义 Conceptualism33 波普艺术 Pop Art34 芬克艺术、恐怖艺术 Funk Art35 超级写实主义 Super Realism36 人体艺术 Body Art37 芝加哥学派 Chicago School38 艺术与手工艺运动 The Arts & Crafts Movement39 新艺术运动 Art Nouveau40 分离派 Secession41 构成主义 Constructivism42 现代主义 Modernism43 包豪斯 Bauhaus44 阿姆斯特丹学派 Amsterdam School45 功能主义 Functionalism46 装饰艺术风格 Art Deco(法)47 国际风格 International Style48 流线型风格 Streamlined Forms49 雅典宪章 Athens Charter50 马丘比丘宪章 Charter of Machupicchu51 斯堪的纳维亚风格 Scandinavia Style52 新巴洛克风格 New Baroque53 后现代主义 Postmodernism54 曼菲斯 Memphis55 高技风格 High Tech56 解构主义 Deconstructivism57 手工艺复兴 Crafts Revival58 准高技风格 Trans High Tech59 建筑风格 Architecture60 微建筑风格 Micro-Architecture61 微电子风格 Micro-Electronics62 晚期现代主义 Late Moddernism《计算机英语》参考译文和练习答案目录第一单元 (18)课文A：计算机概览 (18)第二单元 (20)课文A：计算机硬件 (20)第三单元 (23)课文A：操作系统 (23)第四单元 (26)课文A：编程语言 (26)第五单元 (28)课文A：计算机程序 (28)第六单元 (32)课文A：分布式计算机系统 (32)第七单元 (35)课文A：进入关系数据库的世界 (35)第八单元 (38)课文A：电信与计算机 (38)第九单元 (40)课文A：计算机网络 (40)第十单元 (42)课文A：网络拓扑结构 (42)第十一单元 (45)课文A：因特网是如何工作的？ (45)第十二单元 (48)课文A：信息革命 (48)第十三单元 (51)课文A：电子商务简介 (51)第十四单元 (53)课文A：计算机安全 (53)第十五单元 (56)课文A：比尔•盖茨文摘（1）： (56)比尔•盖茨文摘（2）： (57)练习答案 (59)第一单元课文A：计算机概览一、引言计算机是一种电子设备，它能接收一套指令或一个程序，然后通过对数值数据进行运算或者对其他形式的信息进行处理来执行该程序。
新媒体时代动态化平面设计外文文献翻译资料
文献出处标题：The Study of Dynamic Graphic Design in New Media Age作者：Frascara J期刊：The Study of Dynamic Graphic Design in New Media Age卷12，期2，页码: 18-29.原文The Study of Dynamic Graphic Design in New Media AgeFrascara JAbstractAs new media technology, especially the extensive development of mobile terminal associated miniaturization technology makes the way people receive information and great changes have taken place in the media terminal, has brought the rich medium of graphic design. From one of the most common paper products to the present popular lithographic computers are available to graphic design. Therefore, the development of modern advanced technology makes the plane design of the past in a static dynamic performance. In the new media platform, through the dynamic process of graphic design work will make the amount of information contained far above its static form, greatly increased the functionality of the works.Keywords: graphic design, new media, dynamicIntroductionDue to the graphic design have other forms in aesthetic and information transfer incomparable unique advantages, so the modern plane design is widely used in commercial areas. The transverse cross made graphic design and commercial development supplement each other, when one party in a major breakthrough, always cause great innovation on both sides.New media technology is one of the most dramatic developments of technology in recent years. Representatives of the mobile terminal mini into related technology development, makes the public receives great changes have taken place in information. All kinds of media and new media technology platform are to expand the present way of graphic design. New media platform for graphic design works contain a greateramount of information, enhance the functionality of works; at the same time through the change of the rich to mass produce more emotional and enjoyment, strengthen the work of aesthetic. This series of changes not only change the display of graphic design quality and quantity of information, in the static to the dynamic graphic design has also encouraged ever become inevitable.Research backgroundThe rapid development of new media technology has brought the reform of the plane design, dynamic form of graphic design has become a new media platforms. More designers and design organizations started to dynamic graphic design research, try to carry out the design creation. Dynamic graphic design as an important branch of the new environment has gradually become the core of the plane design research.Dynamic graphic design research often cannot be used from the environment. With the support of new media technology, the dynamic graphic design is more widely used in a variety of media forms, each kind of media in the form of research and development has its particularity. Web design is a branch of the earliest start using dynamic graphic design. Network expansion makes the audience for a single boring web page to produce aesthetic fatigue, dynamic effect of the application to meet the new needs of the public for web page aesthetic. From the initial simple Flash animation to the current type highly interactive web pages based on HTML 5, web design always walk in the forefront of the dynamic graphic design. Avoid too many inherent animation, enhance the dynamic effect of interaction has become a new trend of the current web page design.As the first visual elements and UI design become one of the most important link in today's human computer interaction. Friendly interface to facilitate the use of the function, not only bring more users and comfortable visual enjoyment. Tell from nature, the same UI design and web design, the route of transmission, display environment and reception mode etc. There are a lot of similarities, research and development of the UI design can be obtained from the web design more content worthy of learning. At the same time due to the wide application and a surge in demand, research and development of the UI design tend to be independent. Thecurrent due to the rapid development of mobile media, is applied to mobile phone UI design become the direction of the UI design study is the most important.Add interactive elements in graphic design in the outdoor, make its have device attribute is the development of the outdoor advertising has always been the assumption. Early outdoor dynamic advertising study how can always take the technology as the core, interaction will be more and more advanced technology into the outdoor media. Practice shows that the freezing technology does not bring more attention, and humanistic care and local features of outdoor advertising is more popular. The contemporary study of dynamic outdoor graphic design changed the way is given priority to with technology, to pay more attention to the experience of the people.Under the new media era of graphic designMany modern technology giants are creating ideal ecological system of science and technology, in the numerical simulation of the idea for the future, the receiving and transmission of the information to the creative idea, the new media technology has played a vital role. Under the environment of this technique as a visual communication face to face with the mass update and progress is more important. Under the new media era of graphic design to develop itself by digital, handmade gradually replaced by the computer to make, the more powerful design software to design implement simplified into the easiest part of the design, to liberate the designer makes it more focus on the design ideas and thinking. In addition, some auxiliary digital devices such as digital plate and the beauty of traditional is handmade craft in the digital world. The widespread popularity of new media had a profound influence on graphic design, graphic design work of terminal and the way in the era of new media also produced a series of changes.Show the varietiesIn graphic design work of printing process to achieve the traditional printing technology, or not fully the natural shape of present design, or according to the standard set of printing before design to carry out a variety of restrictions. The advancement of digital, made the plane design has been completed by handmadeproduction transition to digital platform. Because the design itself on digital platforms, and can make it in the most primitive way communication between the digital platform.At present, the cutting edge of science and technology is still continuous efforts in terms of new media display terminal. From the CRT to the update is not yet complete ending of liquid crystal, various new technologies emerge in endlessly. Apple launched the Retina (retinal) screen technology has made display matches the level of the Retina; Sharp’s IGZO display technology not only improves the display effect, more sharply reduces the power consumption and manufacturing cost; Currently being hyped flexible screen after the success of the research and development will bring a revolutionary development to display terminal. In the foreseeable future developing, there will be better new media platform to show the graphic design work.Transmission of real-timeTraditional media from design to carry out the final rendering cycle is very long, when the audience is limited to the individual or a particular group, the process is more twists and turns. Because the new media platform has the advantage of network, the process is greatly simplified. Current in the plane design of the new media platform, excluding time needed for the design, can achieve the result of "real time" almost. This real-time effect can sometimes bring surprises, enhance people to get information by memory.A design team used bus stations to experiment with LED display. Team members on the passenger’s pictures taken are waiting passengers under the premise of love. Through a simple image processing, the classic movie posters characters replaced with pictures of passengers, then image transmission through the network to the bus station LED advertising screen. Passengers will suddenly see themselves became the protagonist of the ads in the poster, the whole process can be completed in a waiting period. Through the survey statistics show that in the late most of the passengers said this experience made him very unforgettable, and would be happy to share his joy, also impressed for the content of the poster.Under the new media technology, interactive nature of graphic designNew media platform for the realization of the dynamic graphic design provides a powerful support; more important is that provides the viewer with more interactive space. The designer and the viewer's absolute isolation dispelling gradually in the new media environment, the viewer is become one of the nodes of the design cycle. This not only can make through viewer between different designs rich change, at the same time, can use hands-on experience and participate in the work of achievement make a design more deeply rooted in the hearts of the people. The interactive concept is used in the design of the plane under the new media technology make the plane design has the new features. The traditional graphic design if misinterpreted by the viewer, unable to remedy in a timely manner. With interactive graphic design work because in the interaction of further will get more information, need to work with tolerance on the one hand, requires designers to design in predicting the behavior of the viewer may adequately, as much as possible in a wide range of use the generic identification element, color semantics, etc., not a big misunderstanding and impact the overall information transmission or irreversible effects; On the other hand, need to work with more instructive, through a variety of ways such as color, typography, visual process was designed to guide the viewer in experience design content, complete the interactive process, for the preset information. In addition, constantly attaches great importance to the brand effect and the development of the enterprise culture mode, many enterprises in advertising campaigns by fixed interactive mode to build the brand's exclusive experience, among which interactive graphic design is one of the important link to build exclusive interaction experience.ConclusionThe new media era to the innovation and development of graphic design provides a strong support and make the transmission of graphic design more efficient, more interesting. Basic elements in the process of innovation, through the graphic design of mining, and with the new media technology, the new idea of continuous integration, complete the dynamic graphic design. Dynamic graphic design is not just about graphic design on the artistic innovation, at the same time combinescommunication, psychology, marketing concept, the green design concept of modern commercial design indispensable content, is a kind of integrated innovation of visual communication.Through to the new media environment with dynamic elements in excellent graphic works, case analysis, combining with the implementation of dynamic visual characteristics, the dynamic graphic design are discussed. Basic elements have the dynamic performance of plane design, combined with powerful software, and the integration of modern graphic design concept, whether in the form of static to dynamic feeling or activity union achieve full interaction, is a dynamic graphic design to fully demonstrate.译文新媒体时代动态化平面设计研究Frascara J摘要随着新媒体技术，尤其是移动终端微型化相关技术的广泛发展，使得人们接收信息的方式和媒体终端发生了巨大变化，带来了丰富的平面设计媒介。
新媒体时代动态化平面设计外文文献翻译资料
新媒体时代动态化平面设计外文文献翻译资料The development of new media technology。
particularly the widespread use of mobile devices and XXX。
has nized the way people receive n。
This has led to significant changes in the media landscape。
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With the availability of computers。
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平面设计英文单词
材料与加工成型技术（英）
1 材料 Material 2 材料规划 Material Planning 3 材料评价 Material Appraisal 4 金属材料 Metal Materials 5 无机材料 Inorganic Materials 6 有机材料 Organic Materials 7 复合材料 Composite Materials 8 天然材料 Natural Materials 9 加工材料 Processing Materials 10 人造材料 Artificial Materials
室内与家具设计 外文翻译 外文文献 英文文献 中英对照 室内设计风格
室内与家具设计外文翻译外文文献英文文献中英对照室内设计风格XXX features classic furniture and ornate details。
XXX。
XXX.XXX what style you choose。
it'XXX in your design。
This means taking a deeper look at the shapes。
colors。
XXX.When choosing a style。
consider your personal taste and the n of the space。
A XXX living room。
while a simple and nal style may be better for a home office.In the end。
the key to XXX it's classical。
simple。
or exquisite。
your XXX of your unique style and taste.XXX journey。
XXX。
you'll start to develop a sense of your preferences and what doesn't appeal to you。
This process will also give you a better understanding of the design process and the vast array of XXX.Be bold and try out different colors and materials to decorate each room according to its intended purpose。
Maximizing natural light is always a great idea。
室内设计 外文翻译 外文文献 英文文献 自然 简约—对室内设计现象分析
室内设计外文翻译外文文献英文文献自然简约—对室内设计现象分析附件2:外文原文Natural simplicity - on interior design AnalysisAbstract:The natural, simple interior design show is a way of life, it allows us closer to nature, more emphasis on functionality, more concerned about life itself. create a poetic space.Keywords:minimalism; space; grade; interior design; feelingAncient times, Chinese wooden framework architecture of ancient India, the Orient, Europe, building caves in ancient Greece, ancient Rome and so on decorative stone building closely integrated with the components, with the main building, however. dissolved into Europe in the early seventeenth century Baroque times and the mid-eighteenth century the Rococo era, began with the interior decoration of the main building separated from the main building external and internal fitting-out period in the use of the mismatch, thus leading to the main building and interior decoration of the separation, in the construction of the French court architecture and aristocratic mansion, the new occupation "decorative artisan" was born, the building's internal frequency continuous modification, fixed the main building, the replacement building, "clothing" the time has come. Baroque-style architecture ofthe interior design, one anti-Renaissance solemn, subtle, balanced, tend to exaggerate. luxury, in churches and palaces in the architecture, sculpture, painting into a whole, the pursuit of momentum with the ups and downs, but an attempt to cause the illusion. Rococo interior architecture is the palace of nobility in order to be intimate and comfortable, elegant interior and the pursuit of a more intimateinterior decorative effect. with thin, lightweight, beautiful and complex decorative; hi-shaped, with C-shaped or S-shaped curve of the vortex and soft pastel colors with flowers and birds, many shells as a theme, and the court order to meet the requirements of the exotic, much used in interior decoration. Chinese-style Baroque and Rococo-stylehand-made decoration reached perfection, referred to as "interior decoration". modern representatives of the great development of the industrial revolution, there has been a new type of concrete building,its interior decoration not only from the main building from the Medium, and developed into the main building and not attached to the sole partof the relative separation. Sports camp solved simply decorativebuilding components with a combination of the main contradictions in modernist design become a pioneer in theBauhaus school of thought. decision to emphasize the functional form, consider the space of the building are the protagonist, advocate discarding false surface decoration, all around the architecture reasonable space requirements Services. exclude decoration, emphasis on the use of functions and simplified shapes.Advocate the design of the natural style of natural space, aesthetic promoted the idea that "natural beauty" to the performance of relaxed, comfortable, natural pastoral life, and is often the use of natural wood, stone, rattan, bamboo and other materials rustic texture. clever in interior settings greening, create a natural, simple, fresh and elegant atmosphere. only upholds nature, combined with the natural order intoday's high-tech, high-paced social life, so that people can achieve physical and psychological balance.Simple does not mean easy, it is an attitude towards life. when weare in modern life, to bear too much pressure, we began to look for the feeling of freedom, graceful posture and extraordinary taste. we need to tend to a peaceful state of mind impetuous, So we call for simplicity. from the building space to the general living space, from designers to the ordinary citizen vocational naturally simple style - interior design has become very popular direction.The spirit of simplicity is mainly derived from the origin to the early twentieth century Western Modernism. Britain and France JOHNPawson twoClaudioSilverstein interior designers in the mid 80s to lead thetrend of minimalism design. Europe and the United States at the time of economic downturn, the Art Gallery bosses began to display works of art space to find a way out, some reported costs factory floor layout easyto become art exhibition hall, the purpose of funding is based on atleast make the best display space, while the results of doing so is tosimplify the space, not decoration superfluous things, in fact, this also reflects the emergence of a new aesthetic design. from home into the design of art galleries, the exhibition space with works of art showing the characteristics of the same type of aesthetic simplicity.art at this time it started with the interior coincide with the design and gradually began to slip to the present minimalism became the style of interior design and pursue careers.Return to nature of minimalism are human-specific labor. its purpose is to concise form of expression to meet the people's space environment, the kind of instinctive, emotional and rational needs. In a sense, the prevalence of minimalism are the inevitable trend of human development.Natural, simple interior design to create a poetic space. We know that the "poem"The Art of the characteristics is to use very simple vocabulary, according to certain rules of composition, form a "poem" of such a language, its between the lines contains a great deal of space, a static implicit in the design space. people's ideological feelings, life, longing for injection into the environment through the "mood" to reproduce the three-dimensional space, in reality, it means its habitat, then forgotten by his body, which is a spiritual experience beyond the physical experience, "mood" of creation, it is by creating an atmosphere to achieve a certain spiritual significance embodied the "affinity".In fact, the interior design is minimalism such a "poetic" to create a space with minimalist objects. have to imagine the use of display space,this space is actually a vice-space, has generated various combinations of furniture, deputy space, it often gives a visual "empty" feeling, while "empty" like poetry generated by the "mood", a great mobilization of the person in which emotions, ability to inspire people association. Simple interior design aesthetic to emphasize the form. If Say, the general design of the interior furniture, such as sofas, tables andother items referred to as the main object, then minimalism interior design is there is no such distinction. Minimalism in interior design consider any part of space will share the same important role, including the walls, ground, and so on top of all the objects in space. coordination portfolio has a strong aesthetic form, which is mainly embodied in point Line, surface, the three elements of the performance space. China for thousands of culture, how much precipitation Heng Bank works, especially the Han Chinese are building a more beautiful set of Aura essence to "simple, solid, precise, elegant" as the principles unique to Oriental aesthetic ideas, independent and vigorous temperament, concise vague distant charm of simplicity, the world should ring. it has also affected the international building design concepts, but alsoaffect the interior design aesthetic.Design is able to express the language as little as possible as much information as possible, depends on its design will be many manifestations of the combined elements of science, in which the choice and use of color plays a very crucial role. We know colors are different wavelengths Light reflection and absorption of the result of the spread of light faster than the spread of graphiclanguage faster, which makes it the first time people feel, so the first sense of space is the color, and different colors can cause differentand feelings of psychological reflect. Natural, simple interior design, black and white and color materials are representative of its color, is often used in color, these colors were not inclined to think most arethe colors of the visual interference of the smallest person:Interior design at the same time alsoemphasized the use of light, often through access to natural light source, such asskylights, which create a pastel color space of one whole plays avery important role, but also embodies the minimalism advocated by the simple but not simple Style.The performance of every means to live for the purpose of, for each partial emphasized its functionality and comfort: In fact, such a full expression of functionaldesign embodies the basic aesthetic principle, is also very easy to understand, any design Service is based on man-made object, person inthe consumer design, are the most important consumer of its practical function: so, when we see a seemingly hardseat, do not immediately judge it is bound to bring you the feelingof cold, go get the moment, perhaps it is that it backs the arc Road inadvertently bring you down just to experience the benefits of comfort.It should be said that natural, simple interior design show is a way of life, it allows us closer to nature, more emphasis on functionality, more concerned about life itself.Concise understanding of the person to person, because of people's age, knowledge, quality of life, different backgrounds, and the taste will be different requirements. social development, the progress of the times, new thinking, new structure, the emergence of new materials will have to adapt to this new concept of decoration, new forms, new space. decorative simplicity of this modern form of expression has depth affect the building products, industrial products, in many fields such asLiving Products. several pipe, a timber, a reactor cloth can make different forms of modern furniture. it has quietly let people's way of life and ideas have been a qualitative change. think concise designstyle is bound to outshine others, to become people's lives, the pursuit of 21st century fashion.A concise form of expression to meet the people's space environment, the kind of instinctive, emotional and rational needs, this is also the international community today. popular design style and modern fast-paced, high-frequency, full load, has no people to Reusable: point increase in the acceptance of people in this increasingly busy life, a desire to be able to completely relax, simple and pure spirit to regulate the conversion of space, which is dominated in the complementary sense, arising from trying to shake off cumbersome, complicated, easy and natural to pursue the psychological. hostels inIndonesia Bali Series design, inspired by Bali's folk style, but in space architecture and dynamic line arrangements are designed to extend the spirit of simplicity: performance in the Materials the emergence of the local natural original timber, straw and stone: designers of these natural elements of folk withaccurate and concise detail to deal with in order to strengthen the theme will also bepart of decorative simplistic, presented by the space can be said modern Balinese style.Taking a panoramic view of the world's architectural design, whether they are German Master • Mies van der Rohe, or the United States • Richard Meyer, Tadao Ando of Japan, Chinese-American IM Pei, they are the most pure form, with a very ordinary materials, use of the most concise way, showing great depth of meaning and noble qualities: space a piece of their work is full of spirituality has infinite vitality, and their design idea in today's era of shock: also led the development trend of thetimes.附件1:外文资料翻译译文自然简约—对室内设计现象分析摘要:自然,简约的室内设计展现的是一种生活方式,它让我们更接近自然,更强调功能,更关注生活本身:营造的是一种诗意的空间:关键词: 简约;空间;品位;室内设计;感觉远古时期,中国的木构架建筑,东方古印度的石窟建筑,欧洲古希腊,古罗马然而十七世纪初欧的石砌建筑等等装饰与构件紧密结合,与建筑主体溶为一体: 洲巴洛克时代和十八世纪中叶的洛可可时代,开始了室内装饰与建筑主体的分离,外部的建筑主体与内部的装修在使用年限上不匹配,因而导致建筑主体与室内装饰的分离,在营造法国宫廷建筑和贵族宅邸时,新的职业“装饰工匠”诞生了,对建筑物的内部频繁不断地进行改装,不动建筑主体,更换建筑“服装”的时期已经到来:巴洛克式建筑的室内设计,一反文艺复兴时期的严肃,含蓄,平衡,倾向于豪华,浮夸:在教堂及宫殿中把建筑,雕塑,绘画结合成一个整体,追求动势与起伏,企图造成幻象:而洛可可式建筑室内则是皇宫贵族为了得到舒适的,私密的室内而追求优雅的更为亲切的室内装饰效果:具有纤细,轻巧,华丽和繁琐的装饰性;喜用C形,S形或漩涡形的曲线和轻淡柔和的色彩,多以花鸟,贝壳为题材,并为适应宫廷的异国情趣要求,在室内采用了许多中国式装饰:巴洛克和洛可可式的手工制作达到了装饰的极致,被称为“室内装饰”的代表:近代工业革命的大发展,出现了新型的混凝土建筑,它不仅使室内装饰从建筑主体中脱离,而且发展成为不依附于建筑主体而相对独力的部分:分离派运动解开了单纯装饰部件与建筑主体相结合的矛盾,成为现代主义设计的先驱:包豪斯学派强调功能决定形式,认为空间是建筑的主角,提倡抛弃表面虚假的装饰,一切围绕着架构合理的空间服务:要求排除装饰,强调使用功能以及造型的简单化:自然风格倡导设计自然空间,美学上推崇“自然美”, 力求表现悠闲,舒畅,自然的田园生活情趣,也常运用天然木,石,藤,竹等材质质朴的纹理:巧于设置室内绿化,创造自然,简朴,清新淡雅的氛围:只有崇尚自然,结合自然,才能在当今高科技,高节奏的社会生活中,使人们能取得生理和心理的平衡:简约不等于简单,它是一种生活态度:当我们在现代生活中,承受太多的压力,我们开始渴望拥有自由的感觉,优雅的姿态和不凡的品位:我们需要让浮躁的心境趋向平和,于是我们呼唤简约:从大的建筑空间到普通的居住空间,从职业设计师到普通公民,自然简约风格——开始成为室内设计界非常流行的方向: 简约的精神起源主要源自于二十世纪初期的西方现代主义:英国JOHNPawson与法国的ClaudioSilverstein两位室内设计师在80年代中期引领了简约主义的设计潮流:当时欧美的经济不景气,艺廊老板们开始在艺术品的展示空间上找出路,一些报费的工厂车间简单布置,成为艺术展厅,目的是以最少的经费作出最好的展示空间,而这么做的结果就是简化空间,不装饰多余的东西,实际上,这也反映了一种新审美的出现:从设计居家引入到艺廊的设计,使得展示空间与艺术品呈现出同一种美学特征:简约艺术也就在这个时候开始与室内设计相吻合,并逐渐开始流行起来,到现在简约主义成了室内设计追崇的风格:回归自然的简约主义是人类特有的劳动成果:其目的是以简洁的表现形式来满足人们对空间环境那种感性的,本能的和理性的需求:从某种意义上说,简约主义的盛行是人类发展的必然趋势:自然,简约的室内设计营造的是一种诗意的空间:我们知道,“诗”的艺术特点就是用极其简洁的语汇,按照一定的规则组合,形成“诗”这样一种语言,其字里行间包含了极大的空间,一种隐含的静态的空间:在设计中把人的思想情感,人生的向往注入到环境中去,通过“意境”将其立体,空间地再现于现实中,使人入其境,则忘乎其身,这是一种超乎物质感受的精神感受, “意境”的创造,正是通过气氛的营造来达到体现某种精神意义上的“亲和力”:实际上,简约主义室内设计就是这样一种“诗意”空间的营造:用极简的物体摆设产生想象使用空间,这个空间实际上是一种副空间,有各个家具组合产生的副空间,它往往给人视觉上“空”的感觉,而“空”犹如诗所产生的“意境”,极大调动着身处其中的人的情绪,激发人的联想能力:简约室内设计强调形式美感:如果说,一般的室内设计把家具,诸如沙发,桌子等物品称为主体物的话,那么简约主义室内设计是不存在这样的区分的:简约主义室内设计认为处在空间中的任何部分都分担着同样重要的作用,包括墙面,地面,顶面等:空间中所有物体的协调组合具有很强的形式美感,这主要体现在点,线,面三个空间元素的表现上:中国几千年的文化,沉淀出多少恒世佳作,特别是中国汉代建筑更是集精华美妙之灵气,以“简单,厚实,精准,雅致”为原则,将东方特有的审美观念,独立浑厚的气质,凝练渺远的简约神韵,响绝于世:它至今还影响着国际建筑的设计理念,也影响着室内设计的美感: 设计之所以能以尽量少的语言表达尽量多的信息,有赖于其将诸多设计表现形式要素科学的融合在一起,其中色彩的选择和使用起了十分关键的作用:我们知道色彩是不同波长的光反射和吸收的结果,光的传播速度比图形文字的传播速度快,这使得它让人在第一时间感受到,所以对空间最先感受到的就是色彩,而不同色彩可以引起人们不同的心理反映和感受:在自然,简约的室内设计中,黑色和白色以及材料的本色是它的代表色,也是常常使用的颜色,这些颜色被认为是最没有倾向的颜色,对人的视觉干扰最小:同时室内设计也强调对光的使用,往往通过天窗等获取自然光源,这对塑造一种轻淡整一的色彩空间起着相当重要的作用,也体现了简约主义所宣扬的简洁但不简单的风格:每一个表现手段都以居住为目的,对每一个局部都强调其功能性和舒适性:实际上,这种对功能的充分表述体现了设计的基本美学原理,也是很容易理解的,任何设计都是以人为服务对象的,人在消费设计的时候,最主要是消费它的实用功能:所以,当我们看到一张看似坚硬的座椅,不要马上判断它必然带给你冰冷的感觉,坐上去的一刹那,也许正是它背上的那道不经意的弧线带给你恰倒好处的舒适体验: 应该说,自然,简约的室内设计展现的是一种生活方式,它让我们更接近自然,更强调功能,更关注生活本身:对简洁的理解因人而异,由于人们的年龄,见识,素养,生活背景的不同,所产生的品味要求也就不同:社会的发展,时代的进步,新思维,新结构,新材料的出现必定会产生与此适应的装饰新概念,新形式,新空间:简洁这一现代的装饰表现形式已经深入影响到建筑产品,工业产品,生活产品等诸多领域:几根钢管,一个木桩,一个布堆就能做出不同形式的现代家具:它已悄然让人们的生活方式和思想观念产生质的变化:有人认为简洁的设计风格必然会一枝独秀,成为21世纪人们生活追求的时尚: 以简洁的表现形式来满足人们对空间环境那种感性的,本能的和理性的需求,这也是当今国际社会流行的设计风格:而现代人快节奏,高频率,满负荷,已让人到了无可复加的接受地步:人们在这日趋繁忙的生活中,渴望得到一种能彻底放松,以简洁和纯净来调节转换精神的空间,这是人们在互补意识支配下,所产生的亟欲摆脱繁琐,复杂,追求简单和自然的心理:在印尼巴里岛旅馆系列设计中,灵感来自巴里岛上的民俗风格,但在空间架构及动线安排上是延伸简约设计的精神:在材料表现上,出现了自然原始的当地原木,草席及石板:设计师将这些具有自然民俗的元素用精确及简洁的细部来处理以加强主题,同时也将装饰的部分简单化,所呈现的空间可以说是现代巴里岛风格:纵观世界建筑设计大师们无论是德国密斯•凡德罗,还是美国的理查德•迈耶,日本的安藤忠雄,美籍华人贝聿铭,他们都以最纯净的形式,用相当普通的材料,使用最精简的手法,表现出非常深度的内涵和崇高的空间气质:他们一件件充满灵性的作品有着无穷的生命力,他们的设计思想震撼着当今时代:也引领着时代潮流的发展:。
个性化办公空间室内设计外文文献翻译最新
外文文献原文+译文原文The research of personalized office space interior designMartin GAbstractIn the 21st century, human society entered the "information age", most countries in the world also has gradually into the "post industrial society". In the era of "post industrial society", based on computer technology, network technology and information technology characteristics of the information society will change our mode of production, life style, work style and way of thinking, affects every aspect of our lives. The development of network makes the world becomes smaller and smaller, and the city became big assimilation, life becomes urbanization, people lost the passion of pursuing new and change. In this era of homogeneity, any new things will make people feel excited and delighted, can someone as the cheers and applause, pursuing new and change is the slogan of The Times. The life needs, design calls for more personalized works. Make public individual character, in the field of design innovation is the slogan. The personality is the soul of interior design, interior design for individual work.Keywords: Human nature; Personalized; Office space; Interior design1 IntroductionIn calling upon the personality in the field of interior design, on the one hand, people demand more attention to person itself, also in the interior design is also more to embody the "people-oriented" design concept. Interior design more consideration to all levels of people of different physiological and psychological level, the various requirements of the design to achieve more balance, balance the dual requirement of people in the material world and spiritual world, tend to be more humane, intelligent and ecological design. Gradually reduce, on the other hand, as the earth's resources, the worsening of the natural environment, destruction of ecological balance, need more of is in interior design "people-oriented" dialectic, which is in the life to promote energy conservation, saving resource and moderate consumption, on thedesign to implement green design, ecological design and environmental design, achieve the harmonious development of man and nature.In the field of interior design, office space occupied large proportion of interior design. In August 1933 C AM (international association of modern architecture) fourth conference in Athens by the Athens charter, and put forward the "live, work, transportation activities is to study and analysis of urban design in modern times, the most basic classification". Work is one of the main human activities, office space is the center of the modern life, and people have a third day of the time want to be in the office. Well-designed personalized office space people can keep a good balance of body and mind, stimulate creativity, promote the exchange of work, and enhance the sense of belonging, to create greater wealth for the society. Therefore, office space interior design is particularly important.2 Overview of interior designInterior design, also known as the indoor environment design, the main content of the design for indoor plane design and space combination, indoor surface art processing, and indoor furniture, lamps and lanterns, display the selection and arrangement, etc. Generally have the floor plan, flat-topped diagram, facade expansion plan, as well as furniture, lamps and lanterns and detail drawing. Can use Gantt chart or color rendering." As an independent professional interior design, in the world is truly established in the 1960 s, after the birth of modern architecture movement is interior design professional agent directly, make indoor design in design idea and great changes have taken place in modern architecture movement one by one to make indoor decoration from pure interface to the design of the space; from the traditional pattern of two-dimensional space design to create innovative four-dimensional model; the essence lies in the overall artistic atmosphere of interior space to create, this is the traditional way of thinking of interior design a fundamental shift in attitudes.Interior design is a comprehensive strong cross discipline, is the art and science, the unity of form and technique. Art and science, as human beings to know the world and transform the world's two most powerful means, also reflected in the design. Cansay, the whole process of design, is to make all sorts of subtle things and feelings, organized into a clear concept and art forms, so as to build content to demand the materialization of human emotions and behavior. All design practice is to make the knowledge and the characteristics of emotional streamline, ultimately comes down to this practice aesthetics system in the form of art and scientific theory system. Any kind of design results is the crystallization of art and science, the design is on the brink of between arts and science subjects. Here, the art as a source of design thinking, reflected in people's spiritual world, subjective emotional aesthetic consciousness become design create impulsion. Science as a design specification of the process manifests itself in the material world, people of objective function of technology using the designing a guarantee of success. That reflect more outstanding in the indoor design, modern interior design involves the aesthetic psychology, architecture, sociology, ethnology, human body engineering, structural engineering, architectural physics and material science disciplines, such as it requires the use of multidisciplinary knowledge, comprehensive multi-level space environment design, is a highly integrated comprehensive discipline. Interior design as an independent comprehensive discipline, is the rational creation method in architectural interior space, is a kind of based on the structure of science, to the art form of expression, to create a spiritual space and material space and indoor living environment for the rational creation activity, the sensibility of art together and scientific rationality as the designers create infinite power.Interior design is a category of design, all aspects of the design of the full performance characteristics. Design is to seek a breakthrough in the artistic feeling, an extraordinary, a characteristic of the state, while in this state and breakthrough collectively known as personalized design. Personalized embodied in interior design in the modern office space more to highlight, even far beyond the spiritual and cultural requirements of the space environment is responsible for. It requires that reflects the unique style of enterprise culture, policy makers, tolerance and style, the collective image of the company, the company's historical development and even the company's product characteristic image, and so on. Interior design of individual ischaracter on the premise of "people-oriented". The "people-oriented" can be understood as interior design some of the common requirements, design some aspects of personality development of functional factors, including interior space of the physical environment, physical environment and psychological environment and visual environment and other factors. Personalized office space interior design should be based on these factors.Interior design of individual is character on the guideline of "environmental consciousness". In be being designed indoors, "people-oriented" design concept represents human intuitive understanding of their own interests, reflects the value judgment of anthropocentrism and value orientation, the design of the forming rule of nature theory system and methodology. However, due to human easily swayed by utilitarianism, simply emphasize the "people-oriented", is bound to damage the natural value to achieve the purpose of remaking nature. Should be in the development of interior design development under the guidance of overall environment consciousness, personalized interior design should merge in the overall environment, and the natural harmonious development of the overall concept of choose and employ persons ideas and planning projects, to carry on the design. Interior design to the idea of ecology and ecological values is the main principle, to fully consider the human environmental sustainable development.3 The change of the post-industrial society office spaceSince the 1990 s, represented by information and communication industry of knowledge-based industries become the growth point of the world's biggest economy, network, digitalization and virtualization become the main characteristics of the new economy. Along with the wide application of Internet technology, the popularity of mobile communication technology development, each kind of electronic office products constantly upgrading, make the human on the basis of constantly improve office efficiency, to the depth and breadth development, continue to deepen the degree of office automation, a new type of office mode, arise. Transmission of information is to reduce line configuration. The development of information technology has brought "virtualization" office building in the 1990S. As mobile phones, notebook computers,the emergence of the Internet and E-mail, office workers actually turned out to be "free agents" (Foot Loose) office place and time of freedom. Information technology is also changed on the concept of work and organization. Divide too fine office space layout is no longer suitable for the new working method emphasizes the interaction of team spirit, so had to create a more open workspace.On the one hand, the scope of information technology makes the work continuously break limit of the space, everywhere in the world. The emergence of new digital office mode and concept, make the enterprise began to put more money into the computer network and related technology, and slash funding for the new office. Many large companies have begun to experiment a new office mode. For example, the "elastic" (Flextime) or "office" alternately (Alternate office) implemented in IBM.IBM for 13000 sales, often, technical and administrative personnel are equipped with computers, printers, fax machines and modem, facilitate everybody work outside the office. A new information system, on the other hand, make development changed about the concept of work and organization, office workers actually turned into "free agents", they enjoy freedom of offices and office hours. Increasing work efficiency of the individual, unit time has created an unprecedented social wealth. The arrival of network age makes "SOHO (Small office, home office) became popular in the world. SOHO narrowed the office space, completely eliminate the space distance of the office and family, to overcome the busy traffic, congestion, the share of energy at the same time, reduces the consumption of resources, good way to solve the problems of land for growing population explosion and the scarce. SOHO works make work life, ever tiresome many working atmosphere in the family to make the person feels interest, the workings of a SOHO has become a mainstream in the future.文献出处：Martin G. The research of personalized office space interior design [J]. California Management Review, 2016, 4(3): 89-101.译文个性化办公空间室内设计研究Martin G摘要21世纪人类社会进入了“信息时代”，世界上大多数国家也已经逐步转入了“后工业社会”。
艺术设计色彩和形式中英文对照外文翻译文献
文献信息文献标题：Form and Colour—Two Basic Elements of Design（形式与色彩——设计的两个基本元素）文献作者：S.Saleem Ahmed，B.Gurumoorthy文献出处：《Research into Design for Communities》,2017,2:893-902 字数统计：英文 3004 单词，15932 字符；中文 5516 汉字外文文献Form and Colour—Two Basic Elements of DesignAbstract There is no consensus among the designers and design educators on the number of design elements. For well over 100 years of formal design education, design students are trained to use varying number of elements in their pursuit of designing products. In the design literature, there are different sets of design elements mentioned for the purpose of designing products. This inconsistency has often led to confusion among design students and designers about what really are the elements. This paper is an attempt to bring some clarity to this state of confusion. This also explains why there are varying number of elements used by designers and how one can expand the basic elements of design, Form and Colour, into varying number of elements for meeting their purpose. Results of this study will help designers to make use of the popular method of designing with more clarity and customize it to suit one’s requirements.Keywords: Design elements, Design principles, Form, Colour1.IntroductionThere is no consensus among the designers and design educators on the number of design elements. According to Lauer, who wrote a book on Design Basics, “no two designers will ever agree on the same list of design elements and principles or on which are which”. There has not been any work on finding why there are many design elements and principles. So, this gap is partly being filled up through investigation on the design elements in this paper.Chapman, while describing the process of designing, stated that, “When artists plan their work, they must see and think about the elements and principles of design. The elements of design are: line, shape, color, texture, and value (light and dark). Artists also use ideas known as principles of design to plan their work. A principle of design is a guide for relating the visual elements. Some principles of design are: balance, rhythm, proportion, pattern, unity and variety.”For well over 100 years of formal design education, design students are trained to use varying number of elements in their pursuit of designing products. In design literature, there are different sets of design elements mentioned for the purpose of designing products. This inconsistency has often led to confusion among design students and designers about what really are the elements. This paper is an attempt to bring some clarity to this state of confusion. This also explains why there are varying number of elements used by designers and how one can expand the basic elements of design into varying number of elements for meeting their purpose.Elements and Principles Approach to design has been the method used widely by art and design educators throughout the world since the beginning of 20th century. Kim in her studies on the history of design theory in art education observed that, “the elements and principles of design have taken a firm place in various art curricula, textbooks, and national and state Visual Arts Standard s” and she concluded that, “I do not expect that design elements and principles will disappear as aspects of art education in the fore-seeable future, or that their disappearance would be desirable”.Nowadays the boundaries of the domain of design are fast expanding and many new branches of design such as interaction design, web design, and app design are being introduced. It is important to adapt the existing elements and principles method to suit the needs of the newer branches of design.2.OverviewWorks of 12 authors who have majorly contributed to the field of design education since the beginning of 20th century have been considered. The design elements proposed by them have been analyzed. In this paper, attempts have been made to find why there has been no consensus and find out if there are any universal design elements possible. These have done by defining the design elements, criteria- check on the proposed elements, and categorizing the accepted design elements based on their function/nature/characteristics. Form and Colour are the basic design elements that finally emerge out of the analysis. The results are discussed and the recommendations for application to different branches of design are suggested.3.Assumptions and MethodsWhen people engage with products, it is typically a multi-sensory experience. In addition to product’s visual form, other product qualities like tactile, auditory, sometimes olfactory and gustatory are also used in a product experience. However product’s visual form is considered particularly important for the following reasons:(a)Vision is the dominant sense for majority of the people.(b)Vision is a sense that is effective over distance and because of this products are typically seen before they are touched.(c)Consumers approach a product to explore its non-visual qualities because often the product’s visual form initially attracted them.Perhaps because of these reasons, the majority of the literature focusses on visual aspects in comparison to other senses. Visual aesthetics and visual perceptions are commonly used terms in the literature. For the purpose of this paper, assumptions and definitions are made based on the dominance of the visual sense.3.1.Definition of a Design ElementAny discrete visual and/or tactile entity is considered as a design element. A design is composed of several design elements. Pixels, Points, Lines, and Surfaces are used for constructing a design in the virtual media. They are building blocks and not design elements. At a micro level, Atoms are building blocks. Traditionally design elements are the ones used for composing the appearance or styling of a new design.Design elements are unit-less entities. So, Length and Width cannot be design elements. Design elements are perceived through visual (optical) and/or tactile senses. Design elements are the optimal independent visual and/or tactile entities for a particular domain of design. They are either individually or collectively account for all that we see or feel in a product design.3.2.MethodsMajor contributors to the knowledge base of design aesthetics, design education, and design philosophy over the last about 100 years have been considered. All the design elements as proposed by these authors have been tabulated and analyzed. They have been sequenced to one order, checked against the definition of design elements, and categorized according to their nature/characteristics. The results were observed and checked for any patterns.4.AnalysisDow authored a book on Composition in 1899. This was one of the widely followed books for formal training of artists and designers in the first half of 20thcentury. Subsequently Denman Ross authored a book called The Pure Design in 1907. The third one was on Art Education for High Schools authored by Louis Prang in 1908. All these authors proposed three design elements—Line, Tone, and Colour. These books ran into several editions and for decades these were the ones referred. In 1972, Malcolm authored a book on Design Elements and Principles. Several publications came soon after. We have taken 12 authors, including the above four, who have contributed majorly to the field of Design Aesthetics/Art Education since 1900. Table 1 lists all the different authors and what they proposed as design elements. The order of sequence of the design elements is the same as what the authors have originally proposed. Johnson sai d, “There is very little consensus as to what the design elements and principles really are, or what they mean”. Table 1 confirms her observation.Table 1 Comparative study on design elements4.1.Sequencing of All Design Elements to One OrderWe notice that the sequence of the order of design elements is not same for all authors. For clarity and the ease of comparison, we have first rearranged the list of design elements in the following sequence—Space, Point, Line, Type, Surface, Texture, Shape, Form, Tone, Colour and any other. The arrangement is based on the tactile and visual qualities of the design elements. The resultant arrangement is given in Table 2.Table 2 Comparative study on design elements4.2.Checking of All Design Elements Against Definition (Criteria-Check)All the design elements were checked against the criteria for design element as given in Sect. 3.1. As a result, some of the tabled elements such as length, direction, position, orientation, size, dimension, and illusion of motion were disqualified as design elements in our list and marked out with the use of gray colored blocks. The resultant set of design elements are given in Table 3.Table 3 Comparative study on design elementsGray coloured elements Not considered as they are not meeting the criteria-checkFor the subsequent analysis, these so called marked out elements were not considered. The ones that meet the criteria for the design elements were categorized based on the function/nature/characteristics. This is to identify if there are any patterns in the agreed design elements.In Table 4, all the design elements listed are after they have been sequenced, screened, and categorized. There are nine sets of design elements present in the table. We notice that there are elements related to the form and colour present in all of them. Elements that are related to form have visual and tactile qualities whereas elements that are related to colour have only visual qualities. For the ease of better clarity and for ease of comparison, we have given warm colours to all the elements related to Form and cool colours to all elements related to Colour. Then what emerges is given in Table 4.Table 4 Comparative study on design elementsWarm colours Elements related to form Cool colours Elements related to colourGray colours Not considered as not meeting criteria5.Results and Discussion5.1.Form and ColourInterestingly in all the sets of design elements, we notice that there are representations from two areas—Form and Colour. Every design element mentioned is actually an extension of either one of these two—Form and Colour. In other words, we can deal with only two elements for tackling design problems. But that would complicate the matters as referring and composing solutions becomes difficult. So, for achieving certain visual effect in the composition and/or to apply different design principles conveniently, having different extensions of Form and Colour becomes necessary.Interestingly though several authors have proposed different sets of design elements and principles, they also have proposed means to compose design solutions (read ‘new designs’). All were complete by themselves.Also which area of design, one is dealing with for a solution, necessitates as what may be taken as design elements.Following are some of the well-known areas of design: Industrial design, Automobile design, Packaging design, Furniture design, Interface design, Web design, App design, Interaction design, Ceramic design, Interior design, Fashion design, Textile design, Graphic design, Typography, Photography, Animation design, and Communication design.Each domain or area of design has a slightly different way of analyzing and synthesizing during the course of problem-solving (read designing). All cannot deal with one set of design elements. For example, typography is treated as a separate element in communication design whereas in ceramic design or interior design,typography (or type) is treated as kind of line, which is by itself a design element. Another example can be pattern. In the domain of textile design or fashion design pattern is required as a design element because the designers deal with it regularly for their design expressions. Whereas pattern is not considered as a separate design element in the domain of industrial design or furniture design as the frequency of usage is limited.5.2.Recent Designs Are More TactileIn Table 4, the works of different authors are chronologically arranged. We notice that in recent times, the number of design elements, though from one of the two groups (form and colour), have increased. There are more elements on the Form group (warm colored ones). This group is more concerned with the tactile and optical (visual) qualities of the products. The number of elements listed by each author is also an indication of the complexity that the elements can possibly handle. So, could we conclude that the recent designs have more tactile features than theones that came out, say until 1960s? It may be premature to conclude without analyzing with sufficient data, but we can take it as a pointer for exploration.6.Conclusion and RecommendationsBased on the studies here, we can conclude that form and colour are the basic elements with which composition of appearance or styling is done for a design. One can extend the form into line, texture, and shape and the colour into tone, value, transparency, and brightness. These extensions are based on what area of design, like Product design and Interface design, one is dealing with. It is not important to limit the number of design elements; as long as a designer is comfortable to deal with it, any number of elements which are extensions of form and colour is alright. This also explains why there are varying number of elements used by designers and how one can expand the basic elements of design into varying number of elements for meetingtheir purpose.Also it is recommended that terms like length, size, dimension, direction, and position shall not be used as design elements as they fail to meet the conventional criteria for being termed as design elements.中文译文形式与色彩——设计的两个基本元素摘要在设计元素的数量上，设计师和设计教育者之间并没有达成共识。
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(文档含英文原文和中文翻译)中英文翻译平面设计任何时期平面设计可以参照一些艺术和专业学科侧重于视觉传达和介绍。
采用多种方式相结合，创造和符号，图像和语句创建一个代表性的想法和信息。
平面设计师可以使用印刷，视觉艺术和排版技术产生的最终结果。
平面设计常常提到的进程，其中沟通是创造和产品设计。
共同使用的平面设计包括杂志，广告，产品包装和网页设计。
例如，可能包括产品包装的标志或其他艺术作品，举办文字和纯粹的设计元素，如形状和颜色统一件。
组成的一个最重要的特点，尤其是平面设计在使用前现有材料或不同的元素。
平面设计涵盖了人类历史上诸多领域，在此漫长的历史和在相对最近爆炸视觉传达中的第20和21世纪，人们有时是模糊的区别和重叠的广告艺术，平面设计和美术。
毕竟，他们有着许多相同的内容，理论，原则，做法和语言，有时同样的客人或客户。
广告艺术的最终目标是出售的商品和服务。
在平面设计，“其实质是使以信息，形成以思想，言论和感觉的经验”。
在唐朝（ 618-906 ）之间的第4和第7世纪的木块被切断打印纺织品和后重现佛典。
阿藏印在868是已知最早的印刷书籍。
在19世纪后期欧洲，尤其是在英国，平面设计开始以独立的运动从美术中分离出来。
蒙德里安称为父亲的图形设计。
他是一个很好的艺术家，但是他在现代广告中利用现代电网系统在广告、印刷和网络布局网格。
于1849年，在大不列颠亨利科尔成为的主要力量之一在设计教育界，该国政府通告设计在杂志设计和制造的重要性。
他组织了大型的展览作为庆祝现代工业技术和维多利亚式的设计。
从1892年至1896年威廉•莫里斯凯尔姆斯科特出版社出版的书籍的一些最重要的平面设计产品和工艺美术运动，并提出了一个非常赚钱的商机就是出版伟大文本论的图书并以高价出售给富人。
莫里斯证明了市场的存在使平面设计在他们自己拥有的权利，并帮助开拓者从生产和美术分离设计。
这历史相对论是，然而，重要的，因为它为第一次重大的反应对于十九世纪的陈旧的平面设计。
莫里斯的工作，以及与其他私营新闻运动，直接影响新艺术风格和间接负责20世纪初非专业性平面设计的事态发展。
谁创造了最初的“平面设计”似乎存在争议。
这被归因于英国的设计师和大学教授Richard Guyatt，但另一消息来源于20世纪初美国图书设计师William Addison Dwiggins。
伦敦地铁的标志设计是爱德华约翰斯顿于1916年设计的一个经典的现代而且使用了系统字体设计。
在20世纪20年代，苏联的建构主义应用于“智能生产”在不同领域的生产。
个性化的运动艺术在俄罗斯大革命是没有价值的，从而走向以创造物体的功利为目的。
他们设计的建筑、剧院集、海报、面料、服装、家具、徽标、菜单等。
Jan Tschichold 在他的1928年书中编纂了新的现代印刷原则，他后来否认他在这本书的法西斯主义哲学主张，但它仍然是非常有影响力。
Tschichold ，包豪斯印刷专家如赫伯特拜耳和拉斯洛莫霍伊一纳吉，和El Lissitzky 是平面设计之父都被我们今天所知。
他们首创的生产技术和文体设备，主要用于整个二十世纪。
随后的几年看到平面设计在现代风格获得广泛的接受和应用。
第二次世界大战结束后，美国经济的建立更需要平面设计，主要是广告和包装等。
移居国外的德国包豪斯设计学院于1937年到芝加哥带来了“大规模生产”极简到美国;引发野火的“现代”建筑和设计。
值得注意的名称世纪中叶现代设计包括阿德里安Frutiger ，设计师和Frutiger字体大学;保兰德，从20世纪30年代后期，直到他去世于1996年，采取的原则和适用包豪斯他们受欢迎的广告和标志设计，帮助创造一个独特的办法，美国的欧洲简约而成为一个主要的先驱。
平面设计称为企业形象;约瑟夫米勒，罗克曼，设计的海报严重尚未获取1950年代和1960年代时代典型。
从道路标志到技术图表，从备忘录到参考手册，增强了平面设计的知识转让。
可读性增强了文字的视觉效果。
设计还可以通过理念或有效的视觉传播帮助销售产品。
将它应用到产品和公司识别系统的要素像标志、颜色和文字。
连同这些被定义为品牌。
品牌已日益成为重要的提供的服务范围，许多平面设计师，企业形象和条件往往是同时交替使用。
教科书的目的是本科目，如地理、科学和数学。
这些出版物已布局理论设计说明和图表。
一个常见的例子，在使用图形，教育是图表人体解剖学。
平面设计也适用于布局和格式的教育材料，使信息更容易和更容易理解的。
平面设计是应用在娱乐行业的装饰，景观和视觉故事。
其他的例子娱乐设计用途包括小说，漫画，电影中的开幕和闭幕，在舞台上节目的和道具的安排。
这也包括艺术品在T恤衫的应用和其他物品的出售。
从科学杂志报道，提出意见和事实往往是提高图形和深思熟虑的组成视觉信息-被称为信息的设计。
报纸，杂志，博客，电视和电影纪录片，可以使用平面设计通知及娱乐。
随着网络，信息与经验的交互式设计的工具，如Adobe和Flash正越来越多地被用来说明的背景新闻。
一个平面设计项目可能涉及程式化和介绍现有的文字，或者事先存在的意向或图像开发的平面设计师。
例如，一家报纸的故事始于记者和摄影记者，然后成为平面设计师的工作安排到一个合理的页面布局，并确定是否有任何其他图形元素应当要求。
在一本杂志的文章或广告，往往是平面设计师或艺术总监将委员会摄影师或插图创建原始文件只是被纳入设计规划。
现代设计的做法已经扩展到了现代的计算机，例如在使用所见的用户界面，通常被称为交互式设计，或多媒体设计。
任何图形元素用于设计之前，图形元素必须是源于通过视觉艺术技能。
这些图形通常（但并不总是）被设计师开发。
视觉艺术的作品主要是视觉性的东西从使用传统的传播媒介、摄影或电脑产生的艺术。
平面设计原则可以适用于每一个人的版画艺术元素，并最终组成。
印刷术是艺术，工艺和技术型，修改类型字形，并安排类型的设计。
类型字形（字符）的创建和修改使用各种说明方法。
这项安排的类型是选择字体、大小、线长、主要的（行距）和文字的间距。
印刷术是由排字工机，排字，印刷工人，图形艺术家，艺术总监，工作者和办事员。
直到数字时代，印刷成为一个专业的领域。
数字化开辟了新的视觉设计师和用户。
排版设计师平面设计的一部分，是在网页设计中是图形设计，处理安排风格（内容）的要素。
从早期的照明网页手工复制书籍的中世纪和程序，以错综复杂的现代杂志和目录布局，适当的网页设计公司长期以来一直是考虑的印刷材料，与印刷媒体，内容通常包括类型（文字，图片（照片）偶尔发生持有者图形的内容，没有印刷油墨，如模具/激光切割，烫金压印或盲目压花。
平面设计师常常专心研究于界面设计，如网页设计和软件设计，最终用户的交互性是一个设计考虑的布局或接口。
视觉沟通技巧、互动沟通技巧与用户互动得相结合和在线品牌推广，平面设计师往往与软件开发和网络开发人员创建的外观和风格的网站或软件应用程序，来加强用户或网络网站的访问者互动体验。
版画是在纸上，其他有机材料或者表面上印刷艺术品的过程。
每一张不会被复制，但时最初的因为它不是一个复制的另一艺术作品，并在技术上称为留下深刻的印象。
绘画或素描，另一方面，创造了独特的原始艺术品。
版画是由一个单一的原始表面创造的，在技术上已经作为基质而被已知。
常见的矩阵包括：金属板，通常是铜或锌的雕刻或蚀刻;石料，用于光刻;块木刻的木材，油毡和织物板的丝网印刷。
但也有许多其他种类，讨论如下：作品从一个单一的印刷板创造一个版本，在现代通常每个签署和编号，形成限量。
打印也可编制成册，作为艺术家的书籍。
一个单一的打印可能是产品的一种或多种技术。
色彩学领域是如何在打印机上和显示器上用眼睛识别颜色和如何解释和组织这些色彩。
眼睛的视网膜被两个被命名为视杆和视锥的感光体涵盖。
视杆对光很敏感但是对颜色不是很敏感。
视锥却与视杆恰恰相反。
他们对光不太敏感，但是颜色可以被感知。
随着科技的发展，人们越来越认识到环境问题日益严重，大气污染、森林破坏、水土流失、土地沙漠化、水资源污染、大量物种灭绝、石油、天然气、煤等资源枯竭。
作为工业设计师，应该有强烈的环境保护意识，使得自己的设计建立在不破坏环境及节约自然资源的基础上。
其中，温室效应、臭氧层破坏和酸雨是当今全球性的三大环境问题。
温室效应就是大气变暖的效应其形成原因是太阳短波辐射可以透过大气射入地面，而地面增暖后放出的长波辐射却被大气中的二氧化碳就像一层厚厚的玻璃，把地球变成了一个大暖房。
甲烷、臭氧、氯、氟烃以及水汽等也对温室效应有所贡献。
随着人口的急剧增加和工业的迅速发展，越来越多的二氧化碳排入大气中；又由于森林被大量砍伐，大气中原本应被森林吸收的二氧化碳没有被吸收，致使二氧化碳逐渐增加，温室效应也不断增强。
温室效应的后果十分严重，自然生态将随之发生重大变化，荒漠将扩大，土地侵蚀加重，森林退向极地，旱涝灾害严重，雨量增加；温带冬天更湿、夏天更旱；热带也将变得更湿，干热的亚热带变得更干旱，迫使原有水利工程重新调整。
沿海将受到严重威胁。
由于气温升高，两极冰块将融化，使海平面上升，将会淹没许多城市和港口。
臭氧层破坏现象引起科学界及整个国际社会的震动。
美国的两位科学家Monila和Rowland指出，正是人为的活动造成了今天的臭氧洞。
元凶就是现在所熟知的氟利昂和哈龙。
酸雨目前已成为一种范围广泛、跨越国界的大气污染现象。
酸雨破坏土壤，使湖泊酸化，危害动植物生长；刺激人的皮肤，诱发皮肤病，引起肺水肿、肺硬化；会腐蚀金属制品、油漆、皮革、纺织品和含碳酸盐的建筑。
总而言之，人类生活的环境已经日益恶化。
而恶化的原因大部分属于人类本身的不良生活方式和不尊重客观规律，急功近利，对于地球资源的使用没有科学的计划性，而且在设计、制造产品以及日常生活中缺乏保护环境的意识，以至于自毁家园，其危害不仅于当代，而且严重影响了子孙后代的生存。
环境问题在很大程度上是由于人们的不良设计、生活方式造成的后果。
于是给设计师们提出了一个严肃的问题：作为设计师，应肩负起保护环境的历史重任！工业在为人类创造大量物质财富的同时，也给世界带来了灾难。
工业设计在为人类创造了现代生活方式的同时，也加速了资源、能源的消耗，并对地球的生态平衡造成了巨大的破坏。
所以，作为工业设计师，建立环境意识体现了其道德和社会责任心。
设计师必须对自己的设计负责，必须把人类的健康幸福，自然与人类的和谐共存作为设计中心遵循的原则。
设计师还必须掌握必要的材料、工艺、化工、制造等方面的知识，使得其设计不对环境造成危害而成为可能。
“可持续发展设计”这一概念的提出，对于人性的回归及世界真正意义上的发展具有划时代的意义。
他体现了设计师的道德与责任，已成为21世纪设计发展的总趋势。
从此，人类传统工业文明发展模式转向现代生态文明发展模式。
它是社会进步，经济增长，环境保护三者之间的协同。