英语基础知识框架

英语语法概述

一.词类（parts of speech）

名词Noun (n.) 表示人或事物的名称

冠词Articale (art.) 用在名词前帮助说明名词所指的人或事物

代词Pronoun (pron.) 用来代替名词，形容词或数词

形容词adjective (adj.) 用来修饰名词，表示人或事物的特征。

数词Numeral (num.) 表示数量或顺序

动词Verb (v.) 表示动作或状态

副词Adverb (adv) 修饰动词，形容词或其他副词

介词Preposition (prep.) 表示名词，代词等和句中其他词的关系

连词Conjunction (conj.) 用来连接词与词，短语与短语或句与句

感叹词Interjection (interj.) 表示说话时的喜悦，惊讶等情感

1.主语

主语是一个句子的主体，表示所说的是谁或是什么。主语一般放在句首，有时在特殊句型中主语放在句末。可作主语的词有名词，代词，数词，动词不定式，动名词等。

The students are playing volleyball now.

Beijing is the capital of China.

The shoe shop is next to the supermarket.

I go to school by bus every day.

Four and five is nine.

To read in the sun is bad for your eyes.

Getting up early is a good habit.

That you forget to tell me the time for the meeting caused me lots of trouble.

2.谓语

谓语说明主语的动作，行为或所处的状态。通常由动词的各种形式或动名词短语来充当，并且必须和主语在人称和数上保持一致。谓语有广义和狭义之分，广义的谓语指主语之外包括动词在内的部分，狭义的谓语仅仅指动词。

She likes drawing.

I go to school at 6 on Monday.

You should be good with your friends.

The skirt felt soft.

3.宾语

宾语表示动作的对象，是动作的承受者，由名词，代词或相当于名词的词来充当，一般放在及物动词或介词后面。宾语可分为直接宾语和间接宾语。

We study English.

He likes potatoes a lot.

I saw her last month.

If you put 5 and 7 together, you will get 12.

She wants to go to school.

They’re helping the poor during the winter.

He sent the two injured to the hospital.

He enjoys reading.

My mother often looks after my little sister on Sunday.

She gave me a pen yesterday.

4.表语

表语和系动词一起构成复合谓语的词或短语。表语用来说明主语的身份，特征，性质或状态。名词，代词，数词，形容词，副词，介词短语，分词，动名词，动词不定式和从句都可作表语。作表语的名词，数词和代词，其数必须与主语保持一致。

Her mother is a teacher.

The desk is yours.

Tom was the first to come.

It sounds good.

Seeing is believing.

I think my favorite sport is playing tennis.

The best way is to say sorry to your mother.

He is at home on Sunday.

Jim is over there.

It is what I like best.

5.定语

定语是修饰名词或代词的句子成分。可作定语的有名词，代词，数词，形容词，副词，动词不定式，分词和介词短语等。形容词，名词作定语时，一般放在名词前，副词，介词短语作定语时，放在名词之后。

There are many apple trees in the village.

I like the tall girl.

The teacher devided the students into 8 groups.

My father goes to work by bus.

I want something to eat.

He picked up the broken glasses.

The girl in a red hat is my younger sister.

The man here is Mr. King.

The girl who is talking with my mother is my friend.

6.状语

状语是修饰动词，形容词，副词等的句子成分，说明时间，地点，目的，结果，条件，原因，方式，程度等。可作状语的有名词，副词，介词短语，不定式短语和从句等。

We go to school every day.

We play volleyball on the school playground.

I didn’t come on time yesterday because his bike was broken.

She didn’t work hard so that she failed in the exam.

If it rains tomorrow, we won’t go to the movies.

He came to see me.

7.宾语补足语

宾语补足语用来补充说明宾，与宾语一起构成复合宾语。可作宾语补足语的有名词，形容词，介词和动词不定式等。

Let me do it.

Leave it on the desk.

We must keep the classroom clean every day.

8.同位语

同位语是指用两个或两个以上的词语，指同一个事物，作同一个句子成分。通常由名词，数词，代词或从句等担当。

She was born in Berkeley , a small town in California.

This is Mr Zhou, our English teacher.

9.独立成分

（1）感叹词

There,there! Never mind. It’s nothing serious at all.

Oh,no. I never thought it would be so bad.

Aha! I’ve got you right here.

（2）呼语

可置于句首句中或句末。

Ladies and gentlemen, I’ve got an important announcement to make.

Hi, everyone! Allow me to introduce myself.

Look out, John! There’s a car running over.

(3)插入语

Nobody knows it, I say, nobody.

Who can be fit for the job, do you think?

I can’t make it Friday, I’m afraid.