美国移民

被称作“种族大熔炉”的美国是个典型的移民国家，其移民历史最早可追溯到1620年。

近400年来，美利坚民族已成为由100多个民族组成的混合体，就连矗立在纽约的“自由女神像”也是在1886年从法国“移民”到美国的。

移民们怀着各自的梦想，远涉重洋来到这片理想中的土地，在美国历史上曾经掀起几次大的移民潮。

可以毫不夸张地说，是移民造就了美国，是移民发展和改变了美国。

The United States, known as the "melting pot", is a typical immigrant country, with the earliest history of immigration in 1620. Over the past 400 years, the United States has become a mixture of the composition of the more than and 100 ethnic groups, even standing in New York, "Statue of Liberty" is also in 1886 from the French "immigrants" to the United states. With their own dreams, immigrants came to this ideal land in the history of the United States had set off a number of large immigration. It is no exaggeration to say that immigrants created the United States, immigration and the development of change in the United states.吸引移民曾是美国最重要的外交任务Immigration was the most important diplomatic mission in the United States在美国建国之初，美国国内总人口仅有390万。

除了大约76万黑人外，其余几乎都是清一色的白人，并且绝大部分来自西欧。

出于对欧洲拿破仑战争以及国内就业环境的担心，美国开国之初的几届政府在移民政策上疑虑重重，曾制定过一些限制移民的政策。

1796—1815年间，到美国的欧洲移民平均每年只有大约3000人。

At the beginning of the founding of the United States, only 3 million 900 thousand of the total population of the United states. Aside from about 760 thousand black people, the rest are almost all white, mostly from western europe. For fear of the Napoleon war in Europe and the domestic employment environment, several governments in the early days of the founding of the United States have had a lot of misgivings about immigration policy, and have developed a number of policies to restrict immigration. Between 1796 and 1815, the average number of European immigrants to the United States was only about $3000 a year.拿破仑战争结束后，欧洲重获和平。

随着大批军人的复员，欧洲各国失业现象愈发严重，移民美国的人数逐年增加。

此时，美国也因国内建设需要，改变了限制移民的政策。

1848年欧洲革命后，移民美国的浪潮更是一浪高过一浪。

从1820年到1920年的100年间，美国一共接纳了大约3350万移民，形成美国持续百年的移民潮。

After the end of the war, Napoleon returned to peace. With the large number of demobilized soldiers, unemployment in Europe has become increasingly serious, the number of immigrants to the United States increased year by year. At this time, the United States because of domestic construction needs, changed the policy of restricting immigration. After the 1848 revolution in Europe, the wave of immigrants to the United States is a wave higher than a wave. From 1820 to in the 100 years, the United States accepted a total of about 33 million 500 thousand immigrants, the United States to create a century of immigration.被美国历史学家称之为“伟大的人类迁徙运动”的第一次移民高潮发生在1820年至1860年，这期间移民总数高达500万。

移民主要来自西欧和北欧，其中爱尔兰人大约200万，德国人大约170万，还有大量被贩卖到美国的非洲黑奴。

同时，移民中也有少数来自亚洲，主要是来美国淘金的中国人。

The first wave of migration, which the American historians call the great human movement, took place between 1820 and 1860, with a total of 5 million. Immigrants mainly from Western Europe and Northern Europe, Ireland, about 2 million, about 1 million 700 thousand of the Germans, as well as a large number of African slaves were sold to the United states. At the same time, there are a small number of immigrants from Asia, mainly to the United States gold rush of the Chinese people.第二次移民高潮是从1861年到1880年，约有500万移民来到美国。

南北战争结束后，美国迎来了工业化的高峰期，对劳动力需求旺盛。

为了吸引欧洲移民来美国，1864年，林肯总统游说国会通过了《鼓励外来移民法》。

国务卿西沃德甚至向美国驻欧洲的外交官发出通告，要求他们把吸引欧洲移民作为一项最重要的外交任务来对待。

为了从欧洲招募熟练工人来美国工作，一些企业还组团赴欧洲招聘。

它们在欧洲许多报纸上刊登广告，印发小册子，对有移民愿望的欧洲人描绘美国诱人的前景。

一些企业还对愿意移民美国的欧洲人提供所需的路费。

The second wave of migration from 1861 to 1880, about 5 million immigrants came to the United states. After the end of the civil war, the United States ushered in the peak of industrialization, the demand for labor. In order to attract European immigrants to the United States, in 1864, President Lincoln lobbied Congress to encourage immigration law. Secretary of State Condoleezza Seward even sent a notice to US diplomats in Europe to treat European immigrants as the most important diplomatic mission. In order to recruit skilled workers from Europe to work in the United States, some companies also organized to go to Europe to recruit. They advertise in many newspapers in Europe, publishing pamphlets to depict the attractive prospect of Europeans with immigrant aspirations. Some companies are also willing to emigrate to the United States to provide the European travel expenses.第三次高潮从1881年到1920年，移民人数猛增到2350万。

移民顶峰是1907年，达到128.5万人。

这一阶段，美国政府多次立法，限制欧洲移民，排斥亚洲移民。

来自英国、德国、瑞典等西北欧国家的“老移民”增长有限，但来自意大利、俄国等东南欧国家的“新移民”却增长迅速。

The third wave from 1881 to 1920, the number of immigrants soared to 23 million 500 thousand. Immigration peaked in 1907, reaching 1 million 285 thousand. At this stage, the United States government repeatedly legislation to restrict European immigration, exclusion of Asian immigrants. From the United Kingdom, Germany, Sweden and other Western European countries, the "old immigrants" growth is limited, but from Italy, Russia and other Southeast European countries, "new immigrants" has grown rapidly.经过这三次移民高潮，1920年美国的人口总数首次超过1亿。