旅行社管理系统中英文对照外文翻译文献
旅游管理中英文对照外文翻译文献
中英文对照外文翻译(文档含英文原文和中文翻译)Tourism and the Environment: A Symbiotic RelationshipNowadays, with the improvement of people's living standards and the pursuit of higher spiritual life, tourism is developing rapidly, and it has an increasing proportion in the national economy. Tourism is getting more and more people's attention, followed by the impact of tourism on the ecological environment.The vigorous development of the tourism industry has multiple effects on the environment. They are both positive and negative. In order to adapt the development of tourism to the capacity of tourism resources, and promote the coordinated development of environment protection and tourism, and this paper will state the impact of tourism on the environment from three aspects:1 The negative impact of tourism on the environment;2 The positive impact of tourism on the environment;3 The countermeasure to against the negative impact of tourism on the environment.Tourism development can put pressure on natural resources when it increases consumption in areas where resources are already scarce.The negative impact of tourism on the environmentNegative impacts from tourism occur when the level of visitor use is greater than the environment's ability to cope with this use within the acceptable limits of change. Uncontrolled conventional tourism poses potential threats to many natural areas around the world. It can put enormous pressure on an area and lead to impacts such as soil erosion, increased pollution, discharges into the sea, natural habitat loss, increased pressure on endangered species and heightened vulnerability to forest fires. It often puts a strain on water resources, and it can force local populations to compete for the use of critical resources.1,Tourism causes the environmental pollution.When tourism products are manufactured during the production, it`s adverse to environmental impacts. At first, the development of tourism resources, improper planning of tourist construction, such as opening the way in mountains and destroying the wild plants freely; it will break the completeness of the coordination of ecological environment. The second is in the process of construction of tourist accommodation, the supply of water, electricity and other energy is in disorder. Waste water, waste gas and rubbish are not be cleaned timely, so these will be forming the ecological environment pollution.2,Tourism products affected adversely in consumption process.The most obvious phenomenon is that tourism products in consumption process impacts on the ecological environment pollution and destruction of ecosystems. Tourism products have direct contamination and indirect contamination for the environment of the tourist area.Direct contamination means the tourist’s pollution is generated by tourism activities, such as the sewage left by tourists, feces, garbage, waste bottles, waste paper, cans and other pollution on the ecological environment.Indirect contamination means the pollution of the atmosphere. Tourism can`t be separated from traffic. Transporting tourists from the residence to the scenic is necessary, and a variety of vehicles pour in, the air is full of automobile exhaust. The automobile exhaust is not only polluting the air, but also extremely is harmful to the human body. In addition, the acid rain has already leaded lots of trees to die in some areas. The decline in the quality of the environment embarrassed our environment.3,Historical and cultural heritage have been to damage to varying degrees.Driven by the economic interests, some notable tourist resorts are overload of tourists or made unauthorized construction, it will make a number of precious historical and cultural heritages, such as the unique monuments, natural environment and human landscape suffered destruction. Carving, graffiti, touching artifacts freely and discarding the litter arbitrarily will directly or indirectly lead to the destruction of the heritage. The example is too numerous, like on the walls of the palace in the Forbidden City, some flagstone walkways, the walls of theancient Great Wall and the tower also have tourists uncivilized blot.4,Traditional culture is simple.Rough business culture makes the connotation disappear and the degradation of the art form. In order to obtain economic benefits and cater to the need of tourists adventures, lots of tourist areas have to be given up traditional social, spiritual significance and artistic meaning. Changing the traditional forms of art and design freely lead the traditional culture to rough and simple commercialization. Traditional folk celebrations will not be held at specific time and specific place with specific manner, and it just be held by tourism demand anytime at anywhere, just like these celebrations` existence is based on the tourists demand rather than local social life. Local hand-making products with characteristics of local culture are turning to meet the need of public markets. Mass production and gradually moving towards the shoddy make the loss of traditional art and value.5,Directly or indirectly lead the moral standards in the tourist resort to decline.Tourists around the world have different moral values and way of life. Negative tourists` decadent consciousness and lifestyle can easily make some tourist area residents to lose the virtue of simplicity. It induces desire for venality and worship of money, which ruins the local social climate and affects the stability of the social order. Tourism makes environmental pollution and destruction, which almost is occurred in the process of tourism development, construction and tour operation. Tourism, as a source of pollution and industrial pollution, has "three wastes" in facilities` emissions, which is waste gas, waste water, and waste ballast. The inappropriate layout also causes environmental pollution.6,The pollution on the environment has two aspects of tourism: tourism supply-side and tourism consumers.The environmental pollution of tourism consumers is occurred in the flow of tourists, such as the large population bring crowded and confusion, destructive behavior on the environment, trampling by a large number of the population makes the soil changing, temporary stay of too many people bring exceeded production and living materials consumption and energy use, the atmospheric pollution, noise pollution and visual pollution. Analysis form the tourist point to view environmental pollution, it can be seen that tourism, as a source of pollution, has its own particularity unlike other pollution sources.People who come to enjoy the scenic beauty often litter the places with polythene and left over food without thinking about its adverse impact on the environment. The Dal Lake which was once pristine has lost its nature due to tourist pressure and is now covered with animal carcasses, sewage and weeds. The lake has shrunk as it was unable to handle the pollution caused by constant tourist influx.Tourism industry often involves construction of hotel and lodges. These lodges are created near or on the banks of a lake or a river. The sewage water flows into lake water or sea, polluting its marine ecosystem. Hotel owners who have vested commercial interests does not even take into account the unfavourable consequences on environment. Construction of jetties alters the wave pattern of the lake depositing silt in it. Introduction of mechanized boards to cash in on tourists damages the flora and fauna of ecosystem as the both leave tresses of oil, petrol and diesel in the water. (Roy, 2010)“EDUCATION - tourists provide an endless supply of people from around the world that can be targeted and educated on everything from forest stewardship to local history and plans for the future.FUNDRAISING - a tourist provides an easy target for fundraising. Tourists pay fees for everything from camping sites and park entry fees, to licenses for fishing and hunting. The more tourists in a controlled area, means the more money that can be collected for things like education, policing and maintenance of national wilderness areas.ACTION - tourists visiting an area do so for many reasons. Maybe they are looking for someplace quiet where they can commune with nature or perhaps they want to see a piece of history. Whatever the reason, when that tourist returns home, s/he will remember the experience and may feel compelled to do something positive for the environment to help save that area.” (Stushnoff, 2009)For example: Physical Environment impact on tourism.Tourism has effects beyond the fuel burnt simply getting on holiday in the first place and many of them are much more immediately visible than the more sinister and intangible threat of emissions. In many places, the physical environment can be heavily affected by the passage of tourists, especially for popular destinations, where the sheer weight of numbers of people visiting can simply prove too much. Often as a tourist venue becomes better known, a round of building work follows the accompanying expansion of the original settlement, usually to the detriment of the local environment –which can often have been the reason for its popularity in the first place. More hotels and more restaurants inevitably mean more strain on the local infrastructure, but they also mean more light pollution too. This is not simply about no longer being able to see the stars so easily. In some parts of the world – the Greek Islands being a well-known case – restaurants along the beaches are very popular tourist draws, but their light-spillage confuses hatching sea-turtles. The young hatchlings are programmed to head for the brightest thing they can see –in nature, the water’s edge – and safety. When they follow their age-old instinct today, they are as likely to be heading in exactly the opposite direction – and Tavernas offer no refuge from cats or predatory gulls. (Evans, 2012)The positive impact of tourism on the environment:In order to survive and develop, people always need to exploit natural resources. Lots of development activities on the environment is damaging the environment`s health, but orderly tourism activities can be part of the sustainable use of natural resources, and reduce the ecological damage of resource development. The healthy development of the tourism industry to promote environmental protection mainly has following aspects.“The International Ecotourism Society has defined Ecotourism as the “responsible travel to natural areas that conserves the environment and improves the welfare of local people”. The Australian Commission on National Ecotourism Strategy defines ecotourism as”nature-based tourism that involves education and interpretation of the natural environment and is managed to be ecologically sustainable”.In modern times, eco tourism has been expected to help in achieving the following also: involve travel to natural destinations, minimize impact on natural resources, build up environmental awareness, provide impetus and financial support for conservation, financially benefit and empower local people and inculcate respect for local culture.” (Parameswaran, 2012)1,The healthy development of the tourism industry can promote the launching of the environmental protection.Optimizing the industrial structure and protecting of the ecological environment.Rational plan for the healthy development of the tourism industry can replace resource consumption and heavy pollution of traditional industries to achieve the purpose of reducing pollution emissions. Some agricultural regions return farmland to forests, wood to grass and field to lake. On the one hand, local farmers receive more income; on the other hand, these measures can protect the environment and maintain the ecological balance.2, Improve the Environmental Quality.Obviously, one of the foundations for the development of the tourism industry is to have a beautiful and high-quality environment, no tourist wants to go to a place with very bad ecological environment. Tourists want the pure air and water quality, beautiful environment and ecology, green forest and earth. All of these will supervise the tourism management regulate the tourism development mode and improve the quality of green tourism products and development projects of the environment, such as planting more trees in the tourist area, closing forest and raising flowers. All these measures means the rise of the of tourism ecological environment quality.3,Improve the infrastructure and service facilitiesTourism development can improve the local infrastructure, such as airports, railwaystations, bus stations, roads, communications, water systems and sewage treatment systems. It also can contribute to the building of local entertainment, scenic attractions, accommodation and catering services, so as to improve the standards of the local economy and the living environment for local people.4,Protect the environment, natural landscapes and historical monuments.Good environment, natural resources and precious cultural relics are important factors to attract tourists. In order to attract more tourists and increase their level of satisfaction, many scenic areas, wildlife areas, and historical and cultural monuments are developing, we also concern about the issue of environment protection. Lucrative tourism can raise funds through appropriate tourism development; and these funds can be put into the construction of tourism environment, so as to make the Scenic environment and wildlife areas receive better protection, the maintenance and restoration of historical and cultural monuments.5,Beautify the living habitat environment.The development of tourism promotes to green the land and environmental cleanup, and to get the efficacy of beautification of the living environment. During the tourism development process, promoting afforestation, developing the horticultural projects or the design and construction of ecological building and expanding green area, air pollution, noise pollution, water pollution, garbage pollution and other environmental problems can be controlled forcibly, like the Nanjing Confucius Temple, the majority cultural heritage of the Ming and Qing Dynasties, reflects the history and culture of China. For many years, the water quality in Qinhuai River is poor and serious pollution, almost everyone know the dilapidated houses by the river`s two sides. In recent years, this region emphasis on the natural environment restoration and improvement of the river ecosystem in the tourism development process, Nanjing citizens take some action, such as river regulation and waste collection, through the implementation of renovation projects, seek the greening of the Qinhuai River, purify and beautify the riverbanks to re-experience the the Qinhuai clean water and better living environment.6,Strengthen people's awareness of environmental protection.Tourism environmental protection, as a systems engineering, requires government tourism management department, department of tourism operators, residents and tourists to participate. Good tourism promotion of government travel management department can improve the tour operator, environmental protection consciousness of destination residents and tourists.A good environment is an important requirement for tourism development. Tourism development can bring good economic benefits, and help local people out of poverty andbackwardness. After appreciating the good environmental benefits to produce their life, people's environmental awareness will be enhanced unprecedented.For tourists, the travel is a short-term way of life. It`s a kind of longing of escaping their day-to-day working and living environment to the unfamiliar environment. Good tourism activities are impressed, and the beautiful environment let them to beautify our environment and feel the close relationship between the environments and improving the quality of life, finally we should to promote environmental awareness and focus on environmental protection. In fact, in recent years, understanding the nature, observing the nature and the opportunity to experience the nature is popular. These activities will let them realize that the natural environment is the source of beauty and the basic conditions of human beings to create a better life; they can feel aesthetic pleasure during the natural process. The tourists will feel grateful of plants and trees of nature and bound their travel behavior, and to raise awareness of environmental protection.Environmental management departments and the tour operator sector also constantly aware of the importance of the environment during the process of planning and development of tourism projects. It is the basis for the survival of the tourism industry and an important factor for sustainable development of tourism. Government should take all the measures to protect the natural environment, advance environmental protection planning in tourism planning, and take measures in accordance with the importance of the different levels of management with graded protection. The positive interaction between tourism development and environmental protection concept is gradually able to establish and implement.Tourism to Local DevelopmentTourism could have a tremendous beneficial impact on local economies, but many hotels source their food and cleaning products from abroad rather than purchasing them from local producers. An Oxfam study found that hotels in St. Lucia imported more than 70 percent of their produce every year. Local farmers cannot compete internationally and have suffered from a decline in the banana trade, but Oxfam and other organizations are encouraging hotels to source food from local farmers, and by doing so keeping the tourist income within the community and supporting farmer's efforts to diversify their crops. For some hotels and restaurants, shopping locally adds a more authentic flavor to the products that they offer tourism and is a selling point in itself. For example, the Ocean Terrace Inn in St. Kitts prides itself on serving food made using locally sourced ingredients.Tourism to the environmentTourism can be harmful to the environment in a variety of ways. Cruise ships sailing through the Caribbean dump waste into the sea; one 2002 study found that a ship carrying2,000 passengers and 1,000 crew generated the same amount of waste as a small city. This waste, including oil residues, harms marine ecosystems, including coral reefs. Groups such as the Caribbean Tourism Organization are promoting more sustainable tourism projects that attempt to reduce the impact of tourism on the local environment, while the United Nations' Caribbean Environment Program supports this effort with the Cartagena Convention. The Convention aims to protect the Caribbean's delicate marine environment by establishing a series of protocols on combating oil spills, creating protected areas and dealing with pollution from the land. (Media, 2002)The countermeasure to against the negative impact of tourism on the environment.1,Cleaning the contaminated tourism ecological environment.It is necessary to clean the contaminated tourism ecological environment; regardless of t he reason for the pollution is tourism and non-tourism. There must be effective control measur es for the development of tourism in the tourist area in order to fundamentally clean up the are a. For instance, relocating the polluting factories in the tourist area and prohibiting the develo pment of industrial pollution.2,Reconstruction of the ecological environment has been destroyed.In the existing tourist areas and developing tourist area, if a part of tourism ecological en vironment has been damaged, it is affecting the entire aesthetic characteristics of the ecologic al environment. It should be doing construction in the region corresponding ecological enviro nmental. For example, if the tourist area water is contaminated, it should be cleaned up; if the area is lack of green plants, it should be planted. During the reconstruction of the ecological e nvironment, the environmental characteristics of the area should be noticed. It is important to maintain stable ecosystem. So the green plants should be selected to the benefit of the tourist area.3,Application of the tourism ecological environment capacity theory.The destruction and pollution of tourism activities should be avoided. In tourism plannin g and management, tourism overload is the fundamental reason to the tourism pollution of eco logical environment. Tourism activities undermine the development of the tourism industry. S o the tourist ecological capacity should be appropriately controlled during the tourism develop ment and management.4,To take the necessary measures to slow the ecological environment destruction.The sudden natural destruction of tourism ecological environment can be forecasted, but cannot be avoided. But the destruction of nature can be mitigated by certain measures, such as offsite migration of rare and endangered flora and fauna protection, artificial reforestation an d so on.So if one wants to enjoy nature one must preserve it, otherwise all the exotic destinations will become extinct and the world will not be a beautiful place to live in. Eco friendly tourism should be promoted all over the world and if marvels of nature should be preserved, tourism should take into account the principle and process of sustainable consumption.旅游和环境:一个共生关系如今,随着人民生活水平的提高,追求更高的精神生活,旅游业发展迅速,在国民经济比例不断上升。
旅游管理系统参考文献英文
旅游管理系统参考文献英文本文为旅游管理系统参考文献英文，包括以下内容：1. Ali, A., & Al-Sabaan, A. (2018). An efficient recommendation system for tourism management using social network analysis. Computers & Industrial Engineering, 125, 89-99.2. Chang, H. H., & Chen, S. W. (2015). The effects of online travel reviews on consumer behavior: A perspective of social influence. Tourism Management, 47, 46-54.3. Chen, C. C., & Tsai, D. C. (2016). An intelligent recommendation system for tourism planning. Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Technology, 7(1), 2-14.4. Huang, Y., Li, X., & Li, J. (2017). A tourism recommendation system based on user preferences and behavior analysis. Journal of Tourism and Hospitality Management, 5(1), 26-37.5. Li, X., Li, J., & Huang, Y. (2018). A personalized recommendation system for tourism based on big data analytics. Journal of Travel Research, 57(8), 1091-1105.6. Lin, H. F., & Chen, Y. C. (2016). A decision support system for tourism management: A case study in Taiwan. Journal of Travel and Tourism Marketing, 33(1), 43-58.7. Yang, Y., Lee, S. H., & Lee, S. H. (2015). An intelligent tourism recommendation system using sentiment analysis. Information Sciences, 325, 310-323.8. Yu, B., Zhang, J., & Guo, X. (2018). A personalized tourism recommendation system based on hybrid collaborative filtering algorithm. Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Management, 36, 1-12.9. Zhang, Y., Huang, W., & Zhang, X. (2017). A tourist behavior prediction and recommendation system based on big data. Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Technology, 8(4), 458-473.10. Zhou, L., Zhang, Y., & Wang, Y. (2015). An intelligent tourism recommendation system based on cloud computing. Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Technology, 6(1), 2-12.。
酒店管理系统中英文对照资料外文翻译文献
中英文对照资料外文翻译文献Hotel Management System Integration Services1.IntroductionIt is generally accepted that the role of the web services in businesses is undoubtedly important. More and more commercial software systems extend their capability and power by using web services technology. Today the e-commerce is not merely using internet to transfer business data or supporting people to interact with dynamic web page, but are fundamentally changed by web services. The World Wide Web Consortium's Xtensible Markup Language (XML) and the Xtensible Stylesheet Language (XSL) are standards defined in the interest of multi-purpose publishing and content reuse and are increasingly being deployed in the construction of web services. Since XML is looked as the canonical message format, it could tie together thousands of systems programmed by hundreds of programming languages. Any program can be mapped into web service, while any web service can also be mapped into program. In this paper, we present a next generation commercial system in hotel industry that fully integrates the hotel Front Office system, Property Management System, Customer Relationship Management System, Quality Management system, Back Office system and Central Reservations System distributed in different locations. And we found that this system greatly improves both the hotel customer and hotel officer’s experiences in the hotel business work flow. Because current technologies are quite mature, it seems no difficulty to integrate the existing system and the new coming systems (for example, web-based applications or mobile applications). However, currently in hotel industry there are few truly integrated systems used because thereare so many heterogeneous systems already exist and scalability, maintenance, price, security issues then become huge to be overcome. From our study on Group Hotel Integration Reservation System (GHIRS), there are still challenges to integrate Enterprise Information System (EIS), Enterprise Information Portal system (EIP), Customer Relationship Management system (CRM) and Supply Chain Management system (SCM) together because of standardization, security and scalability problems, although GHIRS is one of few integration solutions to add or expand hotel software system in any size of hotel chains environment.We developed this system to integrate the business flow of hotel management by using web services and software integration technologies. In this paper, firstly we describe a scenario of hotel reservation and discuss the interaction between GHIRS and human. Secondly we analyze details of design and implementation of this system. The result and implications of the studies on the development of GHIRS are shown in the later part. Finally we discuss some problems still need to be improved and possible future directions of development.2. Hotel Reservation: A Business Case StudyOur initial thinking to develop GHIRS is to minimize the human interaction with the system. Since GHIRS is flexible and automated, it offers clear benefits for both hotel customers and hotel staff, especially for group hotel customers and group hotel companies. Group hotel companies usually have lots of hotels, restaurants, resorts, theme parks or casinos in different locations. For example, Shangri-La group has hundreds of hotels in different countries all over the world. These groups have certain customers who prefer to consume in hotels belong to the same group because they are membership of the group and can have individual services.The first step of a scenario of hotel reservation is that the consumer plans and looks for a hotel according the location, price or whatever his criteria and then decides the hotel. Then he makes a reservation by telephone, fax, internet, or mail, or just through his travel agent. When hotel staff receives the request, they first look ifthey can provide available services. If there is enough resource in the hotel, they prepare the room, catering and transportation for the request and send back acknowledgement. At last the guest arrives and checks in. The business flow is quite simple; however, to accomplish all these tasks is burdensome for both the consumer side and the hotel side without an efficient and integrated hotel management system.Telephone may be a good way to make a reservation because it is beyond the limit of time and space. Guests can call hotels at any time and any place. However, it costs much when the hotel is far away from the city where guest lives; especially the hotel locates in a different country. Moreover, if there is a group of four or five people to make reservation together, it would take a long time for hotel staff to record all the information they need. Making reservation by travel agent saves consumers’ time and cost, but there is still millions of work for agent to do. They gather the requirements from consumers, then distribute to proper destination hotels. Because these hotels don’t use a same system (these thousands of hotels may use hundreds of management systems), someone, agent or hotel staff, must face the problem how to handle information from different sources with different hotel management systems to different destinations.Web service becomes the tool to solve these problems. Our web services integrate the web server and hotel management system together, and everyone gets benefit. Booking a room easily anywhere and anytime becomes possible by using GHIRS. Consumer browses websites and finds hotel using his PC, PDA or mobile phone (WAP supported), after his identity is accepted, he can book a reservation. Two minutes later he can get the acknowledgement from the hotel by mobile phone text message or multimedia message, or email sent to his email account or just acknowledgement on the dynamic web page, if he hasn’t leave the website. The response time may take a little longer because when the hotel receives the quest, in some circumstance, hotel staff should check if there is clean and vacant room left. The web service is a standard interface that all travel agents can handle, gather and distribute the reservation information easily through internet. When the reservation request is acknowledged, hotel staff prepares the room, catering, and transportationfor guests. Since the information already stored in the database, every part in the hotel chains can share it and work together properly. For example, staff in front office and housekeeping department can prepare room for guests according to the data, staff in back office can stock material for catering purpose and hotel manager can check business report in Enterprise Information Portal integrated with GHIRS by his browser. Then room rent-ratio reports, room status reports, daily income reports and other real time business reports are generated. Managers of the group can access any report of any hotel by the system. In the later part of this paper, we will show how consumers, agents, and hotel staff can efficiently work together by GHIRS.GHIRS is scalable for small-to-large hotel chains and management companies, especially good for hotel group. It truly soars with seamless connectivity to global distribution systems thereby offering worldwide reservation access. It also delivers real-time, on line reservations via the Internet.3. Integration of Hotel Management System3.1 Existed SystemGHIRS is developed on the base of an existed hotel management system called FoxhisTM. FoxhisTM shares the largest part of software market in hotel industry in China. FoxhisTM version 5 has distributed Client/Server architecture that the server runs SCO-UNIX and client runs Microsoft Windows and it use Sybase database on UNIX. The system includes Front Office system, Property Management system, Quality Management system, Human Resource Management system, Enterprise Information Portal system (EIP), Customer Relationship Management system (CRM) and Supply Chain Management system (SCM).This system is largely based on intranet environment. Most of the work is done in a single hotel by the hotel staff. It’s no customer self-service. If a consumer wants to book a room, hotel staff in local hotel must help the guest to record his request, although FoxhisTM system already done lots of automatic job.When the systems are deployed in different hotels that are parts of a group,sharing data becomes a problem. Just as an example, if the group has ten hotels, there would be at least ten local databases to store the consumers’ data. Because hotels need real time respond of the system, so these ten hotels can’t deploy a central database that does not locate in the same local network. Thus one guest may have different records in different hotels and the information cannot be shared. By web services as an interface, these data can be exchanged easily.3.2 DesignRecall that our initial thinking to deploy GHIRS is to save hotel staff, travel agents and consumers’labor work the system is to link all the taches of hotel business chains. Figure1 shows how consumers, agents, hotel staff cooperate together efficiently with the system.Consumers could be divided into two categories. One is member of hotel group, who holds different classes of memberships and gains benefits like discount or special offers. These consumers usually contribute a large part of the hotel’s profit then are looked as VIP. The hotel keeps their profiles, preferences and membership account status. The other category is common guest. All these two kinds of guests and travel agents who may trade with many other hotels face the web-based interface that let them to make a reservation. For common guest, the system just requires him to input reservation information such as guest name, contact information, arrival and departure the system. The central processing server then distributes the information to appropriate hotel. Since web services technology is so good for submitting documents to long running business process flows, hotel staff could easily handle this data in and out of database management system and application server. As the membership of hotel, a user just inputs his member id and password, room information, arrival and departure date, then fin ish the request. Because hotels keep members’ profile, and systems exchange profile across all hotels of the group by web services, hotel staff in different hotels could know the guest’s individual requirement and provide better services.The agents work for consumers get benefits from GHIRS as well. They may also keep the consumers’ profile and the web services interface is open to them, it is easy to bridge their system to hotel management system. Before GHIRS is deployed, the agents should separate and process the reservation data and distribute them to different hotels, which is an onerous job. But now the agents could just press one button and all the hotel reservation is sent to destination.Hotel staff receives all request from different sources. Some policies are applied to response the request. For example, some very important guest’s request is passed automatically without confirmation, the guest could get acknowledgement in very short time. The request triggers all chains of the hotel business flow and all the preparation work is done before his arrival. But for the common customer, hotel staff would check on the anticipate date if there is vacant and clean rooms available. Because all the FoxhisTM components are integrated together, staff users needn’t change computer interface to check he room status. If it is a valid request with enough guests’ information and there is enough room left, a confirmation is sent back. If there is not enough vacant room, hotel staff will ask if guest would like to wait a time or transfer to other hotels in the hotel group or alliance hotels. In order to transfer guest’s request, data flows from local database to the central server through local web server, then it is passed to another hotels database by web services interface.3.3 ImplementationToday there are lots of platforms that could provide capabilities to integrate different system and offer other features such as security and work load balancing. The two main commercial products are Java2 Enterprise Edition (J2EE) and . They offer pretty much the same laundry of list of features, albeit in different ways. We choose .NET platform as our programming environment, however, here we don’t advocate which platform is better or not. Our target is to integrate these decentralized and distributed systems together. In fact, both of these platforms support XML and SOAP to accomplish our task.We use Microsoft Internet Information Services (IIS) as web server and Sybase database server. The firewalls separate the local networks from the public networks. This is very important from the security point of view. Each hotel of the group has a database server, an application server and a web server to deploy this multi-tier system that includes the user interface presentation tier, business presentation tier, business logical tier, and the data access tier. C# is adopted as the programming language for the core executable part. XML is the data exchange standard format.酒店管理系统集成服务1.简介人们普遍认为，网络服务角色在企业中无疑是重要的。
旅游线路信息管理系统介绍
旅游线路信息管理系统介绍IntroductionTravel industry is a booming sector that contributes significantly to the global economy. With the emergence of new technologies, the travel industry has undergone several changes in recent times. One such change is the introduction of travel line information management systems. These systems are designed to allow travelers to easily access information about travel destinations, accommodation, transportation, and other related travel services. This article provides an in-depth analysis of travel line information management systems.Overview of Travel Line Information Management SystemsTravel Line Information Management Systems (TLIMS) is a web-based application that is designed to provide information about travel destinations. TLIMS is an integrated system that provides a comprehensive platform for the management of all travel related information. The application is designed to provide real-time information on various aspects of travel such as accommodation, transportation, tour packages, and travel guides. The system is fully automated and can be accessed from anywhere globally, making it an essential tool for travel enthusiasts.How Travel Line Information Management Systems WorkTLIMS works by collating data on various travel destinations and organizing it into a centralized database. The database is then made accessible through a web-based portal, which allows travelers to search for the information they need. A user-friendly interface allows travelers to search for information based on their preference. The system also includes features like feedback and reviews, which allow users to provide feedback on their experience with a particular travel service.The system provides an extensive range of information to the users. This includes information on hotels, restaurants, car rentals, and various tourist attractions. The system also provides information on the availability of flights, train tickets, and local transportation. Moreover, the system offers customized travel packages to travelers, based on their preferences. Travelers can choose from a range of pre-designed packages or request for a customized package, based on their specific requirements.Benefits of Using Travel Line Information Management SystemsTravel Line Information Management Systems offers several benefits to travelers. One of the key benefits of the system is that it provides real-time information on various travel services. The system also provides travelers with a comprehensive view of the destination, helping them to make informed decisions. This ensures that travelers have a hassle-free travel experience.Another significant benefit of TLIMS is that it helps travelers to save time and money. With TLIMS, travelers have access to all the relevant information about travel destinations, which helps them to plan their trips effectively. This means that travelers can avoid the need for multiple searches on various websites, thereby saving time and money in the process.TLIMS also helps travelers to make informed decisions about their travel. With the system’s feedback and review features, travelers can read reviews from other users, allowing them to make an informed decision about a particular travel service. This ensures that travelers have a safe and memorable experience.ConclusionTravel Line Information Management Systems are agame-changer in the travel industry. The system provides travelers with an extensive range of information about travel destinations, accommodation, transportation, and other related services. The system is fully automated, making it accessible to users globally. With the system’s features like feedback and reviews, travelers can make informed decisions, ensuring a hassle-free travel experience. TLIMS is an essential tool for travel enthusiasts who want to make their travel experience memorable.。
旅行社管理系统中英文对照外文翻译文献
中英文对照外文翻译(文档含英文原文和中文翻译) Overview is a unified Web development model that includes the services necessary for you to build enterprise-class Web applications with a minimum of coding. is part of the .NET Framework, and when coding applications you have access to classes in the .NET Framework. You can code your applications in any language compatible with the common language runtime (CLR), including Microsoft Visual Basic, C#, JScript .NET, and J#. These languages enable you to develop applications that benefit from the common language runtime, type safety, inheritance, and so on. includes:• A page and controls framework•The compiler•Security infrastructure•State-management facilities•Application configuration•Health monitoring and performance features•Debugging support•An XML Web services framework•Extensible hosting environment and application life cycle management•An extensible designer environmentThe page and controls framework is a programming framework that runs on a Web server to dynamically produce and render Web pages. Web pages can be requested from any browser or client device, and renders markup (such as HTML) to the requesting browser. As a rule, you can use the same page for multiple browsers, because renders the appropriate markup for the browser making the request. However, you can design your Web page to target a specific browser, such as Microsoft Internet Explorer 6, and take advantage of the features of that browser. supports mobile controls for Web-enabled devices such as cellular phones, handheld computers, and personal digital assistants (PDAs). Web pages are completely object-oriented. Within Web pages you can work with HTML elements using properties, methods, and events. The page framework removes the implementation details of the separation of client and server inherent in Web-based applications by presenting a unified model for responding to client events in code that runs at the server. The framework also automatically maintains the state of a page and the controls on that page during the page processing life cycle.The page and controls framework also enables you to encapsulate common UI functionality in easy-to-use, reusable controls. Controls are written once, can be used in many pages, and are integrated into the Web page that they are placed in during rendering.The page and controls framework also provides features to control the overall look and feel of your Web site via themes and skins. You can define themes and skins and then apply them at a page level or at a control level.In addition to themes, you can define master pages that you use to create a consistent layout for the pages in your application. A single master page defines the layout and standard behavior that you want for all the pages (or a group of pages) in your application. You can then create individual content pages that contain the page-specific content you want to display. When users request the content pages, they merge with the master pageto produce output that combines the layout of the master page with the content from the content page.All code is compiled, which enables strong typing, performance optimizations, and early binding, among other benefits. Once the code has been compiled, the common language runtime further compiles code to native code, providing improved performance. includes a compiler that will compile all your application components including pages and controls into an assembly that the hosting environment can then use to service user requests.In addition to the security features of .NET, provides an advanced security infrastructure for authenticating and authorizing user access as well as performing other security-related tasks. You can authenticate users using Windows authentication supplied by IIS, or you can manage authentication using your own user database using forms authentication and membership. Additionally, you can manage the authorization to the capabilities and information of your Web application using Windows groups or your own custom role database using roles. You can easily remove, add to, or replace these schemes depending upon the needs of your application. always runs with a particular Windows identity so you can secure your application using Windows capabilities such as NTFS Access Control Lists (ACLs), database permissions, and so on. For more information on the identity of , provides intrinsic state management functionality that enables you to store information between page requests, such as customer information or the contents of a shopping cart. You can save and manage application-specific, session-specific,page-specific, user-specific, and developer-defined information. This information can be independent of any controls on the page. offers distributed state facilities, which enable you to manage state information across multiple instances of the same application on one computer or on several computers. applications use a configuration system that enables you to define configuration settings for your Web server, for a Web site, or for individual applications. You can make configuration settings at the time your applications are deployed and can add or revise configuration settings at any time with minimal impact on operational Web applications and servers. configuration settings are stored in XML-based files. Because these XML files are ASCII text files, it is simple to make configuration changes to your Web applications. You can extend the configuration scheme to suit your requirements. includes features that enable you to monitor health and performance of your application. health monitoring enables reporting of key events that provide information about the health of an application and about error conditions. These events show a combination of diagnostics and monitoring characteristics and offer a high degree of flexibility in terms of what is logged and how it is logged. supports two groups of performance counters accessible to your applications: •The system performance counter group•The application performance counter group takes advantage of the run-time debugging infrastructure to provide cross-language and cross-computer debugging support. You can debug both managed and unmanaged objects, as well as all languages supported by the common language runtime and script languages.In addition, the page framework provides a trace mode that enables you to insert instrumentation messages into your Web pages. supports XML Web services. An XML Web service is a component containing business functionality that enables applications to exchange information across firewalls using standards like HTTP and XML messaging. XML Web services are not tied to a particular component technology or object-calling convention. As a result, programs written in any language, using any component model, and running on any operating system can access XML Web services. includes an extensible hosting environment that controls the life cycle of an application from when a user first accesses a resource (such as a page) in the application to the point at which the application is shut down. While relies on a Web server (IIS) as an application host, provides much of the hosting functionality itself. The architecture of enables you to respond to application events and create custom HTTP handlers and HTTP modules. includes enhanced support for creating designers for Web server controls for use with a visual design tool such as Visual Studio. Designers enable you to build a design-time user interface for a control, so that developers can configure your control's properties and content in the visual design tool.Introduction to the C# Language and the .NET Framework C# is an elegant and type-safe object-oriented language that enables developers to build a wide range of secure and robust applications that run on the .NET Framework. You can use C# to create traditional Windows client applications, XML Web services, distributed components,client-server applications, database applications, and much, much more. Microsoft Visual C# 2005 provides an advanced code editor, convenient user interface designers, integrated debugger, and many other tools to facilitate rapid application development based on version 2.0 of the C# language and the .NET Framework.NoteThe Visual C# documentation assumes that you have an understanding of basic programming concepts. If you are a complete beginner, you might want to explore Visual C# Express Edition, which is available on the Web. You can also take advantage of any of several excellent books and Web resources on C# to learnpractical programming skills.C# syntax is highly expressive, yet with less than 90 keywords, it is also simple and easy to learn. The curly-brace syntax of C# will be instantly recognizable to anyone familiar with C, C++ or Java. Developers who know any of these languages are typically able to begin working productively in C# within a very short time. C# syntax simplifies many of the complexities of C++ while providing powerful features such as nullable value types, enumerations, delegates, anonymous methods and direct memory access, which are not found in Java. C# also supports generic methods and types, which provide increased type safety and performance, and iterators, which enable implementers of collection classes to define custom iteration behaviors that are simple to use by client code.As an object-oriented language, C# supports the concepts of encapsulation, inheritance and polymorphism. All variables and methods, including the Main method, the application's entry point, are encapsulated within class definitions. A class may inherit directly from one parent class, but it may implement any number of interfaces. Methodsthat override virtual methods in a parent class require the override keyword as a way to avoid accidental redefinition. In C#, a struct is like a lightweight class; it is astack-allocated type that can implement interfaces but does not support inheritance.In addition to these basic object-oriented principles, C# facilitates the development of software components through several innovative language constructs, including: •Encapsulated method signatures called delegates, which enable type-safe event notifications.•Properties, which serve as accessors for private member variables. •Attributes, which provide declarative metadata about types at run time.•Inline XML documentation comments.If you need to interact with other Windows software such as COM objects or native Win32 DLLs, you can do this in C# through a process called "Interop." Interop enables C# programs to do just about anything that a native C++ application can do. C# even supports pointers and the concept of "unsafe" code for those cases in which direct memory access is absolutely critical.The C# build process is simple compared to C and C++ and more flexible than in Java. There are no separate header files, and no requirement that methods and types be declared in a particular order. A C# source file may define any number of classes, structs, interfaces, and events.C# programs run on the .NET Framework, an integral component of Windows that includes a virtual execution system called the common language runtime (CLR) and a unified set of class libraries. The CLR is Microsoft's commercial implementation of the common language infrastructure (CLI), an international standard that is the basis for creating execution and development environments in which languages and libraries work together seamlessly.Source code written in C# is compiled into an intermediate language (IL) that conforms to the CLI specification. The IL code, along with resources such as bitmaps and strings, is stored on disk in an executable file called an assembly, typically with an extension of .exe or .dll. An assembly contains a manifest that provides information on the assembly's types, version, culture, and security requirements.When the C# program is executed, the assembly is loaded into the CLR, which might take various actions based on the information in the manifest. Then, if the security requirements are met, the CLR performs just in time (JIT) compilation to convert the IL code into native machine instructions. The CLR also provides other services related to automatic garbage collection, exception handling, and resource management. Code that is executed by the CLR is sometimes referred to as "managed code," in contrast to "unmanaged code" which is compiled into native machine language that targets a specific system. The following diagram illustrates the compile-time and run time relationships of C# source code files, the base class libraries, assemblies, and the CLR.Language interoperability is a key feature of the .NET Framework. Because the IL code produced by the C# compiler conforms to the Common Type Specification (CTS), IL code generated from C# can interact with code that was generated from the .NET versions of Visual Basic, Visual C++, Visual J#, or any of more than 20 otherCTS-compliant languages. A single assembly may contain multiple modules written in different .NET languages, and the types can reference each other just as if they were written in the same language.In addition to the run time services, the .NET Framework also includes an extensive library of over 4000 classes organized into namespaces that provide a wide variety of useful functionality for everything from file input and output to string manipulation to XML parsing, to Windows Forms controls. The typical C# application uses the .NET Framework class library extensively to handle common "plumbing" chores. 概述 是一个统一的 Web 开发模型，它包括您使用尽可能少的代码生成企业级 Web 应用程序所必需的各种服务。
旅游管理与服务教育毕业论文导游全方位能力的培养中英文资料对照外文翻译文献综述
旅游管理与服务教育中英文资料对照外文翻译文献综述Discuss tourist guide's cultivating of synthetical ability It is a systematic learning that tourist guide works really , also is an artistic it with artificial , is said to work behaving in certain meaning . No matter being in the travel service , all negative having the special duty in tour round and the society to hold in both hands by man of letters therefore enjoying the special position rivers and mountains , the beautiful scenery will blow by tourist guide . Like that travel service gives rise to surely chiefly product _ tour circuit , and chiefly cause tourist guide accomplishes its sale course , does not have the tour corps of tourist guide not to have soul vividly deciding by role circle yet , the duty by the expectation decision conducts a sightseeing tour work Ren Daoer weight far awayThe synthetical character and the ability of tourist guide person self are to the factor that can directly influence the service quality of belt round conducting a sightseeing tour , and whether it can also be at the same time being the key tourist guide personnel that good tourist guide received work over a long period of time excluded taking charge of a department , and the thousands of strands and loose ends will be monoplized , and the square aspect face will be dealed with , and the unexpected affair will be decided quickly , and the special requirement will be tried satisfiedly . Facing this does not all sorts ofly has good synthetical character and ability why can deal with free again Only constantly make perfect selfhood , and cultivates the outstanding synthetical ability , and can open up the tourist industry that our homeland is fine and magnificentOne tourist guide personnel should have synthetical character and ability : Tourist guide is praised the face and mirror of nation , and does not have crown ambassador and minister of foreign affairs , and tourist guide should be it enjoying popular confidence visitor of visitor places on the great expectations to tourist guide , and the at the same time also is the ridge beam of travel service . The service concentration of travel service embodies in the action conducting a sightseeing tour , and the image of travel service firstly will be modeled by tourist guide .Is not that but to be better than manager is not that the promoting sales person but is better than the promoting sales person to manager . The great expectations is placed on in the society , and exchanges to help to bring about by tourist guide because the propagation will be conducted a sightseeing tour to civilization economy . The image conducting a sightseeing tour is that the image of enterprise also is the image of nation . It goes without saying to the important meaning that touristguide works . Spirit that the conduct a sightseeing tour work will embody " with artificial " only has the making a good job of conducting a sightseeing tour serving of high quality of good entire character ability . Therefore , since modern times one kind of service tourist guide is again a specialty and art .Qualified a tourist guide personnel firstly should have the consciousness serving , serve technical ability and also should possess at the same time the standard and the ability of preformer directed . Therefore should have good synthetical character and abilityThe 1 thought advance , the moral character noble in any times any nation , the moral character of person always is in the most important position , and firstly ardently loves the homeland as the tourist guide person . The basic content conducted a sightseeing tour to explain is the beautiful rivers and mountains introduce the homeland to tour person , the civilization of long history and magnificent . The tourist guide person not only will be explained , and real situation true feeling will work hard for with self is gone to influence visitor and is made his give rise to and cry altogether , when speech a row leaveeing the fine impression tourist guide person all is closely linked with the honour or disgrace of homeland , and the image of tourist industry that it is fought is closely linked , if therefore the tourist guide person is not ardently loved the homeland , the political consciousness of support socialism system can not do good tourist guide and work Conduct a sightseeing tour work also is at the same time a window of nation open policy , and conducting a sightseeing tour that it is strong to translate work policy , the influence face is big , therefore must set up the legal system concept highly as tourist guide person , strictly abiding by the discipline abiding by the law , political position is firm , and observes strictly the state secret , and keeps firmly in mind the principle " keeping inside information from outsiders " .Tourist guide works the propagation civilization , and promoting the friendship , the tourist guide person will be ardently loved job work , pours into enthusiasm , the service that the person who spares no pains provided the high quality for coming from the friends of all corners of the land genuinely is accomplished " within the four seas bosom friend deposits , the end of the world if near "2 do desultory reading extensively , and that overall modern times tour activity of knowledge is not merely amuse self and view and admire . A person travelling still needs to procure information at pastime surplus and haves a taste of the foreign country sentiment to increase knowledge and enlarges experience . The practice proves , and to explain colloquizeing with day-to-day is the major source of the person's travelling capturing knowledge to tourist guide person . For this kind of needs that suit visitor , the tourist guide personnel knowledge face is to be wide and will have the real ability and learning , and takes broad and profound knowledge as the backing , and do to the content enriching and speech the has thingThe knowledge of tourist guide person chiefly includes : The journey common sense of language and history ground civilization and policy regulations , psychology , aesthetics , society knowledge and basic . Can be spoken , tourist guide is " Eclectics " album various kind of knowledgein digesing , one set of formation possesses self tourist guide's style of characteristic , and the form that is not fixed admittedly is nimble changeable .Eloquence conducting a sightseeing tour be the humour , and sharp , the reaction is alert and resourceful nimble .Conducting a sightseeing tour , personnel constantly make perfect selfhood in the course of belt round , open-minded studys , " to collect hundred long , mends self short " raising the service level kimono affair quality , and do to the service only starting point , the terminal point is not had in the satisfaction3 are good at coordinating being rich in innovation tourist industry affair scope extensively , and the correlation vocational work that involves is fairly more complicated , and as for tourist guide personnel , the spirit to solve the ability of problem and innovation looks outstanding and attache s most importance to to wanting the autonomous working ability . Tourist guide person will stand alone make the decision after accepting the assignment , and the person who will take charge of a department organisation tour person visits that the sight-seeing moves about to the independent handle problem , will make that the whole tour round sight-seeing is good and lives well , so requirement tourist guide has stronger ability meeting an emergency , the organisation coordinates the ability , nimble adopts effective the measure , is good at watching a person's every mood understands the trends of tour person , so better for visitor serves.It is very important that adept as for tourists guide the tourist guide's technical ability of spirit is realized and keeps forging ahead in the competition , and that broad and profound knowledge not represents has very high tourist guide's technical ability , and tourist guide's technical ability chiefly is intelligence technical ability , and namelys tourist guide person should arrange visits the ability of programme according to the true state of affairs science ingeniouslyly to 4 higher tourist guide's technical ability , the elegant tourist guide person of one famous-brand should possess the command man the standard , namely also will have the ability of preformer , and will have the ability to transfer the zeal of the person travelling at any time , delight that makes them gains travel together in perfect harmony good is enjoyed , and will have the rich knowledge of the control can skillfully used , humour the language , the fascinating explains the person travelling conquering to the intonation of cadence , makes they immerses appreciates beautiful in joyful .Kimono affair technical ability is three basic essential factors of tourist guide service to knowledge to the language , integral , only three the harmonious combination is worthy to be called tourist guide's who is high quality service . The service technical ability of tourist guide person and knowledge grasped have the very big relation , and needing to cultivate and develops in the practice , the summary not breaking is perfect .The mentality character of 5 healthy bodies and good is conducted a sightseeing tour , and the work is one high intelligent service work , since a mental work is a physical labor again . Its work load is big and the face is wide , and mobility and repeatability have strongly been put forward the higher requirement as for the condition of body , otherwise very hard suits .The good mentality character works the necessity very to tourist guide to the characteristicbecause travelling to move about , and the tourist guide person is one full of vim and vigour forever , and the mood is fully , and the frame of mind is happy , and the brains is soberly , the quick-witted nimble each side making a good job of of ability relation , the person of very strong certainly accuse ability possesses . Can point out that tourist guide person is it is quick-witted to collect specialty technical ability and knowledge , and is seasoned in smooth and evasive the person all over the body in tour expert's handkerchief of Canada is special .Tourist guide is the nation , travel service and spokesman of enterprise , and the words and deeds bearings all will be judge travelling the whether successful key of service , and the reputation that the more important is good has only had the good character ability to the beneficial result that what brings far is incessantly , in working constantly the effort seeks , good tour worker who is really straight , does not have one states unchangeable the reason , develops in the change develops , it also is in constantly study and advance that tourist guide ability is had Two , the synthetical ability aspect of tourist guide exists the defect reaching and tourist guide explains the defect of ability aspect :The language conducting a sightseeing tour is rated as second scenery traveled , and visitor is by way of brilliant tourist guide's language , can increase quality visiting , and deepen the impression going sightseeing , and lightens the tired and lonely that travels , and the strong human touch that many knowledge are affected by the where guests feel at home that the understanding in the area at scenery scenic spot can not seen . Thus leave the fine profoundly memory . To with tourist guide , speaking should be no problem , can in taking to roll into a ball the course explanation standard of tourist guide person and each other going very far . The linguistic description ability is strong and weak in the time of a lot , and what the various subject matter that has difference same of the method of tourist guide can appear differently even to the extent that can appear the contrary fruit .Now the problem that universally exists has : 1. Some tourist guide person knowledge standards are inadequate , can memorize mechanically that some tourist guides read item by item from the text by the word , seemingly Buddhist monk recites scriptures , prosaiclly , and " one side Bai Bing , no matter treating equally without discrimination " differing in thousands of ways , the word explaining of tourist guide is stereotyped 2. Some tourist guide persons only can be used the dry and dull dry insipid language , several inflexible numerals are introduced the tour sight spot . Other visitor is drowsy and has no new meaning and speech 3. But half solutions at the sight spot to introduce of some tourist guide persons often in a few words , being muddled through the work , and only having acted to lead and the simple effect explaind , and the enquirement to visitor also is saying "I don't know" to every question , and intimate awkward visitor is unhappily 4. Some items indulge in exaggeration , it is utter lack of substance , even to the extent that confuses one thing with antoher the historical facts fabricated , and being devoid of substance after letting person listen ( two ) and the tourist guide takes to roll into a ball the defect of ability aspect : Conducting a sightseeing tour the belt round technical ability of personnel , being guiding the whole according to the touring party of visitor person to need few needs with different visitors , the skilled applicationcan raise product use value and method and skill and the ability travelling .It is very wide to conduct a sightseeing tour in the course of the service of personnel provides the contact for visitor , need to cultivate selfhood management ability reaching handle well and travel service , visitor the leade of a group , driver reaches other host organizations and the cooperation of personnel relation . But few a few individuals of a tour corps , but high and low in a belt round sight-seeing visiting and conducting a sightseeing tour work is taking to coordinate linking up many tens person tens person tourist guide person , inside and outside , the important effect about .If tourist guide person lets things drift , lacking strength to drive the travelling round , and not only can not accomplish tourist guide's assignment , and occur easily to conduct a sightseeing tour that effect is wrongs , and leak the view , and visitor loses to wait for the accident , and how a tour round intersection takes the person being hospitable by tourist guide person commands the tourist guide person , and lets visitor obey the arrangement of self , and this involves the problem with technical ability of ability wisdom.It is wrong that now some tourist guide persons universally exists the belt round ability , and can not obey manyly , and bring the loss to the travel service , or causes that visitor discontent chiefly has following several causes : 1. not setting up the good image , the tourist guide person first time and visitor contact , and the good or bad of first impression certainly will influence later on the belt round serving .Owing to the fact that modern tourist guide's newly emerging force is multitudinous .One part source and society put on therefore can appear Nong Zhuanyan , and the occasion is indisposedly answered by the clothing , and noisy soldier takes by force the appearance such as owner etc should to have been appeared with the good looks appearance bearing as tourist guide person , and all will influence the mentality mood of visitor , so work on foundation is certainly will do well .Harmonious surrounding feeling and tour person build partner's relation 2. can not create . The person travelling not only is the customer of tourist guide person , and also is the cooperation relation of tourist guide person , and only both sides make a concerted effort to travel , and the work can be in progress and achieve expected good effect smoothly . Sincerity is exchanged in the sincerity , and your support will exchange visitor is sincerely understood and is cooperated . Even the small interlude that because of all sorts of causes occurs in the journey , can be because of your true-hearted manner , what spends in the heart the solution visitor is unhappy to the thoughtful service of enthusiasm . Otherwise the result is you can imagine . All effortizations that you do are for the bubble , and also can influence the reputation of travel service at this point.导游全方位能力的培养导游是一门学问，也是一门艺术。
旅游管理毕业论文外文翻译
旅游管理毕业论文外文翻译Exploring Asian Cruise Travelers’ Travel Experience and Perception Sangchoul YiHospitality and T ourism ManagementPurdue UniversityJonathon DayHospitality and T ourism ManagementPurdue UniversityandLiping A. CaiHospitality and T ourism ManagementPurdue UniversityABSTRACTThis study aims to explore Asian cruise travelers’ cruise experience and its multidimensionalperception of cruising as well as the effect of travel ers’ perception on satisfaction and behavioralintention. In order to measure Asian travelers’ multidimensional perceptions, survey items wereadapted from SERVQUAL and SERV-PERV AL. Exploratory factor analysis was performed firstto identify travelers’ multi dimensional perceptions on travel experience. Subsequently, a multipleregression was conducted so that researchers examine how the tourist’ perceptions affecttravelers’ satisfaction and behavioral intention. Statistical results showed that Asian cruisetravelers have two dimensional perceptions and each perception can be named as “perceivedquality” and “perceived value”. The perceived quality has four components. They are “Facility”,“F&B”, “Entertainment”, and “Staff”, and the perceived value consists of three componentsincluding“Emotional response”, “Perceived price”, and “Behavioral price and reputation”.According to the statistical results, travelers’ perceptions on cruise experiencing affect travelsatisfaction and travelers’ behavioral intention.Keywords: Asian cruise tourists, Cruising experience, Perception dimensionality, Perceived quality, Perceived value INTRODUCTIONThe cruise industry has been experiencing dramatic growth in the international tourism sector.According to the Cruise Line International Association (CLIA), its average growth rate is over 8%a year and the number of cruise passengers was 14 million in 2005, which was ten times morethan that in 1980 (Dwyer & Forsyth, 1998; Kwag & Lee, 2009). With dramatic growth of thecruise industry, the market environment is getting competitive and appears to be saturatedbecause of overcapacity (De la Vina& Ford, 2001; Kwortnik, 2006). This is because most of the cruise market is based upon North America and the regional market share accounts for 85% ofthe total cruise market. A strategic effort to occupy the competitive cruise market can berepresented in the number of newly launched cruise ships because a quality stateroom, upscalecruise facilities, and stable room supply are essential for successful business in the cruise travelmarket, and these success factors can be achieved by launching new cruise vessel. For instance,major cruise liners have launched about 100 new cruise ships from 1996 to 2004, trying to attractpotential customers, occupying a growing market share and developing new market segments (Lobo, 2008).Recently, the Asian cruise market has been highlighted as a new emerging market in thecruise industry. Currently, the Asian cruise market has 5% of total cruise market share, but theAsiancruise market has great potential as a new locomotive to sustain the cruise industrybecause a rise in national income in Asian countries can cause a dramatic increase of Asiancruise travelers. In East Asia, Hong Kong is a major hub for an international flight andinternational cruise liners. The city is attracting a number of western cruise travelers to Asiacruise travel, and Hong Kong is also a base for mainland Chinese cruise travelers. The number ofthe cruise travelers from Hong Kong alone 459,000 in 2007, which is more than double thanfrom 201,000 in 2005 (Stanley, 2008). However, the Asian market has been still underdeveloped,and the market needs more investment and marketing research on the Asian market (Kwag &Lee, 2009).LITERATURE REVIEWThe tourism industry is service based industry, and the cruise travel and cruise ship itself canbe viewed as a floating resort and tourism destination. Therefore, service quality issue is one ofmost important topics for cruise marketers because a good service quality and consumer’s satisfaction can guarantee business survival at least in the service industry. Consequently, thehospitality and tourism industry have focused on service qua lity improvement and customers’satisfaction.Service qualityA great deal of service-quality studies have been done in last three decades, and most oftopics have been center around efficient and accurate measurement of servicequality (Ladhari,2008; Martínez Caro &MartínezGarcía, 2008). This is because measuring a service quality is a starting point to research consumers and consumers’ perception on service experience. In theservice industry context, service quality can be viewed as perceived service quality and it can be defined as “ theconsumer’s judgment about an entity’s o verall excellence or superiority”(Parasuraman, Zeithaml, & Berry, 1988). Developed measurement instruments are mainly basedon identified consumers’ perception on consumption experience. For example, Parasuraman et al.(1988) conducted the most influential studies on service quality, which was developing theSERVQUAL instrument. The SERVQUAL instrument had had ten perceived dimension, butParasuraman et al. refined SERVQUAL measurement items, achieving five dimensions ofperceived survey quality. The dimensions were labeled as “Tangibles”, “Reliability”,“Responsiveness”, “Assurance”, and “Empathy”. The instrument has become a foundation ofservice quality measurement instruments in various industry setting. One of distinct features isthat the instrument compares b etween consumers’ expectation a nd realized performance ofspecific service. However, this approach has been challenged by some alternative measurementapproaches.Service quality in the hospitality and tourism industryIn the hospitality and tourism industry, the perception of service quality has been widelyresearched and focused because it is imperative for marketers to know how consumers feel aboutservice level in the hospitality and tourism industry. In order to measu re consumers’ satisfaction and a perc eived service quality, the SERVQUAL instrument has been introduced and modified inspecific industry setting (Badri, Abdulla, & Al-Madani, 2005; Engelland, Workman, & Singh,2000; Frochot& Hughes, 2000; Khan, 2003; Knutson, Stevens, Wullaert, Patton, & Yokoyama,1991; Raajpoot, 2002; Stevens, Knutson, & Patton, 1995; Tkaczynski& Stokes, 2010). For example, Knuston et al. (1991) tailored the SERVQUAL into the lodging industry andgeneratedLODGSERV instrument in order to measu re consumers’ expecta tion for service quality in the lodging industry. Khan (2003) examined ecotourists’ the servi ce quality expectation by usingmodified the SERVQUAL instrument, named as ECOSERV. It was found that tourists haveunique a dimension in service quality expectation at each tourism industry setting. Stevens et al.(1995) and Raajpoot (2002) tried to measure consumers’ service quality in the lodging industrysetting by modifying the SERVQUAL instrument. They generated modified versions of theinstrument. DINESERV, which was generated by Stevens et al., was general version of theSERVQUAL in restaurants industry, and TANGSERV, which was proposed by Raajpoot, wasfocused on specific the SERVQUAL dimension, tangible quality.METHODOLOGYA questionnaire was developed based on previous empirical studies andSERV-PERV ALperceived value measurement instrument. The survey instrument consists of mainly four parts,which are perceived quality, perceived value, satisfaction level and behavioral intention, anddemographic variables. This research extended the SERV-PERV AL instrument because theinstrument has just four perceived quality items and they are too general to measure cruise travelers’ perception on cruise experience. Qu (1999) provided cruise travel attribute items,which consists of four dimensions such as “Accommodation”, “Food and Beverage”,“Entertainment”, “Other facility”, and “Staff”. Because the attr ibute items have uniqueness andsimilarity with SERVQUAL instrument at the same time, the attribute items were merged intoSERV-PERV AL instrument.The sample was collected from cruise travelers of a Koreancruise liner. The conveniencesampling was chosen because of time and cost limitations. Two trained interviewers visited amedium sized cruise ship, the Penstar Honey, and distributed questionnaires. Questionnaireswere placed in 200 cruise ship cabins. After respondents completed the survey voluntarily, thequestionnaire were gathered at the reception desk of the cruise ship. A total of 140 questionnaireswere collected between May and June in 2008. Participants were sampled on eight separate 3-day and 4-day voyages with various destinations such as the Korean national marine park, Osakain Japan and Bebu, which is a famous Japanese spa destination. The samples yielded 117 usableobservations.An exploratory factor analysis was first performed so that underlying dimensions of eachconstruct were revealed. Based results of exploratory factor analysis on each construct likeperceived quality and perceived value, four perceived quality dimension were identified andthree perceived value dimensions were obtained. These sub-dimensions of perceived quality andvalue composed overall perceived quality and value construct for cruise travel. SPSS version 18and STATA 10 were used to conduct exploratory factor analysis and regression analysis toexamine the relationship between hypothetical relationships between constructs.RESULTSAccording to the factor analysis results in Table 1, perceived quality has four dimensionsincluding cruise ship facilities, food and bever age service, entertainment, and crew’s service.Perceived value consists of three dimensions such as emotional response, perceived price, andbehavioral price and reputation. Each construct has sub dimensions, which means thatcruisetourists recognize their cruising experience based on four dimensions like facilities, food andbeverage, entertainment, and staff as well as the tourists value their experience by two constructsperceived quality and perceived value.Table 1Exploratory Factor Analysis Results for Perceived Quality of the Cruise ExperienceSub-dimensions of two constructs are measured by multiple survey items. Exploratory factoranalysis provides construct reliability for determining whether survey items are suitable formeasuring the sub dimensions and constructs. Items with factors loading are less than .5 wereeliminated to refine survey measurement items. Mean value of each survey items represent cruisetourism service quality index, and most of the means recorded higher than 5, indicating highquality of cruise service experience. Results can show that cruise tourists are more likely to havepositive cognitive image on cruise experience and cruise ship brand.In Table 2, it was showed that perceived value construct has three dimensions includingemotional response, perceived price, and behavioral price and reputation. Petrick (2004)suggested that the perceived value construct has five dimenstions, which included perceivedquality as a part of the construct. However, in this study, researchers specified perceived qualityas independent part of the construct when the perceived quality was measured because a surveyinstrument was developed to measure service quality more specifically than original SERVPERV AL instrument.CONCLUSIONThis study aims to explore As ian cruise travelers’ cruise experience and its multidimensionalperceptions of cruisingexperience as well as the effect of travele rs’ perceptions on satisfactionand behavioral intention. In order to measure Asian travelers’ multidimensional perceptions,s urvey items were adapted from previous empirical study, the SERVQUAL instruments and theSERV-PERVAL instrument item. An on-board survey was conducted on eight separate 4-daysvoyages of the Far East Asia in 2008. Exploratory factor analysis was performed fi rst to identify travelers’ multidimensional perceptions on travel experience and service quality in cruise travle. Subsequently, a regression analysis was conducted so that researchers examine how the travelers’perception of cruise travel experience affect s tourists’ satisfa ction and behavioral intention.对旅游者旅游体验感知的探索——以亚洲邮轮游客为例Sangchoul Yi，Jonathon Day，Liping A. Cai，酒店与旅游管理专业，美国普渡大学。
旅游管理系统文献
ELECTRONIC COMMERCE AND TOURISM Has e-commerce past its prime or just resting? Business and stock market expectations have not been fulfilled. However, in some sectors such as the travel and tourism industry online transactions are continuously increasing, despite its tough economic problems and fewer travelers. This industry is the leading application in the B2C (business-to-consumer) arena. Whereas in other industries there is a stronger hold to traditional processes, the tourism industry is witnessing an acceptance of e-commerce to the extent that the structure of the industry is changing. The net is used not only for information gathering; there is an acceptance of ordering services over the Internet. A new type of user is emerging, who seems to accept to become his own travel agent and to build his travel package.In 2002 the US online travel market increased by 45% up to 27 Bn. U$, accounting for 14.4% of the total travel market; and in Europe the online travel increased by 67%, making up 3.6 % of the total market (according to the Danish Center for Regional and Tourism Research, www.crt.dk). In the same year 32 % of US travelers have used the Internet to book travel arrangements (see /surveys/). Andforecasts that by 2007 30% of all B2C transaction in the European German speaking countries will be done via the Internet. However, other market research institutes publish other, both higher and lower, numbers. These statistics have the problem that they are based on varying, either broad or narrow, definitions: either distinguishing between e-business and e-commerce (seeing the latter as part of the first) or not, and using different variables and measurement methods. But even when following different definitions, all the statistics given for the travel domain point upwards. However, all those definitions fall short in one important aspect as we can see in the tourism case: they are all transaction and business oriented and ignore the fact that the Web is also a medium of curiosity, of creating communities or having just fun, all of which may or may not result into business. Especially the tourism product has to do with emotional experiences, with fun; it is not just business.1 The IndustryThe travel & tourism industry as a global (and a globalization) industry shows very specific features:tourism satellite account method of the World Travel & Tourism Council).World Tourism Organization), and on average tourism grows faster than the other economic sectors.different industrial components have been identified that serve travelers.the industry’s heterogeneity, and due to its SME structure (especially when taking a destination point of view) it has a huge importance for regional development. For example, in the EU the hotel and restaurants sector accounts formore than 1.3 million enterprises, these are 8.5 % ofball European enterprises. 95.5 % of these enterprises are very small, e.g., 1-9 employees.and distribution are based on cooperation.represent a lost income. Suppliers are in a risky situation, which can be reduced if access to information is available; ii) the tourism product itself is a bundle of basic products. To support the rather complex bundling products must have well defined interfaces with respect to consumer needs, prices or also distribution channels.Tourism is an information based business, the product is a “confidence good“; an a priori comprehensive assessment of its qualities is impossible. Tourists have to leave their daily environment for consuming the product. At the moment of decision-making, only an abstract model of the product is available, which is based on a range of information acquired through a multiple set of channels (Web, TV, brochures or friends). This characteristic of tourism products requires information on both, the consumers’ and suppliers’ sides, entailing high information search costs and causing informational market imperfections. These, in turn, led to the establishment of comparably long information and value chains.2 Business is Changing2.1 New Products and ServicesThe Web leads both to new ways to meet changing consumer behavior – they are less loyal, tend to make more, but shorter vacations, the time between decision making and consumption decreases –and to an “informatization” of the entire tourism value chain. This allows different strategies to generate value:processes or outsourcing to clients such as self check-in of hotel guests or airline passengers.ting, e.g., data mining for forecast or yield management.bundles, e.g., new service quality for consumer by linking mobile services to existing Web sites to advise tourists during their travel.participate in service definition and planning.Thus, not only processes are changed, but also new services can be designed, extending the range of options to customize and to configure products. Customization describes the process of individualizing products or services, based on IT enabled mass-customization. Configuration refers to the bundling of different product or service components to integrated offerings. Companies combine their core products with layers of additional services.2.2 The New Business NetworkGiven the dynamics of the sector and the already very competitive e-market, nearly all stake holders have implemented their strategy. Tourism has also become the playing field for new entrants, either start-ups or companies from the media and IT sector. Since tourism is an information based business, it fits well with their respective background. One can observe a trend towards further specialization and an ongoing deconstruction of the value chain paralleled by an integration of players and products. Companies compete and cooperate at the same time, boundaries within the industry are blurring. All types of market players are affected:in specifying their services (e.g., using reverse auctions sites).will put more emphasis on consulting and more complex products.technology, focusing on personalized intelligent tools for travelers (see the recommendation functionalities used by major sites).destinations, where they will occupy a new role as consolidator and aggregator; see, for example, the case of Ireland.n individual and packaged tour, based on masscustomization and flexible configurations (e.g., the Italian operator Costa Crociere has developed a personalized cruise builder).st Web sites for increasing their transaction volume, and they also move into direct sales for the retail segment.increasing price competition as well as price differentiation, and they will redefine customer processes such as electronic ticketing or automated check-in.This leads to an evolution of the market best described as an ongoing interaction of concentration (e.g., as in the US with the major online travel sites such as Expedia, Orbitz or Travelocity) versus the simultaneous entering of new players. The related increased complexity, however, generates the need for new services such as providing transparent access, market overview, or price comparisons. This in turn will accelerate innovation, putting even more emphasis on technical innovation.3 IT Systems: Features and TrendsThe emerging business scenario is based on flexible network structures and an increasing consumer integration. Obviously, processes cross company boarders, leading to distributed b2b2c applications, supporting both cooperation between companies as well as mobile communication with the consumer. Technology – based on a common pervasive infrastructure – will become transparent, invisible for the consumer; information will be available at home, at work and during travel. In such ascenario IT systems shouldheterogeneous data formats and business functions as well as distributed data sources, as they have to take into consideration different types of participating entities, with their functional differences;scalable and open with regard to geographical and functional extensions. They will support the entire consumer life cycle and all business phases;autonomy of the respective participants but enhance cooperative behavior, providing sophisticated tools for suppliers as well as for dynamic network configurations;integrate mobile and fixed services, enabling multi-channel access to services, provided by all the different types of players described previously;attentive user interfaces and personalization through extensive exploitation of user modeling, taking into consideration user behavior and cognition as well as emotional aspects.The research and development activities crossing travel and tourism applications have addressed the above themes, producing some remarkable results. Quite naturally, many of those activities follow an AI based approach. In the following we reference some of them, focusing on those which either had been more influential or will have major impact. These are rather horizontal technologies that can be exploited in different applications such as travel planning and scheduling, visitor guidance systems, individual pricing, reversed auctions, or workflow management for supporting cooperative marketplaces1. Information Extraction. Tourist information portals are still largely based on unstructured information. Therefore a critical problem in developing distributed systems consists in accessing data formatted for human use and transforming them into a structured data format, such as XML. This problem is tackled by wrapping techniques to learn highly accurate extraction rules that adapt to structural changes in the sites ensuring the correct extraction of data.2. Information Integration. Wrappers can be built on top of semi-structured or structured information sources. This sets the stage for systems that answer queries based on the extraction and combination of data fetched from multiple wrappers. Tourism related information sources represent a perfect application for such technologies. For example, TheaterLoc is an information integration application that allows users to retrieve information about theaters and restaurants in the US that come from five distinct online sources. The core component of this application is a mediator that exploits AI planning technologies, a domain model (containing a unifying ontology) and a set of axioms describing mapping relationships between the integrated data view and the sources. When queries are posed, the system reasons about the domain model and sources’ descriptions in order to build a plan for retrieving and integrating the data.3. Information Presentation. Tourism, and in particular cultural heritage, is a privileged application domain for intelligent information presentation techniques. Natural language technologies have been used to build contextual presentations,speech and gesture recognition as well as animated characters support an augmented interactivity involving the user in the appreciation of the cultural heritage. Applications have been developed where the real exhibit and the information blends, i.e., the user, monitored by a set of sensors, can activate –on a mobile device –personalized windows where information on a given exhibit (e.g., in a museum) is provided. In addition, even unsolicited suggestions about further topics or objects can be delivered.4. Recommendations. Recommender systems suggest products and provide consumers information to facilitate the decision process. In tourism there are some notable applications focusing on destination selection and travel products bundling. In these applications the user is asked explicitly about his needs and constraints and the systems, combining content-based filtering technologies, interactive query management, and variations of the collaborative-filtering approach or case-based reasoning, rank suggestions extracted from structured catalogues. Tourism recommendation poses peculiar requirements that are related to the complexity and to the intangibility of the travel product. Recommendations must refer to a variety of products (locations, attraction, accommodation, flights, etc.) in order to provide a meaningful picture of the proposed travel.5. Semantic Web. The semantic web vision, i.e., the idea of having data on the Web defined and linked in a way that it can be used by machines also for automation, integration and reuse across various applications, provides a unifying view over the above mentioned technologies. In tourism this technology may have a major impact (see, for example, the European project). The industry provides a challenging test bed for peer-to-peer semantic Web services, based on the integration of the Semantic Web with peer-to-peer Web services. For instance, services for finding or integrating information providers eventually needs to directly exploit resources present at other nodes without intervention of any central server, where nodes may join and be integrated in an ad- hoc manner.6. Mobility. Travelers expect to get access to services and information from various devices, whenever and wherever they need it. Typical mobile applications can be found in the following areas: airlines, hotels and restaurants, transportation, city guides, traffic and weather conditions, other services like translations or currencies conversion. Mobile terminals open up new and enhanced ways to support tourists while on tour. While the new technologies promise benefits and added value, they also raise challenges concerning usability, accessibility over different devices, trustworthiness and interactivity. The challenge is a context sensitive, personalized and effective model of interaction that take into account the constraints of ubiquitous access. But here sophisticated user models developed in the tourism domain as recommendation systems described previously may help to pass these obstacles.4 ConclusionsTravel and tourism has shown how e-commerce may change the structure of an industry and the way business is done, and where such a process creates also new business opportunities. The deployment of more specialized services, flexible networkconfigurations and further consumer integration will lead to smart market places, integrating all stakeholders. The underlying pervasive IT scenario enables as well as enforces this development, showing that tourism is an interesting field of application as well as research. As such it may also be of interest for other industries to learn from this development and to understand emerging emarket places.。
旅游管理英文文献
1. The need for a new quality approach in tourismThe quality of tourist services offered by each supplier is the result of joining twocomponents: quantity, which is rather of material nature as it is repr e-sented by equipmentand facilities, such as food, scenery, working met h-ods; and quality, which is mainlybehaviouristicThe material component is influencing the quality of the tourist services through thedemand for comfort, functionality, aesthetic s, as well as ergonomics qualities of theequipment provided by certain units. One of the most important fa c-tors influencing thesedemands is the level of technicality, which determines the level of comfort and servicequality. The higher the technicality, the better the service, as they offer heating and phonicisolation, different room facilities, such as reliable installations, which lead both to lowermaintenance expenses and fewer complaints.The implementation of the electronic database has positive effects on the quality of service,as a result of eliminating bureaucracy, which facilitates the correct management of theclient account and the fast billing. Thus, it is also ea s-ier to optimise the system of datatransfer that allows the calculation of the specific i n-dexes. This increases the quality ofservice and gives staff more time for the relation with the customer. Even if the initialinvestment is higher, the ben efits are visible on a long term.Another important element of quality is represented by sizing and organising differentspaces that must include aspects concerning the offer flexibility, in order to be able toprovide complementary services such as the organisation of congresses and conferences, aswell as other events.The business card of a unit is represented by the i n-terior decorations, “the atmosphere”created by decoration, the colours, the intensity and colour of lights, the thermal comfort(air temperature and humidity), air freshness and indoor sound system, elements thatcomplete the product [4].However, the most important quality component is thestaff behaviour within the hotel,which is usually neglected, as the company is mostly concerned with employing thenecessary qualified number of employees to know and apply standards and workingprocedures.The effects of professional behaviour are directly connected to the quality of service andhow it is perceived by the client. Unlike the material components we have discussed before,the effects of the professional behaviour are unpredictable and almost irreversible. They aredirectly related to the number, the structure and the level of training and motivation of thestaff.That is why staff recruitment must take into account that beside pr o-fessional training andgeneral background knowledge, employe rs must seek to iden-tify personal behaviour andattitude qualities in the future employee, such as: charisma, vocation for tourism,availability and learning abilities, sociability, empathy and other el e-ments which will reflectthe quality of services and the level of satisfaction of the clients [7]. Therefore, a client oriented professional behaviour may contribute to a better assessment ofthe quality of service rather than exposing material luxury and in some cases, an adequateprofessional behaviour may compensate for certain material deficie n-cies.In this context the present classification based on stars is no longer responding to thedemands of the client, whose expectations with respect to the quality of services areprecise.The methodological norms regarding the classification of the acco m-modation units consistsof an administrative system of classification, that takes into consideration only thearchitectural features of the building, the level of facilities, equipment and inventory objectsas well as the minimum services that must be offered by an accomm o-dation unit accordingto its classification, [9] without emphasising the most i m-portant quality element like thestaff attitude for example.This administrative system of classification used by all countries, was found inconvenientto the new requirements. In this respect, some countries started reco n-sidering and changingthe classification standards stressing on the quality of services esp e-cially on the hotel staffand its behaviour.This approach is necessary due to the present economic crisis that led to an obviousdecrease in the number of tourists, who shal l mainly turn to suppliers who provide the bestquality-price warranted balance.In the case of Romania, which has a diverse tourist potential, with authentic components,the change from facility standards to service quality standards would be an element ofdifferentiation and it would increase the competition of the Romanian tourist product. Thishas also been demonstrated by international research studies that consider Romania aninteresting tourist destination.2. Quality standards and systems in the hospitality industryBoth in Romania and in other countries with tourist tradition the service quality assuranceis accomplished in two ways: according to the different types of sta nd-ards and according tothe quality management systems. Moreover, standards include: norms shaped by officialorganisations of different countries such as the standards of category classification (stars),occupational and other standards including facility, procedure, management, which aremostly created by hotel chains, especially those from 1991, since the first procedure oftourist star classification settled by The Ministry of Tourism and later on followed-up byseveral other variants.The occupational standard is the document that states the competitive units and their levelof quality according to their activity outcome for one occupation. This one includes thefields of competence and corresponding unities of compet ence. The competence fields aredivided into three categories: fundamental, general and specific co m-petences. Each unit ofcompetence corresponding to an occupation include: competence elements,accomplishment criteria, variable range and assessment guide. Fundamental competence includes: efficient comm u-nication at work and team work.General competences presuppose: the NPM and NPSI a p-plication, the job organisation,promoting the hotel image. The specific competences are differentiated according tooccupational categories which include technological operations which are specific function.Despite their complexity they do not guarantee the quality of the rendered service as thegeneral competences assurance is not enough to satisfy the clients. This particular clientsatisfaction is determined by other inner individual elements, such as: client needsawareness, active understanding, and servi ce provider responsibility. From the beginning, the methodological norms of star classification of the touristwelcoming structures are limited to quantitative a s-pects of the hotel services quality,without pointing to subtle quality elements of the tourist service, which represent essentialattributes of the hotel product.The internal standards were created by hotel chains in order to ensure a similar system offacilities, to have services and staff with a view to promoting and maintaining a brandimage. These standards are different from one hotel chain to another, even if they havesimilar elements. In the case of independent hotels, only some of them have already createdtheir own standards.Taking into consideration that the ratio of the hotels which have created their own standardsis low, the present ones have an increased level of heterogeneity, and some limits withregards to quality assurance which mak es this meth-od of quality implementation andassessment insufficient.Regarding the quality management systems in tourism, the best a p-proach is the use of anintegrated quality management system which includes: the quality management systembased on SR EN ISO 9001:2001, the environment ma n-agement system based on SR ENISO 14 001:1997, the food security management system according to the HACCPprinciples, based on the ISO 22000 standard and the health and labour security managementsystem based on OHSAS 18002 from 1999.The quality management is defined according to ISO 9000 as the total amount of activitiesof the general management function which determine the policy in the field of quality, inorder to implement the objectives and responsibilities in the quality system by specificmeans, such as: quality planning, quality control, quality assurance and qualityimprovement [8].The main objective of quality management is to efficiently accomplish at a maximum levelthe products which entirely satisfy the client’s requirements and which are consistent withthe society requirements and the applied standards and spec i-fications, which consider allaspects regarding consumer and environment protection and which are offered to the clientat the established price and term.The introduction of a quality system brings benefits to all the parts i n-volved: the designatedcountry, the direct tourist services suppliers, the consumers and the mediators.This implies a constant level of quality. That is why the implementation of quality isaccomplished by a sum of requirements called standards which are grouped in types,according to their field.To get quality does not only mean initiating standards and being co n-sistent with them, butalso quality performance to meet clients’ requirements and expectations, as well as qualitymanagement.In this context, the systemic management of the hotel service quality and the taking up ofsome measures are a maximum priority at this stage.Thus, ensuring products and hotel service comp e-tition must be based on qualitymanagement, as it is a way to ens ure the company’s credibility on the market.Even if the quality management system has been enforced since 1995, the ratio of hotelservice suppliers who are certified is low, as many of them are not aware of the importanceand implications of the certificate of quality.Even in the case of certified organisations some of the subtle aspects of quality guaranteehave not been identified and included in the specific documentation. Thanks to the general nature of the ISO standards and to th e lack of experience in the caseof internal or external auditors within the certifying o r-ganisms, the subtle elements ofquality guarantee have not been identified. This certificate is insuff i-cient to ensure the levelof quality that is required by the new demands in the economic env i-ronment. Though, thefinancial element, the high costs of authorisation and TQM are aspects that determine bighotel and food units to postpone certification, considering that they were not absolut elycompulsory.Despite its advantages offered by the standards and the quality management system, thisinstrument of ensuring the quality of service within the welcoming i n-dustry is limited as itdoes not allow the national level of guaranteed qu ality. Even the hotel field organisations,which have their own system of standards and are certified in an integrated system ofquality management, have not reached the intangible components of ensuring quality ofatmosphere and staff behaviour, but the entertainment service development has beenforgotten, though they best underline the relationship between the supplier and thecustomer.Regulation 636/2003 focussed on the initiation of t he mark Q, with re-gard to the NationalProgram to increase hotel service quality, with a consequence of founding the Tou ristService Quality and Hospitality Industry centre, inJuly 2005 –INQUALTOUR- aprofessional private association of public interest, a NGO and a non profit organization,with its head office in Bucharest. Its founding members are physically and l egallycompetent and are also well known persons in the field of tourism quality, such as theRomanian Quality Insurance Company (SRAC); the Tourism S.C, the Hotel and RestaurantConsulting Group SRL - THR CG; the National Associ a-tion for Rural, Ecological andCultural Group - ANTREC, as well as expects with great expertise.The reason to invite these associations, in Romania was to achieve a Centre of Excellencyand expertise in the field of touring and hospitality to develop quality and competition ofRomanian tourism, its standard and busin ess level, with a view to Eu-ropean Integration andglobalization [2].The Ministry of Tourism, in cooperation with INQUALTOUR and the professional fieldassociations elaborated, at that moment, a guide of over 100 criteria to evaluate hospitalityindustry quality, which were presented to the managers in the field who had to makeremarks to improve things in terms of specific quality standards and of implementing themat the national level a feed-back which hasn’t been yet achi eved, everything being still inthe project stage.These were the first steps in achieving a unitary system and a centralized one to certifyhotel quality service in Romania.3. A new view on the quality of services within the Romanian h otel industryMost countries, which have not perceived the importance of tourism development and theshift to a new way of approaching service quality offered to the clients, have made acomplex system of standards in the hotel ind ustry at a national level, which demand theservice to be characterised by criteria such as: rea c-tion, creditworthiness, curiosity,flexibility, and so on.For instance, since 1995 the Swiss standards included meeting clients in the norms ofclassifications and service quality standards in the ho s-pitality industry at present. Theclassification norms in Swiss is hotels settled by the hotel association being very complex,considering both aspects with q uantitative aspects, trying to diversify and individualizeservice as well as to increase staff behaviour.The Swiss system of classification includes 14 criteria, each containing norms presented ina technical card organized in comfort categorie s.The certificate of classification will be obtained as a reset of self-evaluation, of theevaluation of the regional commission and the commission of hotel classification.The classification criteria deal with : security norms, buildin g exte-rior and area, reception,public area, rooms, bathrooms, breakfast service, room-service, restaurant service,restaurant, further service, reception and entertaining se r-vice, quality, entertainment andsports outfit [13].One should notice the 12 specific norms to organize entertaining a ctiv-ities which should bepermanently achieved based on a settled program advertised in the hotel all season long inseason hotels and the provision of at least one five –day entertainer a week for those hotelsopen all year-long, who may be a free time employee or a collaborator. In the same classification system, other qualitative aspects such as air quality in therestaurants and bars, live music five days a week f or four hours at least are also present.Another example is the hotel certificate in France referential standard which represents theresult of the cooperation between the Chamber of Commerce and Industry, the TourismTrade Union Federation, the Quality Certification Body, the Association for theConsumers’ Protection, on one hand and the tourist and hotel industry professionalassociations and the Tourist Department in France, on the other hand. This quality referential commitment was initiated in 2001 and tested in12 hotels in France;in February 2002 it was published in the “Monitorul Oficial” Review, becoming operationallater on.Hotel certification is a quality guarantee focussing on the cl ient and on increasing servicequality staff behaviour and attitude. It implies 7 quality standards, such as staff professionalsmile, cleanliness and hygiene, quality bed sheets, staff availability, quietness, tourist andpractical information offered to clients as well as monitored quality. Certification will comprise two stages: firstly consultancy and auditing need to reach thehigh level hotel service standard, and secondly the certification as such. The certificate isobtained after some steps have been taken: the “mystery clients” reports, hotel self-evaluation, settling clients’ claims, their level of satisfaction and a s-pects of staff training.Checking is organized every month and it involves 550 issues.At the same time, at the level of hotel chains, there are some assessment and control criteriathat describe service and behaviour components by classical methods of management,according to their own standards by the chain inspectors who a ssess the quality of serviceand the quality and certifying hotel standards as clients.Since 1996, the General Department of Authorisation and Control has dealt with givingtourism patents and classification certificates to di f-ferent tourist units following anassessment process which matched the documentation with the specific conditions offeredby the tourist offers.This observation has led to making a decision to decentralise the au-thorising and controlsystem as well as creating the Local Departments which continued to deal with the sametype of activity according to the legislation, without improving the classification criteriaconcerning tourist welcoming structures and the system of quality a s-sessment.There are mainly two possibilities to approach quality improvement process in theRomanian hotel business as follows: completing the criteria under Methodological Normsregarding the star classification of the welcoming crit eria, and creating a quality assessmentsystem regarding hotels and food.Creating a complex system of services quality standards in the Romanian hotel industrymust be a priority of the Ministry of Tourism, of the professional tou r-ism associations andof all organisations in the field.The new system should include: the total amount of criteria, the methods of theirassessment, establishing institutions which will be involved in the sy s-tem construction, itsimprovement and setting the categories of people who will evaluate the results and will takethe correcting measures.In order to ensure the increase of the hotel quality services we consider that the mostefficient solution would consist of an analysis of the Ministry of Tou r-ism in order to issue anormative act which would be more complex than the present Regul a-tion 636/2008. Thisshould lead to a development of the existent crit e-ria which will include extra criteriaconcerning the assessment of the service quality.Starting with the present system of criteria which are included in the MethodologicalNorms regarding the star classification of the welcoming tourist units and the public foodsupply units, their improvement implies the inclusion of constructive features such as: thehotel location, the accessibility, the quality of the access ways, the placement (close to theinteresting tourist area, slopes, beaches, etc.), the attractiveness of the area.The building assessment may also have in mind the ext eri-or aspect and the architecture,including the novelty of the building or its refurbishment. There are also other ambientelements such as green areas, parks, gardens,water-falls, fountains, lights, as well asentertaining areas for adults and childrenA very important aspect is represented by the development of thecriteria referring to theindoor space which signal the communication with the client repr e-sented by different typesof information, design and decorative plants.A basic element in separating and personalising the service supply is the adjustment to thestructure and the facilities of the room to the client needs by offering for instance double-double rooms, rooms for disabled people, standard rooms, as well as luxury rooms forbusiness people, or rooms for people with pets.Room assessment criteria also include elements of ambiance, lights, aromatherapy, design,colours, but also aspects such as facilities level of usage, ergonomic furniture andequipment, extra beds, or baby care facilities.Modern technologies have allowed the hotel to stop wasting resources, which improved thepossibility to control and adapt the temperature and the lights. Thus they must be includedin the assessment criteria.A basic component of the hotel service is the food supply and the number, the structure andthe specific service offered in the unit. Together with the qu ality of accommodation service,food supply is an important step in choosing a particular hotel. Restaurants may be different according to the qua l-ity of the rendered service and byintroducing hypo-caloric, vegetarian, healthy, thematic, or children menus by making listsof dishes which are specifically described: calories, additives percen t-age, or other elementswhich are part of the Methodological Norms in the chapter dealing with extra-criteria.Internationally in this field, food supply service is assessed by other criteria too: servingstandards, serving efficiency, careful and fast serving, competitive staff who help the client,staff outfit and appearance, visible prices, hygiene and production quality. This also impliesthe aspect of the dishes, their taste, freshness, temperature, as well as ambiance – the degreeof silence, the smoking and non-smoking areas, the possibility to assist the cooking process,children facilities, etc.ConclusionA fresh tourist promotion in Romania is a complex process implying both the initiation oflegal and institutional background and new technical devices, to allow diversifying thehotel and restaurant service supply, and to increase quality service lev-el.This year, the Tourism Ministry has initiated a step to a new quality assessment system, byreconsidering concepts and increasing the importance granted to the hotel staff and theirattitude towards tourist service quality.The economic implications will be critical, though hardly reversible in time, if not achievedin parallel with the implementation of valuable models and the change of mentality withinthe Romanian hotel service suppliers practice.。
旅行社管理系统中英文对照外文翻译文献
中英文对照外文翻译(文档含英文原文和中文翻译) Overview is a unified Web development model that includes the services necessary for you to build enterprise-class Web applications with a minimum of coding. is part of the .NET Framework, and when coding applications you have access to classes in the .NET Framework. You can code your applications in any language compatible with the common language runtime (CLR), including Microsoft Visual Basic, C#, JScript .NET, and J#. These languages enable you to develop applications that benefit from the common language runtime, type safety, inheritance, and so on. includes:• A page and controls framework•The compiler•Security infrastructure•State-management facilities•Application configuration•Health monitoring and performance features•Debugging support•An XML Web services framework•Extensible hosting environment and application life cycle management•An extensible designer environmentThe page and controls framework is a programming framework that runs on a Web server to dynamically produce and render Web pages. Web pages can be requested from any browser or client device, and renders markup (such as HTML) to the requesting browser. As a rule, you can use the same page for multiple browsers, because renders the appropriate markup for the browser making the request. However, you can design your Web page to target a specific browser, such as Microsoft Internet Explorer 6, and take advantage of the features of that browser. supports mobile controls for Web-enabled devices such as cellular phones, handheld computers, and personal digital assistants (PDAs). Web pages are completely object-oriented. Within Web pages you can work with HTML elements using properties, methods, and events. The page framework removes the implementation details of the separation of client and server inherent in Web-based applications by presenting a unified model for responding to client events in code that runs at the server. The framework also automatically maintains the state of a page and the controls on that page during the page processing life cycle.The page and controls framework also enables you to encapsulate common UI functionality in easy-to-use, reusable controls. Controls are written once, can be used in many pages, and are integrated into the Web page that they are placed in during rendering.The page and controls framework also provides features to control the overall look and feel of your Web site via themes and skins. You can define themes and skins and then apply them at a page level or at a control level.In addition to themes, you can define master pages that you use to create a consistent layout for the pages in your application. A single master page defines the layout and standard behavior that you want for all the pages (or a group of pages) in your application. You can then create individual content pages that contain the page-specific content you want to display. When users request the content pages, they merge with the master pageto produce output that combines the layout of the master page with the content from the content page.All code is compiled, which enables strong typing, performance optimizations, and early binding, among other benefits. Once the code has been compiled, the common language runtime further compiles code to native code, providing improved performance. includes a compiler that will compile all your application components including pages and controls into an assembly that the hosting environment can then use to service user requests.In addition to the security features of .NET, provides an advanced security infrastructure for authenticating and authorizing user access as well as performing other security-related tasks. You can authenticate users using Windows authentication supplied by IIS, or you can manage authentication using your own user database using forms authentication and membership. Additionally, you can manage the authorization to the capabilities and information of your Web application using Windows groups or your own custom role database using roles. You can easily remove, add to, or replace these schemes depending upon the needs of your application. always runs with a particular Windows identity so you can secure your application using Windows capabilities such as NTFS Access Control Lists (ACLs), database permissions, and so on. For more information on the identity of , provides intrinsic state management functionality that enables you to store information between page requests, such as customer information or the contents of a shopping cart. You can save and manage application-specific, session-specific,page-specific, user-specific, and developer-defined information. This information can be independent of any controls on the page. offers distributed state facilities, which enable you to manage state information across multiple instances of the same application on one computer or on several computers. applications use a configuration system that enables you to define configuration settings for your Web server, for a Web site, or for individual applications. You can make configuration settings at the time your applications are deployed and can add or revise configuration settings at any time with minimal impact on operational Web applications and servers. configuration settings are stored in XML-based files. Because these XML files are ASCII text files, it is simple to make configuration changes to your Web applications. You can extend the configuration scheme to suit your requirements. includes features that enable you to monitor health and performance of your application. health monitoring enables reporting of key events that provide information about the health of an application and about error conditions. These events show a combination of diagnostics and monitoring characteristics and offer a high degree of flexibility in terms of what is logged and how it is logged. supports two groups of performance counters accessible to your applications: •The system performance counter group•The application performance counter group takes advantage of the run-time debugging infrastructure to provide cross-language and cross-computer debugging support. You can debug both managed and unmanaged objects, as well as all languages supported by the common language runtime and script languages.In addition, the page framework provides a trace mode that enables you to insert instrumentation messages into your Web pages. supports XML Web services. An XML Web service is a component containing business functionality that enables applications to exchange information across firewalls using standards like HTTP and XML messaging. XML Web services are not tied to a particular component technology or object-calling convention. As a result, programs written in any language, using any component model, and running on any operating system can access XML Web services. includes an extensible hosting environment that controls the life cycle of an application from when a user first accesses a resource (such as a page) in the application to the point at which the application is shut down. While relies on a Web server (IIS) as an application host, provides much of the hosting functionality itself. The architecture of enables you to respond to application events and create custom HTTP handlers and HTTP modules. includes enhanced support for creating designers for Web server controls for use with a visual design tool such as Visual Studio. Designers enable you to build a design-time user interface for a control, so that developers can configure your control's properties and content in the visual design tool.Introduction to the C# Language and the .NET Framework C# is an elegant and type-safe object-oriented language that enables developers to build a wide range of secure and robust applications that run on the .NET Framework. You can use C# to create traditional Windows client applications, XML Web services, distributed components,client-server applications, database applications, and much, much more. Microsoft Visual C# 2005 provides an advanced code editor, convenient user interface designers, integrated debugger, and many other tools to facilitate rapid application development based on version 2.0 of the C# language and the .NET Framework.NoteThe Visual C# documentation assumes that you have an understanding of basic programming concepts. If you are a complete beginner, you might want to explore Visual C# Express Edition, which is available on the Web. You can also take advantage of any of several excellent books and Web resources on C# to learnpractical programming skills.C# syntax is highly expressive, yet with less than 90 keywords, it is also simple and easy to learn. The curly-brace syntax of C# will be instantly recognizable to anyone familiar with C, C++ or Java. Developers who know any of these languages are typically able to begin working productively in C# within a very short time. C# syntax simplifies many of the complexities of C++ while providing powerful features such as nullable value types, enumerations, delegates, anonymous methods and direct memory access, which are not found in Java. C# also supports generic methods and types, which provide increased type safety and performance, and iterators, which enable implementers of collection classes to define custom iteration behaviors that are simple to use by client code.As an object-oriented language, C# supports the concepts of encapsulation, inheritance and polymorphism. All variables and methods, including the Main method, the application's entry point, are encapsulated within class definitions. A class may inherit directly from one parent class, but it may implement any number of interfaces. Methodsthat override virtual methods in a parent class require the override keyword as a way to avoid accidental redefinition. In C#, a struct is like a lightweight class; it is astack-allocated type that can implement interfaces but does not support inheritance.In addition to these basic object-oriented principles, C# facilitates the development of software components through several innovative language constructs, including: •Encapsulated method signatures called delegates, which enable type-safe event notifications.•Properties, which serve as accessors for private member variables. •Attributes, which provide declarative metadata about types at run time.•Inline XML documentation comments.If you need to interact with other Windows software such as COM objects or native Win32 DLLs, you can do this in C# through a process called "Interop." Interop enables C# programs to do just about anything that a native C++ application can do. C# even supports pointers and the concept of "unsafe" code for those cases in which direct memory access is absolutely critical.The C# build process is simple compared to C and C++ and more flexible than in Java. There are no separate header files, and no requirement that methods and types be declared in a particular order. A C# source file may define any number of classes, structs, interfaces, and events.C# programs run on the .NET Framework, an integral component of Windows that includes a virtual execution system called the common language runtime (CLR) and a unified set of class libraries. The CLR is Microsoft's commercial implementation of the common language infrastructure (CLI), an international standard that is the basis for creating execution and development environments in which languages and libraries work together seamlessly.Source code written in C# is compiled into an intermediate language (IL) that conforms to the CLI specification. The IL code, along with resources such as bitmaps and strings, is stored on disk in an executable file called an assembly, typically with an extension of .exe or .dll. An assembly contains a manifest that provides information on the assembly's types, version, culture, and security requirements.When the C# program is executed, the assembly is loaded into the CLR, which might take various actions based on the information in the manifest. Then, if the security requirements are met, the CLR performs just in time (JIT) compilation to convert the IL code into native machine instructions. The CLR also provides other services related to automatic garbage collection, exception handling, and resource management. Code that is executed by the CLR is sometimes referred to as "managed code," in contrast to "unmanaged code" which is compiled into native machine language that targets a specific system. The following diagram illustrates the compile-time and run time relationships of C# source code files, the base class libraries, assemblies, and the CLR.Language interoperability is a key feature of the .NET Framework. Because the IL code produced by the C# compiler conforms to the Common Type Specification (CTS), IL code generated from C# can interact with code that was generated from the .NET versions of Visual Basic, Visual C++, Visual J#, or any of more than 20 otherCTS-compliant languages. A single assembly may contain multiple modules written in different .NET languages, and the types can reference each other just as if they were written in the same language.In addition to the run time services, the .NET Framework also includes an extensive library of over 4000 classes organized into namespaces that provide a wide variety of useful functionality for everything from file input and output to string manipulation to XML parsing, to Windows Forms controls. The typical C# application uses the .NET Framework class library extensively to handle common "plumbing" chores. 概述 是一个统一的 Web 开发模型，它包括您使用尽可能少的代码生成企业级 Web 应用程序所必需的各种服务。
旅行社营销策略外文文献翻译 2012年译文3000
文献出处：Dolnicar S, Laesser C. Travel agency marketing Plan[J]. Journal of Travel Research, 2012, 46(2): 133-146.原文Travel Agency Marketing PlanExecutive Summary Adventure Excursions Unlimited (AEU) was formed January 2001 to provide hard adventure sport/travel packages with upscale accommodations, gourmet food, and celebrity service providers to wealthy clients. AEU Hard adventures include Helicopter-skiing, kayaking, white water rafting, and mountain biking. The founders of AEU are Jordan Stephan, MBA/JD, Jillyn Certo, MBA, and Loren Harlo, MBA. In addition to their MBA status, they are passionate about the activities AEU will offer. An opportunity exists for two reasons:1、Tourism is a growing industry (4% annually) and within the industry, adventure travel is growing at 10%. 2、There are few providers of hard adventure travel to upscale clients. Virtually all companies that provide "hard" adventure activities appeal to a lower income client. Companies that appeal to a wealthier clientele generally provide "soft" adventure package. Hard adventure activities involve difficult physical requirements. They carry a higher level of risk than do "soft" activities. Soft adventure activities may involve physical exertion, however they involve a low level of risk and can be engaged in by non-athletic people. The company's target customers are high income (min. $75,000 for single person), health-conscious individuals interested in popular hard adventure sports. These are lawyers, bankers, executives, doctors, etc. The major purchasers are located in urban areas within major United States cities. Our customers are more likely to be married. 51% are men and 49% are women. There is rapid growth in the market and increasing demand. In addition, more niche markets are evolving. Initially, it will be difficult to compete with experienced providers, especially the market leaders. However, AEU's target market is an exploitable niche and our service is differentiated. AEU's target market members will have similaractivity interests, more disposable income and less sensitivity to price. We will provide a luxury service with prestige value. Our prices will be out of reach for the majority of adventure travelers. Service will be priced based upon luxury competitor prices and the value added of our offering. Providers that offer offering luxury services similar to ours do so at prices similar to ours. We are competitively priced in the luxury market. Situation Analysis Adventure Excursions Unlimited (AEU) has been operating for several months now. The trips have been well received, and marketing is now critical to its continued success and future profitability. AEU offers high-end hard adventure trips. The basic market need is hard adventure trips for the wealthy client. This target market appreciates upscale accommodations, gourmet food, and personalized attention. AEU will meet this market need with a variety of trip offerings. Market Summary AEU possess good information about the market and knows a great deal about the common attributes of our most prized and loyal customers. AEU will leverage this information to better understand who is served, their specific needs, and how AEU can better connect with them. AEU is providing its customers with a wide selection of hard adventure trips for wealthy clients. Virtually all companies that provide "hard" adventure activities appeal to a lower income client. Companies that appeal to a wealthier clientele generally provide "soft" adventure packages. Hard adventure activities involve difficult physical requirements. They carry a higher level of risk than do "soft" activities. Soft adventure activities may involve some physical exertion, however they involve a low level of risk and can be engaged in by non-athletic people. AEU seeks to fulfill the following benefits that are important to their customers. Selection: A wide selection of different hard adventure trips. Accessibility: The customer can be located anywhere as long as they have access to an airport. Customer attention: The patron will be impressed with the level of personal attention that they receive. Competitive prices: Although AEU is priced at the top of the market, providing a luxury service with prestige value, AEU will be priced competitively with the few other high-end service providers. Market Trends The travel industry is in an upward growth mode. There are several reasons for this increase. First, a relative healthy domestic economy over the lastseveral years and the devaluation of currency in other regions has made travel less expensive for U.S. residents. Pleasure travel has increased by 3.2% in 1999 and is predicted to grow 2.0% in 2000. Second, the healthy economy has increased business which in turn boosted domestic business travel 4.8% in 1999 with an estimated increase of 3.6% in 2000. Adventure travel is a growing segment of the travel industry. One theory of the recent increase in extreme sports has to do with the strong competitive nature of younger Americans. Statistics show that 8,000 U.S. companies offer adventure packages that generated $7 billion in 1999. There also has been a 66% increase in executive participation between 1996 and 2000 (or an increase of 3,000 to 5,000)(La Franco, Robert. Forbes, Feb 9, 2000 v161 n3 p168(3)). Market Growth In 1999, the adventure travel market generated $7 billion dollars. The market is poised for growth. This growth can be attributed to several factors. The first factor is an increased appreciation for travel. More and more people are recognizing the value in spending their free time away from home, participating in activities that they enjoy. Another variable that is contributing to this market growth is that as Americans continue to work longer and longer work hours, they also are looking for adventure travel vacations that offer a release from their day to day work. Our target market works hard, but also plays hard. When they do take time off from work, they choose an activity that they thoroughly enjoy, to a large degree because vacation occurs somewhat infrequently Marketing Strategy AEU will use several different forms of communication for their marketing strategy. The first effort will revolve around their Internet site. AEU's demographic relies heavily on the Internet for information. While AEU currently has a website, they recognize that resources are required to maintain the site as well as continually improve it. The website will constantly tested to determine that it is coming up as one of the top results when key words are entered into a search engine. Another form of communication is magazine advertising. The advertising will occur in magazines whose readership has similar demographics as AEU. The magazine advertisements will be used to increase visibility of AEU and position it as the top service provider in the high-end hard adventure market. As time progresses and a loyal customer base is established, AEU will rely on emailnewsletters and direct mail to the customers that are on the mailing list. The newsletters will share specials (both trips as well as special deals) to this select group of customers. The goal of the newsletters is to incentivize the past customers to join AEU for another trip with a special deal. As operations progress, the AEU will continue to measure our progress relative to competitors and to the growth of the market(s) in which we operate. Though the primary target market has been defined, there may be new possibilities to serve additional segments. As the product is defined and the strategy differentiation is defined based on competitive strengths, AEU will be better able to determine whether adjustments in positioning are necessary. Access to important information concerning the market, competitors, etc., is available. However it is not free. For the purposes of this project, we feel it is unnecessary to incur additional expense. The marketing strategy will be to develop long-term relationships with customers. AEU will keep a database from which to obtain important demographic & psychographic information. As the business becomes profitable, plans will be implemented to expand. There is virtually no limit to the number and variety of trips AEU can provide. Trips can take place on every continent and in most countries.译文：旅行社营销计划摘要：探险旅行社（AEU）成立于2001年1月，该旅行社主要提供硬冒险运动，高档的住宿，美食，名人服务以及供应商/旅游套餐。
旅游信息管理系统的外文文献
旅游信息管理系统的外文文献Tourism Information Management System英文原文指旅游信息管理系统，旅游信息管理系统是一种集成计算机技术、信息管理技术和旅游管理技术的系统，可以帮助旅游服务供应商管理旅行计划和安排，提供在线预订、支付和确认等服务，同时可以为游客提供详细的目的地信息和行程提示。
该系统可以帮助旅游供应商提高管理效率，节省管理成本，提高客户满意度。
它可以在互联网上为客户提供实时旅游信息，包括机票、酒店、租车、旅行保险等。
系统具有高度的自动化程度，同时也可以与其他系统进行接口，如支付系统、保险系统和客户关系管理系统等。
旅游信息管理系统具有一系列优点，如实现在线预订和支付，节省行程安排的时间和工作量，提高服务质量和效率，降低管理成本，提高客户满意度，提高市场竞争力等。
随着移动互联网和互联网技术的发展，旅游信息管理系统已经成为旅游行业的重要组成部分，为客户提供更加方便、快捷、安全和高效的旅游服务。
旅游服务业外文文献
毕业论文外文参考资料原文及译文外文题目（中文）：Cultural goods, market and national relations and international free trade system (文化商品，市场及国家关系和国际自由贸易制度)时间： 2010年9月至 2011年6月Cultural goods, market and national relations and international freetrade systemJim Mc GuiganAn example in cultural studies is the most popular today "cultural economy" - on economic and cultural thoughts to check it, rather than as an industry as a kind of words. Cultural historians will say thetrend is difficult to Atlantic new party. In 1992, British media academics Jim MaiGuiGen blamed on contemporary paradigm crisis culture research, its separation from cultural and political economy. He put forward louder appeal and a pair of consumption culture mode of production as the center. His proposal also a populist criticism, leading, consumption as the center, with value of examples of the audience, ' 'positive is a sovereign consumption subject is who (imagine is) not industrial control economic and cultural existence reason McGrigan, 1992). MaiGuiGen, of course, quite a person in his own time. How to put back on the bottle - for the elves in 'economic recovery mode, avoid it enters' key back to marxist economic rights fatalism - is still a provocative, but not out of the mission.In 1992, when the humanities center at Wesleyan university in Massachusetts, theorist and culture combined each 1 team director in American culture industry for a term called seminar "producing and sales culture" (Mr Mann, 1996). This is an amazing attempt, sponsored by Coca-Cola Coca-Cola foundation, academic access to cultural criticism of the industry, how the latter imagine market research and consumer, and asked them if they intentionally create and shape our hope.The research methods, launched a module, this conference most close to overcome epistemology is divided into production center and consumption as the center of the method, material conditions in culture understanding query, namely as a department. Fast forward to the early 21st century, the economy of the "culture" currently hype culture and media research won additional value, because this time, it is not only the scholars in the ivory tower who is support the analytic reasons. More important is, 'a cultural turn' in its momentum gathered enterprise sector, according to 'culture' plays a key role in theeconomic aspect, and marketing practices, on the one hand, the performance of the organization, enhance the other. However minor a trend, and also it is notable that in economic discipline, a key economic geographer proposed quality as a cultural economics a set, discourse structure, positive frame market. Therefore, before the market does not exist at the 2002 ·), described some of its objective, transcendental method (DE guay and discourse. Economic theory is regarded as an economic structure, positive ensemble shaping reality (Karen, 1998, 2000).The political, cultural, and policies.I MaiGuiGen in agreement with early in a standoff in 1990s about this is cultural investigation. Like him back after, I think the simple answer is retrieve a lost causes materialism of the return of the traditional culture research political economics. In order to do this, I will devote myself to the production of material culture study. The trajectory of the economy and culture, however, there is a warning. It runs the risk of triggered by the central concern of cultural research subject identity, namely the cultural politics. Double challenge, I want to take a project, through policy research key, is located in the method to yourself the hand on the cultural and economic ties between a between, and politics and policy, such as in. Let me explain more. Mainstream culture has to stay in my two aspects of the field in a world analysis differentiation. In their planning things, 'political commitment' need to assume the criticism and boycott; ` policy, on the other hand, is with security, hegemony, and the status quo. This is understandable mainstream culture research (its staple fare, that criticism power) fired policy guidance culture research committed revisionist rebels who thought the betrayal of from margin (1 title in the study of regional culture of privileges) to center,where ` power 'is institutionalized policy form, corruption and the absolute necessity.We wouldn't be sitting here today in this seminar, and if we believe such a partial idea of effectiveness. This is one-sided, because it does not acknowledge both desire and possibility of the bridge academic workers political criticism and participate in the gap between. For those of us who today to share a concept: a critical frame policy research provides a breakthrough point these transitional activities. It specifies a scholar BBS, to meet the decision makers and analysts who are willing to engage in multidisciplinary policy discussions. Most importantly, the two organizations dedicated to the possibility of social transformation in China has incremental reform through the regulatory system, from the backdrop of cultural production ` 'means a more complex than what the process of the cultural and economic mode can be alone provides. For us, even started thinking, cultural policy areas regulatory policy changes, we must first recognize that'culture' cannot simply follow market principles, because it is in the same time "means and purpose of social regulation and government" (Bennett, 1992,26), therefore, 'culture "is the supervision system, constitutive can be considered as indispensable rationality government. This culture/government couplets, should be given equal weight so the analysis of the correct culture tendency research emphasize the link between cultural/market.In addition, we must not be concept misleading is, the close relationship between 'culture' and 'government' is China alone. Even America and Britain ruled kingdom deregulation of speech, still be on time, price and transmission standard content television industry especially in land departments (hyjal Lin, 2001) pelosi. ` culture'should be whether consciousness, like a commodity in the center of the international debate is underwayThe feasibility of about culture cross-media border trade. In Canada, Europe and more recently in the United States (on media ownership debate is involved, the federal communications commission's ruling heart), countries and cultural policy instrument to delimit the national cultural market active participation. Throw open the resistance of national culture, therefore, is not just China market integratedly.Research problems,I think pieces are as follows: what constitutes a query the cultural market the policy management? And they should go to where? Like other policy areas, China after joining the WTO, cultural policy has become such turmoil and controversial areas, it stripe easier than ever to different thoughts and prescription. Intervention I still should notice, nonlocal flux because in such a culture industry "as a policy of birth" classification of just recent. It can be traced back to 2001, when the 10th five-year plan made conspicuous place, for the first time chanye for reform to mandarin era began. From the current challenges of opening China's wto content industry provides country further encourage development think-tank music college in Hong Kong academy for performing arts in service as the young talents emerging cultural industries. Then, last year, two main research institutions "national culture industry" also launched one after another, in the north, in Beijing university, in Shanghai jiaotong university in the south. Meanwhile, the blue of cultural industry each year the institute of social center issued by Chinese culture research in science. In China, academia provides a feasible policy Suggestions, location and application humanities spirit is an obvious reality cultural issues more and more policy. The domainResearch problem-based now let us return and fulfilling method and my big framework research problems specific problems group. Thought what the purpose is' culture 'and' economic ', 'political and policy in the series service to our policy review Chinese culture? This makes my table 3The basic premise that is a built-in: on1. Cultural need to be understood as an economic sector, namely 'culture industry' as the state regulators;2. Culture is a continuous development of relations, economic and policy areas, and trade;3. Culture is the goods, but not like any other commodity.All these building ground floor is my big is big not ask: if the United States theory 'market' itself is a kind of word building, as China? Final model in the media industry in particular, China should take back sharply to the country's pattern is similar to the U.S. public cultural products. Rolling provide This has taken on two levels, and in the county TV media and board level of small-scale news units across the river. Whether to adopt a deregulation in over big media collectivization form and content? How Europe, cultural market? In decision-making and debates, the European affairs committee new regulation means? With democracy is cultural commercialized, the final answers cultural consumption space, and create a diversity of cultures? These problems are more complex, because they are how to answer team under the language environment after the test. That is to say, the rapid changes of the answer, because we hope our countries turn of problems, from terrain democratic U.S., Canada and Western Europe to China, political credentials in the best inconsistent. These problems, but a more inquires after our discussion, will clarify the Chinese model cultural policy should choose as a media industry is slowing sculptureout more autonomy space. For this reason, we must study these problems triggered set twenty years in the international debate long-term international free trade from cultural exemption launched between the United States and Britain in a refugee camp in the European Union and Canada and countries in the opposite faction found. No matter whether we in Europe/Canada pattern or American model will better service in China, we need to realize that the YinXiangJie, domestic policy in the sovereignty of isolation international cultural policy, no longer strong resistance. Although there are What advantages and disadvantages of the establishment of a global integration of cultural policy system?Seriously consider specific problem I will now in concrete ground task I generally buildings. The first premise we need to watch closely industry of Chinese culture, the second premise existing regulatory conditions, make our international trade of culture at home against the debate. The third premise a series of questions caused, namely: (a) cultural products should be traded? (2) market is established in Chinese state media border to differentiate commercializable goods and the commercializable is reasonable; And allusion, (3) what is a better system from other kind of calibration? (4) what appropriate policy tools will be most effective in governance goods circulation and traded in the Chinese culture areas? Finally, as a thought, I care more about the problem and put forward and provide at this stage, must be better than the answer.China's culture industry market access method: mixed cargo rules.As mentioned above, the official discourse mandarin chanye as was formally established in 2001. Because then the enterprise concept jituan "double formula" "have already appeared in the occasionalgovernment documents suggest, the news media departments, but store the" dressed in front of the public institutions they like to do, "the commercial business enterprise"." But until the 16th party congress in 2002, the state propaganda machine and substantial, has officially difference enterprise concept, with "the public culture of the organization's business culture (mandarin" by "(mandarin) chanye), attributed to each clear mission, different means and objective development. The state's logic is a one of the hair division. We know, the development of China's culture industry control to solve the problem. To enter the market main interesting is that the market threshold into different points division department. Therefore, the traditional defies generalisations Chinese culture industry is' commercially 'did tell us very little about China itself, and the cultural landscape for many investors to reduce the influence of domestic policy and foreign. -What is the basic rule of cultural industry, the management of capital into which sub industries were officially designated as "commercializable" (you yingli xing), this is no, this is considering threshold category? Commercializable department was not deemed too sensitive national culture and information security. They include performance, tourism, industry and culture exhibition, technical production and sale of audio and video products, sports and entertainment, higher education and vocational education. They are opening up the domestic collective and social capital and foreign capital. Existing capital of the designated department of the state, and he ordered by as intrusive, but through annexation gradually exit and transferred asset sale, nearly ups and downs, and bankruptcy. Scale the next supervision danweis highly relevant state-owned monopoly position of cultural identity formation and information security. Inthis large category, not the commercializable commercializable Beijing distinguish from department. The latter include: obligation education, the agency responsible for national cultural relics preservation, libraries, museums, cultural workstation, most departments need and monopoly state-owned capital ownership. Whether domestic or foreign capital is allowed. Regulations become more complicated, because our approach to commercializabe, monopoly before category - cultural domain news, broadcasting and television. Capital into these industry is highly controversial and national unstable because policy of volatility.Authorized monopoly capital media giants, but to exit the small and medium-sized media company. Criterion, reiterated that the basic principles - policy matters - the same size, take the basic principles of the claw big regulation measures adopted a filial piety (" grabbing big, release small ") has taken department on the first and the second. Problem is, although what complex medium diversification and corporatization media organization allow absorption domestic capital, in theory, they will only be allowed to invest in the media industry. Another limitation is that only certain sub industries of small and medium-sized media were allowed in absorbing external capital, namely points and department limited to basic facilities such as printing and publishing services related value chain, retail, information transmission and distribution, the main points unit, nothing can do and content of offer. Therefore, even though their names to shareholders, the media are banned from department of domestic investors intervention the enterprise production content and asset management. With foreign investors hold so, if bertelsmann, its sphere of influence to be included in the publishing industry time only. As shown above, capital inflows has been allowed to focus on what isconsidering the basic structure of the media in the industry by department. How in printing, the content of the department news, broadcasting, television media? Mark ` commercializable in blue books. ', but in fact it is how to commercializable?What is the market thresholdEntry in the domestic and foreign capital domain specific? In the media content industry of foreign investment, first of all, we have to understand that China's entry into wto agreement not bound to the content of liberalization. Domain for foreign capital investment, the hurdles is insurmountable. The content providers limited foreign works, such as bloomberg television station, phoenix TV, and the InforNews news corporation's TV group the new agreement with hunan radio, movies, and explain as follows:(1) the financial and economic news (the main menu according to bloomberg information platform and distribute) is that "safe" content.(2) joint hunan TV entertainment production (namely agreement with multinational as new heavyweights) is worth welcome. Rupert murdoch's small victory, there is a lot of things to do the logic of the inspectors' theme for preferential treatment as science and technology, financial, economic, leisure and lifestyle, ideology neutral mass market, such as games and the charge talk show, sports and drama. It is believed that is beneficial to the development of the industry domestic TV content, the current value chain of the weak culture department policy proposals have been urged Beijing to pay attention.(3) of the broad masses of the pearl river delta area, it is beyond the pearl river out those foreign achieve broadcasting organizations. The most important is, (4) landing rights and mutual exchanges and plan again) foreign broadcasting company (news group is the real target andearnings - bargaining chip, foreign group must be submitted to the negotiating table. Worth notice, though, the propaganda of its history, the TV is the only launched foreign language of entertainment channel, now says 1.3 percent in a short period of time to the audience the gold guangdong province January 2003. Top all the above limitations naming, all foreign a content is subject to strict inspection before distribution.The cultural industry of China's regulations of general brought me three in the us directly observed. The first third field my asking, culture that is the goods, traded commodity trading markets and the boundary between the cultural industry is very fluid. They, in turn, rapid change next reform system (this cycle, shorter and shorter after becoming the new party secretary hu. This fully explain commercializable properties not constructing and ` stable commodity. 'second, from this kind of instability, three-quarters of a mixed goods, in some of their properties, trade mark `' and some ` traded '(the so-called this fall commercializable, to the media monopolies category charming). The third kind ` throughout China capital inflows ` if we mean circulation 'society, so-called people are' British ziben - and collective capital. It is difficult to place detailed introduces the current popular practice bound by this company obtains shell relates to Chinese media access media capital (through the domestic real estate world, not, publish, investment and (such as banking) become listed companies. I just want to say that government departments of the new policy emphasis goes across media, cross, and trans media merger between the region further blurred the line ` 'and ` public pure pure private' funds. Capital properties will be mixed into such degree, China will be remembered as the hybrids land. This leads me to my third observation: more and more economic consideration to infiltrationpolicy to decide what cultural products were allowed to obtain a diversified financing structure. We are faced with the same old problems, from other grafting industry department's culture: at what level admiral economic ideology is the erosion of preferences China, there are political elite market vision unique socialist culture commodity economy is the foundation this mixed commodity increasingly complex system, a no vision not entirely theoretical, so often laugh at?International trade regulations at home against domestic cultural policiesThe above discussion fully demonstrated the dominance of the concept of Chinese cultural market policies. No matter how we evaluate the policy framework and the characteristics of any market discourse proof is, it was vital to the Chinese culture policy analysis (and lyricist for industrial) culture blue were told at home against international trade free debate culture exemption. Meaning, this kind of knowledge can offer is three times. First, it will provide the efforts to promote Chinese culture, policy makers, their argument, to help promote 'cultural center' profit margins to make policy. Secondly, it will suggest China cultural policy makers, research fields, including cultural trade influence competition policy and investment policy, tax law, services, and intellectual property system (" final report ", 5) in. Third, China is increasing pressure to comply with the international free trade agreement, it will be informed about the fact that other countries in Tunisia policymakers as Canada and ends development of economy (ditto, band 27) hold the same career, normative market is helpful to the domestic growth cultural industries.The last point is a tricky, because it might mistake me support at home the protectionist policies concerning a democratic countries poor. Of course this is not my intention. I'll be back soon this important point. First, rapid trade summary of the order of international cultural debate. Canada and the countries of the European Union opposes a media products. Britain's free trade rules, such as gatt culture and extensive cultural don't agree to release, besides audio-visual sector. But U.S. argued that cultural products trade is to release any other goods, and shall be subject to the unit did not exception. Of course China is Canada or France. Although every country has the right to protect its imports from countries replaced its cultural American culture, we cannot apply for to formulate policy debate of normal trade media notorious for a record of domestic review. Regime From this perspective, banned imports of amount of western culture content of Chinese citizens from denied to choose a filtering political and cultural development of democracy. Like Edwin baker scholars in legal research is quite thoughtful and points out: "free traders are correct, historically, some repressive regimes had tried to protect and promote cultural imagine, here is usually not only picky import restrictions but also have the same restrictions on freedom of expression of the serious internal" (baker, 2002,260). Similarly, China's media content all boycott liberalization should not and the European commission with equal Canada against trade protection media said, and is essential for maintaining citizens domestic cultural space of variety and growing ball (the European commission, 2000). In China, set up the case, limit the barriers to trade and investment flows in the audio-visual sector that is quite another matter. Therefore baker puts forward "some equipment other than the free trade is necessary to prevent picky government distortions" (baker, 254). Hethinks, human rights law, but is not free trade law is the most feasible international policy documents, can one stone kills two birds - a country need to nourish the sensitivity of the domestic media pluralism and openness cross-border cultural exchange.I think Chinese cultural policy makers can draw lessons from this international debate something else - some protectionist policies how it can help the healthy development of the alimentary domestic media. Policies, such as state subsidies and radio media place, screen the working hours and quota quotas in Western Europe and Canada. In view of this, the current Chinese policy media company of state-owned capital withdraw all from small medium, not a necessity for the development of f local media. Usually, the smallest and most minor media is the most independent of the mind. Leaving their the law of the jungle of the survival of the fittest for China's news gathering - fully prove - is to further to inspectors.The international debate about trade and culture is important, but in another respect Chinese policy makers. Because governments around the world continue to privatization and exogenous in every government service department and the boundaries between citizens and private with amazing speed redraw, this debate back to, public domain problem, one public culture is only a small part. What service and property duty to rationing, obviously this public responsibility should be private provision, must take back to policy makers in the agenda. As western scholars in beginning to reconsider must be obtained and market balance social (again, the American public opposition to the federal communications commission's ruling thought), China needs to realize the equality of access problems, including a public domain market acquisitions and public cultures of the moment. Therefore, it is imperative that we research the market state of established in Chinadistinguish boundaries ` circulation 'cultural products from ` traded. Discuss what kind of policy will follow, if we devoted to the problem as public goods picture of what the public culture of China is related to the case? (I don't open some because ` 'and between historical equation ` state'). Finally, my big question is the cultural policy mode should be Chinese turn? Europe/Canada or the United States?。
旅游管理专业论文外文文献翻译
外文资料译文及原文译文(一)消费者体验旅游和品牌的结合米契尔罗伯特定义消费者体验旅游制造工厂参观，公司博物馆和公司访客中心表现为被不同名字已知的观光事业片段：制造业观光事业，工业的吸引、工业的观光事业和工业的遗产观光事业。
在每一个描述性的长期的共同目标是在消费者学习品牌，其运作，生产过程，历史和历史意义的时候建立一个消费者和品牌之间的纽带。
有人建议在这里CET代表一个统一的主题的旅游。
这个术语捕捉消费者的消费能力发现更多关于他们所消费的品牌，而制造商可以在与该工厂的客人接触的30-120分钟时间里建立与这些消费者更密切的关系。
参与的品牌品牌经理寻求解决在三个层次消费者的需求：（1）功能（对消费者提供解决问题的办法）;（2）符号（提供心理欲望满意度）;（3）经历（提供感官快乐，品种，认知，刺激）CET可以通过视觉地介绍品牌，运作，生产工艺，历史和历史意义加强消费者和品牌之间的纽带。
这种纽带可以被看作是个人品牌参与和品牌忠诚度的提高。
认知参与反映了消费者对产品的兴趣（或学习更多）。
CET可以通过刺激消费者对于品牌和生产过程的想象提高消费者的认知水平。
此外，积极口碑沟通刺激满足旅客可能会比其他形式的促销更可信。
缺乏现有的直接研究关注迄今为止，CET已经在行销文学中受到一点注意。
米契尔和米契尔（2001年）对此内容这种的旅游网站进行了评估。
此外，这些相同的作者已经评估食物和饮料工业中的现象（米契尔和米契尔，2000年），非营利部门（米契尔和米契尔，2001年b），和整体经济（米契尔等， 2001）。
米契尔和米契尔（2002）为学者提出了格式，用来评估在当地的服务领域这些设施的地方利益。
该主题通常包括对整合营销的简要讨论，但已收到直接研究的关注很有限。
消费者体验旅游的多样性消费者体验旅游业是一群不同的旅游景点。
艾克斯罗德和布伦伯格（1997）配置了288工厂在整个美国欢迎参观者。
同样，伯杰和伯杰（1997年）提供约1,000自由工业旅游背景资料。
人事管理系统中英文对照外文翻译文献
人事管理系统中英文对照外文翻译文献人事管理系统中英文对照外文翻译文献(文档含英文原文和中文翻译)英文：Personnel management system development and designBy Dustin Marx SummaryWith the rapid development of computer technology, computer applications in the popularity of business management, personnel management of enterprises using computers is imperative. For medium-sized enterprises, enterprises and efficient use of computer support to complete the daily affairs of labor and personnel management is to adapt to the modern enterprise system, encourage enterprises to labor and personnel management to scientific, standardized, a necessary condition; incomparable advantage of the computer to retrieve managementrapid, easy to find, high reliability, large memory capacity, security and good, long life and low cost. These advantages can greatly improve the efficiency of personnel management, but also corporate scientific and standardized management, an important condition for integration with the world. Different companies have different human resources management system, which determines the different companies need different personnel management system.choice of development toolsNow, the market can buy a lot of application development products, popular, and dozens. Currently the most popular in our market, the most used, most advanced development tools can be used as enterprise-level products:Microsoft's Visual BasicMicrosoft's Visual CBorland's DelphiJava, etc.In the current market, many application development tools for these, some stressed that the implementation of process flexibility and efficiency of language; and some emphasis on the visual application development tools to bring convenience and efficiency high, each with its own advantages and characteristics, but also to meet the needs of different users. However, the language of the flexibility and convenience tools are inextricably linked, and only a convenient tool, but did not support the language of flexibility, many specialized processing actions will need to spend several times the effort to deal with, so the efficiency of the original advertisedloss of a role in improving the advantage; the contrary, if the language only emphasizes the flexibility of process continued, but no convenient tool for co-ordination will make some very simple interface, even if the deal moves, programmers will be a serious waste of valuable time.As the database system development, Visual Basic is an ideal choice. MIS database is an important enabling technology in the MIS development process, how to choose the database management is an important issue, at present, the database more products, each product has its own characteristics and scope, therefore, the choice of database should consider the characteristics of database applications and application, the system's database language used Visual Basic language, the development tool has many advantages:Visual Basic is a visual, object-oriented and event-driven article by the way of structured high-level programming, can be used to develop the type of Windows environment applications. It is easy to learn, efficient, and powerful, with professional development tools, Windows SDK comparable to, and application developers do not have the C / C + + Programming. In the Visual Basic environment, the use of event-driven programming mechanism, novel-to-use visual design tools, the use of Windows internal application program interface (API) functions, and dynamic-link library (DLL), Dynamic Data Exchange (DDE), Object Linking and Embedding (OLE), Open Data Access (ODBC) technology, can efficiently and quickly developed a Windows environment, powerful, rich graphical user interface application software system.In general, Visual Basic has the following characteristics:Visual Programming:Traditional programming language design program, are designed by writing code to the user interface, the interface design process do not see the actual display, run the program to be compiled can be observed. If you are not satisfied with the effect of the interface, but also return to the program changes. Sometimes, this programming - Compiler - Change the operation may be repeated several times, greatly affected the efficiency of software development. Visual Basic provides a visual design tool, the complexity of the Windows interface design "package" together, developers do not have a lot of interface design and write code.Just press the screen layout design, using system tools to draw on the screen various "parts", that is, graphical objects, and set the properties of these graphical objects. Visual Basic code automatically generated interface design, programmers need only write the part to achieve functionality of the program code, which can greatly improve the efficiency of program design.Object-oriented programmingVisual Basic 4.0 support for future object-oriented programming, but it is the general object-oriented programming language (C + +) are not identical. In general object-oriented programming language, object code and data from the composition of an abstract concept; and Visual Basic is the application of object-oriented programming methodology (OOP), the programs and data encapsulated as an object and should be given for each object the attributes of the object as something real. Inthe design of objects, without writing to establish and describe each object code, but with the tool to draw the interface, Visual Basic automatically generates the object code and package it. Each object is displayed graphically in the interface are visible. Structured programming languageVisual Basic is based on the BASIC language developed, high-level programming language with sentence structure, similar to the logic of natural language and human thinking. Visual Basic statements easy to understand, its editor supports color code, can automatically check for syntax errors, but also has powerful and flexible to use debugger and compiler.Visual Basic is an interpreted language, enter the code at the same time, decomposition of high-level language interpretation system will be translated into machine instructions the computer can recognize and judge each statement syntax error. Visual Basic procedures in the design process, you can always run the program, and in the whole process a good design, you can compile an executable file (. EXE), from the Visual Basic environment, directly in the Windows environments.Event-driven programming mechanismVisual Basic object through the event to perform the operation. An object may have multiple events, each event are available through a program to respond. For example, the command button is an object, when the user clicks the button, will generate a "click" (CLICK) event, but in the production of the event will execute a program used to implement the specified operation.In the design of large-scale applications using Visual Basic software, without creating a clear beginning and end of the procedure, but the preparation of a number of small subroutines that process. These processes are aimed at different objects, an event triggered by the user to drive the completion of a particular function or procedure called by the generic event-driven process to perform the specified operation, so that programmers can easily and improve efficiency.Access to the databaseVisual Basic has a powerful database management features, the use of data control and database management window, you can directly create or deal with Microsoft Access database format, and provides powerful data storage and retrieval capabilities. At the same time, Visual Basic can also directly edit, and access to other external databases, such as DBASE, FoxPro, Paradox, etc. These database format can be edited and processed using Visual Basic.Visual Basic provides an open data connection, the ODBC functions, can be established through direct access or use the connection and operation of large-scale network database backend such as SQL Server, Oracle and so on. In the application, you can use structured query language SQL data standards, direct access to the server database and provides a simple object-oriented database instructions and multi-userdatabase access locking mechanism and network programming SQL databasestechnology for stand-alone databases running on the SQL network interface to a distributed environment, fast and effective implementation of client / server (client / server) programs.Dynamic Data Exchange (DDE)Using Dynamic Data Exchange (Dynamic Data Exchange) technology, an application can dynamically link the data to another application, so that two completely different applications, establish a dynamic data link. When the original data changes, you can automatically update the linked data. Visual Basic provides the programming dynamic data exchange technology, the application program with other Windows applications to create dynamic data exchange between different applications to communicate. Object Linking and Embedding (OLE)Object Linking and Embedding (OLE) to each application as an object (object), to link different objects (link) up, and then embedded (embed) an application, which can be a sound, image, image, animation, text and other information collection style files.OLE technology is Microsoft's strategic corporate object technology, which the multiple applications into one, as each application for an object linking and embedding, is an application integration technology. Using OLE technology, you can easily build composite documents (compound document), this document from a number of different application objects, each object in the document and linked to the original application, and perform with the original application the same operation. Dynamic link library (DLL)Visual Basic is an advanced programming language, do not have low-level language functions, the operation of the access to the machine hardware is not easy to implement. But it could be dynamic link library technology will C / C + + or assembly language programs to Visual Basic applications, you can call the same function as the internal call functions written in other languages. In addition, the dynamic link library, you can call the Windows application program interface (API) function has the function to achieve SDK.systems research and feasibility analysisResearchBefore the formal development of management information system is necessary for research, the need for mainly the following aspects.(1) to the user's request to conduct a feasibility analysis of the survey results confirm the feasibility of system development.(2) The staff of the new system not all systems researchers, some people process data for its function and no clear understanding of the method. They only work according to their business needs requests, system developers to conduct a detailed survey and analysis to confirm the user's requirements can be achieved through the existingcomputer technology to ensure the development of management information system functions and user submitted required match.(3) the existing business system may be a manual system, it could be used and the computer system, no matter the circumstances, the current system should be investigated in detail the specific circumstances of information processing, functional structure within the system in order to design a reasonable, good new system logic model for the design of the new system to lay the foundation to ensure the quality of the entire system development.In short, the current system is necessary to conduct a detailed investigation, a clear user needs, to ensure the development of new system functions consistent with the user's requirements and avoid a lot of manpower, material and financial resources, the development of the new system is the failure of the tragedy.Overview of Feasibility StudyFeasibility analysis is the user's requirements and system on the basis of research conducted on the development of new systems of social, technical, economic, management, analysis and development of new systems come feasible, not feasible, need to modify , additional investment, the suspension of development, step by step and other programs and conclusions, and finally complete the feasibility analysis. Feasibility analysis of the general can be defined as: a feasibility analysis early in the construction of a project study and appraisal of the proposed project to conduct a comprehensive and integrated technical and economic capacity of the investigation to determine whether it is feasible.(1) the feasibility study stage of the work include the following:Objective analysis of whether the new system status and business development needs.② social feasibility analysis:Social feasibility analysis mainly refers to the management information system development is consistent with national law, bad policy, whether we can achieve a good social system and docking.③ technical feasibility analysis:Technical feasibility analysis is based on the new system aims to measure whether they have the required technology, including the number and level of system developers, hardware, software and other application technologies.④ economic feasibility analysisEconomic feasibility analysis is mainly on the development of capital invested in new systems and systems put into use to compare the economic benefits to confirm whether the new system will bring some economic benefits companies.⑤ management feasibility analysis:Management feasibility analysis is to analyze existing enterprise management system and whether the business leaders of modern management awareness and management.Technical feasibility analysisTechnical feasibility analysis includes four aspects: the current technology can support the new systems developed; the new system the number and level of developers, namely, human resources; hardware and software resources.(1) Technical Support:First, the target under the new system, considering the current technology can support the new systems developed. Technology must be discussed here has been widely used, not to be studied or are studying.(2) hardware resources:Development of management information system hardware resources needed to contain the following two aspects:System developers in the management of information systems development process needed computer equipment and related peripheral equipment; management information system used successfully, use the unit should have the computer equipment and related peripherals. Feasibility analysis of the hardware resources, the main consideration for the host computer memory, the type, function, network capacity, security measures and the input / output devices, external storage and data communication networking equipment configuration, function, efficiency, compliance with system solutions and other indicators design requirements, but also consider the computer's performance / price ratio.(3) software resourcesFeasibility of software resources are the main consider the following to meet user requirements:① Select the operating system;② build system choice;③ choice of database management system;④ high-level programming language of choice;⑤ character processing system selection;⑥ application package choice.In the development of this system before, with the center's leadership and the close communication operators, seriously listen to their views and absorb their positive view of the development of the system to a large extent, has some advanced and reasonable .翻译：人事管理系统的开发和设计原作者：Dustin Marx 摘要：随着计算机技术的飞速发展，计算机在企业管理中应用的普及，利用计算机实现企业人事管理势在必行。
旅游服务与管理的英文作文
旅游服务与管理的英文作文Travel services and management play a crucial role in the tourism industry. It involves a wide range ofactivities such as transportation, accommodation, tour guiding, and customer service.When it comes to transportation, it's important to provide convenient and efficient options for travelers. This includes air travel, train services, bus routes, and car rentals. The goal is to ensure that travelers caneasily reach their destinations without any hassle.Accommodation is another key aspect of travel services. From hotels and resorts to hostels and vacation rentals, there are various options to suit different preferences and budgets. The focus is on providing comfortable and safe accommodations for travelers to relax and rejuvenate during their trips.Tour guiding is essential for travelers who want toexplore new destinations. Knowledgeable and friendly guides can enhance the travel experience by providing insightsinto the local culture, history, and attractions. They also ensure that travelers have a smooth and enjoyable journey.Customer service is at the heart of travel management. Whether it's assisting with booking arrangements, addressing concerns, or providing travel advice, excellent customer service is crucial for building trust and loyalty among travelers. It's about creating positive interactions and experiences for customers.In addition to these core aspects, travel services and management also involve marketing, sales, and strategic planning. These elements are essential for promoting destinations, attracting travelers, and ensuring theoverall success of travel operations.In conclusion, travel services and management encompass a wide range of activities aimed at providing seamless and enjoyable experiences for travelers. It requires attention to detail, strong communication skills, and a deepunderstanding of customer needs. Ultimately, the goal is to create memorable and fulfilling travel experiences for people from all walks of life.。
旅游服务与管理的英文作文
旅游服务与管理的英文作文英文：Tourism service and management play a crucial role in the tourism industry. As a frequent traveler, I have experienced both good and bad service and management. Good service and management can enhance the travel experience, while bad service and management can ruin it.One example of good service and management is when I traveled to Japan. The hotel staff was very friendly and helpful, providing me with maps and recommendations for local restaurants and attractions. The hotel also had a shuttle service that took me to nearby tourist spots. In addition, the tour guide was knowledgeable and passionate about the history and culture of the places we visited. The overall experience was excellent.On the other hand, I have also experienced bad service and management. Once, I booked a hotel room online, butwhen I arrived, the room was not available. The staff was unapologetic and unhelpful in finding a solution. Another time, I joined a tour group, but the itinerary was changed without prior notice, and the tour guide was not able to explain the reason for the change. These experiences left a negative impression on me.Good service and management can be achieved through proper training and communication. Staff should be trained to be polite, knowledgeable, and responsive to customers' needs. Communication between staff and customers should also be clear and effective. For example, if there is a change in itinerary, customers should be informed in advance and given a reason for the change.In conclusion, tourism service and management are essential for a successful travel experience. Good service and management can make a trip memorable, while bad service and management can ruin it. It is crucial for tourism businesses to invest in proper training and communication to provide excellent service and management.中文：旅游服务和管理在旅游业中起着至关重要的作用。
旅游规章制度英文
The tourism industry is a vital sector that contributes significantly to the global economy. To ensure the safety, comfort, and satisfaction of tourists, as well as the preservation of cultural heritage and natural resources, it is essential to establish and enforce stringent tourism regulations and guidelines. The following are some key regulations and guidelines that govern the tourism industry worldwide.1. Health and Safety RegulationsThe health and safety of tourists are paramount. The following regulations are in place to ensure a safe and healthy travel experience:- Sanitation Standards: Accommodations, restaurants, and publicfacilities must meet high standards of cleanliness and hygiene to prevent the spread of diseases.- Emergency Preparedness: Tour operators and destinations must have emergency plans in place to handle medical emergencies, natural disasters, and other unforeseen events.- Food Safety: Restaurants and food vendors must adhere to strict food safety regulations to prevent foodborne illnesses.- Safety Inspections: Regular inspections of tourist attractions, transportation, and accommodations are conducted to ensure compliance with safety standards.2. Environmental Protection RegulationsPreserving the environment is crucial for sustainable tourism. The following regulations aim to minimize the environmental impact of tourism activities:- Waste Management: Tourists are encouraged to practice waste reduction, reuse, and recycling. Destinations must have proper waste management systems in place.- Water Conservation: Tour operators and destinations are encouraged to use water efficiently and minimize water pollution.- Biodiversity Protection: Measures are taken to protect wildlife and natural habitats, including restrictions on hunting, fishing, and logging.- Sustainable Development: Investments in renewable energy sources and eco-friendly infrastructure are encouraged to reduce the carbonfootprint of tourism.3. Cultural Preservation RegulationsCultural heritage is a valuable asset that should be preserved forfuture generations. The following regulations are designed to protect cultural sites and traditions:- Cultural Protection Zones: Areas of cultural significance are designated as protected zones to prevent unauthorized development and preserve their historical value.- Tourist Conduct: Regulations regarding the behavior of tourists in cultural sites are established to protect artifacts, monuments, and the integrity of cultural practices.- Cultural Education: Tour operators and destinations are encouraged to provide cultural education programs to promote understanding and appreciation of local traditions.4. Legal and Ethical RegulationsTo ensure fair and ethical practices in the tourism industry, the following regulations are in place:- Consumer Protection: Regulations are enforced to protect the rights of tourists, including the provision of accurate information, fair pricing, and quality services.- Anti-Trafficking Laws: Strict laws are implemented to combat human trafficking, particularly in destinations where it is prevalent.- Respect for Local Communities: Tour operators are encouraged to work with local communities and support their economic and social development.5. Accessibility RegulationsTo make tourism accessible to all, the following regulations are established:- Physical Accessibility: Accommodations, transportation, andattractions must be accessible to people with disabilities.- Language Services: Tour operators and destinations are encouraged to provide information in multiple languages to cater to tourists from different countries.- Special Needs: Special accommodations and services are provided for tourists with specific needs, such as children, the elderly, and those with health conditions.In conclusion, tourism regulations and guidelines are essential toolsfor maintaining the integrity and sustainability of the tourism industry. By adhering to these standards, destinations can offer a safe, enjoyable, and enriching experience for tourists while preserving their cultural heritage and natural environment for future generations.。
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中英文对照外文翻译(文档含英文原文和中文翻译) Overview is a unified Web development model that includes the services necessary for you to build enterprise-class Web applications with a minimum of coding. is part of the .NET Framework, and when coding applications you have access to classes in the .NET Framework. You can code your applications in any language compatible with the common language runtime (CLR), including Microsoft Visual Basic, C#, JScript .NET, and J#. These languages enable you to develop applications that benefit from the common language runtime, type safety, inheritance, and so on. includes:∙ A page and controls framework∙The compiler∙Security infrastructure∙State-management facilities∙Application configuration∙Health monitoring and performance features∙Debugging support∙An XML Web services framework∙Extensible hosting environment and application life cycle management∙An extensible designer environmentThe page and controls framework is a programming framework that runs on a Web server to dynamically produce and render Web pages. Web pages can be requested from any browser or client device, and renders markup (such as HTML) to the requesting browser. As a rule, you can use the same page for multiple browsers, because renders the appropriate markup for the browser making the request. However, you can design your Web page to target a specific browser, such as Microsoft Internet Explorer 6, and take advantage of the features of that browser. supports mobile controls for Web-enabled devices such as cellular phones, handheld computers, and personal digital assistants (PDAs). Web pages are completely object-oriented. Within Web pages you can work with HTML elements using properties, methods, and events. The page framework removes the implementation details of the separation of client and server inherent in Web-based applications by presenting a unified model for responding to client events in code that runs at the server. The framework also automatically maintains the state of a page and the controls on that page during the page processing life cycle.The page and controls framework also enables you to encapsulate common UI functionality in easy-to-use, reusable controls. Controls are written once, can be used in many pages, and are integrated into the Web page that they are placed in during rendering.The page and controls framework also provides features to control the overall look and feel of your Web site via themes and skins. You can define themes and skins and then apply them at a page level or at a control level.In addition to themes, you can define master pages that you use to create a consistent layout for the pages in your application. A single master page defines the layout and standard behavior that you want for all the pages (or a group of pages) in your application. You can then create individual content pages that contain the page-specific content you want to display. When users request the content pages, they merge with the master pageto produce output that combines the layout of the master page with the content from the content page.All code is compiled, which enables strong typing, performance optimizations, and early binding, among other benefits. Once the code has been compiled, the common language runtime further compiles code to native code, providing improved performance. includes a compiler that will compile all your application components including pages and controls into an assembly that the hosting environment can then use to service user requests.In addition to the security features of .NET, provides an advanced security infrastructure for authenticating and authorizing user access as well as performing other security-related tasks. You can authenticate users using Windows authentication supplied by IIS, or you can manage authentication using your own user database using forms authentication and membership. Additionally, you can manage the authorization to the capabilities and information of your Web application using Windows groups or your own custom role database using roles. You can easily remove, add to, or replace these schemes depending upon the needs of your application. always runs with a particular Windows identity so you can secure your application using Windows capabilities such as NTFS Access Control Lists (ACLs), database permissions, and so on. For more information on the identity of , provides intrinsic state management functionality that enables you to store information between page requests, such as customer information or the contents of a shopping cart. You can save and manage application-specific, session-specific,page-specific, user-specific, and developer-defined information. This information can be independent of any controls on the page. offers distributed state facilities, which enable you to manage state information across multiple instances of the same application on one computer or on several computers. applications use a configuration system that enables you to define configuration settings for your Web server, for a Web site, or for individual applications. You can make configuration settings at the time your applications are deployed and can add or revise configuration settings at any time with minimal impact on operational Web applications and servers. configuration settings are stored in XML-based files. Because these XML files are ASCII text files, it is simple to make configuration changes to your Web applications. You can extend the configuration scheme to suit your requirements. includes features that enable you to monitor health and performance of your application. health monitoring enables reporting of key events that provide information about the health of an application and about error conditions. These events show a combination of diagnostics and monitoring characteristics and offer a high degree of flexibility in terms of what is logged and how it is logged. supports two groups of performance counters accessible to your applications: The system performance counter groupThe application performance counter group takes advantage of the run-time debugging infrastructure to provide cross-language and cross-computer debugging support. You can debug both managed and unmanaged objects, as well as all languages supported by the common language runtime and script languages.In addition, the page framework provides a trace mode that enables you to insert instrumentation messages into your Web pages. supports XML Web services. An XML Web service is a component containing business functionality that enables applications to exchange information across firewalls using standards like HTTP and XML messaging. XML Web services are not tied to a particular component technology or object-calling convention. As a result, programs written in any language, using any component model, and running on any operating system can access XML Web services. includes an extensible hosting environment that controls the life cycle of an application from when a user first accesses a resource (such as a page) in the application to the point at which the application is shut down. While relies on a Web server (IIS) as an application host, provides much of the hosting functionality itself. The architecture of enables you to respond to application events and create custom HTTP handlers and HTTP modules. includes enhanced support for creating designers for Web server controls for use with a visual design tool such as Visual Studio. Designers enable you to build a design-time user interface for a control, so that developers can configure your control's properties and content in the visual design tool.Introduction to the C# Language and the .NET Framework C# is an elegant and type-safe object-oriented language that enables developers to build a wide range of secure and robust applications that run on the .NET Framework. You can use C# to create traditional Windows client applications, XML Web services, distributed components,client-server applications, database applications, and much, much more. Microsoft Visual C# 2005 provides an advanced code editor, convenient user interface designers, integrated debugger, and many other tools to facilitate rapid application development based on version 2.0 of the C# language and the .NET Framework.NoteC# syntax is highly expressive, yet with less than 90 keywords, it is also simple and easy to learn. The curly-brace syntax of C# will be instantly recognizable to anyone familiar with C, C++ or Java. Developers who know any of these languages are typically able to begin working productively in C# within a very short time. C# syntax simplifies many of the complexities of C++ while providing powerful features such as nullable value types, enumerations, delegates, anonymous methods and direct memory access, which are not found in Java. C# also supports generic methods and types, which provide increased type safety and performance, and iterators, which enable implementers of collection classes to define custom iteration behaviors that are simple to use by client code.As an object-oriented language, C# supports the concepts of encapsulation, inheritance and polymorphism. All variables and methods, including the Main method, the application's entry point, are encapsulated within class definitions. A class may inherit directly from one parent class, but it may implement any number of interfaces. Methodsthat override virtual methods in a parent class require the override keyword as a way to avoid accidental redefinition. In C#, a struct is like a lightweight class; it is astack-allocated type that can implement interfaces but does not support inheritance.In addition to these basic object-oriented principles, C# facilitates the development of software components through several innovative language constructs, including:∙Encapsulated method signatures called delegates, which enable type-safe event notifications.∙Properties, which serve as accessors for private member variables.∙Attributes, which provide declarative metadata about types at run time.∙Inline XML documentation comments.If you need to interact with other Windows software such as COM objects or native Win32 DLLs, you can do this in C# through a process called "Interop." Interop enables C# programs to do just about anything that a native C++ application can do. C# even supports pointers and the concept of "unsafe" code for those cases in which direct memory access is absolutely critical.The C# build process is simple compared to C and C++ and more flexible than in Java. There are no separate header files, and no requirement that methods and types be declared in a particular order. A C# source file may define any number of classes, structs, interfaces, and events.C# programs run on the .NET Framework, an integral component of Windows that includes a virtual execution system called the common language runtime (CLR) and a unified set of class libraries. The CLR is Microsoft's commercial implementation of the common language infrastructure (CLI), an international standard that is the basis for creating execution and development environments in which languages and libraries work together seamlessly.Source code written in C# is compiled into an intermediate language (IL) that conforms to the CLI specification. The IL code, along with resources such as bitmaps and strings, is stored on disk in an executable file called an assembly, typically with an extension of .exe or .dll. An assembly contains a manifest that provides information on the assembly's types, version, culture, and security requirements.When the C# program is executed, the assembly is loaded into the CLR, which might take various actions based on the information in the manifest. Then, if the security requirements are met, the CLR performs just in time (JIT) compilation to convert the IL code into native machine instructions. The CLR also provides other services related to automatic garbage collection, exception handling, and resource management. Code that is executed by the CLR is sometimes referred to as "managed code," in contrast to "unmanaged code" which is compiled into native machine language that targets a specific system. The following diagram illustrates the compile-time and run time relationships of C# source code files, the base class libraries, assemblies, and the CLR.Language interoperability is a key feature of the .NET Framework. Because the IL code produced by the C# compiler conforms to the Common Type Specification (CTS), IL code generated from C# can interact with code that was generated from the .NET versions of Visual Basic, Visual C++, Visual J#, or any of more than 20 otherCTS-compliant languages. A single assembly may contain multiple modules written in different .NET languages, and the types can reference each other just as if they were written in the same language.In addition to the run time services, the .NET Framework also includes an extensive library of over 4000 classes organized into namespaces that provide a wide variety of useful functionality for everything from file input and output to string manipulation to XML parsing, to Windows Forms controls. The typical C# application uses the .NET Framework class library extensively to handle common "plumbing" chores. 概述 是一个统一的 Web 开发模型，它包括您使用尽可能少的代码生成企业级 Web 应用程序所必需的各种服务。