句子成分分析与定义及简单句的翻译.doc

句子成分分析与定义及简单句的翻译

1、定义

组成句子的各个部分叫做句子成分，常包括主语、谓语（主要由动词充当）、宾语、宾语补足语、表语、定语和状语。

2、分类

其中，主语、谓语（主要是动词）、宾语、宾语补足语及表语称为句子的基本成分。而定语及状语称为句子的附属成分。

1 主语：表示句子所说的是什么人或什么事物。一般由名词、代词或相当于名词或代词的词或短语充当。如：

Lucy is an American girl. We study at Zhuhai No.1 Middle

School.

The rich should help the poor. Reading makes a man full.

That he are always late makes me angry. To learn English well is easy for you.

2 谓语：说明主语做什么，是什么或怎么样。谓语部分主要的词是动词。谓语在人称和数方面必须和主语一致。

The sun rises in the east. He likes English.

Her parents are workers. She is running.

3 宾语：表示动作或行为的对象。一般由名词、代词或相当于名词或代词的词或短语充当，和vt （及物动词）一起来说明主语做什么。如：

He often helps me. We study English at school.

4 宾语补足语：表示宾语的身份、状态、特性或宾语所做的动作。由名词、形容词、不定式、或介词短语和分词充当。如：

I ?ll have my hair cut tomorrow. His parents named him Jim.

We found the book very interesting. Lucy asked him to turn down the radio

5 表语：说明主语是什么或怎么样。由名词、形容词或相当于名词或形容词的词或短语充当，和连系动词一起构成谓语。如：

You are a student. He looks nice. We are at home yesterday.

句子的附属成分详解

基本成分的修饰语称为句子的附属成分。可以是：

6 定语：即用来修饰名词的单词、短语或从句

1）简单的定语：用来修饰名词的单词。由代词、数词、形容词或相当于形容词的词或短语充当。如：What?s your name, please? We have seven lessons a day. The black pen is hers.

2）定语的拓展

定语除了是用来修饰名词的单词外，还可以是用来修饰名词的短语或定语从句。

7 状语：即用来修饰动词、形容词或副词的单词、短语或从句。

1 ）简单的状语：用来修饰动词、形容词或副词的词。一般表示行为发生的时间、地点、目的、方式或程度，常由副词、介词短语或相当于副词的词或短语表示。如：

They worked hard. It?s very nice. We had lunch at school today.

2）状语的拓展

状语除了是用来修饰动词、形容词或副词的单词或介词短语外，还可以是动词不定式、分词短语或状语从句。如：John makes Mary very angry ．H e didn?t come to class yesterday.

一般简单句汉译英的翻译

翻译的一般顺序：主+ 谓+ 宾+ 宾补+ 状。

1、定语的位置不确定，它修饰哪个词就放在哪个词的前或后（短语或句子作定语放后）。

2、状语在被强调时可放前。

3、谓语要考虑时态、语态及第三人称单复数等。

一般简单句翻译示范

主语动词部分（谓语）宾语状语《方式、地点、时间》

I bought a hat yesterday. The children ran home. The taxi driver shouted at me angrily.

We ate our meal in silence. The car stopped suddenly. A young girl walked confidently in the room.

较复杂句的翻译技巧点拨

较复杂简单句是在上述一般简单句的基础上附加上定语之后显得较长或复杂的句子。

1、一般简单句那个男孩静静地吃了一个苹果。

That boy ate an apple quietly.

2、较复杂简单句站在树底下的那个小男孩静静地吃了一个很大的从美国进口的苹果。

That little boy standing under the tree ate a very big apple imported from the USA quietly.

3、There be 结构：

There be 表’某处有某人或物‘。完整结构为：There be+ 表数量的词+sb/sth+prep.+ 修饰成分+place 。There are 50 students in the class.