fnl参数说明
NCEP FNL全球分析资料的解码及其图形显示
美国NCEP FNL全球分析资料在Windows XP系统上的解码及其图形显示软件简介邓伟1马振升2田宏伟1陈海波1张永涛3申占营1（1河南省气象科学研究所，郑州 450003；2 河南省培训中心，郑州 450003； 3 河南省监测网络处，郑州 450003）摘要：介绍了美国环境预报中心（NCEP）FNL资料的相关内容内容，该资料由于分辨率较高且融合了大量的观测资料及卫星反演资料而被广泛用于数值模式及天气、气候的诊断分析研究中。
本文的重点在于对该类资料解码程序及绘图时所需控制文件、索引文件生成方法的介绍。
通过对批处理命令的介绍，可以为大量FNL资料的解码及绘图处理提供一定的参考作用。
关键词：NCEP FNL资料；Dos环境；grib1码；wgrib解码；GrADS绘图引言继美国国家环境预报中心（NCEP）/美国国家大气研究中心（NCAR）提供的全球再分析资料之后，NCEP又为广大科研工作者提供了FNL 全球分析资料(Final Operational Global Analysis，以下简称为“FNL资料”)。
当前发布的FNL资料由于比再分析资料具有更高的时间、空间分辨率而逐渐得到学者的更多关注。
由于当前的FNL资料充分同化了尽可能全面的观测资料，NCEP认为：与其他资料相比较，FNL资料作为长期业务模式存档分析资料“可能是最好的选择”。
国内对NCEP再分析资料要素的分析、比较及可信度检验工作开展的较多[1-4]，而对FNL 资料的可信度研究相对较少。
周青等[5]利用2005年的FNL资料与中国753个台站观测的地表温度和地面1.5m高气温从时次变化和空间变化等方面进行了对比分析，研究表明：除青藏高原、内蒙古东部、四川盆地外,大部分地区的FNL资料较观测值偏低，在东北、西北尤其是青藏高原和云贵高原、西南部地区FNL资料的误差相对较大；FNL资料的气温值在我国东南地区与观测值比较接近，大部分地区FNL的分析值低于观测值，而且，夏季和观测值接近的程度要比冬季好。
Expedition PCB常用Keyins说明
设置Hug Trace的间距为10。 依次移动元件U2,JP1（跳 线）,TP3（测试点）。
将元件U2,JP1（跳线）,TP3（测 Expedition PCB 试点）移动到相对坐标20,0处。
Expedition PCB常用Keyins说明
Yu Tonghua
2006.12.22
2/4
mj <coord> {-angle=angle } refdes mr <coord> {-angle=angle } refdes mt <coord> {-angle=angle } refdes mp
因为许多Keyins都要用到坐标参数，而它又能作为一个单独Keyins用在移动元件、走线或画draw对象中，所以首先说明3种坐标Keyins。 格式 格式说明 例子 dx=.2,1 例子说明 X轴移动0.2，Y轴移动1。 X轴不移动（省略X轴数据即表示 0，注意,号不能省略），Y轴移动 Cell Editor和 Expedition PCB 0.1。 X轴移动3，Y轴不移动（省略Y轴 数据即表示0，注意不能有,号） 。 适用范围
dx=x ,y
相对坐标，即相对于前一点的坐标。
dx=,.1
dx=3
Expedition PCB常用Keyins说明
Yu Tonghua
2006.12.22
1/4
.2,1 绝对坐标，即相对于Board Origin的坐标 。它是默认坐标，可省略xy=，直接输入 x ,y 坐标 。
移动到X轴为0.2，Y轴为1处。 移动到X轴为0，Y轴为0.1处。 （省略X轴数据即表示0，注意,号 Cell Editor和 Expedition PCB 不能省略）。 移动到X轴为3，Y轴为0处（省略 Y轴数据即表示0，注意不能有, 号）。 在半径为1000的圆周上产生5个 各相隔72度的点，起始点位于12 度处。 复制5列2行选择的对象，列间距 为50，行间距为60。 Cell Editor和 Expedition PCB Cell Editor和 Expedition PCB
航空公司控制指令速查手册
3. ML (航班查询指令)
ML:B/HU7181/10DEC06 ML:C/HU7181/10DEC06 提取 HK,RR 旅客记录 提取全部旅客名单,包括 RR,HK,HN,HL,HX
2
海航主控管理室
系统控制指令速查(ICS)
ML:C1/HU7181/10DEC06 ML:C2/HU7181/11DEC06 ML:D/HU7241/13DEC06 ML:E/HU7241/10DEC06 ML:F/HU7181/11DEC06 ML:F1/HU7181/16DEC06 ML:F2/HU7181/14DEC06 ML:F3/HU7281/15AUG06 ML:F4/HU7281/13AUG06 ML:G/HU7241/16AUG06 ML:HU/HU7181/20DEC06 ML:I/HU7181/19AUG06 ML:J/HU7241/20AUG06 ML:L5/HU7181/15AUG06 ML:M/HU7181/16AUG06 ML:NT/HU7241/17AUG06 ML:O/HU7281/18AUG06 ML:P/HU7281/20AUG06 ML:P1/HU7181/20AUG06 ML:P2/HU7281/19AUG06 ML:Q/HU7241/18AUG06 ML:R/HU7281/02SEP06 ML:S1/HU7181/16AUG06 ML:S2/HU7281/27AUG06 ML:S3/HU7241/30AUG06 ML:S4/HU7241/28AUG06
3
海航主控管理室
系统控制指令速查(ICS)
ML:S5/HU7181/18AUG06 ML:S6/HU7281/18AUG06 ML:T/HU7241/21AUG06 ML:T1/HU7241/05AUG06 ML:U/HU7181/19AUG06 ML:U1/HU7181/20AUG06 ML:U3/HU7281/28AUG06 ML:U4/HU7181/18AUG06 ML:V/HU7181/20AUG06 ML:V1/HU7181/18AUG06 ML:V2/HU7281/16DEC06 ML:W/HU7281/29AUG06 ML:W1/HU7181/16AUG06 ML:W2/HU7281/18AUG06 ML:X/HU7181/29AUG06 ML:Y/HU7281/28DEC06 ML:Z/HU7281/08AUG06 ML:BC1/HU7281/27AUG06 ML:NBG/HU7241/23AUG06 ML:NB/HU7181/22AUG06 ML:NR/HU7181/28AUG06 ML:ZX/HU7241/4AUG/SZXWUH ML:ZX/HU7181/28AUG06 ML:B/HU7281/11AUG/O/BJS ML:B/HU7181/20AUG/O/PEK005 ML:B/H制指令速查(ICS)
HP-UX系统nfile参数说明和调整
* The requested changes have been applied to the currently
running configuration.
Tunable Value Expression Changes
nfile设置为0后，其实是表示HP-UX将废弃该内核可调参数，HP-UX系统将会自动的调整系统资源来协调工作。
从man nfile的信息中，也可以看出在将来的版本中会废弃nfile这个参数，如下：
...
WARNINGS
This tunable is obsolete and will be removed in a future release of
db178.cm2:/home/fengjing/kmif>#kctune -v nfile
Tunable nfile
Description Maximum number of file descriptors (system-wide)
Module fs_filedscrp
* Future operations will update the backup without prompting.
WARNING: The tunable nfile has been deprecated and should not be tuned
to a non-default value. See nfile(5) for details on this
Message Table (msgmni) 4096 2 0 0
Semaphore Table (semmni) 8192 32 0 0
wrfchem
排放清单
大气污染物排放清单指各种排放源在一定时间跨度和空间
区域内向大气排放的大气污染物的量的集合。准确、更新及 时、高分辨率排放清单是识别污染来源、支撑模式模拟、分 析解释观测结果和制定减排控制方案的重要基础，无论对于 大气化学与气候相互作用、大气复合污染来源识别等科学问 题探究，还是对于污染物总量减排、空气质量达标等环境管 理问题来说，都是极为关键的核心支撑。
选定模拟区域
可以使用 WRFDomainWizard软件来帮助划区域
选择Lambert 投影的基准纬 度
选择Lambert投影 更新
选择大致的母 网格区域
更 新 后
选择嵌套
修改参数
鼠标点击domain2框， 可以调整模拟区域 位置
新建domain2
修改参数：子网格 与母网格格局比等 参数
WRFCHEM前处理过程
气相化学(Gas-phase chemistry)
气相化学机制是区域空气污染模型中一个重要的组成部分， 气相化学转化率，以及排放、传输和沉降决定了气体的种 类。对流层中活性有机物、硫酸、氮氧化物及臭氧的排放 及酸沉降与区域空气污染的关系多由气相化学机制影响。 同时气相化学也决定了液相化学的种类，及反应速度。 WRFCHEM 提供了 4 种气相化学机制，分别是 RADM2 (Regional Acid Deposition Model version 2) 、 RACM (Regional Atmospheric Chemistry Mechanism) 、RACM NOAA/ESRL version 、CBMZ (Carbon-Bond Mechanism veF模式系统是采用Fortran 90、Fortran 77及c++编译语言进行编译 与测试的，所以，运行WRF必须先安装编译软件， 目前运用的编译 软件主要有PGI和INTEL。 另外，WRF运行时所使用的输入输出文件多为 NetCDF文件，因此还 需要安装Netcdf软件
膀胱镜及医学影像处理系统技术参数
膀胱镜及医学影像处理系统技术参数尿道膀胱镜参数1、窥镜视向角：0°、30°、70°2、景深5-5Omm,3、采用进口光纤照明。
工作距离在20mm时,照度满足1300LX以上，4、鞘套密封良好，通水阀采用ICri8Ni9Ti制成免维护保养5、4种鞘套Fr24、Fr21、Fn8、FdLLFnl专为小儿膀胱检查研发的新产品，表面光滑，操作灵活，Fr21设计有先进的光学心芯针，避免盲插；6、其余鞘套配上连接器、插管套、手术器械可做成人输尿插管，腔道内取异物，活检等手术。
医学影像处理系统1.动态视频信号处理a）至少由一种视频信号输入接口，可显示输入的动态视频图像；b）可对动态视频图像实时冻结观察；C）可对动态视频图像实时捕获，并在屏幕下方显示，最多可捕获50幅图像，捕获的图像可进行保存；d）可对动态视频图像实时加伪彩；e）可使动态视频图像实时全屏显示；f可对图像的亮度、对比度、饱和度进行调整。
2静态图像处理a）对选定的图像中某区域，可进行编码伪彩、复制处理；b）对静态图像可局部放大、可做90度旋转、左右镜像、上下镜像、负片功能；C）具有［^线形增强」、［■指数增强」、「对数增强」、［■均衡增强」4中图像增强方式；d）可在捕获的图像上选择某一点做文字注释；e）通过定标（测量某两点间的实际距离金额该两点在屏幕上的距离，并将测量值输入计算机内），可对图像上被疑为病灶区域的直径、周长、面积进行测量。
3检查报告的输入、检索、打印a）支持WINDOWS的各种汉字输入方式，b）可对每个病员建立记录，详细输入病员的信息资料，其中检查医师、科别、送诊医生、检查原因、医院名称可预先进行设定，以选择方式快速输入；C）对已建立的病员记录可打开、删除何按AZ0-9的方式正、反排序:可多条件任意逻辑组合方式进行统计、查找；d）选定某记录后可预览该记录所存的1-4幅图像；e）具有多种不同的检查报告格式供选择；f）可预览检查报告并打印；g）检查报告可生成“JPG”格式图形文件，供在国际互连网上发送h）具有系统帮助功能。
Expedition PCB常用Keyins说明
Expedition PCB
高亮并显示所有网络名以a开头的 Cell Editor和 Expedition PCB 网络。 Cell Editor和 Expedition PCB 显示U1的6脚。 Expedition PCB Cell Editor和 Expedition PCB Cell Editor和 Expedition PCB 高亮跳线 JP2、元件U1~U3和测 Expedition PCB 试点TP6 高亮网络名为GND的网络。 高亮U1的16脚。 Cell Editor和 Expedition PCB Expedition PCB Cell Editor和 Expedition PCB Expedition PCB Expedition PCB
坐标例子说明阵列改变删除查找高亮移动放置旋转celleditor和expeditionpcb网络refdes绘图对象基准点被高亮的对象跳线标号被选择的对象测试点过孔宽度以下以expedition20051为例其它版本请自行测试
Expedition PCB常用Keyins说明
以下以Expedition2005.1为例，其它版本请自行测试。 下面的{ }中的表示可选项，|分开的表示单选项，加粗斜体的部分表示使用时要替换成相应的数值或列表。 Expedition PCB的大部分Keyins通常由2个字符+空格+参数构成。 第一个字母，通常表示动作 a 阵列 c 改变 d 删除 f 查找 h 高亮 m 移动 p 放置 r 旋转 u 取消高亮 x 执行命令 z 缩放 第二个字母，通常表示对象 a 全部 b 板框 c 坐标 d 绘图对象 f 基准点 g 格点 h 被高亮的对象 j 跳线 l 层 n 网络 r 标号 s 被选择的对象 t 测试点 v 过孔 w 宽度 Snap点 x Refdes - List说明 格式 rrefdes[,refdes-list] 格式说明 例子 例子说明 表示U2~U6。 单个或多个标号，用“,”分隔不同的标号 。标号后可使用“?”和“*”通配符，“?”匹配 U2,U3,U4,U5,U6 任意单字符，“*”匹配任意长度的字符串 U2:6 表示U2~U6。 U2:4,U5,U6 -room=room1 -cluster=cluster1 表示room1里所有的标号。 表示cluster1里所有的标号。
航空发动机振动信号应用介绍_冯健朋
信息系统工程 │ 2015.7.2086TECHNOLOGY 技术应用航空发动机的正常工作对于飞行安全非常重要，发动机的健康状态的恶化，会影响机组人员的生命及财产安全。
因此对发动机进行状态监控和健康管理非常重要。
对航空发动机振动的监控，是发动机状态监控健康管理的重要功能。
监控发动机的振动状态，可以提取检测发动机的当前健康状态，并可以对发动机健康状况发展趋势做出预测。
进行发动机振动信号监控，主要关注发动机振动的频率、幅值及相位等信息。
目前，民航飞机发动机振动监测主要是利用发动机振动监视设备（EVM），EVM 的功能包括：1.接收振动加速度传感器感应的发动机不同部件的振动信号，通过计算发动机当前高低压转速频率处的振动幅值来监测发动机当前的振动大小；2.利用采集的发动机振动信号的幅值和相位进行发动机振动不平衡配平计算，得到发动机的动平衡方案。
随着发动机健康管理技术的发展，EVM 系统的功能也得到了扩展，加入了很多发动机工作参数监测、故障事件诊断、历史数据记录等功能，其名称也发生了变化，普遍称作健康管理装置（EMU），安装位置也从机舱转移到了发动机风扇机匣，位置环境与FADEC 相同。
一、航空发动机振动超限监测进行航空发动机振动信号分析，最基本的目的就是进行振动超限监测。
振动超限监测一般监控发动机高低压转子的振动情况。
目前，国内外在进行航空发动机振动监测时，有两种监测，一种总量监测，一种是分量监测。
在分量监测中常使用位移、速度和加速度作为监控参数，三种振动监测限制参数各有优缺点，实际应用时应根据监测对象和监测需求选用。
位移、速度、加速度。
可通过公式1进行转换V=An,p2πfnl S=An,p(2πfnl)2 （1） 其中， An,p 为转子基频激起的振动分量加速度峰值，fnl 为转子基频。
An,p=maxAknl,Aknl+1, knl=floornl60*Nfs, 符号floor(x)表示小于x 的最大整数。
fnl中的变量说明
filename: fnl_20111201_00_00_cpath: /home/sunhw/fnl/fnl_2011/fnl_2011_00/fnl_20111201_00_00_cfile global attributes:dimensions:lat_3 = 181lon_3 = 360lv_PVL2 = 2lv_ISBL3 = 26lv_GPML4 = 3lv_DBLY5 = 4lv_ISBL6 = 2lv_ISBL7 = 21lv_SIGY8 = 4lv_ISBL9 = 6variables:float PRES_3_SFC ( lat_3, lon_3 )center : US National Weather Service - NCEP (WMC)long_name : Pressureunits : Pa_FillValue : 1e+20level_indicator : 1grid_number : 3parameter_table_version : 2parameter_number : 1model : Spectral Statistical Interpolation (SSI) analysis from "Final" run. forecast_time : 0forecast_time_units : hoursinitial_time : 12/01/2011 (00:00)float PRES_3_MWSL ( lat_3, lon_3 )center : US National Weather Service - NCEP (WMC)long_name : Pressureunits : Pa_FillValue : 1e+20level_indicator : 6grid_number : 3parameter_table_version : 2parameter_number : 1model : Spectral Statistical Interpolation (SSI) analysis from "Final" run. forecast_time : 0forecast_time_units : hoursinitial_time : 12/01/2011 (00:00)float PRES_3_TRO ( lat_3, lon_3 )center : US National Weather Service - NCEP (WMC)long_name : Pressureunits : Pa_FillValue : 1e+20level_indicator : 7grid_number : 3parameter_table_version : 2parameter_number : 1model : Spectral Statistical Interpolation (SSI) analysis from "Final" run. forecast_time : 0forecast_time_units : hoursinitial_time : 12/01/2011 (00:00)float PRES_3_MSL ( lat_3, lon_3 )center : US National Weather Service - NCEP (WMC)long_name : Pressureunits : Pa_FillValue : 1e+20level_indicator : 102grid_number : 3parameter_table_version : 2parameter_number : 1model : Spectral Statistical Interpolation (SSI) analysis from "Final" run. forecast_time : 0forecast_time_units : hoursinitial_time : 12/01/2011 (00:00)float PRES_3_PVL ( lv_PVL2, lat_3, lon_3 )center : US National Weather Service - NCEP (WMC)long_name : Pressureunits : Pa_FillValue : 1e+20level_indicator : 117grid_number : 3parameter_table_version : 2parameter_number : 1model : Spectral Statistical Interpolation (SSI) analysis from "Final" run. forecast_time : 0forecast_time_units : hoursinitial_time : 12/01/2011 (00:00)float PRES_3_LCBL_ave ( lat_3, lon_3 )center : US National Weather Service - NCEP (WMC)long_name : Pressureunits : Pa_FillValue : 1e+20level_indicator : 212grid_number : 3parameter_table_version : 2parameter_number : 1model : Spectral Statistical Interpolation (SSI) analysis from "Final" run. forecast_time : 0forecast_time_units : hoursinitial_time : 12/01/2011 (00:00)float PRES_3_LCTL_ave ( lat_3, lon_3 )center : US National Weather Service - NCEP (WMC)long_name : Pressureunits : Pa_FillValue : 1e+20level_indicator : 213grid_number : 3parameter_table_version : 2parameter_number : 1model : Spectral Statistical Interpolation (SSI) analysis from "Final" run. forecast_time : 0forecast_time_units : hoursinitial_time : 12/01/2011 (00:00)float PRES_3_MCBL_ave ( lat_3, lon_3 )center : US National Weather Service - NCEP (WMC)long_name : Pressureunits : Pa_FillValue : 1e+20level_indicator : 222grid_number : 3parameter_table_version : 2parameter_number : 1model : Spectral Statistical Interpolation (SSI) analysis from "Final" run. forecast_time : 0forecast_time_units : hoursinitial_time : 12/01/2011 (00:00)float PRES_3_MCTL_ave ( lat_3, lon_3 )center : US National Weather Service - NCEP (WMC)long_name : Pressureunits : Pa_FillValue : 1e+20level_indicator : 223grid_number : 3parameter_table_version : 2parameter_number : 1model : Spectral Statistical Interpolation (SSI) analysis from "Final" run. forecast_time : 0forecast_time_units : hoursinitial_time : 12/01/2011 (00:00)float PRES_3_HCBL_ave ( lat_3, lon_3 )center : US National Weather Service - NCEP (WMC)long_name : Pressureunits : Pa_FillValue : 1e+20level_indicator : 232grid_number : 3parameter_table_version : 2parameter_number : 1model : Spectral Statistical Interpolation (SSI) analysis from "Final" run. forecast_time : 0forecast_time_units : hoursinitial_time : 12/01/2011 (00:00)float PRES_3_HCTL_ave ( lat_3, lon_3 )center : US National Weather Service - NCEP (WMC)long_name : Pressureunits : Pa_FillValue : 1e+20level_indicator : 233grid_number : 3parameter_table_version : 2parameter_number : 1model : Spectral Statistical Interpolation (SSI) analysis from "Final" run. forecast_time : 0forecast_time_units : hoursinitial_time : 12/01/2011 (00:00)float PRMSL_3_MSL ( lat_3, lon_3 )center : US National Weather Service - NCEP (WMC)long_name : Pressure reduced to MSLunits : Pa_FillValue : 1e+20level_indicator : 102grid_number : 3parameter_table_version : 2parameter_number : 2model : Spectral Statistical Interpolation (SSI) analysis from "Final" run. forecast_time : 0forecast_time_units : hoursinitial_time : 12/01/2011 (00:00)float HGT_3_SFC ( lat_3, lon_3 )center : US National Weather Service - NCEP (WMC)long_name : Geopotential heightunits : gpm_FillValue : 1e+20level_indicator : 1grid_number : 3parameter_table_version : 2parameter_number : 7model : Spectral Statistical Interpolation (SSI) analysis from "Final" run. forecast_time : 0forecast_time_units : hoursinitial_time : 12/01/2011 (00:00)float HGT_3_0DEG ( lat_3, lon_3 )center : US National Weather Service - NCEP (WMC)long_name : Geopotential heightunits : gpm_FillValue : 1e+20level_indicator : 4grid_number : 3parameter_table_version : 2parameter_number : 7model : Spectral Statistical Interpolation (SSI) analysis from "Final" run. forecast_time : 0forecast_time_units : hoursinitial_time : 12/01/2011 (00:00)float HGT_3_MWSL ( lat_3, lon_3 )center : US National Weather Service - NCEP (WMC)long_name : Geopotential heightunits : gpm_FillValue : 1e+20level_indicator : 6grid_number : 3parameter_table_version : 2parameter_number : 7model : Spectral Statistical Interpolation (SSI) analysis from "Final" run. forecast_time : 0forecast_time_units : hoursinitial_time : 12/01/2011 (00:00)float HGT_3_TRO ( lat_3, lon_3 )center : US National Weather Service - NCEP (WMC)long_name : Geopotential heightunits : gpm_FillValue : 1e+20level_indicator : 7grid_number : 3parameter_table_version : 2parameter_number : 7model : Spectral Statistical Interpolation (SSI) analysis from "Final" run. forecast_time : 0forecast_time_units : hoursinitial_time : 12/01/2011 (00:00)float HGT_3_ISBL ( lv_ISBL3, lat_3, lon_3 )center : US National Weather Service - NCEP (WMC)long_name : Geopotential heightunits : gpm_FillValue : 1e+20level_indicator : 100grid_number : 3parameter_table_version : 2parameter_number : 7model : Spectral Statistical Interpolation (SSI) analysis from "Final" run. forecast_time : 0forecast_time_units : hoursinitial_time : 12/01/2011 (00:00)float HGT_3_PVL ( lv_PVL2, lat_3, lon_3 )center : US National Weather Service - NCEP (WMC)long_name : Geopotential heightunits : gpm_FillValue : 1e+20level_indicator : 117grid_number : 3parameter_table_version : 2parameter_number : 7model : Spectral Statistical Interpolation (SSI) analysis from "Final" run. forecast_time : 0forecast_time_units : hoursinitial_time : 12/01/2011 (00:00)float HGT_3_HTFL ( lat_3, lon_3 )center : US National Weather Service - NCEP (WMC)long_name : Geopotential heightunits : gpm_FillValue : 1e+20level_indicator : 204grid_number : 3parameter_table_version : 2parameter_number : 7model : Spectral Statistical Interpolation (SSI) analysis from "Final" run. forecast_time : 0forecast_time_units : hoursinitial_time : 12/01/2011 (00:00)float TOZONE_3_EATM ( lat_3, lon_3 )center : US National Weather Service - NCEP (WMC)long_name : Total ozoneunits : Dobson_FillValue : 1e+20level_indicator : 200grid_number : 3parameter_table_version : 2parameter_number : 10model : Spectral Statistical Interpolation (SSI) analysis from "Final" run. level : 0forecast_time : 0forecast_time_units : hoursinitial_time : 12/01/2011 (00:00)float TMP_3_SFC ( lat_3, lon_3 )center : US National Weather Service - NCEP (WMC)long_name : Temperatureunits : K_FillValue : 1e+20level_indicator : 1grid_number : 3parameter_table_version : 2parameter_number : 11model : Spectral Statistical Interpolation (SSI) analysis from "Final" run. forecast_time : 0forecast_time_units : hoursinitial_time : 12/01/2011 (00:00)float TMP_3_MWSL ( lat_3, lon_3 )center : US National Weather Service - NCEP (WMC)long_name : Temperatureunits : K_FillValue : 1e+20level_indicator : 6grid_number : 3parameter_table_version : 2parameter_number : 11model : Spectral Statistical Interpolation (SSI) analysis from "Final" run. forecast_time : 0forecast_time_units : hoursinitial_time : 12/01/2011 (00:00)float TMP_3_TRO ( lat_3, lon_3 )center : US National Weather Service - NCEP (WMC)long_name : Temperatureunits : K_FillValue : 1e+20level_indicator : 7grid_number : 3parameter_table_version : 2parameter_number : 11model : Spectral Statistical Interpolation (SSI) analysis from "Final" run. forecast_time : 0forecast_time_units : hoursinitial_time : 12/01/2011 (00:00)float TMP_3_ISBL ( lv_ISBL3, lat_3, lon_3 )center : US National Weather Service - NCEP (WMC)long_name : Temperatureunits : K_FillValue : 1e+20level_indicator : 100grid_number : 3parameter_table_version : 2parameter_number : 11model : Spectral Statistical Interpolation (SSI) analysis from "Final" run. forecast_time : 0forecast_time_units : hoursinitial_time : 12/01/2011 (00:00)float TMP_3_GPML ( lv_GPML4, lat_3, lon_3 )center : US National Weather Service - NCEP (WMC)long_name : Temperatureunits : K_FillValue : 1e+20level_indicator : 103grid_number : 3parameter_table_version : 2parameter_number : 11model : Spectral Statistical Interpolation (SSI) analysis from "Final" run. forecast_time : 0forecast_time_units : hoursinitial_time : 12/01/2011 (00:00)float TMP_3_HTGL ( lat_3, lon_3 )center : US National Weather Service - NCEP (WMC)long_name : Temperatureunits : K_FillValue : 1e+20level_indicator : 105grid_number : 3parameter_table_version : 2parameter_number : 11model : Spectral Statistical Interpolation (SSI) analysis from "Final" run. level : 2forecast_time : 0forecast_time_units : hoursinitial_time : 12/01/2011 (00:00)float TMP_3_SIGL ( lat_3, lon_3 )center : US National Weather Service - NCEP (WMC)long_name : Temperatureunits : K_FillValue : 1e+20level_indicator : 107grid_number : 3parameter_table_version : 2parameter_number : 11model : Spectral Statistical Interpolation (SSI) analysis from "Final" run. level : 9950forecast_time : 0forecast_time_units : hoursinitial_time : 12/01/2011 (00:00)float TMP_3_DBLY ( lv_DBLY5, lat_3, lon_3 )center : US National Weather Service - NCEP (WMC)long_name : Temperatureunits : K_FillValue : 1e+20level_indicator : 112grid_number : 3parameter_table_version : 2parameter_number : 11model : Spectral Statistical Interpolation (SSI) analysis from "Final" run. forecast_time : 0forecast_time_units : hoursinitial_time : 12/01/2011 (00:00)float TMP_3_SPDY ( lat_3, lon_3 )center : US National Weather Service - NCEP (WMC)long_name : Temperatureunits : K_FillValue : 1e+20level_indicator : 116grid_number : 3parameter_table_version : 2parameter_number : 11model : Spectral Statistical Interpolation (SSI) analysis from "Final" run.level : ( 30, 0 )forecast_time : 0forecast_time_units : hoursinitial_time : 12/01/2011 (00:00)float TMP_3_PVL ( lv_PVL2, lat_3, lon_3 )center : US National Weather Service - NCEP (WMC)long_name : Temperatureunits : K_FillValue : 1e+20level_indicator : 117grid_number : 3parameter_table_version : 2parameter_number : 11model : Spectral Statistical Interpolation (SSI) analysis from "Final" run. forecast_time : 0forecast_time_units : hoursinitial_time : 12/01/2011 (00:00)float TMP_3_LCTL_ave ( lat_3, lon_3 )center : US National Weather Service - NCEP (WMC)long_name : Temperatureunits : K_FillValue : 1e+20level_indicator : 213grid_number : 3parameter_table_version : 2parameter_number : 11model : Spectral Statistical Interpolation (SSI) analysis from "Final" run. forecast_time : 0forecast_time_units : hoursinitial_time : 12/01/2011 (00:00)float TMP_3_MCTL_ave ( lat_3, lon_3 )center : US National Weather Service - NCEP (WMC)long_name : Temperatureunits : K_FillValue : 1e+20level_indicator : 223grid_number : 3parameter_table_version : 2parameter_number : 11model : Spectral Statistical Interpolation (SSI) analysis from "Final" run. forecast_time : 0forecast_time_units : hoursinitial_time : 12/01/2011 (00:00)float TMP_3_HCTL_ave ( lat_3, lon_3 )center : US National Weather Service - NCEP (WMC)long_name : Temperatureunits : K_FillValue : 1e+20level_indicator : 233grid_number : 3parameter_table_version : 2parameter_number : 11model : Spectral Statistical Interpolation (SSI) analysis from "Final" run. forecast_time : 0forecast_time_units : hoursinitial_time : 12/01/2011 (00:00)float POT_3_SIGL ( lat_3, lon_3 )center : US National Weather Service - NCEP (WMC)long_name : Potential temperatureunits : K_FillValue : 1e+20level_indicator : 107grid_number : 3parameter_table_version : 2parameter_number : 13model : Spectral Statistical Interpolation (SSI) analysis from "Final" run. level : 9950forecast_time : 0forecast_time_units : hoursinitial_time : 12/01/2011 (00:00)float T_MAX_3_HTGL ( lat_3, lon_3 )center : US National Weather Service - NCEP (WMC)long_name : Maximum temperatureunits : K_FillValue : 1e+20level_indicator : 105grid_number : 3parameter_table_version : 2parameter_number : 15model : Spectral Statistical Interpolation (SSI) analysis from "Final" run. level : 2forecast_time : 0forecast_time_units : hoursinitial_time : 12/01/2011 (00:00)float T_MIN_3_HTGL ( lat_3, lon_3 )center : US National Weather Service - NCEP (WMC)long_name : Minimum temperatureunits : K_FillValue : 1e+20level_indicator : 105grid_number : 3parameter_table_version : 2parameter_number : 16model : Spectral Statistical Interpolation (SSI) analysis from "Final" run. level : 2forecast_time : 0forecast_time_units : hoursinitial_time : 12/01/2011 (00:00)float GPA_3_ISBL ( lv_ISBL6, lat_3, lon_3 )center : US National Weather Service - NCEP (WMC)long_name : Geopotential height anomalyunits : gpm_FillValue : 1e+20level_indicator : 100grid_number : 3parameter_table_version : 2parameter_number : 27model : Spectral Statistical Interpolation (SSI) analysis from "Final" run. forecast_time : 0forecast_time_units : hoursinitial_time : 12/01/2011 (00:00)float U_GRD_3_MWSL ( lat_3, lon_3 )center : US National Weather Service - NCEP (WMC)long_name : u-component of windunits : m/s_FillValue : 1e+20level_indicator : 6grid_number : 3parameter_table_version : 2parameter_number : 33model : Spectral Statistical Interpolation (SSI) analysis from "Final" run. forecast_time : 0forecast_time_units : hoursinitial_time : 12/01/2011 (00:00)float U_GRD_3_TRO ( lat_3, lon_3 )center : US National Weather Service - NCEP (WMC)long_name : u-component of windunits : m/s_FillValue : 1e+20level_indicator : 7grid_number : 3parameter_table_version : 2parameter_number : 33model : Spectral Statistical Interpolation (SSI) analysis from "Final" run. forecast_time : 0forecast_time_units : hoursinitial_time : 12/01/2011 (00:00)float U_GRD_3_ISBL ( lv_ISBL3, lat_3, lon_3 )center : US National Weather Service - NCEP (WMC)long_name : u-component of windunits : m/s_FillValue : 1e+20level_indicator : 100grid_number : 3parameter_table_version : 2parameter_number : 33model : Spectral Statistical Interpolation (SSI) analysis from "Final" run. forecast_time : 0forecast_time_units : hoursinitial_time : 12/01/2011 (00:00)float U_GRD_3_GPML ( lv_GPML4, lat_3, lon_3 )center : US National Weather Service - NCEP (WMC)long_name : u-component of windunits : m/s_FillValue : 1e+20level_indicator : 103grid_number : 3parameter_table_version : 2parameter_number : 33model : Spectral Statistical Interpolation (SSI) analysis from "Final" run. forecast_time : 0forecast_time_units : hoursinitial_time : 12/01/2011 (00:00)float U_GRD_3_HTGL ( lat_3, lon_3 )center : US National Weather Service - NCEP (WMC)long_name : u-component of windunits : m/slevel_indicator : 105grid_number : 3parameter_table_version : 2parameter_number : 33model : Spectral Statistical Interpolation (SSI) analysis from "Final" run. level : 10forecast_time : 0forecast_time_units : hoursinitial_time : 12/01/2011 (00:00)float U_GRD_3_SIGL ( lat_3, lon_3 )center : US National Weather Service - NCEP (WMC)long_name : u-component of windunits : m/s_FillValue : 1e+20level_indicator : 107grid_number : 3parameter_table_version : 2parameter_number : 33model : Spectral Statistical Interpolation (SSI) analysis from "Final" run. level : 9950forecast_time : 0forecast_time_units : hoursinitial_time : 12/01/2011 (00:00)float U_GRD_3_SPDY ( lat_3, lon_3 )center : US National Weather Service - NCEP (WMC)long_name : u-component of windunits : m/slevel_indicator : 116grid_number : 3parameter_table_version : 2parameter_number : 33model : Spectral Statistical Interpolation (SSI) analysis from "Final" run. level : ( 30, 0 )forecast_time : 0forecast_time_units : hoursinitial_time : 12/01/2011 (00:00)float U_GRD_3_PVL ( lv_PVL2, lat_3, lon_3 )center : US National Weather Service - NCEP (WMC)long_name : u-component of windunits : m/s_FillValue : 1e+20level_indicator : 117grid_number : 3parameter_table_version : 2parameter_number : 33model : Spectral Statistical Interpolation (SSI) analysis from "Final" run. forecast_time : 0forecast_time_units : hoursinitial_time : 12/01/2011 (00:00)float V_GRD_3_MWSL ( lat_3, lon_3 )center : US National Weather Service - NCEP (WMC)long_name : v-component of windunits : m/s_FillValue : 1e+20grid_number : 3parameter_table_version : 2parameter_number : 34model : Spectral Statistical Interpolation (SSI) analysis from "Final" run. forecast_time : 0forecast_time_units : hoursinitial_time : 12/01/2011 (00:00)float V_GRD_3_TRO ( lat_3, lon_3 )center : US National Weather Service - NCEP (WMC)long_name : v-component of windunits : m/s_FillValue : 1e+20level_indicator : 7grid_number : 3parameter_table_version : 2parameter_number : 34model : Spectral Statistical Interpolation (SSI) analysis from "Final" run. forecast_time : 0forecast_time_units : hoursinitial_time : 12/01/2011 (00:00)float V_GRD_3_ISBL ( lv_ISBL3, lat_3, lon_3 )center : US National Weather Service - NCEP (WMC)long_name : v-component of windunits : m/s_FillValue : 1e+20level_indicator : 100grid_number : 3parameter_table_version : 2parameter_number : 34model : Spectral Statistical Interpolation (SSI) analysis from "Final" run. forecast_time : 0forecast_time_units : hoursinitial_time : 12/01/2011 (00:00)float V_GRD_3_GPML ( lv_GPML4, lat_3, lon_3 )center : US National Weather Service - NCEP (WMC)long_name : v-component of windunits : m/s_FillValue : 1e+20level_indicator : 103grid_number : 3parameter_table_version : 2parameter_number : 34model : Spectral Statistical Interpolation (SSI) analysis from "Final" run. forecast_time : 0forecast_time_units : hoursinitial_time : 12/01/2011 (00:00)float V_GRD_3_HTGL ( lat_3, lon_3 )center : US National Weather Service - NCEP (WMC)long_name : v-component of windunits : m/s_FillValue : 1e+20level_indicator : 105grid_number : 3parameter_table_version : 2parameter_number : 34level : 10forecast_time : 0forecast_time_units : hoursinitial_time : 12/01/2011 (00:00)float V_GRD_3_SIGL ( lat_3, lon_3 )center : US National Weather Service - NCEP (WMC)long_name : v-component of windunits : m/s_FillValue : 1e+20level_indicator : 107grid_number : 3parameter_table_version : 2parameter_number : 34model : Spectral Statistical Interpolation (SSI) analysis from "Final" run. level : 9950forecast_time : 0forecast_time_units : hoursinitial_time : 12/01/2011 (00:00)float V_GRD_3_SPDY ( lat_3, lon_3 )center : US National Weather Service - NCEP (WMC)long_name : v-component of windunits : m/s_FillValue : 1e+20level_indicator : 116grid_number : 3parameter_table_version : 2parameter_number : 34level : ( 30, 0 )forecast_time : 0forecast_time_units : hoursinitial_time : 12/01/2011 (00:00)float V_GRD_3_PVL ( lv_PVL2, lat_3, lon_3 )center : US National Weather Service - NCEP (WMC)long_name : v-component of windunits : m/s_FillValue : 1e+20level_indicator : 117grid_number : 3parameter_table_version : 2parameter_number : 34model : Spectral Statistical Interpolation (SSI) analysis from "Final" run. forecast_time : 0forecast_time_units : hoursinitial_time : 12/01/2011 (00:00)float V_VEL_3_ISBL ( lv_ISBL7, lat_3, lon_3 )center : US National Weather Service - NCEP (WMC)long_name : Pressure vertical velocityunits : Pa/s_FillValue : 1e+20level_indicator : 100grid_number : 3parameter_table_version : 2parameter_number : 39model : Spectral Statistical Interpolation (SSI) analysis from "Final" run.forecast_time : 0forecast_time_units : hoursinitial_time : 12/01/2011 (00:00)float V_VEL_3_SIGL ( lat_3, lon_3 )center : US National Weather Service - NCEP (WMC)long_name : Pressure vertical velocityunits : Pa/s_FillValue : 1e+20level_indicator : 107grid_number : 3parameter_table_version : 2parameter_number : 39model : Spectral Statistical Interpolation (SSI) analysis from "Final" run. level : 9950forecast_time : 0forecast_time_units : hoursinitial_time : 12/01/2011 (00:00)float ABS_V_3_ISBL ( lv_ISBL3, lat_3, lon_3 )center : US National Weather Service - NCEP (WMC)long_name : Absolute vorticityunits : /s_FillValue : 1e+20level_indicator : 100grid_number : 3parameter_table_version : 2parameter_number : 41model : Spectral Statistical Interpolation (SSI) analysis from "Final" run. forecast_time : 0initial_time : 12/01/2011 (00:00)float SPF_H_3_HTGL ( lat_3, lon_3 )center : US National Weather Service - NCEP (WMC)long_name : Specific humidityunits : kg/kg_FillValue : 1e+20level_indicator : 105grid_number : 3parameter_table_version : 2parameter_number : 51model : Spectral Statistical Interpolation (SSI) analysis from "Final" run. level : 2forecast_time : 0forecast_time_units : hoursinitial_time : 12/01/2011 (00:00)float SPF_H_3_SPDY ( lat_3, lon_3 )center : US National Weather Service - NCEP (WMC)long_name : Specific humidityunits : kg/kg_FillValue : 1e+20level_indicator : 116grid_number : 3parameter_table_version : 2parameter_number : 51model : Spectral Statistical Interpolation (SSI) analysis from "Final" run. level : ( 30, 0 )forecast_time : 0initial_time : 12/01/2011 (00:00)float R_H_3_0DEG ( lat_3, lon_3 )center : US National Weather Service - NCEP (WMC)long_name : Relative humidityunits : %_FillValue : 1e+20level_indicator : 4grid_number : 3parameter_table_version : 2parameter_number : 52model : Spectral Statistical Interpolation (SSI) analysis from "Final" run. forecast_time : 0forecast_time_units : hoursinitial_time : 12/01/2011 (00:00)float R_H_3_ISBL ( lv_ISBL7, lat_3, lon_3 )center : US National Weather Service - NCEP (WMC)long_name : Relative humidityunits : %_FillValue : 1e+20level_indicator : 100grid_number : 3parameter_table_version : 2parameter_number : 52model : Spectral Statistical Interpolation (SSI) analysis from "Final" run. forecast_time : 0forecast_time_units : hoursinitial_time : 12/01/2011 (00:00)float R_H_3_HTGL ( lat_3, lon_3 )center : US National Weather Service - NCEP (WMC)long_name : Relative humidityunits : %_FillValue : 1e+20level_indicator : 105grid_number : 3parameter_table_version : 2parameter_number : 52model : Spectral Statistical Interpolation (SSI) analysis from "Final" run. level : 2forecast_time : 0forecast_time_units : hoursinitial_time : 12/01/2011 (00:00)float R_H_3_SIGL ( lat_3, lon_3 )center : US National Weather Service - NCEP (WMC)long_name : Relative humidityunits : %_FillValue : 1e+20level_indicator : 107grid_number : 3parameter_table_version : 2parameter_number : 52model : Spectral Statistical Interpolation (SSI) analysis from "Final" run. level : 9950forecast_time : 0forecast_time_units : hoursinitial_time : 12/01/2011 (00:00)float R_H_3_SIGY ( lv_SIGY8, lat_3, lon_3 )center : US National Weather Service - NCEP (WMC)long_name : Relative humidityunits : %_FillValue : 1e+20level_indicator : 108grid_number : 3parameter_table_version : 2parameter_number : 52model : Spectral Statistical Interpolation (SSI) analysis from "Final" run. forecast_time : 0forecast_time_units : hoursinitial_time : 12/01/2011 (00:00)float R_H_3_SPDY ( lat_3, lon_3 )center : US National Weather Service - NCEP (WMC)long_name : Relative humidityunits : %_FillValue : 1e+20level_indicator : 116grid_number : 3parameter_table_version : 2parameter_number : 52model : Spectral Statistical Interpolation (SSI) analysis from "Final" run. level : ( 30, 0 )forecast_time : 0forecast_time_units : hoursinitial_time : 12/01/2011 (00:00)。
标准材质
大理石标准材质：反射面加VRAYMAP加反射34，模糊反射1.0亚面石材反射44 ，模糊反射0.85标准材质：反射加VRAYMAP，值30 ，增加模糊反射，值3000光亮油漆木材反射36, 高光模糊0.84 ，模糊反射1亚木石材反射44，模糊反射0.85。
可以使用PHONG标准材质：反射加VRAYMAP，值30，模糊反射值3000布料什么都不调整，加贴图，加凹凸，值30标准材质：OREN—BLINN ，增加贴图，并加入到凹凸通道，值为30绒布表面色加衰减FOLLOFF，增加FNL，调节颜色曲线（曲线改为贝子）标：MULTI-LAYER，反射级别100，右边那个0。
第一层高光级400，95。
第2层20，30。
凹凸开NOISE，值17。
反射开衰减。
丝绸同绒布，另加反射10，高光模糊0.77，模糊反射0.85单色与花纹纱窗（纱布窗帘）IOR1.01 ，折射贴图加FALLOFF，改变曲线为BSAIER。
金属不锈钢：反射170 。
或者反射220打开FNL，IOR调整为10，使用PHONG。
纱钢：反射170，模糊反射0.7有色金属：模糊反射0.9 ，更改反射颜色拉丝金属：反射150，模糊反射0.8 ，反射增加贴图FALLOFF在黑色部分增加纹理贴图。
黄铜：反射和表面色都开187，117，7。
模糊反射0.88，IOR 2.517玻璃清玻：反射86 ，开FNL ，折射开完。
反射可以开个衰减。
有色玻璃：开阴影，颜色变换，在FOG COLOR中磨纱玻璃：反射86，开FNL ，调整折射模糊0.9。
或者开反射，开FNL，在凹凸中开NOISE 贴图。
水纹玻璃：反射86，开FNL，折射开完。
凹凸中开MARBLE贴图，值20，调整SIZE为25 ，VEIN WIDTH越大越密。
列开玻璃：反射86，折射开完。
凹凸打开贴图玻璃其他做法：标准材质，反射和折射使用VRAYMAP，反射15到40，折射开满。
室外玻璃做法1：固有色0 54 46，漫反射颜色178 194 193。
大气光学湍流强度估算和预报方法研究
大气光学湍流强度估算和预报方法研究吴晓庆【摘要】本文简述利用常规气象参数,基于Monin-Obukhov相似理论估算近地面Cn2和基于Tatarski公式估算高空Cn2的方法和估算结果,并给出了利用中尺度气象模式WRF开展的预报Cn2的研究成果.构建合适的光学湍流外尺度参数化公式,进行中尺度模式与微尺度模式嵌套,开展光学湍流参数化新方法的研究,是今后提高光学湍流估算和预报精度努力的方向.【期刊名称】《安徽师范大学学报（自然科学版）》【年(卷),期】2016(039)006【总页数】5页(P511-515)【关键词】大气光学湍流;估算;预报【作者】吴晓庆【作者单位】中国科学院安徽光学精密机械研究所中国科学院大气成分与光学重点实验室,安徽合肥230031【正文语种】中文【中图分类】TN24湍流是近百年来物理学中尚未解决好的一个极为艰难的重大课题.从1883年Reynolds开始现代湍流研究以来，对湍流的认识在不断深化，一些杰出科学家留下了他们的足迹.如Taylor(1921)的涡模型[1]、Prandtl(1925年)的混合长模型[2]、Von Karman(1930年)相似模型[3]、Richardson(1922年)多尺度级串模型[4]、Kolmogorov(1941年)局地各向同性模型[5]、周培源(1945年)湍流动力学方程[6]、Lorentz(1963年)发现奇异吸引子[7]以及混沌现象等是这一期间研究湍流的最主要成果.目前大多数人的观点是：湍流是多尺度有结构的不规则的流体运动，其基本物理特性可由Navier-Stokes方程来描述.随着计算机的迅速发展，湍流的数值模拟逐渐兴起.能分辨所有尺度湍涡的数值模拟称为直接数值模拟(Direct Numerical Simulation, DNS).DNS方法，由于不需作简化和假设，直接求解已知初始条件和边界条件的Navier-Stokes方程组，成为研究低雷诺数、简单几何边界湍流的主要工具之一.Coleman(1990)等使用DNS揭示了Ekman层的湍流特征[8].受限于目前计算机的容量和速度，我们还不能对104量级以上的高Reynolds数湍流进行直接数值模拟.作为DNS方法的一种折中，大涡数值模拟(large eddy simulation, LES)方法，采用合适滤波器，将大尺度湍涡和小尺度湍涡分开，对Navier-Stokes方程做过滤运算，通过建立亚格子应力模型(过滤掉的小尺度湍涡对大尺度湍涡的作用称为亚格子应力)，来模拟包含大于过滤尺度的所有含能大尺度运动.尽管LES方法比DNS方法节省很大的计算量，而且在大气边界层等领域展现不俗的研究潜力[9-13]，但仍受到计算机容量和速度的限制，LES模拟Reynolds数较高的对流边界层以及复杂边界条件下的湍流，减少数值模拟湍流与实际湍流之间的误差仍需要相当长的时间.湍流对大气中声、光和其它电磁波的传播产生重要的影响，原因是大气中存在小尺度折射率起伏，我们称为大气光学湍流.大气折射率结构常数是描述大气光学湍流的重要参数，从某种意义上说，知道了时空分布，就可以计算出大气光学湍流对光电系统的影响.仪器测量和模式估算是获取时空分布最常用的两种方法.因受人力、物力所限难以在全国大范围内进行大气光学湍流较长时间的现场测量，若实现用常规气象参数的方法估算高空光学湍流，则可利用地域广数据量多的常规气象资料，再结合光学湍流现场观测数据的检验，就可获得在地域、气候等方面具有代表性地区可靠的高空光学湍流数据.如何用常规气象参数估算光学湍流，反映的是平均气象场与随机湍流场的内在联系，开展这方面工作可以加深大气湍流自身规律如湍流产生机制等物理问题的研究.光学湍流预报涉及多学科如大气科学(包括气象学、大气物理)、计算数学和计算机计术、光学工程(包括天文选址、光传输和光通讯)、湍流测量技术等其它学科和领域的交叉和融合.这种多学科的交叉和融合，既是挑战也是机遇.近几年我们开展了用常规气象参数进行大气光学湍流强度估算和预报方法研究.本文简述基于Monin-Obukhov相似理论开展的近地面的估算结果；基于Tatarski公式和气象探空数据，开展的高空的初步研究；以及利用中尺度气象模式WRF开展的预报的研究.相似理论是研究边界层湍流模式的基石.我们运用Monin-Obukhov相似理论[14]，用Bulk方法，通过测量两高度层上的风速、温度、绝对湿度差值，估算出湍流通量，得到折射率结构常数.式中L是Monin-Obukhov长度，△T为两层的温差，△q是两层湿度差，rTq是温湿相关项系数.系数A、B分别为分别是温度结构常数、风速、温度的无量纲普适函数.茂名博贺海洋气象科学试验基地位于广东省西南部(21°27′N，111°18′E)，南濒南中国海.我们研制的移动式大气参数测量系统安装在岸基观测站.图1是模式估算的与温度脉动仪测量的的比对.模式输入的常规气象参数是两层气温、相对湿度、风速.z1=0.50m，z2=2.15m.测量时间2012年9月26日至10月19日共24天.模式估算和温度脉动仪测量在量级和变化趋势基本一致.但夜晚稳定的大气条件下，模式估算精度有待深入研究.国内外有许多学者提出了廓线模式.这类模式是在大量观测数据基础上总结出的经验公式，基本上代表的是一个统计平均的结果.模式中的参数仅含有高度或少量的气象参数.如SLC模式、AFGL AMOS 夜晚模式、CLEAR Ⅰ夜晚模式、Hufnagel-Valley(5/7)模式、冬季兴隆廓线模式等，限于篇幅，其表达式这里不再赘述，参见参考文献[15].图2是建立高空大气光学湍流模式方框图.Tatarski公式形式为：这里,T是绝对气温(K)，P是气压(hPa)，γa是干空气绝热递减率(9.8×10-3-1),h是高度(m)，L0是湍流外尺度.Dewan在实验数据基础上将看作是风切变的函数：对流层平流层S是风剪切量.与Dewan类似的HMNSP99外尺度参数化公式增加了温度梯度.对流层平流层外尺度经验公式还有Coulman公式.我们通过测量30km以下的温度、湿度、气压、风速风向和，对常规气象参数估算的与实测的进行比对.图3是在合肥进行的温度、风速、风向廓线的一次探空实例，测量时间为2014年5月7日21:48:58-23:46:34.图4是四种外尺度模式(Dewan、HMNSP99、Sterengorg、Coulman)估算的结果与测量值的比较[16].从变化趋势和量级看，HMNSP99的外尺度模式估算的与测量值接近.文献16对现有的典型模式进行比对.给出了四种廓线模式(SLC模式、AFGL AMOS 夜晚模式、C LEARⅠ夜晚模式、Hufnagel模式)估算的，和四种外尺度模式(Dewan、HMNSP99、Sterengorg、Coulman)估算的，并与温度脉动探空仪测量的进行了比较，归纳出的实测值和模式值的一些共同特点和差异，指出选择合适的外尺度模式是用Tatarski公式估算的关键.大气中包含有大、中、小尺度的大气运动系统.其中“中尺度系统”的概念是在50年代初随着气象雷达和加密观测网的发展而形成的.它一般是指时间和水平空间尺度比常规探空网的时空密度小，但比积云单体的生命期及空间尺度大得多的一种系统.中尺度天气预报模式是通过一系列方程模拟反映大气参数如温度、气压、水汽、风速等随时间的演变.模式内的大气三维空间被分割成一系列网格点阵，每个格点上的气象参数值代表了当时大气的状况.网格点数量愈多，模式分辨率愈高，空间分辨率提高一倍，所需计算量将提高16倍.从数学角度，气象模式就是一组数学物理方程，在给定初始条件和边界条件下，就可以得到这组数学物理方程的解.湍流能量从大尺度涡旋向小尺度级串，为人们定性和定量地认识湍流的多尺度现象,从中尺度天气预报模式估算小尺度湍流成为可能.中尺度气象模式最具代表性的是MM5(The Fifth-Generation Mesoscale Model)和WRF(Weather Research and Forecast).两种模式源代码开放，从相关网站可获取全球气象观测基础数据库、全球高程数据库、全球土壤和植被系数数据库等模式运行所需的基础数据.Coulman(1986)[17]最早提出有可能从气象参数预报大气光学湍流.Bougeault(1995)[18]则采用流体静力假设的中尺度模式PERIDOT，法国探空网提供初值条件，首次实现了使用中尺度气象模式估算和预报法国境内Lachens山附近视宁度.2007年我们[19]国内率先开展了利用MM5预报高空的初步研究，在此基础上进行了WRF模式预报光学湍流的进一步研究[20-22].图5是我们运用WRF估算云南天文台高美古站光学湍流强度的一次实例[22].丽江高美古观测站(100.03°E,26.69°N)海拔高度约3227m.模拟平台采用Lenovo Product系列台式计算机，4核CPU，4G内存和1T容量硬盘.操作系统采用Linux架构下的Ubuntu(10.04 LTS)系统.采用3层网格嵌套，东西方向格点数从外到内分别为65，91，124；南北方向格点数从外到内分别为49，61，97；网格分辨率从外到内分别为36，12，4 km；静态地形数据的分辨率为10＇，5＇，2＇；投影方式采用lambert正型投影；输入的初始场资料为再分析场数据(FNL)，分辨率为1°×1°.顶层气压设置为10 hPa.基本模拟参数设置见表1.WRF模拟的气温、风速廓线与我们自行研制的湍流气象探空仪测量的结果基本一致.近地面模式估算和温度脉动仪测量在量级和变化趋势基本一致.对于复杂的下垫面，夜晚稳定的大气条件，选择合适的相似性函数，提高模式估算精度有待深入研究. 采用Dewan、HMNSP99、Coulman和Sterenborg四种外尺度模式对值进行估算，并与探空测量的值进行了比较.HMNSP99模式估算的值和测量值在量级和变化趋势上相接近.WRF模式模拟光学湍流强度与实测结果基本一致.构建合适的光学湍流外尺度参数化公式，进行中尺度模式与微尺度模式嵌套，开展光学湍流参数化新方法的研究，是今后提高光学湍流估算和预报精度努力的方向.【相关文献】[1] TYLOR G I. Diffussion by continuous movements[J]. Proc London Math Soc,1921,(20):196-211.[2] PRANDTL L. Bericht uber untersuchungen zur ausgebildeten Turbulenz[J]. Zs angew Math Mech， 1925,(5):136-139.[3] von Karman T. Mechanische anlichkeit und turbulenz[J]. Nachr Ges Wiss Gottingen, Math-Phys K1, 1930,(3)：51-76.[4] RICHARDSON L F. Weather prediction by numerical process[M]. Cambridge university press, 1922.Cambridge[5] KOLOMOGOROV A N. The local structure of turbulence in incompressible viscous fluid for very large Reynolds number[J]. Dokl Akad Nauk SSSR, 1941,30:9-13(Reprinted in Proc，Royal Soc， Lond A, 1991,9-13)[6] CHOU P Y. Pressure flow of a turbulent fluid between two infinite parallel planes[J]. Quanterly Appl Math, 1945,3(3):198-209.[7] LORENTZ E N. Deterministic nonperiodic flow[J]. J Atmos Sci， 1963,20,130-141.[8] COLEMAN G N, FERZIGER J H, SPALART P R. A numerical study of the turbulent Ekman layer[J]. J Fluid Mech, 1990,213,313-348.[9] 蒋维楣，苗世光.大涡模拟与大气边界层研究-30年回顾与展望[J]，自然科学进展，2004,14(1)：11-19.[10] MASON P J. Large eddy simulation: A critical review of the technique[J]. Quart J RoyMeteor Soc, 1994，120：1-26.[11] MOENG C H. Large eddy simulation of atmospheric boundary layers[M]. Clear and Cloudy Boundary Layers, A A M Holtslag and P G Duynkerke, Eds. Royal Netherlands Academy of Sciences, 1998：67-83.[12] STEVENS B, LENSCHOW D H. Observations,experiments and large-eddy simulation[J]. Bull Ameteor Soc, 2001,82：283-294.[13] 张兆顺，崔桂香，许春晓.走近湍流[J].力学与实践，2002, 24(1)：1-17.[14] 吴晓庆，朱行听，黄宏华，胡顺星.基于Monin-Obukhov相似理论估算近地面光学湍流强度[J].光学学报，2012,32(7)：1-7.[15] 吴晓庆.大气光学湍流、模式与测量技术[J].安徽师范大学学报：自然科学版，2006,29(2)：103-107.[16] 吴晓庆.中尺度气象模式预报大气光学湍流的现状与展望[J].激光与光电子学进展，2016，(已收录).[17] COULMAN C E, ANDRE J C, LACARRERE P， GUILLINGHAM P R. The observations, calculations, and possible forecasting of astronomical seeing[J]. Publ Astron.l Soc Pac, 1986,98:376-387.[18] BOUGEAULT P, CHEN D H, FLEURY B, LAURENT J. Investigation of seeing by means of an atmospheric mesoscale numerical simulation[J]. Appl Opt, 1995,34(18):3481-3488. [19] 许利明，吴晓庆，王英俭.利用中尺度天气预报模式预报大气光学湍流[J].大气与环境光学学报，2008,3(4):270-275.[20] 青春，吴晓庆，李学彬，等.基于天气数值预报模式预报高空光学湍流[J].强激光与粒子束，2015，27(6):1-6.[21] 青春，吴晓庆，李学彬，等.WRF模式估算丽江高美古大气光学湍流廓线[J].中国激光，2015,42(9):1-8.[22] 青春，吴晓庆，李学彬，等.典型地区高空大气光学湍流模拟研究[J]，光学学报，2016,36(5)：1-7.。
缝焊机主要技术参数 Seam welder specifications features
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
Model describe:ZFNL/ZFNC-*** L:means longitudinal c:means circular
We can manufacture the seam welder according to the requirement from the customer
1.2+1.2
1.5+1.5
1.5+1.5
焊接板料电极臂伸出长度mm
The standard length of the arm when weld sheet
500
500
500
500
500
焊接圆桶电极臂伸出长度mm
The strode of the arm
焊内径为130mm的圆** mm
The stroke of the arm when weld the &130mm
263
263
390
390
额定负载持续率
Duty cycle %
50
50
50
50
50
50
50
50
50
50
次级空载电压
Secondary unload voltage V
4.3~3.8
4.3~3.8
5.4~4.5
5.3~4.5
5.8~5.0
5.8~5.0
6.7~5.8
6.7~5.8
9.2~8.5
9.2~8.5
35
35
50
50
80
80
中尺度气象数值模式简介
中尺度气象数值模式简介何为中尺度？天气系统根据其空间尺度及时间尺度的不同可划分为行星尺度、大尺度、中尺度和小尺度，中尺度气象关注的尺度在几公里到几百公里，持续时间则为几天。
为了定量研究中尺度系统的演化，科学工作者建立了描述大气运动的基本方程组，分别从质量、动量、能量、水汽守恒的角度对大气运动进行阐述。
这样就构成了一组偏微分方程组，由于湍流项的存在，这个方程组无法求出解析解，对它的求解通常是采用差分离散化方式求出数值解。
由于计算量非常大，通常通过高性能计算机集群实现。
由于大气中的湍涡最小尺度约为毫米量级，计算中尺度现在的计算机还不能支持如此大量的计算，目前中尺度气象数值模式用的比较多的网格尺度一般为几公里到几十公里，视具体的研究个例而定，而对尺度小于网格尺度的物理过程，模式中是通过参数化实现的（不具体描述物理过程，而使用其他模式已知物理量计算其最终效果）。
除了数值模式本身，我们还需要其它的一些输入才能实现模式的计算，这里面有静态地理资料如地形数据、土地利用类型等，还有驱动模式的初始场。
中尺度数值模式作为有限区域模式，它的计算还需要边界场作为输入。
而使用最广泛的初始场和边界场包括FNL、ERA、MERRA等全球格点数据。
作为对大气运动的抽象描述，我们也很容易看到数值模式计算结果的不确定性所在。
首先模式初始场和边界场存在误差，其次大气运动方程组对湍流描述本身就是经过简化的，并且由于我们模式格点分辨率较低，对于小尺度的过程不能显式描述，只能通过参数化进行处理，这一过程又引入了误差，另外由于对很多物理过程本身并没有理解清楚，对云微物理、积云对流等的描述也会带来误差。
当我们拿模式结果与我们的观测进行对比时又会带来代表性误差，因为模式结果代表的是区域平均的结果而并不精确对应我们的观测点。
为了提高数值模式结果的准确性，各种先进的技术正在被引入。
比如集合预报、资料同化技术用于提升模式初始场和边界场的准确性；大涡模拟技术及与CFD模式的耦合；选用更适用区域气候的物理参数化方案以及模式结果的后处理。
中尺度气象数值模式简介
中尺度气象数值模式简介何为中尺度？天气系统根据其空间尺度及时间尺度的不同可划分为行星尺度、大尺度、中尺度和小尺度，中尺度气象关注的尺度在几公里到几百公里，持续时间则为几天。
为了定量研究中尺度系统的演化，科学工作者建立了描述大气运动的基本方程组，分别从质量、动量、能量、水汽守恒的角度对大气运动进行阐述。
这样就构成了一组偏微分方程组，由于湍流项的存在，这个方程组无法求出解析解，对它的求解通常是采用差分离散化方式求出数值解。
由于计算量非常大，通常通过高性能计算机集群实现。
由于大气中的湍涡最小尺度约为毫米量级，计算中尺度现在的计算机还不能支持如此大量的计算，目前中尺度气象数值模式用的比较多的网格尺度一般为几公里到几十公里，视具体的研究个例而定，而对尺度小于网格尺度的物理过程，模式中是通过参数化实现的（不具体描述物理过程，而使用其他模式已知物理量计算其最终效果）。
除了数值模式本身，我们还需要其它的一些输入才能实现模式的计算，这里面有静态地理资料如地形数据、土地利用类型等，还有驱动模式的初始场。
中尺度数值模式作为有限区域模式，它的计算还需要边界场作为输入。
而使用最广泛的初始场和边界场包括FNL、ERA、MERRA等全球格点数据。
作为对大气运动的抽象描述，我们也很容易看到数值模式计算结果的不确定性所在。
首先模式初始场和边界场存在误差，其次大气运动方程组对湍流描述本身就是经过简化的，并且由于我们模式格点分辨率较低，对于小尺度的过程不能显式描述，只能通过参数化进行处理，这一过程又引入了误差，另外由于对很多物理过程本身并没有理解清楚，对云微物理、积云对流等的描述也会带来误差。
当我们拿模式结果与我们的观测进行对比时又会带来代表性误差，因为模式结果代表的是区域平均的结果而并不精确对应我们的观测点。
为了提高数值模式结果的准确性，各种先进的技术正在被引入。
比如集合预报、资料同化技术用于提升模式初始场和边界场的准确性；大涡模拟技术及与CFD模式的耦合；选用更适用区域气候的物理参数化方案以及模式结果的后处理。
FNL-PROFIBUS和以太网连接网关使用手册
FNL (Fieldbus Network Link) Installation InstructionsV1.623.09.2009Project No.: 6174Doc-ID.: FNL Installation Instructions.doc©COMSOFTd:\windoc\icp\doku\hw\fnl\installation\version_1.6\fnl_e.docRevision HistoryVersion Date DescriptionV1.6 23.09.2009 Technical data table extendedV1.5 17.06.2009 Updated VersionV1.4 19.06.2006 Updated VersionV1.3 17.10.2002 Updated VersionV1.2 23.05.2002 Revised VersionV1.1 22.11.2001 Updated VersionCOMSOFT GmbHWachhausstraße 5aD-76227 KarlsruhePhone +49 721 9497 - 0Fax +49 721 9497 - 129Copyright © 2009 by COMSOFT GmbHThis document is protected by copyright. Reproduction, duplication, publishing, transfer or disclosure of the contents of this document are only permitted after prior written agreement has been obtained from COMSOFT GmbH.FNL - Installation Instructions ContentsContents1 Introduction (1)2 Hardware Installation (2)2.1 Assembly on Top-Hat Rail (2)2.2 Assignment of Connections and Plugs (3)2.2.1 FNL with PROFIBUS-DP / 12 Mbit/s (3)2.2.2 FNL with PROFIBUS-PA / 31.25 Kbit/s (4)2.3 Power Supply Connection (5)2.4 Ethernet Connection (5)2.5 Profibus DP RS485 Connection (if installed) (6)2.6 LEDs (7)2.7 Profibus PA Connection (if installed) (8)2.8 RS232-Service interface (9)2.8.1 Pin assignment RS232-Interface cable (9)3 Technical Data (10)4 Software Installation (12)5 Setting into Operation (13)5.1 Configuration of the FNL TCP/IP – Adresse (14)5.2 Configuration of operation mode (15)5.2.1 COMSOFT interface (15)5.2.2 TMG interface (16)5.3 Configuration of symbolic names for FNL (18)5.3.1 General (18)5.3.2 Configuration of a new FNL (19)5.3.3 Changing an already configured FNL (21)5.4 FNL with DPE Programming Interface (21)5.5 FNL with OPC Server (21)5.6 FNL with FDT comDTM (22)5.7 FNL socket based programming interface (22)5.8 Test of Network Connection (ping) (22)©COMSOFT V1.6 / 23.09.2009 iContents FNL – Installation ManualList of FiguresFigure 1: FNL with Profibus DP/12 Mbit/s (1)Figure 2: FNL with Profibus PA/31.25 Kbit/s (1)Figure 3: Connections and Plugs FNL with Profibus DP/12 Mbit/s (3)Figure 4: Connection and Plugs FNL with Profibus PA/31.25 Kbit/s (4)Figure 5: Power Supply Connection (5)Figure 6: Profibus Bus Terminator (6)Figure 7: Profibus PA Connection (8)Figure 8: RS232-Interface cable (9)Figure 9: COMSOFT Network Configurator (13)Figure 10: Configuration of TCP/IP-Address (14)Figure 11: Configuration of the FNL operation mode (15)Figure 15: Configuration Dialog TMG Set-up (18)Figure 16: Property Dialog (19)Figure 17: Selection of Board Type (19)Figure 18: FNL Properties (20)Figure 19: FNL Properties (21)ii V1.6 / 23.09.2009 ©COMSOFTFNL - Installation Instructions ContentsList of TablesTable 1: Pin Assignment (6)Table 2: Technical Data I (10)Table 3: Technical Data II (10)Table 4: Technical Data III (10)Table 5: Technical Data IV (11)©COMSOFT V1.6 / 23.09.2009 iiiFNL - Installation Instructions Introduction1IntroductionThe present document shall describe the hardware installation of the FNL module and its corresponding interfaces i.e. interface modules. FNL is a gateway between IP-based Ethernet networks (10/100 Mbit/s) and the fieldbus PROFIBUS DP.FNL supports PROFIBUS DP (RS485 bus) up to 12 Mbit/s as well as PROFIBUS PA (IEC1158-2 bus) with 31.25 Kbit/s. The current configuration is indicated on the side label of the FNL. FNL is not intrinsic save. To connect FNL to intrinsic save PROFIBUS PA networks intrinsic save barriers must be used.Figure 1: FNL with PROFIBUS DP/12 Mbit/sFigure 2: FNL with PROFIBUS PA/31.25 Kbit/s©COMSOFT V1.6 / 23.09.2009 1Hardware Installation FNL - Installation Instructions 2Hardware Installation2.1Assembly on Hat RailThe FNL module is designed for hat rail assembly according to DIN 50022. Take the device out of the box and hold it upright so that the letters are legible. Now, position the recess for the rail right above the hat rail and press the device downwards until it snaps in. For the disassembly, please use a screwdriver. With it, remove the notch at the lower bar, lift up the module and remove it.2 V1.6 / 23.09.2009 ©COMSOFTFNL - Installation Instructions Hardware Installation© COMSOFT V1.6 / 23.09.2009 3 2.2Assignment of Connections and Plugs 2.2.1FNL with PROFIBUS DP / 12 Mbit/sFigure 3: Connections and Plugs FNL with PROFIBUS DP/12 Mbit/sEthernet 10/100 RJ 45Hardware Installation FNL - Installation Instructions4 V1.6 / 23.09.2009 © COMSOFT 2.2.2FNL with PROFIBUS PA/31.25 Kbit/sFigure 4: Connection and Plugs FNL with PROFIBUS PA/31.25 Kbit/sEthernet 10/100 RJ 45FNL - Installation Instructions Hardware Installation2.3Power Supply ConnectionThe power supply basis for the FNL module is 24 V DC. The following options for a correct connection exist:•0 V is to be connected either to clamp 9 or 10 whereas +24 V to clamp 11 or 12.•The resulting free clamps can be used for distributing the power supply to other 24 V devices in the cabinet.•The four clamps are to be combined in one plug which is coded for the sake of an unmistakable assignment. It can be inserted manually and removed again with a screwdriver.•The power up current impuls of FNL is round about 1.5 A. The used power supply may not switch off at this charge.Figure 5: Power Supply Connection2.4Ethernet ConnectionThe Ethernet 10/100 baseTX is to be connected to the front part of the RJ45 connector. To do so, insert the corresponding plug until it snaps in. The shield is connected to the hat rail. Please note that the transmission rate adjusts itself automatically: the slowest rate on the network determines the speed. For connection to an existing network, connect the FNL onto the corresponding hub or switch via patch cable. For direct connection without use of a hub or a switch, a cross-wired Ethernet cable is required.Hardware Installation FNL - Installation Instructions2.5 PROFIBUS DP RS485 Connection (if installed)The PROFIBUS DP is connected to the front side of the module on the 9-pin DSUB, as depicted in Figure 3: Connections and Plugs FNL with PROFIBUS DP/12 Mbit/s. In case the FNL module is the last unit in the bus chain, a terminator will have to be installed. All common PROFIBUS plugs already include a terminator, which can be switched on or off. Please tighten the assembly screws of the plug. The shield is automatically connected to the hat rail. Pin-No. Signal Function Direction 1 -shielding3 R x D / T x D - Pdata+input/output 5 0 V (potential free 80 mA) supply terminatoroutput 6 5 V (potential free 80 mA) supply terminator output 8R x D / T x D - NData-input/outputTable 1: Pin Assignment Note:For correct operation of the PROFIBUS a terminator has to be installed on each end of the bus.Figure 6: PROFIBUS Bus TerminatorFNL - Installation Instructions Hardware Installation2.6LEDsThe LEDs depicted above have the following meaning:BF: bus failing, red, lighting whenever the PROFIBUS is not yet configured or cannot be operatedRun: bus running, green, lighting while the PROFIBUS is in operationRec: receiving, green, lighting while the FNL is receiving data on the EthernetTX: transmitting, green, lighting while the FNL is sending data on the EthernetLNK: link active, yellow, lighting when there is a logical connection between the FNL and the superior Ethernet partner100: 100 Mbit/s, red, lighting while the Ethernet communication is running on 100 Mbit/s.At 10 Mbit/s the LED is off. The data rate adjusts automatically and cannot be manually selected.Hardware Installation FNL - Installation Instructions2.7PROFIBUS PA Connection (if installed)The PROFIBUS PA (IEC1158-2) is accessible via clamps 13, 14, 15, 16, which are to be combined in one plug which is coded for the sake of an unmistakable assignment.Clamp 13 is the shield and is connected to the hat rail. It can be combined with a strain relief which is plugged into the clamp. This part is included in the package.Clamp 14 is the 24 V input of the internal PA power supply. If internal PA power supply is to be used, this input will have to be connected to the +24 V output (clamp 5, see next chapter) via an external wire. If an external PA power supply is used, this line will remain open. External power supplies are necessary when working with a large number of PA subscribers or at high temperatures. Please, find more details in the part …Technical Data“.Clamp 15 is the positive signal line to the PA bus.Clamp 16 is the negative signal line to the PA bus.The PA bus terminator is installed inside the FNL. The terminator cannot be switched off. It is important for another terminator to be installed at the other end of the bus.Figure 7: PROFIBUS PA ConnectionFNL - Installation Instructions Hardware Installation2.8RS232 Service InterfaceTo configure the FNL, terminals can be connected via the terminal connection (RS232/V24). In general, the terminal consists of a PC with corresponding terminal emulation. We recommend hyper terminal under Windows XX. What can be controlled or observed via the terminal is described in the section …Setting into Operation“.Clamps 5 … 8 serve as terminal connection and as 24 V output for the internal PA power supply.Clamp 5supplies the 24 V that are needed to activate the internal PA power supply (only available with the PA Version of FNL)Clamp 6is the 0 V for the RS232 interface.Clamp 7is the outgoing data line of the RS232 interface from viewpoint of the FNL. Clamp 8is the incoming data line of the RS232 interface from viewpoint of the FNL.2.8.1Pin assignment RS232-Interface cableFigure 8: RS232 Interface cableTechnical Data FNL - Installation Instructions3Technical DataFNL G61740xDimensions 114.5 mm x 99 mm x 45 mmEnvironmental temperature during0 ... 40 °Coperation-40 ... 100 °CEnvironmental temperature duringstorageSafety EN60950EN50081-2 and EN50082-2Electromagnetic compatibility(EMV)Table 2: Technical Data IFNL NET+ARM Module B617401Processor NET+ARMClock pulse frequency 31 MHzStorage 16 MB SDRAM, 2 MB FlashPower supply 12 … 36 V, nom. 24V DCCurrent consumption At 24 V: max. 120 mAEthernet 10/100 baseTXDielectric strength Ethernet 1500 VACTable 3: Technical Data IIFNL DP Module B617402PROFIBUS IC ASPC2Bus interface Profibus in accordance to EN50170Max. data rate 12Mbit/sData Size of Process Image max. 8 KByteDielectric strength 500VACCurrent consumption At 24 V: max. 100 mA (is supplied by NET+ARM module)Table 4: Technical Data IIIFNL - Installation Instructions Technical DataFNL PA Module B617403PROFIBUS IC Find 1, alternatively SPC4-2bus interface IEC1158-2 or DIN EN 61158-2Current consumption without bussupply50 mA at 24 V (supplied by NET+ARM module)Type of PROFIBUS PA bus supply Internal or externalSupply voltage for internal PA bussupply18 … 36V, nom. 24 V DCCurrent consumption for internal PAbus supply150 mAMax. power supply for external PAbus subscribers and internal bussupply100 mAMax. power supply for external PA bus subscribers and external bus supply Described in IEC1158-2 or. DIN EN 61158-2. depending on power supplyIsolation PA-circuit to FNL 500 VACEX-safety None, use barrier! Table 5: Technical Data IVSoftware Installation FNL - Installation Instructions4Software InstallationCOMSOFT and TMG i-tec offer different software packages for the FNL: •COMSOFT Network Configurator ToolBasic tool for FNL Network configuration•TMG i-tec DPE Programming Interface for Windows NT/2000Windows DLL based pogramming interface for the TMG-Net protocol •COMSOFT OPC Server for Windows NT/2000/XPData Access 2.0 OPC Server incl. configration tool and OPC test client •COMSOFT FDT comDTMFDT 1.2 Communication DTM for FNL to be used with FDT compatible frame applications like PactWARE or FieldCare.•COMSOFT TCP/IP socket based programming interfaceTCP/IP Socket based programming interface for the integration of FNL with any operating system platform. To compile the PROFIBUS DP configuration the configuration tool CONFIGURATOR II is included in scope of delivery.•COMSOFT Modbus TCP InterfaceModbus TCP Server V1.1 compatible Ethernet interface for the connection to any Modbus TCP Client application. To compile the PROFIBUS DP configuration the configuration tool CONFIGURATOR II is included in scope of delivery.FNL - Installation Instructions Setting into Operation5Setting into OperationThe FNL network configuration is performed via Ethernet by the tool COMSOFT Network Configurator.The Ethernet based network configuration of FNL is possible from version 5.02. Older versions of FNL must be configured via the RS232 service interface.Start the pogram COMSOFT Network Configurator from the windows start menu COMSOFT GmbH/COMSOFT Network Configurator.Click on to the Search icon: COMSOFT Network Configurator scans the network and displays all found COMSOFT Ehternet devices:Figure 9: COMSOFT Network ConfiguratorSetting into Operation FNL - Installation Instructions5.1Configuration of the FNL TCP/IP AdresseDouble click the appropriate FNL in the displayed list and enter the TCP/IP Address, Subnet mask und Gateway.Figure 10: Configuration of TCP/IP Address and Timeout5.2Configuration of operation modeFNL supports two operation modes to ensure the downwards compatibility to previous FNL versions.Figure 11: Configuration of the FNL operation mode5.2.1COMSOFT interfaceThe operation mode COMSOFT interface is to be configured for the use of FNL in combination with the following applications:•COMSOFT TCP/IP socket based programming interface•COMSOFT Modbus TCP Server Interface•COMSOFT FNL LabVIEW TreiberFor details refer to the related documentation within scope of delivery of the particular application.5.2.2TMG interfaceThe operation mode TMG interface ensures the downwards compatibility to previous FNL versions and is to be used with the following applications:•TMG i-tec DPE programming interface•COMSOFT FNL OPC Server•COMSOFT FDT comDTMIf the operation mode TMG interface is selected and if a FNL symbolic name and Timeout are already configured, they are additionally displayed in the General Tab (see also chapter 5.3 Configuration of symbolic names for FNL):5.3Configuration of symbolic names for FNL5.3.1GeneralTo use FNL with the DPE programming interface or the COMSOFT OPC Server a symbolic name and a timeout value must be assigned to the FNL. This can be performed by the TMG Setup program (TMGDEVICES.exe) within scope of delivery:Figure 12: Configuration Dialog TMG Setup5.3.2Configuration of a new FNLIf you wish to add a new FNL, click onto the Add button. The following window will appear:Figure 13: Property DialogSelect the type FNL from the list box Board Type:Figure 14: Selection of Board TypeA new window opens:Figure 15: FNL PropertiesIn the field IP Address, enter the TCP/IP address of the FNL. The TCP/IP address must match with that assigned by the COMSOFT Network Configurator Tool. Otherwise the DPE Programming Interface or the OPC Server cannot communicate with the FNL via the symbolic name.In the field Timeout, you may set a alive timeout value for network interruption. If the alive timeout expires, an error message will be generated by the driver interface of the PC and sent to the superior application. We recommend to keep the default value of 20.000 ms.5.3.3Changing an already configured FNLClick onto the name of the FNL you wish to change. The command button Properties will be activated. Click onto it.The following window will appear:Figure 16: FNL PropertiesThe symbolic name, the TCP/IP address and the Timeout value can be changed.5.4FNL with DPE Programming InterfaceAfter complete configuration of the FNL, the DPE programming interface is now ready for operation. For more details, please refer to the DPE programming interface documentation.5.5FNL with OPC Server•Configuration of the PROFIBUS line and definition of the OPC tags with configurator.exe. The procedure is described in detail in the help context of the PROFIBUS /OPC Configurator.•Start of the OPC Server FNL_Server.exe. Detailed annotations regarding the operation and settings of the user interface are to be found in the help context of the OPC Server.5.6FNL with FDT comDTMStart after installation and network configuration of the FNL the FDT frame application and update the FDT device catalog. The procedure to get on line with the connected Slaves is described in detail in the comDTM's on line help system.5.7FNL socket based programming interfaceRefer to the included Getting Started Document (GettingStarted.pdf).5.8Test of Network Connection (ping)Accessibility of a correctly configured FNL, connected to both power supply and network, can be tested from a PC by using the command ping in Windows NT. Syntax: ping <TCP/IP-address>.。
飞秒激光辅助白内障手术并发症及处理要点
ａｎｄ ｓｅｎｖｅｔｙ－ｓｉｘ
ｅｙｅｓ（６７．７９％）ｈａｄ ｃｏｎｊｕｎｃｔｉｖａ
ａｆｔｅｒ ｌａｓｅｒ，
ｒｅｄｎｅｓｓ ７
ｈｅｍｏｒｒｈａｇｅ ｄｕｒｉｎｇ
ｌａｓｅｒ ｐｒｏｃｅｄｕｒｅ，１ ８ ｅｙｅｓ（６．９２％）ｈａｄ ｃｏｎｔｒａｃｔｉｂｌｅ ｐｕｐｉｌ ｆｉｎｉｓｈｅｄ ｂｙ
ｅｙｅｓ（２．６９％）ｈａｄ
表１ ＬｅｎＳｘ手术中参数设置
能量（ＩｌＪ）
配置
６２
６．２
１３－１４
１５
３平面反向梯形切口
觚
２
单平面切口直径５Ｄ衄４分核十字裂，醯２５／５．Ｏ咖，圆柱切龃８＿ｆ７
舶 １２ 们 虮
一一
光鄹板层
长度（咖）
２
一
术中将患者角膜接触装置（ｐａｔｉｅｎｔ Ｉｎｔｅｒｆａｃｅ，ＰＩ） 安装好。调整好患者眼位，开睑器开睑，输入患者的 个人资料指导激光进行，将激光探头降低，ＰＩ接触角 膜，激活抽吸（Ｄｏｃｋ），启动负压吸引固定眼球（Ｓｕｃ— ｔｉｏｎ），ＯＣＴ实时图像显示，启动激光，进行前囊膜切 开术、预分核、制作主切口和侧切口和角膜松解切口 （必要时），程序结束后ＰＩ负压自动解除，将激光探 头升高，取下ＰＩ；随后，转移病人进行超声乳化白内 障手术。常规消毒、开睑器开睑，以切口分离器分离 角膜主、侧切口，注入黏弹剂，撕囊镊取出囊膜，水分 离，其余手术步骤同常规超声乳化手术，患者囊袋内
ｉｎｃｏｍｐｌｅｔｅ ｃａｐｓｕｌｏｔｏｍｙ ｂｙ ｌａｓｅｒ ｗｈｉｃｈ ｗｅｒｅ ｉｎ ３
ｈａｎｄ．Ａｎｔｅｒｉｏｒ ｃａｐｓｕｌａｒ ｉｎ ６ ｅｙｅｓ ｄｕｒｉｎｇ
ｄｅｃｅｎｔｒａｌｉｚａｔｉｏｎ ｏｃｃｕｒｒｅｄ ｔｈｅ
ｅｙｅｓ（１．１５％）ａｎｄ
fnl中的变量说明
filename: fnl_20111201_00_00_cpath: /home/sunhw/fnl/fnl_2011/fnl_2011_00/fnl_20111201_00_00_c file global attributes:dimensions:lat_3 = 181lon_3 = 360lv_PVL2 = 2lv_ISBL3 = 26lv_GPML4 = 3lv_DBLY5 = 4lv_ISBL6 = 2lv_ISBL7 = 21lv_SIGY8 = 4lv_ISBL9 = 6variables:float PRES_3_SFC ( lat_3, lon_3 )center : US National Weather Service - NCEP (WMC)long_name : Pressureunits : Pa_FillValue : 1e+20level_indicator : 1grid_number : 3parameter_table_version : 2parameter_number : 1model : Spectral Statistical Interpolation (SSI) analysis from "Final" run.forecast_time : 0forecast_time_units : hoursinitial_time : 12/01/2011 (00:00)float PRES_3_MWSL ( lat_3, lon_3 )center : US National Weather Service - NCEP (WMC)long_name : Pressureunits : Pa_FillValue : 1e+20level_indicator : 6grid_number : 3parameter_table_version : 2parameter_number : 1model : Spectral Statistical Interpolation (SSI) analysis from "Final" run.forecast_time : 0forecast_time_units : hoursinitial_time : 12/01/2011 (00:00)float PRES_3_TRO ( lat_3, lon_3 )center : US National Weather Service - NCEP (WMC)long_name : Pressureunits : Pa_FillValue : 1e+20level_indicator : 7grid_number : 3parameter_table_version : 2parameter_number : 1model : Spectral Statistical Interpolation (SSI) analysis from "Final" run.forecast_time : 0forecast_time_units : hoursinitial_time : 12/01/2011 (00:00)float PRES_3_MSL ( lat_3, lon_3 )center : US National Weather Service - NCEP (WMC)long_name : Pressureunits : Pa_FillValue : 1e+20level_indicator : 102grid_number : 3parameter_table_version : 2parameter_number : 1model : Spectral Statistical Interpolation (SSI) analysis from "Final" run.forecast_time : 0forecast_time_units : hoursinitial_time : 12/01/2011 (00:00)float PRES_3_PVL ( lv_PVL2, lat_3, lon_3 )center : US National Weather Service - NCEP (WMC)long_name : Pressureunits : Pa_FillValue : 1e+20level_indicator : 117grid_number : 3parameter_table_version : 2parameter_number : 1model : Spectral Statistical Interpolation (SSI) analysis from "Final" run.forecast_time : 0forecast_time_units : hoursinitial_time : 12/01/2011 (00:00)float PRES_3_LCBL_ave ( lat_3, lon_3 )center : US National Weather Service - NCEP (WMC)long_name : Pressureunits : Pa_FillValue : 1e+20level_indicator : 212grid_number : 3parameter_table_version : 2parameter_number : 1model : Spectral Statistical Interpolation (SSI) analysis from "Final" run.forecast_time : 0forecast_time_units : hoursinitial_time : 12/01/2011 (00:00)float PRES_3_LCTL_ave ( lat_3, lon_3 )center : US National Weather Service - NCEP (WMC)long_name : Pressureunits : Pa_FillValue : 1e+20level_indicator : 213grid_number : 3parameter_table_version : 2parameter_number : 1model : Spectral Statistical Interpolation (SSI) analysis from "Final" run.forecast_time : 0forecast_time_units : hoursinitial_time : 12/01/2011 (00:00)float PRES_3_MCBL_ave ( lat_3, lon_3 )center : US National Weather Service - NCEP (WMC)long_name : Pressureunits : Pa_FillValue : 1e+20level_indicator : 222grid_number : 3parameter_table_version : 2parameter_number : 1model : Spectral Statistical Interpolation (SSI) analysis from "Final" run.forecast_time : 0forecast_time_units : hoursinitial_time : 12/01/2011 (00:00)float PRES_3_MCTL_ave ( lat_3, lon_3 )center : US National Weather Service - NCEP (WMC)long_name : Pressureunits : Pa_FillValue : 1e+20level_indicator : 223grid_number : 3parameter_table_version : 2parameter_number : 1model : Spectral Statistical Interpolation (SSI) analysis from "Final" run.forecast_time : 0forecast_time_units : hoursinitial_time : 12/01/2011 (00:00)float PRES_3_HCBL_ave ( lat_3, lon_3 )center : US National Weather Service - NCEP (WMC)long_name : Pressureunits : Pa_FillValue : 1e+20level_indicator : 232grid_number : 3parameter_table_version : 2parameter_number : 1model : Spectral Statistical Interpolation (SSI) analysis from "Final" run.forecast_time : 0forecast_time_units : hoursinitial_time : 12/01/2011 (00:00)float PRES_3_HCTL_ave ( lat_3, lon_3 )center : US National Weather Service - NCEP (WMC)long_name : Pressureunits : Pa_FillValue : 1e+20level_indicator : 233grid_number : 3parameter_table_version : 2parameter_number : 1model : Spectral Statistical Interpolation (SSI) analysis from "Final" run.forecast_time : 0forecast_time_units : hoursinitial_time : 12/01/2011 (00:00)float PRMSL_3_MSL ( lat_3, lon_3 )center : US National Weather Service - NCEP (WMC)long_name : Pressure reduced to MSLunits : Pa_FillValue : 1e+20level_indicator : 102grid_number : 3parameter_table_version : 2parameter_number : 2model : Spectral Statistical Interpolation (SSI) analysis from "Final" run.forecast_time_units : hoursinitial_time : 12/01/2011 (00:00)float HGT_3_SFC ( lat_3, lon_3 )center : US National Weather Service - NCEP (WMC)long_name : Geopotential heightunits : gpm_FillValue : 1e+20level_indicator : 1grid_number : 3parameter_table_version : 2parameter_number : 7model : Spectral Statistical Interpolation (SSI) analysis from "Final" run.forecast_time : 0forecast_time_units : hoursinitial_time : 12/01/2011 (00:00)float HGT_3_0DEG ( lat_3, lon_3 )center : US National Weather Service - NCEP (WMC)long_name : Geopotential heightunits : gpm_FillValue : 1e+20grid_number : 3parameter_table_version : 2parameter_number : 7model : Spectral Statistical Interpolation (SSI) analysis from "Final" run.forecast_time : 0forecast_time_units : hoursinitial_time : 12/01/2011 (00:00)float HGT_3_MWSL ( lat_3, lon_3 )center : US National Weather Service - NCEP (WMC)long_name : Geopotential heightunits : gpm_FillValue : 1e+20level_indicator : 6grid_number : 3parameter_table_version : 2parameter_number : 7model : Spectral Statistical Interpolation (SSI) analysis from "Final" run.forecast_time : 0forecast_time_units : hoursinitial_time : 12/01/2011 (00:00)float HGT_3_TRO ( lat_3, lon_3 )center : US National Weather Service - NCEP (WMC)long_name : Geopotential heightunits : gpm_FillValue : 1e+20level_indicator : 7grid_number : 3parameter_table_version : 2parameter_number : 7model : Spectral Statistical Interpolation (SSI) analysis from "Final" run.forecast_time : 0forecast_time_units : hoursinitial_time : 12/01/2011 (00:00)float HGT_3_ISBL ( lv_ISBL3, lat_3, lon_3 )center : US National Weather Service - NCEP (WMC)long_name : Geopotential heightunits : gpm_FillValue : 1e+20level_indicator : 100grid_number : 3parameter_table_version : 2parameter_number : 7model : Spectral Statistical Interpolation (SSI) analysis from "Final" run.forecast_time : 0forecast_time_units : hoursinitial_time : 12/01/2011 (00:00)float HGT_3_PVL ( lv_PVL2, lat_3, lon_3 )center : US National Weather Service - NCEP (WMC)long_name : Geopotential heightunits : gpm_FillValue : 1e+20level_indicator : 117grid_number : 3parameter_table_version : 2parameter_number : 7model : Spectral Statistical Interpolation (SSI) analysis from "Final" run.forecast_time : 0forecast_time_units : hoursinitial_time : 12/01/2011 (00:00)float HGT_3_HTFL ( lat_3, lon_3 )center : US National Weather Service - NCEP (WMC)long_name : Geopotential heightunits : gpm_FillValue : 1e+20level_indicator : 204grid_number : 3parameter_table_version : 2parameter_number : 7model : Spectral Statistical Interpolation (SSI) analysis from "Final" run.forecast_time : 0forecast_time_units : hoursinitial_time : 12/01/2011 (00:00)float TOZONE_3_EATM ( lat_3, lon_3 )center : US National Weather Service - NCEP (WMC)long_name : Total ozoneunits : Dobson_FillValue : 1e+20level_indicator : 200grid_number : 3parameter_table_version : 2parameter_number : 10model : Spectral Statistical Interpolation (SSI) analysis from "Final" run.level : 0forecast_time : 0forecast_time_units : hoursinitial_time : 12/01/2011 (00:00)float TMP_3_SFC ( lat_3, lon_3 )center : US National Weather Service - NCEP (WMC)long_name : Temperatureunits : K_FillValue : 1e+20level_indicator : 1grid_number : 3parameter_table_version : 2parameter_number : 11model : Spectral Statistical Interpolation (SSI) analysis from "Final" run.forecast_time : 0forecast_time_units : hoursinitial_time : 12/01/2011 (00:00)float TMP_3_MWSL ( lat_3, lon_3 )center : US National Weather Service - NCEP (WMC)long_name : Temperatureunits : K_FillValue : 1e+20level_indicator : 6grid_number : 3parameter_table_version : 2parameter_number : 11model : Spectral Statistical Interpolation (SSI) analysis from "Final" run.forecast_time : 0forecast_time_units : hoursinitial_time : 12/01/2011 (00:00)float TMP_3_TRO ( lat_3, lon_3 )center : US National Weather Service - NCEP (WMC)long_name : Temperatureunits : K_FillValue : 1e+20level_indicator : 7grid_number : 3parameter_table_version : 2parameter_number : 11model : Spectral Statistical Interpolation (SSI) analysis from "Final" run.forecast_time : 0forecast_time_units : hoursinitial_time : 12/01/2011 (00:00)float TMP_3_ISBL ( lv_ISBL3, lat_3, lon_3 )center : US National Weather Service - NCEP (WMC)long_name : Temperatureunits : K_FillValue : 1e+20level_indicator : 100grid_number : 3parameter_table_version : 2parameter_number : 11model : Spectral Statistical Interpolation (SSI) analysis from "Final" run.forecast_time : 0forecast_time_units : hoursinitial_time : 12/01/2011 (00:00)float TMP_3_GPML ( lv_GPML4, lat_3, lon_3 )center : US National Weather Service - NCEP (WMC)long_name : Temperatureunits : K_FillValue : 1e+20level_indicator : 103grid_number : 3parameter_table_version : 2parameter_number : 11model : Spectral Statistical Interpolation (SSI) analysis from "Final" run.forecast_time : 0forecast_time_units : hoursinitial_time : 12/01/2011 (00:00)float TMP_3_HTGL ( lat_3, lon_3 )center : US National Weather Service - NCEP (WMC)long_name : Temperatureunits : K_FillValue : 1e+20level_indicator : 105grid_number : 3parameter_table_version : 2parameter_number : 11model : Spectral Statistical Interpolation (SSI) analysis from "Final" run.level : 2forecast_time : 0forecast_time_units : hoursinitial_time : 12/01/2011 (00:00)float TMP_3_SIGL ( lat_3, lon_3 )center : US National Weather Service - NCEP (WMC)long_name : Temperatureunits : K_FillValue : 1e+20level_indicator : 107grid_number : 3parameter_table_version : 2parameter_number : 11model : Spectral Statistical Interpolation (SSI) analysis from "Final" run.level : 9950forecast_time : 0forecast_time_units : hoursinitial_time : 12/01/2011 (00:00)float TMP_3_DBLY ( lv_DBLY5, lat_3, lon_3 )center : US National Weather Service - NCEP (WMC)long_name : Temperatureunits : K_FillValue : 1e+20level_indicator : 112grid_number : 3parameter_table_version : 2parameter_number : 11model : Spectral Statistical Interpolation (SSI) analysis from "Final" run.forecast_time : 0forecast_time_units : hoursinitial_time : 12/01/2011 (00:00)float TMP_3_SPDY ( lat_3, lon_3 )center : US National Weather Service - NCEP (WMC)long_name : Temperatureunits : K_FillValue : 1e+20level_indicator : 116grid_number : 3parameter_table_version : 2parameter_number : 11model : Spectral Statistical Interpolation (SSI) analysis from "Final" run.level : ( 30, 0 )forecast_time : 0forecast_time_units : hoursinitial_time : 12/01/2011 (00:00)float TMP_3_PVL ( lv_PVL2, lat_3, lon_3 )center : US National Weather Service - NCEP (WMC)long_name : Temperatureunits : K_FillValue : 1e+20level_indicator : 117grid_number : 3parameter_table_version : 2parameter_number : 11model : Spectral Statistical Interpolation (SSI) analysis from "Final" run.forecast_time : 0forecast_time_units : hoursinitial_time : 12/01/2011 (00:00)float TMP_3_LCTL_ave ( lat_3, lon_3 )center : US National Weather Service - NCEP (WMC)long_name : Temperatureunits : K_FillValue : 1e+20level_indicator : 213grid_number : 3parameter_table_version : 2parameter_number : 11model : Spectral Statistical Interpolation (SSI) analysis from"Final" run.forecast_time : 0forecast_time_units : hoursinitial_time : 12/01/2011 (00:00)float TMP_3_MCTL_ave ( lat_3, lon_3 )center : US National Weather Service - NCEP (WMC)long_name : Temperatureunits : K_FillValue : 1e+20level_indicator : 223grid_number : 3parameter_table_version : 2parameter_number : 11model : Spectral Statistical Interpolation (SSI) analysis from "Final" run.forecast_time : 0forecast_time_units : hoursinitial_time : 12/01/2011 (00:00)float TMP_3_HCTL_ave ( lat_3, lon_3 )center : US National Weather Service - NCEP (WMC)long_name : Temperatureunits : K_FillValue : 1e+20level_indicator : 233grid_number : 3parameter_table_version : 2parameter_number : 11model : Spectral Statistical Interpolation (SSI) analysis from "Final" run.forecast_time : 0forecast_time_units : hoursinitial_time : 12/01/2011 (00:00)float POT_3_SIGL ( lat_3, lon_3 )center : US National Weather Service - NCEP (WMC)long_name : Potential temperatureunits : K_FillValue : 1e+20level_indicator : 107grid_number : 3parameter_table_version : 2parameter_number : 13model : Spectral Statistical Interpolation (SSI) analysis from "Final" run.level : 9950forecast_time : 0forecast_time_units : hoursinitial_time : 12/01/2011 (00:00)float T_MAX_3_HTGL ( lat_3, lon_3 )center : US National Weather Service - NCEP (WMC)long_name : Maximum temperatureunits : K_FillValue : 1e+20level_indicator : 105grid_number : 3parameter_table_version : 2parameter_number : 15model : Spectral Statistical Interpolation (SSI) analysis from "Final" run.level : 2forecast_time : 0forecast_time_units : hoursinitial_time : 12/01/2011 (00:00)float T_MIN_3_HTGL ( lat_3, lon_3 )center : US National Weather Service - NCEP (WMC)long_name : Minimum temperatureunits : K_FillValue : 1e+20level_indicator : 105grid_number : 3parameter_table_version : 2parameter_number : 16model : Spectral Statistical Interpolation (SSI) analysis from "Final" run.level : 2forecast_time : 0forecast_time_units : hoursinitial_time : 12/01/2011 (00:00)float GPA_3_ISBL ( lv_ISBL6, lat_3, lon_3 )center : US National Weather Service - NCEP (WMC)long_name : Geopotential height anomalyunits : gpm_FillValue : 1e+20level_indicator : 100grid_number : 3parameter_table_version : 2parameter_number : 27model : Spectral Statistical Interpolation (SSI) analysis from "Final" run.forecast_time : 0forecast_time_units : hoursinitial_time : 12/01/2011 (00:00)float U_GRD_3_MWSL ( lat_3, lon_3 )center : US National Weather Service - NCEP (WMC)long_name : u-component of windunits : m/s_FillValue : 1e+20level_indicator : 6grid_number : 3parameter_table_version : 2parameter_number : 33model : Spectral Statistical Interpolation (SSI) analysis from "Final" run.forecast_time : 0forecast_time_units : hoursinitial_time : 12/01/2011 (00:00)float U_GRD_3_TRO ( lat_3, lon_3 )center : US National Weather Service - NCEP (WMC)long_name : u-component of windunits : m/s_FillValue : 1e+20level_indicator : 7grid_number : 3parameter_table_version : 2parameter_number : 33model : Spectral Statistical Interpolation (SSI) analysis from "Final" run.forecast_time : 0forecast_time_units : hoursinitial_time : 12/01/2011 (00:00)float U_GRD_3_ISBL ( lv_ISBL3, lat_3, lon_3 )center : US National Weather Service - NCEP (WMC)long_name : u-component of windunits : m/s_FillValue : 1e+20level_indicator : 100grid_number : 3parameter_table_version : 2parameter_number : 33model : Spectral Statistical Interpolation (SSI) analysis from "Final" run.forecast_time : 0forecast_time_units : hoursinitial_time : 12/01/2011 (00:00)float U_GRD_3_GPML ( lv_GPML4, lat_3, lon_3 )center : US National Weather Service - NCEP (WMC)long_name : u-component of windunits : m/s_FillValue : 1e+20level_indicator : 103grid_number : 3parameter_table_version : 2parameter_number : 33model : Spectral Statistical Interpolation (SSI) analysis from "Final" run.forecast_time : 0forecast_time_units : hoursinitial_time : 12/01/2011 (00:00)float U_GRD_3_HTGL ( lat_3, lon_3 )center : US National Weather Service - NCEP (WMC)long_name : u-component of windunits : m/s_FillValue : 1e+20level_indicator : 105grid_number : 3parameter_table_version : 2parameter_number : 33model : Spectral Statistical Interpolation (SSI) analysis from"Final" run.level : 10forecast_time : 0forecast_time_units : hoursinitial_time : 12/01/2011 (00:00)float U_GRD_3_SIGL ( lat_3, lon_3 )center : US National Weather Service - NCEP (WMC)long_name : u-component of windunits : m/s_FillValue : 1e+20level_indicator : 107grid_number : 3parameter_table_version : 2parameter_number : 33model : Spectral Statistical Interpolation (SSI) analysis from "Final" run.level : 9950forecast_time : 0forecast_time_units : hoursinitial_time : 12/01/2011 (00:00)float U_GRD_3_SPDY ( lat_3, lon_3 )center : US National Weather Service - NCEP (WMC)long_name : u-component of windunits : m/s_FillValue : 1e+20level_indicator : 116grid_number : 3parameter_table_version : 2parameter_number : 33model : Spectral Statistical Interpolation (SSI) analysis from "Final" run.level : ( 30, 0 )forecast_time : 0forecast_time_units : hoursinitial_time : 12/01/2011 (00:00)float U_GRD_3_PVL ( lv_PVL2, lat_3, lon_3 )center : US National Weather Service - NCEP (WMC)long_name : u-component of windunits : m/s_FillValue : 1e+20level_indicator : 117grid_number : 3parameter_table_version : 2parameter_number : 33model : Spectral Statistical Interpolation (SSI) analysis from"Final" run.forecast_time : 0forecast_time_units : hoursinitial_time : 12/01/2011 (00:00)float V_GRD_3_MWSL ( lat_3, lon_3 )center : US National Weather Service - NCEP (WMC)long_name : v-component of windunits : m/s_FillValue : 1e+20level_indicator : 6grid_number : 3parameter_table_version : 2parameter_number : 34model : Spectral Statistical Interpolation (SSI) analysis from "Final" run.forecast_time : 0forecast_time_units : hoursinitial_time : 12/01/2011 (00:00)float V_GRD_3_TRO ( lat_3, lon_3 )center : US National Weather Service - NCEP (WMC)long_name : v-component of windunits : m/s_FillValue : 1e+20level_indicator : 7grid_number : 3parameter_table_version : 2parameter_number : 34model : Spectral Statistical Interpolation (SSI) analysis from "Final" run.forecast_time : 0forecast_time_units : hoursinitial_time : 12/01/2011 (00:00)float V_GRD_3_ISBL ( lv_ISBL3, lat_3, lon_3 )center : US National Weather Service - NCEP (WMC)long_name : v-component of windunits : m/s_FillValue : 1e+20level_indicator : 100grid_number : 3parameter_table_version : 2parameter_number : 34model : Spectral Statistical Interpolation (SSI) analysis from "Final" run.forecast_time : 0forecast_time_units : hoursinitial_time : 12/01/2011 (00:00)float V_GRD_3_GPML ( lv_GPML4, lat_3, lon_3 )center : US National Weather Service - NCEP (WMC)long_name : v-component of windunits : m/s_FillValue : 1e+20level_indicator : 103grid_number : 3parameter_table_version : 2parameter_number : 34model : Spectral Statistical Interpolation (SSI) analysis from "Final" run.forecast_time : 0forecast_time_units : hoursinitial_time : 12/01/2011 (00:00)float V_GRD_3_HTGL ( lat_3, lon_3 )center : US National Weather Service - NCEP (WMC)long_name : v-component of windunits : m/s_FillValue : 1e+20level_indicator : 105grid_number : 3parameter_table_version : 2parameter_number : 34model : Spectral Statistical Interpolation (SSI) analysis from "Final" run.level : 10forecast_time : 0forecast_time_units : hoursinitial_time : 12/01/2011 (00:00)float V_GRD_3_SIGL ( lat_3, lon_3 )center : US National Weather Service - NCEP (WMC)long_name : v-component of windunits : m/s_FillValue : 1e+20level_indicator : 107grid_number : 3parameter_table_version : 2parameter_number : 34model : Spectral Statistical Interpolation (SSI) analysis from "Final" run.level : 9950forecast_time : 0forecast_time_units : hoursinitial_time : 12/01/2011 (00:00)float V_GRD_3_SPDY ( lat_3, lon_3 )center : US National Weather Service - NCEP (WMC)long_name : v-component of windunits : m/s_FillValue : 1e+20level_indicator : 116grid_number : 3parameter_table_version : 2parameter_number : 34model : Spectral Statistical Interpolation (SSI) analysis from "Final" run.level : ( 30, 0 )forecast_time : 0forecast_time_units : hoursinitial_time : 12/01/2011 (00:00)float V_GRD_3_PVL ( lv_PVL2, lat_3, lon_3 )center : US National Weather Service - NCEP (WMC)long_name : v-component of windunits : m/s_FillValue : 1e+20level_indicator : 117grid_number : 3parameter_table_version : 2parameter_number : 34model : Spectral Statistical Interpolation (SSI) analysis from "Final" run.forecast_time : 0forecast_time_units : hoursinitial_time : 12/01/2011 (00:00)float V_VEL_3_ISBL ( lv_ISBL7, lat_3, lon_3 )center : US National Weather Service - NCEP (WMC)long_name : Pressure vertical velocityunits : Pa/s_FillValue : 1e+20level_indicator : 100grid_number : 3parameter_table_version : 2parameter_number : 39model : Spectral Statistical Interpolation (SSI) analysis from "Final" run.forecast_time : 0forecast_time_units : hoursinitial_time : 12/01/2011 (00:00)float V_VEL_3_SIGL ( lat_3, lon_3 )center : US National Weather Service - NCEP (WMC)long_name : Pressure vertical velocityunits : Pa/s_FillValue : 1e+20level_indicator : 107grid_number : 3parameter_table_version : 2parameter_number : 39model : Spectral Statistical Interpolation (SSI) analysis from "Final" run.level : 9950forecast_time : 0forecast_time_units : hoursinitial_time : 12/01/2011 (00:00)float ABS_V_3_ISBL ( lv_ISBL3, lat_3, lon_3 )center : US National Weather Service - NCEP (WMC)long_name : Absolute vorticityunits : /s_FillValue : 1e+20level_indicator : 100grid_number : 3parameter_table_version : 2parameter_number : 41model : Spectral Statistical Interpolation (SSI) analysis from "Final" run.forecast_time : 0forecast_time_units : hoursinitial_time : 12/01/2011 (00:00)float SPF_H_3_HTGL ( lat_3, lon_3 )center : US National Weather Service - NCEP (WMC)long_name : Specific humidityunits : kg/kg_FillValue : 1e+20level_indicator : 105grid_number : 3parameter_table_version : 2parameter_number : 51model : Spectral Statistical Interpolation (SSI) analysis from "Final" run.level : 2forecast_time : 0forecast_time_units : hoursinitial_time : 12/01/2011 (00:00)float SPF_H_3_SPDY ( lat_3, lon_3 )center : US National Weather Service - NCEP (WMC)long_name : Specific humidityunits : kg/kg_FillValue : 1e+20level_indicator : 116grid_number : 3parameter_table_version : 2parameter_number : 51model : Spectral Statistical Interpolation (SSI) analysis from "Final" run.level : ( 30, 0 )forecast_time : 0forecast_time_units : hoursinitial_time : 12/01/2011 (00:00)float R_H_3_0DEG ( lat_3, lon_3 )center : US National Weather Service - NCEP (WMC)long_name : Relative humidityunits : %_FillValue : 1e+20level_indicator : 4grid_number : 3parameter_table_version : 2parameter_number : 52model : Spectral Statistical Interpolation (SSI) analysis from"Final" run.forecast_time : 0forecast_time_units : hoursinitial_time : 12/01/2011 (00:00)float R_H_3_ISBL ( lv_ISBL7, lat_3, lon_3 )center : US National Weather Service - NCEP (WMC)long_name : Relative humidityunits : %_FillValue : 1e+20level_indicator : 100grid_number : 3parameter_table_version : 2parameter_number : 52model : Spectral Statistical Interpolation (SSI) analysis from "Final" run.forecast_time : 0forecast_time_units : hoursinitial_time : 12/01/2011 (00:00)float R_H_3_HTGL ( lat_3, lon_3 )center : US National Weather Service - NCEP (WMC)long_name : Relative humidityunits : %_FillValue : 1e+20level_indicator : 105grid_number : 3parameter_table_version : 2parameter_number : 52model : Spectral Statistical Interpolation (SSI) analysis from "Final" run.level : 2forecast_time : 0forecast_time_units : hoursinitial_time : 12/01/2011 (00:00)float R_H_3_SIGL ( lat_3, lon_3 )center : US National Weather Service - NCEP (WMC)long_name : Relative humidityunits : %_FillValue : 1e+20level_indicator : 107grid_number : 3parameter_table_version : 2parameter_number : 52model : Spectral Statistical Interpolation (SSI) analysis from "Final" run.level : 9950forecast_time : 0forecast_time_units : hoursinitial_time : 12/01/2011 (00:00)float R_H_3_SIGY ( lv_SIGY8, lat_3, lon_3 )center : US National Weather Service - NCEP (WMC)long_name : Relative humidityunits : %_FillValue : 1e+20level_indicator : 108grid_number : 3parameter_table_version : 2parameter_number : 52model : Spectral Statistical Interpolation (SSI) analysis from "Final" run.forecast_time : 0forecast_time_units : hoursinitial_time : 12/01/2011 (00:00)float R_H_3_SPDY ( lat_3, lon_3 )center : US National Weather Service - NCEP (WMC)long_name : Relative humidityunits : %_FillValue : 1e+20。
1336Force变频器参数说明
另外，还有一些参数如定标参数、偏置参数、链接参数则要根据实际控制方式和需要进行设置。
额定滑差频率最小值自整定时产生
P249
Kp Slip
滑差调节器比例系数自整定时产生
P250
Ki Slip
滑差调节器积分系数自整定时产生
P251
Kp Flux
频率调节器比例系数自整定时产生
P252
Ki Flux
频率调节器积分系数自整定时产生
5、报警信息
参数号
名称
描述
P80
Powerup/Diagnostic Fault Status
P235
Encoder PPR
编码器每转脉冲数
P125
Accel Time
加速时间一般根据电机功率合理设置
P126
Decel Time
减速时间一般根据电机功率合理设置
P59
Logic Options
逻辑选项采用缺省值
P128
Fwd Speed Limit
正向速度限幅一般为额定转速
P127
Rew Speed Limit
Bit7:均方根故障
Bit8:不用（故障代码:04024）
Bit9:参数极限（故障代码:03025）
Bit10:数学极限（故障代码:03026）
Bit11:动态制动超温（故障代码:12027）
Bit12:交流电机接触器故障（故障代码:02028）
Bit13:逆变器过载临界（故障代码:03029）
Bit14:D to D通讯故障
Bit14:电源存储器故障（故障代码:03014）
Bit15:预留
P81
Non-configurable Fault Status
- 1、下载文档前请自行甄别文档内容的完整性，平台不提供额外的编辑、内容补充、找答案等附加服务。
- 2、"仅部分预览"的文档,不可在线预览部分如存在完整性等问题,可反馈申请退款(可完整预览的文档不适用该条件!)。
- 3、如文档侵犯您的权益，请联系客服反馈,我们会尽快为您处理(人工客服工作时间：9:00-18:30)。
26 ICEC=Ice concentration (ice=1;no ice=0) [fraction] 冰密集度 27 HPBL=Planetary boundary layer height
11 VGRD=v wind [m/s] 经向风
12 SPFH=Specific humidity [kg/kg] 比湿
13 PWAT=Precipitable water [kg/m^2] 降雨量
14 VWSH=Vertical speed shear [1/s] index [K] 地面举升指数
6 ABSV=Absolute vorticity [/s] 绝对涡度
7 O3MR=Ozone mixing ratio [kg/kg] 臭氧混合比
8 CLWMR=Cloud water [kg/kg] 云水
9 5WAVH=5-wave geopotential height [gpm]
10 UGRD=u wind [m/s] 纬向风
16 CAPE=Convective Avail. Pot. Energy [J/kg] 对流可用位能
17 CIN=Convective inhibition [J/kg] 对流抑制能
18 4LFTX=Best (4-layer) lifted index [K]
19 PRMSL=Pressure reduced to MSL [Pa]
20 POT=Potential temp. [K 位温
21 TOZNE=Total ozone [Dobson] 总臭氧
22 CWAT=Cloud water [kg/m^2] 云水
23 SOILW=Volumetric soil moisture [fraction]
24 WEASD=Accum. snow [kg/m^2] 雪深
1 PRES=Pressure 气压
2 HGT=Geopotential height [gpm] 位势高度
3 TMP=Temp. [K] 温度
4 VVEL=Pressure vertical velocity [Pa/s] 气压垂直速度
5 RH=Relative humidity [%] 相对湿度