计算机英语-刘艺-王春生-第4版
计算机英语 刘艺 王春生 第4版
计算机英语 刘艺 王春生 第4版
The need to share information and resources among different computers has led to linked computer systems, called networks, in which computers are connected so that data can be transferred from machine to machine. In these networks, computer users can exchange messages and share resources such as printing capabilities, software packages, and data storage facilities-that are scattered throughout the system.
从...逐渐形成(发展成)
还有一种网络分类方法,它基于网络的拓扑结构,即计算机相互连接的模式 。总线拓扑结构、环形拓扑结构和星形拓扑结构是3种流行的拓扑结构。其中, 星形网络或许是最古老的,这种网络由一台大型中央计算机服务许多用户的范式 演变而来。
Ⅰ. Network Classifications
网络分类的另一种方式是根据网络的内部运行是基于无专利权保护的设计 还是基于特定实体(如个人或公司)所拥有和控制的革新。前一种类型的网络 称为开放式网络,后一种类型的网络称为封闭式网络,有时也称为专有网络。
Ⅰ. Network Classifications
计算机英语(第4版) 刘艺 课文参考译文
《计算机英语(第4版)》参考译文第一单元:计算机与计算机科学课文A:计算机概览一、引言计算机是一种电子设备,它能接收一套指令或一个程序,然后通过对数字数据进行运算或对其他形式的信息进行处理来执行该程序。
要不是由于计算机的发展,现代的高科技世界是不可能产生的。
不同类型和大小的计算机在整个社会被用于存储和处理各种数据,从保密政府文件、银行交易到私人家庭账目。
计算机通过自动化技术开辟了制造业的新纪元,而且它们也增强了现代通信系统的性能。
在几乎每一个研究和应用技术领域,从构建宇宙模型到产生明天的气象报告,计算机都是必要的工具,并且它们的应用本身就开辟了人们推测的新领域。
数据库服务和计算机网络使各种各样的信息源可供使用。
同样的先进技术也使侵犯个人隐私和商业秘密成为可能。
计算机犯罪已经成为作为现代技术代价组成部分的许多风险之一。
二、历史第一台加法机是法国科学家、数学家和哲学家布莱斯•帕斯卡于1642年设计的,它是数字计算机的先驱。
这个装置使用了一系列带有10个齿的轮子,每个齿代表从0到9的一个数字。
轮子互相连接,从而通过按照正确的齿数向前转动轮子,就可以将数字彼此相加。
17世纪70年代,德国哲学家和数学家戈特弗里德•威廉•莱布尼兹对这台机器进行了改良,设计了一台也能做乘法的机器。
法国发明家约瑟夫―玛丽•雅卡尔,在设计自动织机时,使用了穿孔的薄木板来控制复杂图案的编织。
在19世纪80年代期间,美国统计学家赫尔曼•何勒里斯,想出了使用类似雅卡尔的木板那样的穿孔卡片来处理数据的主意。
通过使用一种将穿孔卡片从电触点上移过的系统,他得以为1890年的美国人口普查汇编统计信息。
1、分析机也是在19世纪,英国数学家和发明家查尔斯•巴比奇,提出了现代数字计算机的原理。
他构想出旨在处理复杂数学题的若干机器,如差分机。
许多历史学家认为,巴比奇及其合伙人,数学家奥古斯塔•埃达•拜伦,是现代数字计算机的真正先驱。
巴比奇的设计之一,分析机,具有现代计算机的许多特征。
计算机英语刘艺第4版答案
计算机英语刘艺第4版答案下面是店铺整理的计算机英语刘艺第4版答案,希望对大家有帮助。
Unit Four: Software DevelopmentUnit Four/Section AI. Fill in the blanks with the information given in the text:1. application; operating2. assemblers3. compiler4. interpreter5. debugger6. loop7. device driver8. John von NeumannII. Translate the following terms or phrases from English into Chinese and vice versa:1. inference engine 推理机2. system call 系统调用3. compiled language 编译执行的语言4. parallel computing 并行计算5. pattern matching 模式匹配6. memory location 存储单元7. interpreter program 解释程序8. library routine 库程序,程序库例行程序9. intermediate program 中间程序,过渡程序10. source file 源文件11. 解释执行的语言 interpreted language12. 设备驱动程序 device driver13. 源程序 source program14. 调试程序 debugging program15. 目标代码 object code16. 应用程序 application program17. 实用程序 utility program18. 逻辑程序 logic program19. 墨盒 ink cartridge20. 程序的存储与执行 program storage and executionIII. Fill in each of the blanks with one of the words given in the following list, makingchanges if necessary:A compiler, in computer science, is a computer program that translates source code intoobject code. Software engineers write source code using high-level programming languagesthat people can understand. Computers cannot directly execute source code, but need acompiler to translate these instructions into a low-level language called machine code.Compilers collect and reorganize (compile) all the instructions in a given set of sourcecode to produce object code. Object code is often the same as or similar to a computer’smachine code. If the object code is the same as the machine language, the computer can runthe program immediately after the compiler produces its translation. If the object code is notin machine language, other programs —such as assemblers, binders ( 联编程序), linkers, andloaders ( 加载程序) —finish the translation.Most computer languages use different versions ofcompilers for different types ofcomputers or operating systems, so one language may have different compilers for personalcomputers (PC) and Apple Macintosh computers. Many different manufacturers often produceversions of the same programming language, so compilers for a language may vary betweenmanufacturers.IV. Translate the following passage from English into Chinese: 在软件中,错误是指导致程序发生故障或产生不正确结果的编码或逻辑错误。
计算机英语 刘艺 王春生 第4版
III Star/Extended Star Topology
• So+do+主语 • So+主语+do
III Star/Extended Star Topology
• So+do+主语 so代表上句中陈述的肯定内容。do可以是 连系动词、情态动词或助动词,且必须与 上句中的谓语动词保持时态的一致,意思 为“…也是如此”。 如:He can speak English very well. So can she. (=She can speak English very well, too.) 她英语也讲得很好。 • So+主语+do
III Star/Extended Star Topology
• In this case, the extended star topology is all but necessary to prevent degraded signals.
• 在这种情况下,【为防止信号衰减】,扩 展星型拓扑结构几乎是必需的。
V. Mesh Topology
• After all, what are the odds a network will fail in multiple times near the same device?
• 毕竟,一个网络在同一个设备附近多次出 故障的可能性有多大呢?
• 虚拟语气是一种特殊的动词形式,表示所 说的话不是一个事实,而只是一种假设、 愿望、建议、怀疑、猜测或不大可能实现 的空想。
• 虚拟语气用在条件状语从句中,通常从句 由连词if 引导。
II Ring Topology
虚拟条件状语从句 a. 与现在事实相反的假设 条件从句用一般过去时(be用were),主 句用should(would/might/could)+动词原形 如:If they were here, they would help you. 如果他们在这儿,会帮助你的。 含义:They are not here, they can’t help you.
《计算机英语(第4版)》课后练习参考答案
《计算机英语(第4版)》练习参考答案Unit One: Computer and Computer ScienceUnit One/Section AI.Fill in the blanks with the information given in the text:1. Charles Babbage; Augusta Ada Byron2. input; output3. VLSI4. workstations; mainframes5. vacuum; transistors6. instructions; software7. digit; eight; byte8. microminiaturization; chipII.Translate the following terms or phrases from English into Chinese and vice versa:1. artificial intelligence 人工智能2. paper-tape reader 纸带阅读器3. optical computer 光计算机4. neural network 神经网络5. instruction set 指令集6. parallel processing 并行处理7. difference engine 差分机8. versatile logical element 通用逻辑元件9. silicon substrate 硅衬底10. vacuum tube 真空管11. 数据的存储与处理the storage and handling of data12. 超大规模集成电路very large-scale integrated circuit13. 中央处理器central processing unit14. 个人计算机personal computer15. 模拟计算机analogue computer16. 数字计算机digital computer17. 通用计算机general-purpose computer18. 处理器芯片processor chip19. 操作指令operating instructions20. 输入设备input deviceIII.Fill in each of the blanks with one of the words given in the following list, making changes if necessary:We can define a computer as a device that accepts input, processes data, stores data, and produces output. According to the mode of processing, computers are either analog or digital.They can also be classified as mainframes, minicomputers, workstations, or microcomputers.All else (for example, the age of the machine) being equal, this categorization provides some indication of the computer’s speed, size, cost, and abilities.Ever since the advent of computers, there have been constant changes. First-generation computers of historic significance, such as UNIVAC(通用自动计算机), introduced in the early 1950s, were based on vacuum tubes. Second-generation computers, appearing in the early 1960s, were those in which transistors replaced vacuum tubes. In third-generation computers, dating from the 1960s, integrated circuits replaced transistors. In fourth-generation computers such as microcomputers, which first appeared in the mid-1970s, large-scale integration enabled thousands of circuits to be incorporated on one chip. Fifth-generation computers are expected to combine very-large-scale integration with sophisticated approaches to computing, including artificial intelligence and true distributed processing.IV. Translate the following passage from English into Chinese:计算机将变得更加先进,也将变得更加容易使用。
《计算机英语(第4版)》参考译文
第一单元:计算机与计算机科学课文A:计算机概览一、引言计算机是一种电子设备,它能接收一套指令或一个程序,然后通过对数字数据进行运算或对其他形式的信息进行处理来执行该程序。
要不是由于计算机的发展,现代的高科技世界是不可能产生的。
不同类型和大小的计算机在整个社会被用于存储和处理各种数据,从保密政府文件、银行交易到私人家庭账目。
计算机通过自动化技术开辟了制造业的新纪元,而且它们也增强了现代通信系统的性能。
在几乎每一个研究和应用技术领域,从构建宇宙模型到产生明天的气象报告,计算机都是必要的工具,并且它们的应用本身就开辟了人们推测的新领域。
数据库服务和计算机网络使各种各样的信息源可供使用。
同样的先进技术也使侵犯个人隐私和商业秘密成为可能。
计算机犯罪已经成为作为现代技术代价组成部分的许多风险之一。
二、历史第一台加法机是法国科学家、数学家和哲学家布莱斯•帕斯卡于1642年设计的,它是数字计算机的先驱。
这个装置使用了一系列带有10个齿的轮子,每个齿代表从0到9的一个数字。
轮子互相连接,从而通过按照正确的齿数向前转动轮子,就可以将数字彼此相加。
17世纪70年代,德国哲学家和数学家戈特弗里德•威廉•莱布尼兹对这台机器进行了改良,设计了一台也能做乘法的机器。
法国发明家约瑟夫―玛丽•雅卡尔,在设计自动织机时,使用了穿孔的薄木板来控制复杂图案的编织。
在19世纪80年代期间,美国统计学家赫尔曼•何勒里斯,想出了使用类似雅卡尔的木板那样的穿孔卡片来处理数据的主意。
通过使用一种将穿孔卡片从电触点上移过的系统,他得以为1890年的美国人口普查汇编统计信息。
1、分析机也是在19世纪,英国数学家和发明家查尔斯•巴比奇,提出了现代数字计算机的原理。
他构想出旨在处理复杂数学题的若干机器,如差分机。
许多历史学家认为,巴比奇及其合伙人,数学家奥古斯塔•埃达•拜伦,是现代数字计算机的真正先驱。
巴比奇的设计之一,分析机,具有现代计算机的许多特征。
计算机英语 刘艺 王春生 第4版 Unit 8B
• Each level in the hierarchy has representatives at both the origin and the destination, with the representatives at the destination tending to do the reverse of their counterparts at the origin. • 分层结构中的每一层在起始地点和目的地 均有代表,在目的地的代表所做的工作往 往与在起始地点的代表所做的工作相反。 • counterparts:与对方地位相当的人, 与另一 方作用相当的物
• This is handled by assigning unique port numbers to the various units and requiring that the appropriate port number be appended to a message’s address before starting the message on its journey. • 这由以下方法处理:给各个单元分配一个 独特的端口号 ,且要求在报文开始旅途前 (报文发送前)将适当的端口号附加到报 文地址上。
• 这种分隔是必要的,因为一个长报文能阻 塞在因特网站点上的其他报文流,(在因 特网的站点)其上许多报文必须路径相交 。
• ..., the packets are treated as individual, unrelated messages until they reach the transport layer at their final destination. • 直到它们到达最终目的地的传输层,分组 都被作为独立的,无关系的报文来对待。
计算机英语-刘艺-王春生-第4版-Unit-10A
❖ 18.deletion command 删除命令
❖ 19.backup copy 备份的副本
❖ 20. encryption program 加密程序
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❖ act out ❖ get back (at) ❖ intend to ❖ introduce…into… ❖ fill…with ❖ in the form of ❖ in case of ❖ be concerned with ❖ act as ❖ in the event of from ❖2021/3/11 time to time
❖ 6. detection program 检测程序
❖ 7. virus checker 病毒检查程序
❖ 8. software piracy 软件侵权
❖ 9. primary storage 主存储器
❖ 10. power line 电力线,输电线
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❖ 10.voltage surge 电涌,浪涌电压
(1)雇员
人数最多的计算机罪犯类型由那些最容易接近计算机的人,亦即雇员,
构成。有时,雇员只是设法从雇主那盗窃某种东西——设备、软件、电
子资金、专有信息或计算机时间。有时,雇员可能出于怨恨而行动,试
20图21/“3/1报1 复”公司。
8
(2) Outside Users
Not only employees but also some suppliers or clients may have access to a company’s computer system. Examples are bank customers who use an automatic teller machine. Like employees, these authorized users may obtain confidential passwords or find other ways of committing computer crimes.
计算机英语(第4版)--刘艺--课文参考译文
《计算机英语(第4版)》参考译文第一单元:计算机与计算机科学课文A:计算机概览一、引言计算机是一种电子设备,它能接收一套指令或一个程序,然后通过对数字数据进行运算或对其他形式的信息进行处理来执行该程序。
要不是由于计算机的发展,现代的高科技世界是不可能产生的。
不同类型和大小的计算机在整个社会被用于存储和处理各种数据,从保密政府文件、银行交易到私人家庭账目。
计算机通过自动化技术开辟了制造业的新纪元,而且它们也增强了现代通信系统的性能。
在几乎每一个研究和应用技术领域,从构建宇宙模型到产生明天的气象报告,计算机都是必要的工具,并且它们的应用本身就开辟了人们推测的新领域。
数据库服务和计算机网络使各种各样的信息源可供使用。
同样的先进技术也使侵犯个人隐私和商业秘密成为可能。
计算机犯罪已经成为作为现代技术代价组成部分的许多风险之一。
二、历史第一台加法机是法国科学家、数学家和哲学家布莱斯•帕斯卡于1642年设计的,它是数字计算机的先驱。
这个装置使用了一系列带有10个齿的轮子,每个齿代表从0到9的一个数字。
轮子互相连接,从而通过按照正确的齿数向前转动轮子,就可以将数字彼此相加。
17世纪70年代,德国哲学家和数学家戈特弗里德•威廉•莱布尼兹对这台机器进行了改良,设计了一台也能做乘法的机器。
法国发明家约瑟夫―玛丽•雅卡尔,在设计自动织机时,使用了穿孔的薄木板来控制复杂图案的编织。
在19世纪80年代期间,美国统计学家赫尔曼•何勒里斯,想出了使用类似雅卡尔的木板那样的穿孔卡片来处理数据的主意。
通过使用一种将穿孔卡片从电触点上移过的系统,他得以为1890年的美国人口普查汇编统计信息。
1、分析机也是在19世纪,英国数学家和发明家查尔斯•巴比奇,提出了现代数字计算机的原理。
他构想出旨在处理复杂数学题的若干机器,如差分机。
许多历史学家认为,巴比奇及其合伙人,数学家奥古斯塔•埃达•拜伦,是现代数字计算机的真正先驱。
巴比奇的设计之一,分析机,具有现代计算机的许多特征。
新编计算机英语课文翻译 王春生 刘艺
在计算机科学中,操作系统是控制计算机的基本软件。
它具有三个主要功能:协调和操纵计算机硬件,如计算机内存、打印机、磁盘、键盘、鼠标和监视器;组织各种存储介质上的文件,如软盘、硬盘、光盘(CD)、数字视盘(DVD)和磁带以及管理硬件错误和数据丢失。
在以掌上电脑和电子游戏机为典型代表的一些计算机中,整个操作系统小到可存储在只读存储器(ROM)中。
对几乎所有的个人电脑、服务器、工作站、大型机以及超级计算机而言,操作系统程序相当大,因此大部分存储在硬盘上。
操作系统的小型引导程序存储在只读存储器上,并在系统启动时提供必要的指令,用于将操作系统的核心装入内存。
操作系统的这个核心部分称为内核,它提供最基本的操作系统服务,如内存管理和文件存取。
在计算机运行的整个时间内,内核一直驻留在内存中。
操作系统的其他部分,如定制实用程序,需要时才装入内存。
二、操作系统如何工作操作系统控制不同的计算机进程,如运行电子表格程序或从计算机内存中存取信息。
一个重要的进程是解释命令,使得用户可以和计算机通信。
一些命令解释器是面向文本的,需要键入命令或通过键盘上的功能键选择命令。
另一些命令解释器使用图形,并允许用户通过指点图标进行通信。
图标是屏幕上的图片,代表特定的命令。
初学者一般会发现面向图形的解释器比较容易使用,但许多有经验的计算机用户更喜欢面向文本的命令解释器,因为它们功能更强。
操作系统可以是单任务的,也可以是多任务的。
较早的单任务操作系统每次只能运行一个进程。
例如,计算机打印文档时,直到打印结束才能开始另外一个进程或响应新的命令。
所有的现代操作系统都是多任务的,可以同时运行数个进程。
然而,在大多数计算机中仅有一个中央处理器(计算机的计算和控制单元),因此多任务操作系统制造了数个进程同时在一个中央处理器上运行的错觉。
制造这种错觉最常用的机制是分时段的多任务处理,靠这种方法每个进程单独运行一段固定的时间。
如果一个进程在分配的时间内没有完成,它就暂停,让另外一个进程运行。
《计算机专业英语(第4版)》Unit 1 Hardware Knowledge
2023/12/28
计算机专业英语第4版
14
• Gates stepped down as chief executive officer of Microsoft in January 2000.
• He remained as chairman and created the position of chief software architect.
• In June 2006, Gates announced that he would be transitioning from full-time work at Microsoft to part-time work, and full-time work at the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation.
four basic units of simplified computer: the input unit, central processing unit (CPU), memory unit, and output unit.
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计算机专业英语第4版
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2023/12/28
2023/12/28
计算机专业英语第4版
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1.2 Computer Development
1.2.1 Text A • The hardware of a digital computer system
计算机英语 刘艺 王春生 第4版
Introduction
shifted from...to...从...转为 shift from 从...去掉(移开)
一个人如果“站”在一个域的网关处“向外看”云,就会发现各种结构。的确,随着 各种域找到与云建立连接的点,因特网也以有点随意的方式发展着。然而,一种流行的结 10/34 构是,将若干域的网关连接在一起,形成一个由网关组成的区域网络。
Internet Architecture
For instance, a group of universities could choose to pool their resources to construct such a network. In turn, this regional network would be connected 轮流地、依次 to a more global network to which other regional networks attach. In this manner, that portion of the cloud takes on a hierarchical structure (Figure 9A-I).
Internet Architecture
Any message being transmitted to a destination within the domain is handled within the domain; any message being transmitted to a destination outside the domain is directed toward the gateway where it is sent out into the cloud.
《计算机英语(第4版)》课后练习参考答案
Unit Two/Section AI.Fill in the blanks with the information given in the text:1.input; output; storage2.Basic Input/Output System3.flatbed; hand-held4.LCD-based5.dot-matrix; inkjet6.disk; memory7.volatile8.serial; parallelII.Translate the following terms or phrases from English into Chinese and vice versa:1.function key功能键,操作键,函数键2.voice recognition module 语音识别模块3.touch-sensitive region 触敏区4.address bus 地址总线5.flatbed scanner 平板扫描仪6.dot-matrix printer点阵打印机(针式打印机)7.parallel connection 并行连接8.cathode ray tube 阴极射线管9.video game 电子游戏10.audio signal 音频信号11.操作系统operating system12.液晶显示(器) LCD (liquid crystal display)13.喷墨打印机inkjet printer14.数据总线data bus15.串行连接serial connection16.易失性存储器volatile memory17.激光打印机laser printer18.磁盘驱动器disk drive19.基本输入 / 输出系统BIOS (Basic Inpul/Output System)changes if necessary:An access control mechanism mediates between a user (or a process executing on behalf of a user) and system resources、such as applications, operating systems, firewalls, routers, files, and databases. The system must first authenticate(验证)a user seeking access. Typically the authemiccition function determines whether the user is permitted to access the system at all. Then the access control function determines if the specific requested access by this user is permitted. A security administrator maintains an authorization(授权)d-sbase that specifies what type of access to which resources is allowed for this user. The access control function consults this database to detemine whether to grant access. An auditing function monitors and keeps a record of user accesses to system resources.In practice, a number of com—cmetus may cooperatively share the access control function. All mii,戏systems have at least a rudimentary(基本的),and in many cases a quite robust. access control component. Add-on security packages can add to the witi*access control capabilities of the OS. Particular applications or utilities,such as a database management system, also incorporate access control functions. External devices, such as firewalls, can also provide access control services.IV. Translate the following passage from English into Chinese:入侵者攻击从温和的到严重的形形色色。
计算机英语 刘艺 王春生 第4版 Unit 11B
• 他们可以开始于主页,以其工作方式到达 他们需要的信息。
II. Using Style in a Website
• Since websites are more modular than paperbased documents, it is a good idea to use themes to set an overall tone that will keep the website sounding consistent. • 由于网站比纸质文件更具模块化, 使用主 题来设定一个总体基调是个好主意。这个 总体基调使网站听起来保持一致性。
• 你需要仔细查看内容、组织、风格和设计 来检查他们是否适合你的读者和网站将使 用的内容。
V. Uploading Testing Maintaining
• you will find some formatting problems that did not show up in your web-authoring program's version of the siteure
Section B
Designing Websites
I. Organizing and Drafting a Website
• This low-tech method allows you and your team to move the notes around to look at different ways to organize the site. • 这种低技术含量的方法允许您和您的团队 来回移动便利贴,以寻找不同的方式来组 织网站。
《计算机英语(第4版)》课后练习参考答案
《计算机英语(第4版)》练习参考答案Unit One: Computer and Computer ScienceUnit One/Section AI.Fill in the blanks with the information given in the text:1. Charles Babbage; Augusta Ada Byron2. input; output3. VLSI4. workstations; mainframes5. vacuum; transistors6. instructions; software7. digit; eight; byte8. microminiaturization; chipII.Translate the following terms or phrases from English into Chinese and vice versa:1. artificial intelligence 人工智能2. paper-tape reader 纸带阅读器3. optical computer 光计算机4. neural network 神经网络5. instruction set 指令集6. parallel processing 并行处理7. difference engine 差分机8. versatile logical element 通用逻辑元件9. silicon substrate 硅衬底10. vacuum tube 真空管11. 数据的存储与处理the storage and handling of data12. 超大规模集成电路very large-scale integrated circuit13. 中央处理器central processing unit14. 个人计算机personal computer15. 模拟计算机analogue computer16. 数字计算机digital computer17. 通用计算机general-purpose computer18. 处理器芯片processor chip19. 操作指令operating instructions20. 输入设备input deviceIII.Fill in each of the blanks with one of the words given in the following list, making changes if necessary: We can define a computer as a device that accepts input, processes data, stores data, and produces output.According to the mode of processing, computers are either analog or digital. They can also be classified as mainframes, minicomputers, workstations, or microcomputers. All else (for example, the age of the machine)being equal, this categorization provides some indication of the compu ter’s speed, size, cost, and abilities.Ever since the advent of computers, there have been constant changes. First-generation computers of historic significance, such as UNIVAC (通用自动计算机), introduced in the early 1950s, were based on vacuum tubes. Second-generation computers, appearing in the early 1960s, were those in which transistors replaced vacuum tubes. In third-generation computers, dating from the 1960s, integrated circuits replaced transistors. In fourth-generation computers such as microcomputers, which first appeared in the mid-1970s, large-scale integration enabled thousands of circuits to be incorporated on one chip. Fifth-generation computers are expected to combine very-large-scale integration with sophisticated approaches to computing, including artificial intelligence and true distributed processing.IV. Translate the following passage from English into Chinese:计算机将变得更加先进,也将变得更加容易使用。
(完整版)计算机英语刘艺王春生第4版Unit11A
Section A Using E-Mail
1
Cyberculture —Introduction
I. Introduction
E-mail is an electronic system for sending
and receiving messages and files over a
你已经创建和使用签名文件了吗? 你加入任何邮件讨论组(新闻组)了吗? 你知道什么是在邮件讨论组中争论吗? 你知道什么是垃圾邮件吗? 你知道什么是网规吗?
5
Cyberculture— Introduction
E-mail is a form of public communication — — Your readers can purposely or mistakenly send your e-mail messages to countless others. So, you should not say things with e-mail that you would not say openly to your supervisors, coworkers, or clients.
Cyberculture— Introduction
Yes No Score
Can you receive and send messages?
Yes Marks
Can you forward documents to others?
Expert 8-10
Can you receive and send attached documents?
computer network. Compared to the phone or
《计算机英语(第4版)》课后练习A部分第二题答案
《计算机英语(第4版)》课后练习A部分第二题答案计算机英语1. artificial intelligence 人工智能2. paper-tape reader 纸带阅读器3. optical computer 光计算机4. neural network 神经网络5. instruction set 指令集6. parallel processing 并行处理7. difference engine 差分机8. versatile logical element 通用逻辑元件9. silicon substrate 硅衬底10. vacuum tube 真空管11. 数据的存储与处理 the storage and handling of data12. 超大规模集成电路 very large-scale integrated circuit13. 中央处理器 central processing unit14. 个人计算机 personal computer15. 模拟计算机 analogue computer16. 数字计算机 digital computer17. 通用计算机 general-purpose computer18. 处理器芯片 processor chip19. 操作指令 operating instructions20. 输入设备 input device1. function key 功能键,操作键,函数键2. voice recognition module 语音识别模块3. touch-sensitive region 触敏区4. address bus 地址总线5. flatbed scanner 平板扫描仪6. dot-matrix printer 点阵打印机(针式打印机)7. parallel connection 并行连接8. cathode ray tube 阴极射线管9. video game 电子游戏10. audio signal 音频信号11. 操作系统 operating system12. 液晶显示(器) LCD (liquid crystal display)13. 喷墨打印机 inkjet printer14. 数据总线 data bus15. 串行连接 serial connection16. 易失性存储器 volatile memory17. 激光打印机 laser printer18. 磁盘驱动器 disk drive19. 基本输入/输出系统 BIOS (Basic Input/Output System)20. 视频显示器 video display1. storage register 存储寄存器2. function statement 函数语句3. program statement 程序语句4. object-oriented language 面向对象语言5. assembly language 汇编语言6. intermediate language 中间语言,中级语言7. relational language 关系(型)语言8. artificial language 人工语言9. data declaration 数据声明10. Structured Query Language 结构化查询语言11. 可执行程序 executable program12. 程序模块 program module13. 条件语句 conditional statement14. 赋值语句 assignment statement15. 逻辑语言 logic language16. 机器语言 machine language17. 函数式语言 functional language18. 程序设计语言 programming language19. 运行计算机程序 run a computer program20. 计算机程序员 computer programmer1. inference engine 推理机2. system call 系统调用3. compiled language 编译执行的语言4. parallel computing 并行计算5. pattern matching 模式匹配6. memory location 存储单元7. interpreter program 解释程序8. library routine 库程序,程序库例行程序9. intermediate program 中间程序,过渡程序10. source file 源文件11. 解释执行的语言 interpreted language12. 设备驱动程序 device driver13. 源程序 source program14. 调试程序 debugging program15. 目标代码 object code16. 应用程序 application program17. 实用程序 utility program18. 逻辑程序 logic program19. 墨盒 ink cartridge20. 程序的存储与执行 program storage and execution1. system specification 系统规格说明2. unit testing 单位(或单元、部件)测试3. software life cycle 软件生命周期(或生存周期)4. system validation testing 系统验证测试5. evolutionary development process 演化开发过程6. linear model 线性模型7. program unit 程序单元8. throwaway prototype 抛弃式原型9. text formatting 正文格式编排,文本格式化10. system evolution 系统演变11. 系统设计范例 system design paradigm12. 需求分析与定义 requirements analysis and definition13. 探索式编程方法 exploratory programming approach14. 系统文件编制 system documentation15. 瀑布模型 waterfall model16. 系统集成 system integration17. 商用现成软件 commercial off-the-shelf (或COTS) software18. 基于组件的软件工程component-based software engineering (CBSE)19. 软件维护工具 software maintenance tool20. 软件复用 software reuse1. end user 最终用户,终端用户2. atomic operation 原子操作3. database administrator 数据库管理员4. relational database model 关系数据库模型5. local data 本地数据6. object-oriented database 面向对象数据库7. database management system (DBMS) 数据库管理系统8. entity-relationship model (ERM) 实体关系模型9. distributed database 分布式数据库10. flat file 平面文件11. 二维表 two-dimensional table12. 数据属性 data attribute13. 数据库对象 database object14. 存储设备 storage device15. 数据类型 data type16. 数据插入与删除 data insertion and deletion17. 层次数据库模型 hierarchical database model18. 数据库体系结构 database architecture19. 关系数据库管理系统relational database management system (RDBMS)20. 全局控制总线 global control bus1. file server 文件服务器2. carrier sense 载波检测,载波监听3. protocol suite 协议组,协议集4. peer-to-peer model 对等模型5. bus topology network 总线拓扑网络6. inter-machine cooperation 机器间合作,计算机间合作7. Ethernet protocol collection 以太网协议集8. proprietary network 专有网络9. utility package 实用软件包,公用程序包10. star network 星形网络11. 局域网 local area network (LAN)12. 令牌环 token ring13. 无线网络 wireless network14. 封闭式网络 closed network15. 环形拓扑结构 ring topology16. 客户机/服务器模型 client/server model17. 网络应用程序 network application18. 进程间通信 interprocess communication19. 打印服务器 print server20. 广域网 wide area network (WAN)1. cell phone 蜂窝电话,移动电话,手机2. IP address 网际协议地址,IP地址3. autonomous system 自主系统4. dial-up connection 拨号连接5. network identifier 网络标识符6. binary notation 二进制记数法7. mnemonic name 助记名,缩写名8. Internet-wide directory system 因特网范围的目录系统9. name server 名称服务器10. Internet infrastructure 因特网基础结构11. 助记地址 mnemonic address12. 网吧 cyber cafe13. 宽带因特网访问 broadband Internet access14. 顶级域名 top-level domain (TLD)15. 因特网编址 Internet addressing16. 点分十进制记数法 dotted decimal notation17. 因特网服务提供商 Internet service provider (ISP)18. 专用因特网连接 dedicated Internet connection19. 主机地址 host address20. 硬件与软件支持 hardware and software support1. server farm 大型机服务器2. access protocol 存取协议,访问协议3. storage area network 存储区域网(络)4. high-throughput computing 高吞吐(量)计算5. server cluster 服务器集群6. public cloud 公共云7. grid computing 网格计算8. security-aware cloud architecture 具有安全意识的云体系结构9. social networking 社交网络10. utility computing 效用计算11. 云计算提供商 cloud computing provider12. 存储芯片 memory chip13. 基于内部网的私有云 intranet-based private cloud14. 网络带宽 network bandwidth15. 混合云 hybrid cloud16. 磁盘阵列 disk array17. 软件即服务 Software as a Service (SaaS)18. 集群计算 cluster computing19. 虚拟化计算机资源 virtualized computer resources20. 多核处理器 multi-core processor1. backup system 备份系统2. encryption key (加密)密钥3. data confidentiality 数据机密性4. system vulnerability 系统脆弱性,系统脆弱之处5. unauthorized access 未经授权的访问,越权存取6. intrusion detection system 入侵检测系统7. after-action recovery 事后恢复8. software piracy 软件侵权9. authorized user 特许用户10. data unit 数据单元,数据单位11. 软件版本 software version12. 数据完整性 data integrity13. 系统崩溃 system crash14. 病毒检查软件 virus-checking software15. 综合安全策略 comprehensive security strategy16. 软件配置管理 software configuration management17. 故障隔离 fault isolation18. 统计数据库 statistical database19. 保密的加密算法 secure encryption algorithm20. 数据流 data stream1. mailing list 邮件发送清单,邮件列表2. proprietary software 专有软件3. cc line 抄送行4. bcc line 密送行5. forwarded e-mail message 转发的电子邮件6. e-mail convention 电子邮件常规7. click on an icon 点击图标8. confidential document 密件,秘密文件9. classified information 密级信息10. recovered e-mail message 恢复的电子邮件11. 常用情感符 commonly used emoticon12. 已删除电子邮件 deleted e-mail13. 电子系统 electronic system14. 附件行 Attachments line15. 版权法 copyright law16. 电子邮件网规 e-mail netiquette17. 信息高速公路 information superhighway18. 签名文件 signature file19. 电子数据表程序 spreadsheet program20. 文字处理软件 word processor1. customized marketing strategy 定制的营销策略2. B2G transaction 企业对政府交易3. dial-up modem 拨号调制解调器4. dot-com bust 网络不景气5. smart card 智能卡6. digital piracy 数字盗版7. dot-com boom 网络繁荣8. C2C transaction 消费者对消费者交易9. Web auction site 拍卖网站10. fingerprint reader 指纹读取器11. 射频识别装置 radio-frequency identification (RFID) device12. 电子数据交换 electronic data interchange (EDI)13. 库存管理技术 inventory management technology14. 知识产权 intellectual property15. 条形码 bar code16. 货币兑换 currency conversion17. 电子图书 electronic book18. 视网膜扫描仪 retina scanner19. 个人数字助理 personal digital assistant (PDA)20. 企业对企业电子商务 B2B electronic commerce。
《计算机英语(第4版)》课后练习参考答案
《计算机英语(第4版)》练习参考答案之南宫帮珍创作Unit One: Computer and Computer ScienceUnit One/Section AI.Fill in the blanks with the information given in thetext:1.Charles Babbage; Augusta Ada Byron2.input; output3.VLSI4.workstations; mainframes5.vacuum; transistors6.instructions; software7.digit; eight; byte8.microminiaturization; chipII.Translate the following terms or phrases from English into Chinese and vice versa:1.artificial intelligence 人工智能2.paper-tape reader 纸带阅读器3.optical computer 光计算机4.neural network 神经网络5.instruction set 指令集6.parallel processing 并行处理7.difference engine 差分机8.versatile logical element 通用逻辑元件9.silicon substrate 硅衬底10.vacuum tube 真空管11.数据的存储与处理 the storage and handling of data12.超大规模集成电路very large-scale integratedcircuit13.中央处理器 central processing unit14.个人计算机 personal computer15.模拟计算机 analogue computer16.数字计算机 digital computer17.通用计算机 general-purpose computer18.处理器芯片 processor chip19.操纵指令 operating instructions20.输入设备 input deviceIII.Fill in each of the blanks with one of the words given in the following list, making changes if necessary:We can define a computer as a device that accepts input, processes data, stores data, and produces output. According to the mode of processing, computers are either analog or digital. They can also be classified as mainframes, minicomputers, workstations, or microcomputers. All else (for example, the age of the machine) being equal, this categorization provides some indication of the computer’s speed, size, cost, and abilities.Ever since the advent of computers, there have been constant changes. First-generation computers of historic significance, such as UNIVAC (通用自动计算机), introduced in the early 1950s, were based onvacuum tubes. Second-generation computers, appearing in the early 1960s, were those in which transistors WordStrd vacuum tubes. In third-generation computers, dating from the 1960s,integrated circuits WordStrd transistors. In fourth-generation computers such as microcomputers, which first appeared in the mid-1970s, large-scale integration enabled thousands of circuitsto be incorporated on one chip. Fifth-generation computers are expected to combine very-large-scale integration with sophisticated approaches to computing, including artificial intelligence and true distributed processing.IV.Translate the following passage from English into Chinese:计算机将变得更加先进,也将变得更加容易使用。
计算机英语 刘艺 王春生 第4版 Unit 12B
Basic Functions of Electronic Commerce Software
I. Introduction
• At the inexpensive end of the spectrum of electronic commerce solutions are choices such as externally hosted stores that provide software tools to build an online store on a host’s site.
• 一个动态的目录能够以每个商品的多张照 片、详细描述和允许客户搜索商品和决确 定其可用性的搜索工具为特色。
II. Catalog Display
• Companies that offer only a small number of items can provide a photo of each item on the web page that is a link to more information about the product.
• 即使这些公司有充足技能的员工,他们可 能会决定使用服务提供商来主办其电子商 务网站。
I. Introduction
• The specific duties that electronic commerce software performs range from a few fundamental operations to a complete solution—from catalog display to fulfillment notification.
• A dynamic catalog stores the information about items in a database, usually on a separate computer that is accessible to the server that is running the Web site itself. • 动态目录将商品信息存储在一个数据库中 ,通常存储在一个可以访问服务器的单独 计算机上, • 通常存储在一个可以访问运行网站本身服 务器的单独计算机上
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城域网属于中型网络,如一个覆盖某一社区的网络。广域网连接地理范围更广 的计算机,这些计算机或许在相邻的城市,或许在地球相反的两面。
Ⅰ. Network Classifications
Another means of classifying networks is based on whether the network's internal operation is based on designs that are in the public domain or on innovations owned and controlled by a particular entity such as an individual or a corporation. A network of the former type is called an open network; a network of the latter type is called a closed, or sometimes a proprietary network.
因特网属于开放式系统。尤其是,整个因特网的通信是由一组称为 TCP/IP协议组的开放标准来控制的。任何人都可以自由地使用这些标准,而 不需要付费或签署许可协议。
Ⅰ. Network Classifications
In contrast, a company such as Novell Inc. might develop systems for which it chooses to maintain ownership rights, allowing the company to draw income from selling or leasing these products. Networks based on such systems are examples of closed networks.
Unit 8 Computer Network
Section A Network Fundamentals
The need to share information and resources among different computers has led to linked computer systems, called networks, in which computers are connected so that data can be transferred from machine to machine. In these networks, computer users can exchange messages and share resources such as printing capabilities, software packages, and data storage facilities-that are scattered throughout the system.
网络分类的另一种方式是根据网络的内部运行是基于无专利权保护的设计 还是基于特定实体(如个人或公司)所拥有和控制的革新。前一种类型的网络 称为开放式网络,后一种类型的网络称为封闭式网络,有时也称为专有网络。
Ⅰ. Network Classifications
The Internet is an open system. In particular, communication throughout the Internet is governed by an open collection of standards known as the TCP/IP protocol suite. Anyone is free to use these standards without paying fees or signing license agreements.
支持这类应用所需的基本软件,已经从简单的实用软件包发展成一个不断扩 展的网络软件系统,该系统提供了一个复杂的网络范围的基础结构。从某种 意义上说,网络软件正在演变成一个网络范围的操作系统。
Ⅰ. Network Classifications
A computer network is often classified as being either a local area network (LAN) , a metropolitan area network (MAN), or a wide area network (WAN). A LAN normally consists of a collection of computers in a single building or building complex. For example, the computers on a university campus or those in a manufacturing plant might be connected by a LAN. n 综合体,集合体
随着这些用户所使用的简单终端本身发展成小型计算机,星形网络也就出现 了。需要强调的一点是,在一个网络中,计算机之间的连接并不一定是物理 连接。使用无线广播技术的无线网络正在变得相当常见。
Ⅱ. Protocols
指导、实施、处理
For a network to function reliably, it is important to establish rules by which network activities are conducted. Such rules are called protocols. By developing and adopting protocol standards, venders are able to build products for network applications that are compatible with products from other venders. Thus, the development of protocol standards is an indispensable process in the development of networking technologies.
在不同计算机之间共享信息和资源的需要,导致了相互连接的计算机系 统的产生。这种相互连接的计算机系统被称为网络。在网络中,计算机连接 在一起,从而数据可以从一台计算机传输到另一台计算机。在网络中,计算 机用户可以交换信息,并共享分散在整个网络系统的资源,如打印能力、软 件包以及数据存储设备。
The underlying software required to support such applications has grown from simple utility packages into an expanding system of network software that provides a sophisticated network wide infrastructure. In a sense, network software is evolving into a network wide operating system.
从...,它基于网络的拓扑结构,即计算机相互连接的模式。 总线拓扑结构、环形拓扑结构和星形拓扑结构是3种流行的拓扑结构。其中,星 形网络或许是最古老的,这种网络由一台大型中央计算机服务许多用户的范式演 变而来。
Ⅰ. Network Classifications
on the contrary
相反,像Novell股份有限公司这样的公司可能选择为其开发的系统保留所有 权,允许公司通过出售或出租这些产品获得收入。基于这类系统的网络属于 封闭式网络的例子。
Ⅰ. Network Classifications
Still another way of classifying networks is based on the topology of the network, which refers to the pattern in which the machines are connected. The bus topology, ring topology, and star topology are three popular topologies. Of these, the star network is perhaps the oldest, having evolved from the paradigm of a large central computer serving many users.
V. 转述、转播 n.帮助、援助、支持
作为对协议概念的介绍,让我们考虑在一个网络的计算机之间协调报文传 输的问题。如果没有控制这种通信的规则,所有的计算机就可能坚持同时传输 报文,或者在需要传递报文时而未能传递。
Ⅱ. Protocols
One approach to solving this problem is the token ring protocol, which was developed by IBM in the 1970s and continues to be a popular protocol in networks based on the ring topology. In this protocol, all the machines in the network transmit messages in only one common direction(Fig. 8A1), meaning that all messages sent over the network move around the ring in the same direction by being forwarded from computer to computer.