风景资源评价的主要学派及方法
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1988)
1964
1969 1972 1968
" "
Daniel Vining 1983, Itami 1986 Zube
1984 Zube 1982
Daniel Vining 1983
Lewis
Lewis 1964 Litton
Litton
Litton 1968, 1974, 1979; Litton Tetlow 1978, Magill Litton
1986
20
VMS Visual Management System (USDA, Forest
Servce 1976, Bacon 1979 ) VRM
(Visual Resources Management) (USDI, BLM 1984, 1986, Ross 1979
) LRM (Landscape Resources
Management) (USDA, SCS 1978, Schauman Adams 1979)
VIA (Visual Impact Assessment) (3 1986)
Canada 1981)
VMS VRM
LRM VIA
VMS VRM
VMS
types (Sub-types) VRM
VMS
A
B
C
VMS Keplan, R (1985)
VRM 7
1 1 5
2 1 5
3 0 5
4 1 5
5 0 5
6 1 5
A 19
B 12 18
C 11
(Sensitivity) VMS
1 2 3
VRM VMS (Seldom Seen zone)
VMS VRM
(Visual Impact Assessment) VMS " "(Visual Absorption Capability)
VRM (Contrast)
VIEWIT , Travis 1975
,
1986
SBE (Scenic Beauty Estimation
procedure) Daniel ( Daniel Boster 1976),
Torgerson(1958) (Law of Categorical Judgment)
(0-9)
Thurston(1959) Buhyoff
LCJ (Law of Comparative Judgment) ( Buhyoff
Leuschner 1978, Buhyoff 1980)
SBE
LCJ Hull 1984
60
1969 Rutherford Shafer 5 160
70
Shroeder Daniel(1981)
7
(Pinus Ponderosa) SBE
=0.20× / 0.60× >16
/ 0.10×( / ) 0.26×
/ 0.04× / 0.001×( <5
/ ) 0.02×( 5 16 / ) 3.87
R2 0.52 P<0.001)
( Brush1976, 1979) Arthur (1977) 7 20 11 (R=0.93)
Buhyoff (Buhyoff 1984), Daniel
Buhyoff (Buhyoff 1982)
SBE=127.12+10.32SHRP-0.57SHRP2+1.79BVF
-6.77MDAM-61.07FORDEN+ 0.93FLT
SHRP BVF MDAM FORDEN FLT R2=0.57 Buhyoff (Butyoff Leuscher 1978, Butyoff 1980 )
y =1.03-0.28ln (R2=0.84, P≤0.001)
(Zube 1982)
1979; Langenau 1980) Schroeder Anderson(1984) 29
Latimer (1981) Malm (1981)
Anderson(1981) " " " " " " " " " "
1
2
3
18
E. Burke(1729-1787) " " " " " " " " " "
70 70 Appleton " " 1978, Kaplan S.1979a Brown 1986) " "" " " " " " Kaplan, S. (Kaplan, S. 1973, 1975, 1979, 1979a Brown 1986) " "(Making sense) " "(Involvement), Kaplan :
Kaplan 1972 Kaplan, R. (Kaplan.R1977, 1983, 1985) Kaplan, R. ?quot; " (Kaplan, R.1975,1977) Cimblett Kaplan " "
5 (Cimblett 1985) Kaplan Brown Itami Brown 1986)
Kaplan Appleton Kaplan Ulrich
Ulrich " / " (Ulrich 1983), (Initial affect reaction) " " " "
Ulrich " / "
Appleton, Kaplan, Ulrich ( Brown 1986) Ulrich ( Ulrich.1981, 1983, 1986) Ulrich ( Ulrich 1979, 1984, Ulruch Addoms 1981)