经济学名词解释(英文)
常见经济学名词解释
常见经济学名词解释以下是50个详细的经济学名词及其解释，涵盖了从微观到宏观的广泛领域：1. 供给与需求（Supply and Demand）供给是指卖方在一定时间内愿意并能够提供的商品数量，而需求是消费者愿意并能够购买的数量。
两者共同决定市场价格，供不应求时价格上升，供过于求时价格下降。
2. 国内生产总值（GDP, Gross Domestic Product）GDP是衡量一个国家或地区在一定时期内生产的所有最终商品和服务的总市场价值，用于反映经济规模和健康状况。
3. 通货膨胀（Inflation）通货膨胀是指物价水平普遍上涨，导致货币购买力下降。
持续的高通胀会削弱居民的生活水平。
4. 通货紧缩（Deflation）与通货膨胀相反，通货紧缩是指物价水平普遍下降，这可能引发经济衰退，因为消费者可能会延迟购买，期待价格进一步下降。
5. 机会成本（Opportunity Cost）机会成本是指为选择某个选项所放弃的其他选项的最大收益。
在资源有限的情况下，选择A的机会成本是你为选择B所放弃的价值。
6. 边际效用（Marginal Utility）指消费者增加一单位商品或服务时获得的额外效用。
通常，随着消费的增加，边际效用会递减。
7. 边际收益（Marginal Revenue）边际收益是指企业销售每增加一单位产品所获得的额外收入。
在完全竞争市场中，边际收益等于价格。
8. 边际成本（Marginal Cost）指企业生产每增加一单位商品或服务所增加的成本。
边际成本通常随产量增加而上升。
9. 需求弹性（Price Elasticity of Demand）衡量消费者对商品价格变动的敏感程度。
如果需求对价格变动非常敏感，需求弹性较大；如果变化不大，则需求弹性较小。
10. 供给弹性（Price Elasticity of Supply）衡量供给量对价格变动的反应程度。
供给弹性较大意味着生产者能够迅速调整产量。
11. 比较优势（Comparative Advantage）即使一个国家在生产所有商品上的效率都不如其他国家，它也应该专注于生产相对成本较低的商品，这样能实现全球资源的更优配置。
西方经济学名词解释与英文名称
西方经济学名词解释汇编（1-50）1、绝对优势（Absolute advantage）如果一个国家用一单位资源生产的某种产品比另一个国家多，那么，这个国家在这种产品的生产上与另一国相比就具有绝对优势。
2、逆向选择（Adverse choice）在此状况下，保险公司发现它们的客户中有太大的一部分来自高风险群体。
3、选择成本（Alternative cost）如果以最好的另一种方式使用的某种资源，它所能生产的价值就是选择成本，也可以称之为机会成本。
4、需求的弧弹性（Arc elasticity of demand）如果P1和Q1分别是价格和需求量的初始值，P2 和Q2 为第二组值，那么，弧弹性就等于-（Q1-Q2）（P1＋P2）/（P1-P2）（Q1＋Q2）5、非对称的信息（Asymmetric information）在某些市场中，每个参与者拥有的信息并不相同。
例如，在旧车市场上，有关旧车质量的信息，卖者通常要比潜在的买者知道得多。
6、平均成本（Average cost）平均成本是总成本除以产量。
也称为平均总成本。
7、平均固定成本( Average fixed cost）平均固定成本是总固定成本除以产量。
8、平均产品（Average product）平均产品是总产量除以投入品的数量。
9、平均可变成本（Average variable cost）平均可变成本是总可变成本除以产量。
10、投资的β(Beta）β度量的是与投资相联的不可分散的风险。
对于一种股票而言，它表示所有现行股票的收益发生变化时，一种股票的收益会如何敏感地变化。
11、债券收益(Bond yield）债券收益是债券所获得的利率。
12、收支平衡图（Break－even chart）收支平衡图表示一种产品所出售的总数量改变时总收益和总成本是如何变化的。
收支平衡点是为避免损失而必须卖出的最小数量。
13、预算线(Budget line）预算线表示消费者所能购买的商品X和商品Y的数量的全部组合。
国际经济学英文版名词解释_附有中文解释
1 Absolute advantage:绝对优势 The greater efficiency that one nation may have over another in the production of a commodity.This was the basis for trade for Adam Smith.2 Ad valorem tariff: 从价税 A tariff expressed as a fixed percentage of the value of a traded commodity.3 Balance of payments: 收支平衡 A summary statement of all the international transactions of the residents of a nation with the rest of the world during a particular period of time,usually a year.4 Balanced growth: 均衡增长 Equal rates of factor growth and technological progress in the production of both commodities.5 Buffer stocks: 缓冲存货The type of international commodity agreement that involves the purchase of the commodity(to be added to the stock)when the commodity price falls below an agreed minimum price,and the sale of the commodity out of the stock when the commodity price rises above the established maximum price.6 Constant opportunity costs:机会成本不变The constant amount of a commodity that must be given up to produce each additional unit of another commodity.7 Community indifference curve:社会无差异曲线The curve that shows the various combinations of two commodity yielding equal satisfaction to the community or munity indifference curves are negatively sloped,convex from the origin,and should not cross.8 Compound tariff:混合关税A combination of an ad valorem and a specific tariff.9 Customs union:关税同盟Removes all barriers on trade among members and harmonizes trade policies toward the rest of the world.The best example is the European Union(EU).10 Common market:共同市场 Removes all barriers on trade amongmembers,harmonizes trade policies toward the rest of the world,and also allows the free movement of labor and capital among member nations.An example is the European Union(EU)since January 1,1993.11 Dumping: 倾销The export of a commodity at below cost or at a lower price than sold domestically.12 Direct investments:直接投资 Real investments in factories,capital goods,land,and inventories where both capital and management are involved and the investor retains control over the use of the invested capital.13 Free trade area:自由贸易区 Removes all barriers on trade among members,but each nation restains its own barriers on trade with nonmembers.The best example are the EFTA,NAFTA,and Mercosur.14 Factor-price equalization(H-O) theorem:要素禀赋（赫克歇尔—俄林）理论The part of the H-O theory that predicts,under highly restrictive assumptions,that international trade will bring about equalization in relative and absolute returns to homogeneous factors across nations.15 Heckscher-Ohlin(H-O) theory:赫克歇尔—俄林理论The theory that postulates that(1)a nation exports commodities intensive in its relatively abundant and cheap factor and(2)international trade brings about equalization in returns to homogeneous factors across countries.16 Interdependence:相互依赖The (economic) relationships among nation.17 Increasing opportunity costs:机会成本递增The increasing amounts of one commodity that a nation must give up to release just enough resources to produce each additional unit of another commodity.This is reflected in a production frontier that is concave from the origin.18 International cartel: 国际卡特尔An organization of suppliers of a commodity located in different nations(or a group of governments) that agrees to restrict output and exports of the commodity with the aim of maximizing or increasing the total profits of the organization.An international cartel that behaves as a monopolist is called a centralized cartel.19 Income terms of trade:收入贸易条件The ratio of the price index of the nation’s exports to the price index of its imports times the index of the nation’s volume of exports.20 Immiserizing growth:悲惨性增长The situation where a nation’s terms of trade deteriorate so much as a result of growth that the nation is worse off after growth than before,even if growth without trade tends to improve the nation’s welfare.21 Leontief paradox:里昂惕夫之谜 The empirical finding that U.S import substitutes were more K intensive than U.S exports.This is contrary tothe H-O trade model,which predicts that,as the most K-abundant nation,the United States should import L-intensive products and export K-intensive products.22 Marginal rate of transformation(MRT):边际转换率The amount of one commodity that a nation must give up to produce each additional unit of another commodity.This is another name for the opportunity cost of a commodity and is given by the slope of the production frontier at the point of production.23 Marginal rate of substitution(MRS):边际替代率The amount of one commodity that a nation could give up in exchange for one extra unit of second commodity and still remain on the same indifference curve.It is given by the slope of the community indifference curve at the point of consumption and declines as the nation consumes more of the second commodity.24 Multinational corporations(MNCs):跨国公司Firms that own,control,or manage production and distribution facilities in several countries.25 Optimum tariff:适稅The rate of tariff that maximizes the benefit resulting from improvement in the nation's terms of trade against the negative effect resulting from reduction in the volume of trade.26 Pattern of trade:贸易格局The commodities exported and imported by each nation.27 Production possibility frontier:生产可能性曲线 A curve showing the various alternative combinations of two commodities that a nation can produce by fully utilizing all of its resources with the best technology available to it.28 Prohibitive tariff:禁止性关税A tariff sufficiently high to stop all international trade so that the nation returns to autarky.29 Persistent dumping:连续性倾销The continuous tendency of a domestic monopolist to maximize total profits by selling the commodity at a lower price abroad than domestically;also called international price discriminztion.30 Predatory dumping:掠夺性倾销The temporary sale of commodity at a lower price abroad in order to drive foreign producers out of business,after which prices are raised to take advantage of the newly acquired monopoly power abroad.31 Preferential trade arrangements:优惠贸易安排The loosest from ofeconomic integration;provides lower barriers to trade among participating nations than on trade with nonparticipating nations.An example is the British Commonwealth Preference Scheme.32 Purchase contracts:.购货契约Long-term multilateral agreements that stipulate the minimum price at which importing nations agree to purchase a specified quantity of the commodity and a maximum price at which exporting nations agree to sell specified amounts of the commodity.33 Portfolio investments:投资组合The purchase of purely financial assets,such as bonds and stocks(if the stock purchase represents less than 10 percent of the stock of a corporation),usu34 Stolper-Samuelson theorem:施托尔珀－萨缪尔森定理It postulates that free international trade reduces the real income of the nation's relatively scarce factor and increases the real income of the nation's relatively abundant factor.35 Specific tariff: 从量税 A tariff expressed as a fixed sum per unit of a traded commodity.36 Sporadic dumping:偶尔倾销The occasional sale of a commodity at a lower price abroad than domestically in order to sell an unforeseen and temporary surplus of the commodity abroad without having to reduce domestic prices.37 Terms of trade:贸易条件The ratio of the index price of a nation's export to its import commodities.38 Trade creation:贸易创造 Occurs when some domestic production in a member of the customs union is replaced by lower-cost imports from another member nation.This increases welfare.39 Trade diversion:贸易转移 Occurs when lowercost imports from outside the union are replaced by higher-cost imports from another union member.By itself,this reduces welfare.40 Transfer pricing:转移价格The overpricing or underpricing of products in the intrafirm trade of multinational corporations in an attempt to shift income and profits from high-to low-tax nations.。
经济学的一些英语名词解释
经济学的一些英语名词解释经济学是研究人类如何管理资源的学科，它涵盖了许多英语名词。
在以下文章中，我们将解释一些常见的经济学术语，帮助读者更好地理解这个领域。
供需关系（Supply and Demand）供需关系是经济学的基本概念之一。
供应是指市场上生产者愿意提供的商品或服务的数量，而需求是指消费者愿意购买的商品或服务的数量。
供求关系的平衡决定了价格的形成。
如果供大于求，价格会下降，而如果供不应求，价格则会上涨。
需求弹性（Demand Elasticity）需求弹性是指消费者对商品或服务价格变化的敏感程度。
如果需求对价格变化非常敏感，称为弹性需求；如果需求对价格变化不敏感，称为非弹性需求。
需求弹性对制定价格和市场策略非常重要。
生产要素（Factors of Production）生产要素是经济学中指用于生产商品和服务的资源。
它们包括劳动力（人力资源），土地和自然资源，资本（包括设备和建筑物）以及企业家精神。
这些要素相互作用，促进经济发展和增长。
通货膨胀（Inflation）通货膨胀是指货币流通供应量超过经济实际需求，导致物价上涨。
当通货膨胀率较高时，购买力会下降，人民币的购买力可能比以前更少。
通货膨胀对经济稳定和货币政策制定有重要影响。
货币供应（Money Supply）货币供应是指经济体中的货币总量。
中央银行通过调整货币供应来影响经济环境。
货币供应的增加通常会刺激经济增长，但如果过度增加，可能会导致通货膨胀。
机会成本（Opportunity Cost）机会成本是指做一件事放弃的最佳替代选择的成本。
每个决策都涉及机会成本。
例如，如果一个人决定花钱购买一辆车，他放弃了用这笔钱投资股票的机会。
理解机会成本有助于优化资源分配。
边际效用（Marginal Utility）边际效用是指消费者在每单位增加的产品或服务上获得的额外满足感。
边际效用递减是指消费者对每个额外单位的产品或服务的边际满意度逐渐降低。
这个概念对于理解消费者行为和产品定价非常重要。
国际经济学名词解释 英文版
1 The opportunity cost of producing something measures the cost of not being able to produce something else because resources have already been used.2 A country with a comparative advantage in producing a good uses its resources most efficiently when it produces that good compared to producing other goods.3 Labor productivity: the number of units of output that a worker can produce in one hour.4 The production possibility frontier (PPF) of an economy shows the maximum amount of a goods that can be produced for a fixed amount of resources.5 Relative wages are the wages of the domestic country relative to the wages in the foreign country.6 Define an isovalue line as a line representing a constant value of production,7 Stolper-Samuelson theorem: if the relative price of a good increases, then the real wage or real lending/ renting rate of the factor used intensively in the production of that good increases, while the real wage or real lending/renting rate of the other factor decreases.8 the Rybczynski theorem：If we hold output prices constant as the amount of a factor of production increases, then the supply of the good that uses this factor intensively increases and the supply of the other good decreases.9 Leontief found that U.S. exports were less capital-intensive than U.S. imports, even though the U.S. is the most capital-abundant country in the world: Leontief paradox.10 Consumer preferences are represented by indifference curves: combinations of goods that make consumers equally satisfied (indifferent).11 The change in welfare (income) when the price of one good changes relative to the price of another is called the income effect.12 The substitution of one good for another when the price of the good changes relative to the other is called the substitution effect.13 The terms of trade refers to the price of exports relative to the price of imports Growth is usually biased: it occurs in one sector more than others, causing relative supply to change.14 Export-biased growth is growth tha t expands a country’s production possibilities disproportionally that country’s export sector.15 Import-biased growth is growth that expands a country’s production possibilities disproportionally in that country’s import sector16Immiserizing growth：export-biased growth by poor nations would worsen their terms of trade so much that they would be worse off than if they had not grown at all.16 Import tariffs are taxes levied on imports17 Export subsidies are payments given to domestic producers that export.18 External economies of scale occur when cost per unit of output depends on thesize of the industry19 Internal economies of scale occur when the cost per unit of output depends on the size of a firm.20 A monopoly is an industry with only one firm.21 An oligopoly is an industry with only a few firms.22 Average cost is the cost of production (C) divided by the total quantity ofproduction (Q). AC = C/Q23 Marginal cost is the cost of producing an additional unit of output.24 Monopolistic competition is a model of an imperfectly competitive industrywhich assumes thatA：Each firm can differentiate its product from the product of competitors.B：Each firm ignores the impact that changes in its price will have on the prices that competitors set: even though each firm faces competition it behaves as if it were a monopolist.25 Suppose now that the global cloth industry is described by the monopolisticcompetition model.Because of product differentiation, suppose that each country produces different types of cloth.Because of economies of scale, large markets are desirable: the foreign country exports some cloth and the domestic country exports some cloth.Trade occurs within the cloth industry: intra-industry trade26 According to the Heckscher-Ohlin model or Ricardian model, countries specializein production.Trade occurs only between industries: inter-industry tradeIn a Heckscher-Ohlin model suppose that:The capital abundant domestic economy specializes in the production of capitalintensive cloth, which is imported by the foreign economy.The labor abundant foreign economy specializes in the production of labor intensive food, which is imported by the domestic economy.27 Dumping is the practice of charging a lower price for exported goods than forgoods sold domestically28 Dumping is an example of price discrimination: the practice of charging different customers different prices29 Specialized equipment or services may be needed for the industry, but are only supplied by other firms if the industry is large and concentrated30 Labor pooling: a large and concentrated industry may attract a pool of workers,reducing employee search and hiring costs for each firm.31 Knowledge spillovers: workers from different firms may more easily share ideasthat benefit each firm when a large and concentrated industry exists32 Dynamic increasing returns to scale exist if average costs fall as cumulativeoutput over time rises.33 economic geography refers to the study of international trade, interregional tradeand the organization of economic activity in metropolitan and rural areas34 A specific tariff is levied as a fixed charge for each unit of imported goods35 An ad valorem tariff is levied as a fraction of the value of imported goods36 The effective rate of protection measures how much protection a tariff or othertrade policy provides domestic producers37 Consumer surplus measures the amount that consumers gain from purchases bythe difference in the price that each pays from the maximum price each would be willing to pay38 Producer surplus measures the amount that producers gain from a sale by thedifference in the price each receives from the minimum price each would be willing to sell at39 An export subsidy can also be specific or ad valorem：A specific subsidy is a payment per unit exported. An ad valorem subsidy is a payment as a proportion of the value exported.40 An import quota is a restriction on the quantity of a good that may be imported. 41A voluntary export restraint works like an import quota, except that the quota is imposed by the exporting country rather than the importing country.42 A local content requirement is a regulation that requires a specified fraction of a final good to be produced domestically43Gross national product(GNP) is the value of all final goods and services produced by a nation’s factors of production in a giventime period44 Gross domestic product measures the final value of all goods and services that are produced within a country in a given time period45National income is often defined to be the income earned by a nation’s factors of production.46 Depreciation of physical capital results in a loss of income to capital owners, so the amount of depreciation is subtracted from GNP47 Unilateral transfers to and from other countries can change national income: payments of expatriate workers sent to their home countries, foreign aid and pension payments sent to expatriate retirees48current account: accounts for flows of goods and services (imports and exports). financial account: accounts for flows of financial assets (financial capital). capital account: flows of special categories of assets (capital): typicallynon-market, non-produced, or intangible assets like debtforgiveness, copyrights and trademarks49 Appreciation is an increase in the value of a currency relative to another currency. Depreciation is a decrease in the value of a currency relative to another currency 50 Arbitrage: buying at a low price and selling at a high price for a profit.51Spot rates are exchange rates for currency exchanges “on the spot”, or when trading is executed in the present52Forward rates are exchange rates for currency exchanges that will occur at a future (“forward”) date.53 Money demand represents the amount of monetary assets that people are willing to hold (instead of illiquid assets).54The central bank substantially controls the quantity of money that circulates in an economy, the money supply55Interest rates/expected rates of return on monetary assets relative to the expected rates of returns on non-monetary assets.56 Risk: the risk of holding monetary assets principally comes from unexpectedinflation, which reduces the purchasing power of money.57 Liquidity: A need for greater liquidity occurs when the price of transactionsincreases or the quantity of goods bought in transactions increases.58 Prices: the prices of goods and services bought in transactions will influence the willingness to hold money to conduct those transactions59 Income: greater income implies more goods and services can be bought, so thatmore money is needed to conduct transactions60 (DF –QF) = (PC /PF)(QC –DC)❖This equation is the budget constraint for an economy, and it has a slope of –(PC /PF)(DF –QF)–(PC /PF)(QC –DC) = 0❖Note that the budget constraint touches the PPF: a country can always afford to consume what it produces.❖However, a country need not consumeonly the goods and services that it produceswith trade.Exports and imports can be greater than zero.❖Furthermore, a country can afford to consume more of both goods with trade.。
经济学专用名词解释
~Equilibrium，competitive 竞争均衡见竟争均衡（competitive equilibrium）。
Equilibrium，general 一般均衡见一般均衡分析（general－equilibrium analysis）Equilibrium，macroeconomic 宏观经济均衡意愿总需求等于意愿总供给的GDP水平。
在均衡时，意愿的消费（C），政府支出（G），投资（I）和净出口（X）的总量正好等于在当前价格水平下企业所愿意出售的总量。
Equimarginal principle 等边际法则决定收入在不同消费品之间分配的法则。
消费者可按此法则选择消费组合，使花费在所有商品和服务上的每一美元的边际效用都相等，就能保证消费者所获得的效用最大化。
Exchange rate 汇率见外汇汇率（foreign exchange rate）Exchange－rate system 汇率制度国家之间进行支付时所依据的一组规则、安排和制度。
历史上最重要的汇率制度是金本位制、布雷顿森林体系和现在的浮动汇率制。
Excise tax vs．sales tax 消费税和销售税消费税是对某种或某组商品，如酒和烟草的购买所课征的税。
销售税是对除少数特定商品（如食品）以外的所有商品所课征的税。
Exclusion principle 排他原则私人品区别于公共品的一种性质。
当生产者将一种商品卖给A 后，若能很容易地将B、C、D等人排除在该商品益处享用过程之外，则排他原则就在发生作用，该商品也因此是一项私人品。
若不能轻易地把其他人排除在分享过程之外，如公共卫生或国防，则我们称该商品具有公共品的特征。
Exogenous vs．induced variables 外生变量和引致变量外生变量是那些由经济体系以外的因素来决定的变量。
与外生变量相对应的是引致变量，后者是由经济体系的内在运行所决定的。
例如，天气变化是外生变量，而消费的变化则常常由收入变动所引致。
经济学名词解释的英文表达
经济学名词解释的英文表达经济学涵盖了广泛的概念和名词，在学习和掌握这一学科时，经济学名词的英文表达是至关重要的。
在本文中，我们将探讨一些常见的经济学名词以及它们的英文表达。
一、需求与供给 - Demand and Supply需求和供给是经济学中最基本的概念之一。
需求指消费者愿意购买某种商品或服务的数量，而供给则是生产者愿意提供的数量。
需求和供给之间的关系决定了市场价格和商品数量的平衡。
二、市场均衡 - Market Equilibrium市场均衡是指需求和供给之间达到一种平衡状态，此时市场上的商品数量和价格达到最佳状态。
市场均衡的存在使得市场经济得以有效运行。
三、价格弹性 - Price Elasticity价格弹性是指商品需求对价格变化的敏感程度。
如果需求对价格的变化非常敏感，则称为价格弹性较高；如果需求对价格的变化不太敏感，则称为价格弹性较低。
四、劳动力市场 - Labor Market劳动力市场是指劳动者和雇主之间进行劳动力买卖的场所。
在劳动力市场中，劳动者以劳动力（工作能力）作为商品出售，雇主以工资作为回报。
五、经济增长 - Economic Growth经济增长是指一个国家或地区的国内生产总值（GDP）在一段时间内的持续增加。
经济增长是国家繁荣和进步的重要标志。
六、通货膨胀 - Inflation通货膨胀是指一种普遍的价格上涨现象，造成货币的购买力下降。
通货膨胀通常由货币供应过多或需求过旺导致。
七、贸易逆差与贸易顺差 - Trade Deficit and Trade Surplus贸易逆差指一个国家或地区的进口超过出口的情况，而贸易顺差则相反，即出口超过进口。
贸易逆差或贸易顺差对一个国家的经济有着重要影响。
八、市场失灵 - Market Failure市场失灵指市场机制无法达到有效资源配置和公平分配的情况。
常见的市场失灵形式包括垄断、外部性和不完全信息等。
九、机会成本 - Opportunity Cost机会成本是指放弃某种选择所带来的最高价值的权益损失。
宏观经济学名词解释英文版
•GDP (gross domestic product) is the market value of all final goods and services produced within a country in a given period of time.•GDP measures two things at once: the total income of everyone in the economy and the total expenditure on the economy’s output of goods and services.•Consumption (C):•The spending by households on goods and services, with the exception of purchases of new housing.•Investment (I):•The spending on capital equipment, inventories, and structures, including new housing.•Government Purchases (G):•The spending on goods and services by local, state, and federal governments.•Net Exports (NX):•Exports minus imports.•Nominal GDP values the production of goods and services at current prices.•Real GDP values the production of goods and services at constant prices.•The GDP deflator is a measure of the price level calculated as the ratio of nominal GDP to real GDP times 100.•The consumer price index shows the cost of a basket of goods and services relative to the cost of the same basket in the base year. The index is used to measure the overall level of prices in the economy. The percentage change in the CPI measures the inflation rate.•The consumer price index is an imperfect measure of the cost of living for the following three reasons: substitution bias, the introduction of new goods, and unmeasured changes in quality. Because of measurement problems, the CPI overstates annual inflation by about 1 percentage point.•The GDP deflator differs from the CPI because it includes goods and services produced rather than goods and services consumed. In addition, the CPI uses a fixed basket of goods, while the GDP deflator automatically changes the group of goods and services over time as the composition of GDP changes.•Dollar figures from different points in time do not represent a valid comparison of purchasing power. So various laws and private contracts use price indexes to correct for the effects of inflation.•The real interest rate equals the nominal interest rate minus the rate of inflation.•Productivity is the quantity of goods and services produced from each unit of labor input.∙Physical Capital (K)The stock of equipment and structures that are used to produce goods and services.•Tools used to build or repair automobiles.•Tools used to build furniture.•Office buildings, schools, etc.∙Human capital (H)The knowledge and skills that workers acquire through education, training, and experience.•Human capital includes the skills accumulated in early childhoodprograms, grade school, high school, college, and on-the-jobtraining for adults in the labor force.•Producing human capital requires inputs in the form of teachers,libraries, and student time.Natural resources (N)The inputs into the production of goods and services that are provided by nature, such as land, rivers, and mineral deposits.•Natural resources take two forms: renewable and nonrenewable.•Although natural resources can be important, they are not necessaryfor an economy to be highly productive in producing goods andservicesTechnological knowledge (T / A)Society’s understanding of the best ways to produce goods and services.•Technological knowledge takes many forms: common knowledgeand proprietary.•Technological knowledge refers to society’s understanding abouthow the world works. Human capital refers to the resourcesexpended transmitting this understanding to the labor force.•As the stock of capital rises, the extra output produced from an additional unit of capital falls; this property is called diminishing returns.•The catch-up effect refers to the property whereby countries that start off poor tend to grow more rapidly than countries that start off rich.•The financial system consists of the group of institutions in the economy that help to match one person’s saving with another person’s investment.•Financial markets are the institutions through which a person who wants to save can directly supply funds to a person who wants to borrow.• A bond is a certificate of indebtedness that specifies obligations of the borrower to the holder of the bond. Put simply, abond is an IOU.•Stock represents a claim to partial ownership in a firm and is therefore, a claim to the profits that the firm makes.•Financial intermediaries are financial institutions through which savers can indirectly provide funds to borrowers• A mutual fund is an institution that sells shares to the public and uses the proceeds to buy a portfolio, of various types of stocks, bonds, or both.•National saving is the total income in the economy that remains after paying for consumption and government purchases.•Private saving is the amount of income that households have left after paying their taxes and paying for their consumption.•Public saving is the amount of tax revenue that the government has left after paying for its spending.•market for loanable funds: the market in which those who want to save supply funds and those who want to borrow to invest demand funds.•Loanable funds refers to all income that people have chosen to save and lend out,rather than use for their own consumption.•The interest rate is the price of a loan. It represents the amount that borrowers pay for loans and the amount that lenders receive on their saving.•Finance is the field that studies how people make decisions regarding the allocation of resources over time and the handling of risk.•Present value refers to the amount of money today that would be needed, using prevailing interest rates, to produce a given future amount of money.•Future value is the amount of money in the future that an amount of money today will yield, given prevailing interest rates.•Interest is paid annually and that it remains in the bank account to earn more interest—a process called compounding.•The process of finding a present value of a future sum of money is called discounting. •Diversification refers to the reduction of risk achieved by replacing a single risk witha large number of smaller unrelated risks.•Fundamental analysis is the study of a company’s accounting statements and future prospects to determine its value.•The efficient markets hypothesis is the theory that asset prices reflect all publicly available information about the value of an asset.•The natural rate of unemployment is the amount of unemployment that the economy normally experiences. It does not go away on its own even in the long run. •The cyclical rate of unemployment refers to the year-to-year fluctuations in unemployment around its natural rate. It is associated with short-term ups and downs of the business cycle.•Employed: This category includes those has spent most of the previous week working at a paid job.•Unemployed: This category includes those who were not employed, were available for work, and had tried to find employment during the previous four weeks. It also includes those waiting to be recalled to a job from which they had been laid off. •Not in the labor force: This category includes those who fit neither of the first two categories, such as full-time students, homemakers, and retirees.•Discouraged workers, people who would like to work but have given up looking for jobs after an unsuccessful search, don’t show up in unemployment statistics.•Frictional unemployment refers to the unemployment that results from the time that it takes to match workers with jobs. In other words, it takes time for workers to search for the jobs that are best suit their tastes and skills.•Structural unemployment is the unemployment that results because the number of jobs available in some labor markets is insufficient to provide a job for everyone who wants one.• A union is a worker association that bargains with employers over wages, benefits, and working conditions.。
经济学 名词解释 英文
1.Demand curve and supply curve and interrelatedconcepts just like elasticity of demand and supply. Demand curve:In economics, the demand curve is the graph depicting the relationship between the price of a certain commodity, and the amount of it that consumers are willing and able to purchase at that given price.Supply curve: A graph showing the hypothetical supply of a product or service that would be available at different price points.Elasticity is the ratio of the percent change in one variable to the percent change in another variable. It is a tool for measuring the responsiveness of a function to changes in parameters in a unitless way. Frequently used elasticities include price elasticity of demand, price elasticity of supply,需求弹性Price elasticity of demand : PED is a measure of responsiveness of the quantity of a good or service demanded to changes in its price. The formula for the coefficient of price elasticity of demand for a good is: The above formula usually yields a negative value, due to the inverse nature of the relationship between price and quantity demanded, For example, if the price increases by 5% and quantity demanded decreases by 5%, then the elasticity at the initial price and quantity = −5%/5% = −1.2. Theory of utility consumer theory1) Utility is a measure of relative satisfaction.2) Law of diminishing marginal utilityThe marginal utility of each (homogenous) unit decreases as the supply of units increases3) Consumer’s surplus: Consumer surplus is the difference between the maximum price a consumer is willing to pay and the actual price they do pay4) The producer surplus is the amount that producers benefit by selling at a market price mechanism that is higher than the least that they would be willing to sell for.5) Attitude people towards risks: risk avoidance, risk preference, risk neutral6) An Engel curve describes how household expenditure on a particular good or service varies with household income.3. Production theory1) The target of a firm pursues the maximum of profitIn economics, returns to scale and economies of scale are related terms that describe what happens as the scale of production increases in the long run.The term returns to scale arises in the context of a firm's production function. It refers to changes in output resulting from a proportional change in all inputs. If output increases by that same proportional change then there are constant returns to scale (CRS). If output increases by less than that proportional change, there are decreasing returns to scale (DRS). If output increases by more than that proportional change, there are increasing returns to scale (IRS). Thus the returns to scale faced by a firm are purely technologically imposed and are not influenced by economic decisions or by market conditions.Economies of scale:is a long run concept and refers to reductions in unit cost as the size of a facility and the usage levels of other inputs increase.The common sources of economies of scale are purchasing (bulk buying of materials through long-term contracts), managerial (increasing the specialization of managers), and technological (taking advantage of returns to scale in the production function). Each of these factors reduces the long run average costs (LRAC) of production Economies of scale refer to a firm's costs; returns to scale describe the relationship between inputs and outputs in a long-run production.Cost theory:1) Opportunity cost:It is kind of sacrifice related to the other best choice available to people who had several mutually exclusive choices.Economic profit: A firm is said to be making an economic profit when its average total cost is less than the price of each additional product at the profit-maximizing output. The economic profit is equal to the quantity output multiplied by the difference between the average total cost and the price.Normal profit = cost: A firm is said to be making a normal profit when its economic profit equals zero.Perfect competitive market; monopolistic competition market; monopolistic market; oligopolistic market. Price discrimination：When sales of identical goods or services are transacted at different prices from the same provider. Price discrimination can only be a feature of monopolistic and oligopolistic markets,Market failure: a concept within economic theory that the allocation of goods and services by a free market is not efficient. Market failures are often associated with information asymmetries, Monopolies, externalities, or public goods. The existence of a market failure is often used as a justification for government intervention in a particular market. However, some types of government policy interventions, such as taxes, subsidies, wage and price controls, and regulations, including attempts to correct market failure, may also lead to an inefficientallocation of resources, (sometimes called government failures). Thus, there is sometimes a choice that whether uses government intervention when market failures occur. Externalities: The actions of agents can have externalities, which are innate to the methods of production. For example, if a firm is producing steel, it pollutes the atmosphere when it makes steel, however, and if it is not forced to pay for the use of this resource, then this cost will be borne not by the firm but by society.Common examples of an externality is environmental harm such as pollution or overexploitation of natural resources. Monopolies:Agents in a market can gain market power, allowing them to block other mutually beneficial gains from trades from occurring. In a monopoly, the market equilibrium will no longer be Pareto optimal. The monopoly will use its market power to restrict output below the quantity at which the marginal social benefit is equal to the marginal social cost of the last unit produced, so as to keep prices and profits high.Information asymmetry deals with the study of decisions in transactions where one party has more or better information than the other. This creates an imbalance of power in transactions which can sometimes cause the transactions to go awry. Examples of this problem are adverse selection and moral hazard.Public good is a good that is non-rival and non-excludable. Non-rivalry means that consumption of the good by one individual does not reduce availability of the good for consumption by others; and non-excludability that no one can be effectively excluded from using the good. Consumers can take advantage of public goods without contributing sufficiently to their creation. This is called the free rider problem. If too many consumers decide to 'free-ride', private costs exceed private benefits and the incentive to provide the good or service through the market disappears. The market thus fails to provide a good or service for which there is a need.Pareto efficiency, or Pareto optimality:Given an initial allocation of goods among a set of individuals, a change to a different allocation that makes at least one individual better off without making any other individual worse off is called a Pareto improvement. An allocation is defined as "Pareto efficient" or "Pareto optimal" when no further Pareto improvements can be made.Rent-seeking generally implies the extraction of uncompensated value from others without making any contribution to productivity, such as by gaining control of land and other pre-existing natural resources, or by imposing burdensome regulations or other government decisions that may affect consumers or businesses. Rent-seeking agents will spend money in socially unproductive ways, such as political lobbying, in order to attain, maintain or increase monopoly power.Monetary policyCentral banks chosen a country's monetary policy and manages a state's currency, money supply, and interest rates in order to reduce unemployment, make Price stability; Economic growth and Financial market stability Interest rate interventionsA central bank controls certain types of short-term interest rates. Lowering the interest is to encourage economic growth and is often used to alleviate times of low economic growth. On the other hand, raising the interest rate is often used in times of high economic growth as a contra-cyclical device to keep the economy from overheating and avoid market bubbles.1.倾销：倾销是指一产品从一国出口到另一国的出口价格低于在正常贸易过程中出口国供消费的同类产品的可比价格，即以低于正常价值的价格进入另一国的商业。
西方经济学名词解释(中英互译)
1.经济学：研究资源如何最佳配置使人类需要得到最大满足的一门社会科学。
Economics: A social science that studies how resources are best allocated to maximize the satisfaction of human needs.2.微观经济学的基本家假设条件：⑴“合乎理性的人”的假设条件：每一个从事经济活动的人都是利己的。
⑵完全信息的假设条件：商业双方都知道对方的信息，也都知道对方知道的信息。
（双方可以替代为多方）3.需求：是指消费者在一定时期内在各种可能的价格水平愿意而且能够购买的该商品的数量。
Demand: The quantity of the good that consumers are willing and able to buy at all possible price levels in a given period.4.需求函数：表示一种商品的需求数量和影响该需求数量的各种因素之间的相互关系。
Demand function: represents the interrelationship between the quantity demanded of a good and the various factors that affect that quantity demanded.5.需求定律：需求曲线具有一个明显的特征，它是向右下方倾斜的，即它的斜率为负值。
它们都表示商品的价格和需求量之间成反方向变动的关系。
Law of demand: The demand curve has a distinctive feature that it slopes down to the right,i.e., it has a negative slope. They both indicate a relationship between the price of a commodity and thequantity demanded that moves in the opposite direction.6.供给：是指生产者在一定时期内在各种可能的价格下愿意而且能够提供出售的该种商品的数量。
经济学名词解释(英文)
Accounting profit会计利润: Total revenue minus total explicit costAbility-to-pay principle能力支付原则: The idea that taxes should be levied on a person according to how well that person can shoulder the burden Absolute advantage绝对优势: The comparison among producers of a good according to their productivityAdverse selection逆向选择: The tendency for the mix of unobserved attributes to become undesirable from the standpoint of an uninformed partyAgent代理人: A person who is performing an act for another person, called the principalAggregate-demand curve: a curve that shows the quantity of goods and services that households, firms, and the government want to buy at each price levelAggregate risk: risk that affects all economic actors at onceAggregate-supply curve: a curve that shows the quantity of goods and services that firms choose to produce and sell at each price level Appreciation: an increase in the value of a currency as measured by the amount of foreign currency it can buyArrow’s impossibility theorem阿罗不可能定理: A mathematical result showing that, under certain assumed conditions, there is no scheme for aggregating individual preferences into a valid set of social preferences Average fixed cost平均固定成本: Fixed costs divided by the quantity of outputAverage revenue平均收益: Total revenue divided by the quantity sold Average tax rate平均税率: Total taxes paid divided by total income Average total cost平均总成本: Total cost divided by the quantity of output Average variable cost平均可变成本: Variable costs divided by the quantity of outputAutomatic stabilizers: changes in fiscal policy that stimulate aggregate demand when the economy goes into a recession without policymakers having to take any deliberate actionBalance trade: a situation in which exports equal importsBenefits principle受益原则: The idea that people should pay taxes based on the benefits they receive from government servicesBond: a certificate of indebtednessBudget constraint预算约束: The limit on the consumption bundles that a consumer can affordBudget deficit预算赤字: An excess of government spending over government receiptsBudget surplus预算盈余: An excess of government receipts over government spendingBusiness cycle经济周期: Fluctuations in economic activity, such as employment and productionCapital资产: The equipment and structures used to produce goods and servicesCapital flight: a large and sudden reduction in the demand for assets locatedin a countryCartel 卡特尔: A group of firms acting in unisonCatch-up effect: the property whereby countries that start off poor tend to grow more rapidly that countries that start off richCentral bank: an institution designed to oversee the banking system and regulate the quantity of money in the economyCircular-flow diagram循环流向图: A visual model of the economy that shows how dollars flow through markets among households and firms Closed economy: an economy that does not interact with other economies in the worldCollective bargaining: the process by which unions and firms agree on the terms of employmentCommodity money: money that takes the form of a commodity with intrinsic valueCoase theorem科斯定理: The proposition that if private parties can bargain without cost over the allocation of resources, they can solve the problem of externalities on their ownCollusion共谋: An agreement among firms in a market about quantities to produce or prices to chargeCommon resources共同资源: Goods that are rival but not excludable Comparative advantage比较优势: The comparison among producers of a good according to their opportunity costCompensating differential补偿性工资差别: A difference in wages thatarises to offset the nonmonetary characteristics of different jobs Competitive market竞争性市场: A market with many buyers and sellers trading identical products so that each buyer and seller is a price taker Complements互补性商品: Two goods for which an increase in the price of one leads to a decrease in the demand for the otherCondorcet paradox: the failure of majority rule to produce transitive preferences for societyCompounding: the accumulation of a sum of money in, say, a bank account, where the interest earned remains in the account to earn additional interest in the futureConstant returns to scale规模报酬不变: The property whereby long-run average total cost stays the same as the quantity of outputConsumer price index (CPI): a measure of the overall cost of the goods and services bought by a typical consumerConsumer surplus消费者剩余: A buyer’s willingness to pay minus the amount the buyer actually paysConsumption: spending by households on goods and services, with the exception of purchases of new housingCost成本: The value of everything a seller must give up producing a good Cost-benefit analysis成本收益分析: A study that compares the costs and benefits to society of providing a public goodCrowding out: a decrease in investment that results from government borrowingCrowding-out effect: the offset in aggregate demand that results when expansionary fiscal policy raise the interest rate and thereby reduces investment spendingCross-price elasticity of demand需求的交叉价格弹性: A measure of how much the quantity demanded of one good responds to a change in the price of another good, computed as the percentage change in quantity demanded of the first good divided by the percentage change in the price of the second goodCurrency: the paper bills and coins in the hands of the publicCyclical unemployment: the deviation of unemployment from a market distortion, such as a taxDeadweight loss无谓损失: The fall in total surplus that results from a market distortion, such as a taxDemand curve需求曲线: A graph of the relationship between the price of a good and the quantity demandedDemand deposits: balances in bank accounts that depositors can access on demand by writing a checkDemand schedule需求表: A table that shows the relationship between the price of a good and the quantity demandedDepreciation: a decrease in the value of a currency as measured by the amount of foreigh currency it can buyDepression: a severe recessionDiminishing marginal product边际产品递减: The property whereby themarginal product of an input declines as the quantity of the input increases Discrimination歧视: The offering of different opportunities to similar individuals who differ only by race, ethnic group, sex, age, or other personal characteristicsDiseconomies of scale规模不经济: The property whereby long-run average total cost rises as the quantity of output increasesDiscount rate: the interest rate on the loans that the Fed makes to banks Discouraged workers: individuals who would like to work but have given up looking for jobDiversification: the reduction of risk achieved by replacing a single risk with a large number of smaller unrelated risksDominant strategy占优策略: A strategy that is best for a player in a game regardless of the strategies chosen by the other playersEconomic profit经济利润: Total revenue minus total cost, including both explicit and implicit costsEconomics经济学: The study of how society manages its scarce resources Economies of scale规模经济: The property whereby long-run average total cost falls as the quantity of output increasesEfficiency效率: The property of society getting the most it can from its scarce resourcesEfficiency wages效率工资: Above-equilibrium wages paid by firms in order to increase worker productivityEfficient scale: the quantity of output that minimizes average total costElasticity: a measure of the responsiveness of quantity demanded or quantity supplied to one of its determinantsEquilibrium: a situation in which the price has reached the level where quantity supplied equals quantity demandedEquilibrium price: the price that balances quantity supplied and quantity demandedEquilibrium quantity: the quantity supplied and the quantity demanded at the equilibrium priceEquity: the property of distributing economic prosperity fairly among the members of societyExcludability: the property of a good whereby a person can be prevented from using itExplicit costs: input costs that require an outlay of money by the firm Export: goods produced domestically and sold abroadExternality: the uncompensated impact of one person’s actions on the wellbeing of a bystanderFactors of production: the inputs used to produce goods and services Federal reserve (Fed) : the central bank of the united statesFiat money: money without intrinsic value that is used as money because of government decreeFinance: the field that studies how people make decisions regarding the allocation of resources over time and the handling of riskFinancial intermediaries: financial institutions through which savers canindirectly provide funds to borrowersFinancial markets: financial institutions through which savers can directly provide funds to borrowersFinancial system: the group of institutions in the economy that help to match one person’s saving with another person’s investmentFisher effect: the one-for-one adjustment of the nominal interest rate to the inflation rateFractional-reserve banking: a banking system in which banks hold only a fraction of deposits as reservesFrictional unemployment: unemployment that results because it takes time for workers to search for the jobs that best suit their tastes and skills Fundamental analysis: the study of a company’s accounting statements and future prospects to determine its valueFuture value: the amount of money in the future that an amount of money today will yield, given prevailing interest ratesFixed costs: costs that do not vary with the quantity of output produced Free rider: a person who receives the benefit of a good but avoids paying for itGame theory: the study of how people behave in strategic situationsGDP deflator: a measure of the price level calculated as the ratio of nominal GDP to real GDP times 100Government purchases: spending on goods and services by local, state, and federal governmentsGross domestic product GDP: the market value of all final goods and services produced within a country in a given period of timeHorizontal equity: the idea that taxpayers with similar abilities to pay taxes should pay the same amountHuman capital: the accumulation of investment in people, such as education and on-the-job trainingIdiosyncratic risk: risk that affects only a single economic actorImplicit costs: input costs that do not require an outlay of money by the firm Import quota: a limit on the quantity of a good that can be produced abroad and sold domesticallyImports: goods produced abroad and sold domesticallyIncome effect: the change in consumption that results when a price change moves the consumer to a higher or lower indifference curveIncome elasticity of demand: a measure of how much the quantity demanded of a good responds to a change in consumers’ income, computed as the percentage change in quantity demanded divided by the percentage change in incomeIndexation: the automatic correction of a dollar amount for the effects of inflation by law or contractIndifference curve: a curve that shows consumption bundles that give the consumer the same level of satisfactionInferior good: a good for which, other things equal, an increase in income leads to a decrease in demandInflation: an increase in the overall level of prices in the economyInflation rate: the percentage change in the price index from the preceding periodInflation tax: the revenue the government raises by creating money Informationally efficient: reflecting all available information in a rational way In-kind transfers: transfers to the poor given in the form of goods and services rather than cashInternalizing an externality: altering incentives so that people take account of the external effects of their actionsInvestment: spending on capital equipment, inventories, and structures, including household purchases of new housingJob search: the process by which workers find appropriate jobs given their tastes and skillslabor force: the total number of workers, including both the employed and the unemployedLabor-force participation rate: the percentage of the adult population that is in the labor forceLaw of demand: the claim that, other things equal, the quantity demanded of a good falls when the price of the good risesLaw of supply: the claim that, other things equal, the quantity supplied of a good rises when the price of the good risesLaw of supply and demand: the claim that the price of any good adjusts to bring the quantity supplied and the quantity demanded for that good intobalanceLiberalism: the political philosophy according to which the government should choose policies deemed to be just, as evaluated by an impartial observe behind a “veil of ignorance”Libertarianism: the political philosophy according to which the government should punish crimes and enforce voluntary agreements but not redistribute incomeLife cycle: the regular pattern of income variation over a person’s life Liquidity: the ease with which an asset can be converted into the economy’s medium of exchangeLump-sum tax: a tax that is the same amount for every person Macroeconomics: the study of economy-wide phenomena, including inflation, unemployment, and economic growthMarginal changes: small incremental adjustments to a plan of action Marginal cost: the increase in total cost that arises from an extra unit of productionMarginal product: the increase in output that arises from an additional unit of inputMarginal product of labor: the increase in the amount of output from an additional unit of laborMarginal rate of substitution: the rate at which a consumer is willing to trade one good for anotherMarginal revenue: the change in total revenue from an additional unit soldMarginal tax rate: the extra taxes paid on an additional dollar of income Market: a group of buyers and sellers of a particular good or services Market economy: an economy that allocates resources through the decentralized decisions of many firms and households as they interact in markets for goods and servicesMarket failure: a situation in which a market left on its own fails to allocate resources efficientlyMarket for loanable funds: the market in which those who want to save supply funds and those who want to borrow to invest demand funds Market power: the ability of a single economic actor (or small group of actors) to have a substantial influence on market pricesMaximin criterion: the claim that the government should aim to maximize the well-being of the worst-off person in societyMedian voter theorem: a mathematical result showing that if voters are choosing a point along a line and each voter wants the point closest to his most preferred point, then majority rule will pick the most preferred point of the median voterMenu cost: the costs of changing pricesMicroeconomics: the study of how households and firms make decisions and how they interact in marketsModel of aggregate demand and aggregate supply: the model that most economists use to explain short-run fluctuations in economic activity around its long-run trendMonetary neutrality: the proposition that changes in the money supply do not affect real variablesMonetary policy: the setting of the money supply by policymakers in the central bankMoney: the set of assets in an economy that people regularly use to buy goods and services from other peopleMoney multiplier: the amount of money the banking system generates with each dollar of reservesMoney supply: the quantity of money available in the economy monopolistic competition: market structures in which many firms sell products that are similar but not identicalMonopoly: a firm that is the sole seller of a product without close substitutesMoral hazard: the tendency of a person who is imperfectly monitored to engage in dishonest or otherwise undesirable behaviorMultiplier effect: the additional shifts in aggregate demand that result when expansionary fiscal policy increases income and thereby increases consumer spendingMutual fund: an institution that sells shares to the public and uses the proceeds to buy a portfolio of stocks and bondsNash equilibrium: a situation in which economic actors interacting with one another each choose their best strategy given the strategies that all the more firmsNational saving: the total income in the economy that remains after paying for consumption and government purchasesNatural-rate hypothesis: the claim that unemployment eventually returns to its normal, or natural, rate, regardless of the rate of inflationNatural rate of unemployment: the normal rate of unemployment around which the unemployment rate fluctuatesNatural resources: the inputs into the production of goods and services that are provided by nature, such as land, rivers, and mineral deposits Negative income tax: a tax system that collects revenue from high-income households and gives transfers to low-income householdsNet capital outflow: the purchases of foreign assets by domestic residents minus the purchases of domestic assets by foreignersNet exports: the value of a nation’s exports minus the value of its imports; also called the trade balanceNominal GDP: the production of goods and services valued at current prices Nominal interest rate: the interest rate as usually reported without a correction for the effects of inflationNominal variables: variables measured in monetary unitsNormal good: a good for which, other things equal, an increase in income leads to an increase in demandNormative statement: claims that attempt to prescribe how the world should beOligopoly: a market structure in which only a few sellers offer similar oridentical productsOpen economy: an economy that interacts freely with other economies around the worldOpen-market operations: the purchase and sale of U.S. government bonds by the FedOpportunity cost: whatever must be given up to obtain some itemPerfect complement: two goods with right-angle indifference curves Perfect substitutes: two goods with straight-line indifference curves Permanent income: a person’s normal incomePhillips curve: a curve that shows the short-run tradeoff between inflation and unemploymentPhysical capital: the stock of equipment and structures that are used to produce goods and servicesPositive statements: claims that attempt to describe the world as It is Pigovian tax: a tax enacted to correct the effects of a negative externality Positive statements: claims that attempt to describe the world as it is Poverty line: an absolute level of income set by the federal government for each family size below which a family is deemed to be in povertyPoverty rate贫困率: The percentage of the population whose family income falls below an absolute level called the poverty linePresent value: the amount of money today that would be needed to produce, using prevailing interest rates, a given future amount of moneyPrice ceiling: a legal maximum on the price at which a good can be soldPrice discrimination: the business practice of selling the same good at different prices to different customersPrice elasticity of demand: a measure of how much the quantity demanded of a good responds to a change in the price of that good, computed as the percentage change in quantity demanded divided by the percentage change in pricePrice elasticity of supply: a measure of how much the quantity supplied of a good responds to a change in the price of that good, computed as the percentage change in quantity supplied divided by the percentage change in pricePrice floor: a legal minimum on the price at which a good can be sold Principal: a person for whom another person, called the agent, is performing some actPrisoner s’dilemma: a particular “game”between two captured prisoners that illustrates why cooperation is difficult to maintain even when it is mutually beneficialPrivate saving: the income that households have left after paying for taxes and consumptionPrivate goods: goods that are both excludable and rivalProducer price index: a measure of the cost of a basket of goods and services bought by firmsProducer surplus生产者剩余: the amount a seller is paid for a good minus the seller’s costProduction function生产函数: the relationship between quantity of input used to make a good and the quantity of output of that goodProduction possibilities frontier: a graph that shows the combinations of output that the economy can possibly produce given the available factors of production and the available production technologyProductivity: the quantity of goods and services produced from each hour of a worker’s timeProfit 利润: Total revenue minus total costProgressive tax累进税: a tax for which high-income taxpayers pay a larger fraction of their income than do low-income taxpayersProportional tax比例税: a tax for which high-income and low-income taxpayers pay the same fraction of incomePublic goods: goods that are neither excludable nor rivalPublic saving: the tax revenue that the government has left after paying for its spendingQuantity demanded: the amount of a good that buyers are willing and able to purchaseQuantity supplied: the amount of a good that sellers are willing and able to sellRandom walk: the path of a variable whose changes are impossible to predictRational expectations: the theory according to which people optimally use all the information they have, including information about governmentpolicies, when forecasting the futureReal exchange rate: the rate at which a person can trade the goods and services of one country for the goods and services of anotherReal GDP: the production of goods and services valued at constant prices Real interest rate: the interest rate corrected for the effects of inflation Real variables: variables measured in physical unitsRecession: a period of declining real incomes and rising unemployment Reserve ratio: the fraction of deposits that banks hold as reservesReserve requirements: regulations on the minimum amount of reserves that banks must hold against depositsRegressive tax累退税: a tax for which high-income taxpayers pay a smaller fraction of their income than do low-income taxpayersreserves: deposits that banks have received but have not loaned outRisk averse: exhibiting a dislike of uncertaintyRivalry竞争: the property of a good whereby one person’s use diminishes other people’s use Sacrifice ratio: the number of percentage points of annual output lost in the process of reducing inflation by 1 percentage pointScarcity稀缺性: the limited nature of society’s resourcesScreening筛选: an action taken by an uninformed party to induce an informed party to reveal informationShoeleather costs: the resources wasted when inflation encourages people to reduce their money holdingsShortage: a situation in which quantity demanded is greater than quantity suppliedSignaling信号显示: an action taken by an informed party to reveal private information to an uninformed partyStagflation: a period of falling output and rising pricesStock: a claim to partial ownership in a firmStore of value: an item that people can use to transfer purchasing power from the present to the futureStrike: the organized withdrawal of labor from a firm by a union Substitutes替代品: two goods for which an increase in the piece of one leads to an increase in the demand for the otherSubstitution effect替代效应: the change in consumption that results when a price change moves the consumer along a given indifference curve to a point with a new marginal rate of substitutionSunk cost沉淀成本: a cost that has already been committed and cannot be recoveredSupply curve: a graph of the relationship between the price of a good and the quantity suppliedSupply schedule: a table that shows the relationship between the price of a good and the quantity suppliedSupply shock: an event that directly alters firms’ costs and prices, shifting the economy’s aggregate-supply curve and thus the Phillips curveSurplus过剩: a situation in which quantity supplied is greater than quantitydemandedTariff关税: a tax on goods produced abroad and sold domesticallyTax incidence税收归宿: the manner in which the burden of a tax is shared among participants in a marketTechnological knowledge: society’s understanding of the best ways to produce goods and servicesTotal cost: the market value of the inputs a firm uses in productionTotal revenue: the amount a firm receives for the sale of its outputTotal revenue (in a market): the amount paid by buyers and received by sellers of a good, computed as the price of the good times the quantity sold Trade balance: the value of a nation’s exports minus the value of its imports; also called net exportsTrade deficit: an excess of imports over exportsTrade policy: a government policy that directly influences the quantity of goods and services that a country imports or exportsTrade surplus: an excess of exports over importsTragedy of the commons公共地的悲剧: a parable that illustrates why common resources get used more than is desirable from the standpoint of society as a wholeTransaction costs交易成本: the costs that parties incur in the process of agreeing and following through on a bargainUnemployment rate: the percentage of the labor force that is unemployed Unemployment insurance: a government program that partially protectsworker’s income when they become unemployedUnion: a worker association that bargains with employers over wages and working conditionsUnit of account 计价单位: the yardstick people use to post prices and record debtsUtilitarianism功利主义: the political philosophy according to which the government should choose policies to maximize the total utility of everyone in societyUtility效用: a measure of happiness or satisfactionValue of the marginal product边际产品价值: the marginal product of an input times the price of the outputVariable costs: costs that vary with the quantity of output produced Velocity of money 货币流通速度: the rate at which money changes Vertical equity纵向公平: the idea that taxpayers with a greater ability to pay taxes should pay larger amountsWelfare: government programs that supplement the incomes of the needy Welfare economics福利经济学: the study of how the allocation of resources affects economic well-beingWillingness to pay支付愿意: the maximum amount that buyer will pay for a goodWorld price: the price of a good that prevails in the world market for that good。
经济学名词解释汇总(中英文版)
经济学名词解释汇总1.绝对优势〔Absolute advantage〕如果一个国家用一单位资源生产的某种产品比另一个国家多，那么，这个国家在这种产品的生产上与另一国相比就具有绝对优势。
2.逆向选择〔Adverse choice〕在此状况下，保险公司发现它们的客户中有太大的一局部来自高风险群体。
3.选择本钱〔Alternative cost〕如果以最好的另一种方式使用的某种资源，它所能生产的价值就是选择本钱，也可以称之为时机本钱。
4.需求的弧弹性〔Arc elasticity of demand〕如果P1和Q1分别是价格和需求量的初始值，P2 和Q2 为第二组值，那么，弧弹性就等于-〔Q1-Q2〕〔P1＋P2〕/〔P1-P2〕〔Q1＋Q2〕5.非对称的信息〔Asymmetric information〕在某些市场中，每个参与者拥有的信息并不一样。
例如，在旧车市场上，有关旧车质量的信息，卖者通常要比潜在的买者知道得多。
6.平均本钱〔Average cost〕平均本钱是总本钱除以产量，也称为平均总本钱。
( Average fixed cost〕平均固定本钱是总固定本钱除以产量。
8.平均产品〔Average product〕平均产品是总产量除以投入品的数量。
9.平均可变本钱〔Average variable cost〕平均可变本钱是总可变本钱除以产量。
β(Beta〕β度量的是与投资相联的不可分散的风险。
对于一种股票而言，它表示所有现行股票的收益发生变化时，一种股票的收益会如何敏感地变化。
(Bond yield〕债券收益是债券所获得的利率。
12.收支平衡图〔Break－even chart〕收支平衡图表示一种产品所出售的总数量改变时总收益和总本钱是如何变化的。
收支平衡点是为防止损失而必须卖出的最小数量。
(Budget line〕预算线表示消费者所能购置的商品X和商品Y的数量的全部组合。
它的斜率等于商品X的价格除以商品Y的价格再乘以一1。
经济学名词解释
名词解析微观经济学B比较静态分析（comparative static analysis）要说明事物从一种均衡状态变动到另一种均衡状态时，考察或比较原有已知条件变化后均衡状态发生了何种相应的变化，）并把新旧均衡状态加以比较；（P13边际替代率（marginal rate of substitution，简写为MRS）指在满足程度不变的前提下，消费者为了增加1单位某种商品而需要减少的另一种商品的单位数。
（P）59边际产量（marginal product,MP）是指增加一个单位可变投入所增加的产量。
（P101）边际报酬递减规律（the law of diminishing marginal return）也称边际产量递减规律或边际生产力递减规律。
即在议定技术水平条件下，在其他投入要素保持不变时，对一种生产要素每次增加相同的数量，产量的增加在达到一定点后将会下降，也即生产要素的边际产量将会减少；（P103）边际技术替代率（marginal rate of technical substitution，简写为MRTS）良好性状的等产量曲线凸向远点，斜率为负。
等产量曲线的斜率也有一个重要的经济学解释。
它度量厂商为保持产出量不便，必须以一种投入替代另一种投入的比率；（P109）C成本函数（cost function）表示议定产量与生产该产量的最低成本之间的关系；（P119）产品转换曲线（product transformation curve）表示在技术不便的条件下，使用一定的要素投入可以生产不同数量组合的两种产品。
（P131）D动态分析（dynamic analysis）则是考察均衡的实际变化过程或路径，说明某一时点上经济变量的变动如何影响下一时点上该经济变量的变动，以及这种变动对整个均衡）状态变动的影响；（P13等产量曲线（isoquant line）所表示的是能够生产某种既定产量的两种投入的各种有效的组合。
经济学名词解释 (超全)
经济学名词解释 (超全)1. 供给与需求- 供给（Supply）：指市场上生产者所愿意提供的一种商品或服务的数量。
- 需求（Demand）：指市场上消费者所愿意购买的一种商品或服务的数量。
2. 市场- 市场（Market）：指供给者和需求者进行商品交换的场所或途径。
- 市场经济（Market Economy）：指以市场为基础，通过供需关系进行资源配置和决策的经济模式。
3. 价格与价格体系- 价格（Price）：指商品或服务在市场上以货币形式表现的价值。
价格通常由供需关系决定。
- 市场均衡价（Market Equilibrium Price）：指市场上供给与需求达到平衡时的价格。
- 价格体系（Price System）：指市场经济中由供给和需求决定的一系列价格关系的总和。
4. 市场结构- 垄断（Monopoly）：指一个市场上只有一个供应者或生产者的市场结构。
- 寡头垄断（Oligopoly）：指一个市场上只有几个供应者或生产者的市场结构。
5. 机会成本- 机会成本（Opportunity Cost）：指做出某种选择后所放弃的最好的其他选择的成本。
- 潜在收益（Potential Gain）：指做出某种选择后可能获得的最好的结果或回报。
6. 通货膨胀与通货紧缩- 通货膨胀（Inflation）：指货币供应量超过经济实际需求，导致整体物价水平上涨的经济现象。
- 通货紧缩（Deflation）：指货币供应量不足以满足经济实际需求，导致整体物价水平下降的经济现象。
7. 国内生产总值- 国内生产总值（Gross Domestic Product，GDP）：指一个国家或地区在一定时间内（通常为一年）内生产的全部最终产品与劳务的总价值。
8. 外汇与汇率- 外汇（Foreign Exchange）：指不同国家或地区之间进行货币交换的过程和结果。
- 汇率（Exchange Rate）：指一种货币与另一种货币之间的兑换比率。
西方经济学名词解释 英文版
Macroeconomics 宏观经济学The study of the overall aspects and workings of a national economy, such as income, output, and the interrelationship among diverse economic sectors.研究国民收入的各方面。
Microeconomics 微观经济学The study of the operations of the components of a national economy, such as individual firms, households, and consumers.研究经济中单个因素行为的分析。
GDP 国内生产总值(Gross Domestic Product)The total market value of all final goods and services produced within the borders of a nation during a specified period.一国国民在各行业中一年内生产的最终产品和最终服务价值总和。
It is often seen as an indicator of the standard of living in a country.Gross Domestic Product＝consumption + investment goods + government purchases + net exportsEconomic Growth 经济增长steady growth in the productive capacity of the economy (and so a growth of national income)Real Economic Growth Rate 实际经济增长率A measure of economic growth from one period to another expressed as a percentage and adjusted for inflation (i.e. expressed in real as opposed to nominal terms). The real economic growth rate is a measure of the rate of change that a nation's gross domestic product (GDP) experiences from one year to another. Gross national product (GNP) can also be used if a nation's economy is heavily dependent on foreign earnings. The real economic growth rate builds onto the economic growth rate by taking into account the effect that inflation has on the economy. The real economic growth rate is a "constant dollar" and therefore a more accurate look at the rate of economic growth because the real rate is not distorted by the effects of extreme inflation or deflation.GDP deflator GDP指数In economics the GDP deflator (implicit price deflator for GDP) is a measure of the change in prices of all new, domestically produced, final goods and services in an economy. GDP stands for gross domestic product the total value of all goods and services produced within that economy during a specified period.Nominal GDP 名义GDPA gross domestic product (GDP) figure that has not been adjusted for inflation.Real GDP 实际GDPThis inflation-adjusted measure that reflects the value of all goods and services produced in a given year, expressed in base-year prices. Often referred to as "constant-price", "inflation-corrected" GDP or "constant dollar GDP". Unlike nominal GDP, real GDP can account for changes in the price level, and provide a more accurate figure.Potential output 潜在产量/潜在GDPIn economics, potential output (also refered to as "natural real gross domestic product") refers to the highest level of real Gross Domestic Product output that can be sustained over the long term.GDP Gap GDP缺口The forfeited output of an country's economy resulting from the failure to create sufficient jobs for all those willing to work. A GDP gap denotes the amount of production that is irretrievably lost. The potential for higher production levels is wasted because there aren't enough jobs supplied.（与书异）Net Exports 净出口The value of a country's total exports minus the value of its total imports. It is used to calculate a country's aggregate expenditures, or GDP, in an open economy. In other words, net exports is the amount by which foreign spending on a home country's goods and services exceeds the home country's spending on foreign goods and services.Recession 经济衰退A significant decline in activity spread across the economy, lasting longer than a few months. It is visible in industrial production, employment, real income, and wholesale-retail trade. The technical indicator of a recession is two consecutive quarters of negative economic growth as measured by a country's GDP.Notes:Recession is a normal (albeit unpleasant) part of the business cycle. A recession generally lasts from six to eighteen months. Interest rates usually fall in recessionary times to stimulate the economy by offering cheap rates at which to borrowDepression 经济萧条A severe and prolonged recession characterized by inefficient economic productivity, high unemployment, and falling price levels. In times of depression, consumer's confidence and investments decrease, causing the economy to shutdown.Value Added 附加值The enhancement a company gives its product or service before offering the product to customers. This can either increase the products price or value.（与书异）Gross National Product – GNP 国民生产总值An economic statistic that includes GDP, plus any income earned by residents from overseas investments, minus income earned within the domestic economy by overseas residents. GNP is a measure of a country's economic performance, or what its citizens produced (i.e. goods and services) and whether they produced these items within its borders.Disposable Income 可支配收入The amount of after-tax income that is available to divide between spending and personal savings. This also known as your take home pay.Unemployment Rate 失业率The percentage of the total labor force that is unemployed but actively seeking employment and willing to work.Labor force 劳动力the group of people who have a potential for being employed.Frictional Unemployment 摩擦性事业Unemployment that is always present in the economy, resulting from temporary transitions made by workers and employers or from workers and employers having inconsistent or incomplete information.Structural Unemployment 结构性失业Unemployment resulting from changes in the basic composition of the economy. These changes simultaneously open new positions for trained workers.Cyclical Unemployment 周期性失业Unemployment resulting from changes in the business cycle.Natural Unemployment 自然失业率（与书异）The lowest rate of unemployment that an economy can sustain over the long run. Keynesians believe that a government can lower the rate of unemployment (i.e. employ more people) if it were willing to accept a higher level of inflation (the idea behind the Phillips Curve). However, critics of this say that the effect is temporary and that unemployment would bounce back up but inflation would stay high. Thus, the natural, or equilibrium, rate is the lowest level of unemployment at which inflation remains stable. Also known as the "non-accelerating inflation rate of unemployment" (NAIRU).Notes:When the economy is said to be at full employment, it is at its natural rate of unemployment. Economists debate how the natural rate might change. For example, some economists think that increasing labor-market flexibility will reduce the natural rate. Other economists dispute the existence of a natural rate altogether!Frictional unemployment — This reflects the fact that it takes time for people to find and settle into new jobs. If 12 individuals each take one month before they start a new job, the aggregate unemployment statistics will record this as a single unemployed worker. Technological change often reduces frictional unemployment, for example: the internet made job searches cheaper and more comprehensive.Structural unemployment —This reflects a mismatch between the skills and other attributes of the labour force and those demanded by employers. If 4 workers each take six months off to re-train before they start a new job, the aggregate unemployment statistics will record this as two unemployed workers. Technological change often increases structural unemployment, for example: technological change might require workers to re-train.Natural rate of unemployment —This is the summation of frictional and structural unemployment. It is the lowest rate of unemployment that a stable economy can expect to achieve, seeing as some frictional and structural unemployment is inevitable. Economists do not agree on the natural rate, with estimates ranging from 1% to 5%, or on its meaning — some associate it with "non-accelerating inflation.The estimated rate varies from country to country and from time to time.Demand deficient unemployment — In Keynesian economics, any level of unemployment beyond the natural rate is most likelydue to insufficient demand in the overall economy. During a recession, aggregate expenditure is deficient causing the underutilization of inputs (including labour). Aggregate expenditure (AE) can be increased, according to Keynes, by increasing consumption spending (C), increasing investment spending (I), increasing government spending (G), or increasing the net of exports minus imports (X−M).{AE = C + I + G + (X−M)}Okun's Law 奥昆法则A relationship between an economy's GDP gap and the actual unemployment rate. The relationship is represented by a ratio of 1 to 2.5. Thus, for every 1% excess of the natural unemployment rate, a 2.5% GDP gap is predicted.Inflation 通货膨胀The rate at which the general level of prices for goods and services is rising, and, subsequently, purchasing power is falling. Deflation 通货紧缩steadily falling pricesA general decline in prices, often caused by a reduction in the supply of money or credit. Deflation can be caused also by a decrease in government, personal or investment spending. The opposite of inflation, deflation has the side effect of increased unemployment since there is a lower level of demand in the economy, which can lead to an economic depression. Hyperinflation 超级通货膨胀Extremely rapid or out of control inflation.Inflation rate 通货膨胀率In economics, the inflation rate is the rate of increase of the average price level (a measure of inflation). If one likes analogies, the size of a balloon is like the price level, while the inflation rate is how quickly it grows in size. Alternatively, the inflation rate is the rate of decrease in the purchasing power of money.Consumer Price Index (CPI) 消费价格指数The CPI, as it is called, measures the prices of consumer goods and services and is a measure of the pace of US inflation. The US Department of Labor publishes the CPI every month.Demand－pull inflation 需求拉动型通货膨胀inflation due to high demand for GDP and low unemployment, also known as Phillips Curve inflation.Cost－push inflation 成本推动型通货膨胀nowadays termed "supply shock inflation", due to an event such as a sudden increase in the price of oil.Built-in inflation - induced by adaptive expectations, often linked to the "price/wage spiral" because it involves workers trying to keep their wages up with prices and then employers passing higher costs on to consumers as higher prices as part of a "vicious circle". Built-in inflation reflects events in the past, and so might be seen as hangover inflation. It is also known as "inertial" inflation, "inflationary momentum", and even "structural inflation".Indexing 指数化The adjustment of the weights of assets in an investment portfolio so that its performance matches that of an index.Linking movements of rates to the performance of an index.Notes:1. Indexing is a passive investment strategy. An investor can achieve the same risk and return of an index also by investing in an index fund.2. Types of rates that could be linked to the performance of an index are wage or tax rates.Phillips Curve 菲利普斯曲线An economic concept developed by A. W. Phillips stating that inflation and unemployment have a stable and inverse relationship. The theory states that with economic growth comes inflation, which in turn should lead to more jobs and less unemployment. The concept has been proven empirically and some government policies are directly influenced by it.第二章Aggregate Demand 总需求The total amount of goods and services demanded in the economy at a given overall price level and in a given time period. It is represented by the aggregate-demand curve, which describes the relationship between price levels and the quantity of output that firms are willing to provide. Normally there is a negative relationship between aggregate demand and the price level. Alsoknown as "total spending".Notes:Aggregate demand is the demand for the gross domestic product (GDP) of a country, and is represented by this formula: Aggregate Demand (AD) = C + I + G (X-M)C = Consumers' expenditures on goods and services.I = Investment spending by companies on capital goods.G = Government expenditures on publicly provided goods and services.X = Exports of goods and services.M = Imports of goods and services.Aggregate Supply 总供给The total supply of goods and services produced within an economy at a given overall price level in a given time period. It is represented by the aggregate-supply curve, which describes the relationship between price levels and the quantity of output that firms are willing to provide. Normally, there is a positive relationship between aggregate supply and the price level. Rising prices are usually signals for businesses to expand production to meet a higher level of aggregate demand. Also known as "total output".Notes:A shift in aggregate supply can be attributed to a number of variables. These include changes in the size and quality of labor, technological innovations, increase in wages, increase in production costs, changes in producer taxes and subsidies, and changes in inflation. In the short run, aggregate supply responds to higher demand (and prices) by bringing more inputs into the production process and increasing utilization of current inputs. In the long run, however, aggregate supply is not affected by the price level and is driven only by improvements in productivity and efficiency.Exogenous Variable 外生变量A variable whose value is determined outside the model in which it is used.An economic variable that is related to other economic variables and determines their equilibrium levels. For example, rainfall is exogenous to the causal system constituting the process of farming and crop output. An exogenous variable by definition is one whose value is wholly causally independent from other variables in the system.Endogenous Variable 内生变量A value determined within the context of a model.An economic variable which is independent of the relationships determining the equilibrium levels, but nonetheless affects the equilibrium.Consumption 消费in economics, direct utilization of goods and services by consumers, not including the use of means of production, such as machinery and factories (see capital). Consumption can be divided into public and private sectors.Investment 投资An asset or item that is purchased with the hope that it will generate income or appreciate in the future. In an economic sense, an investment is the purchase of goods that are not consumed today but are used in the future to create wealth. In finance, an investment is a monetary asset purchased with the idea that the asset will provide income in the future or appreciate and be sold at a higher price. In the financial sense investments include the purchase of bonds, stocks or real estate property. Government Purchases 政府购买Expenditures made in the private sector by all levels of government, such as when a government entity contracts a construction company to build office space or pave highways. A component of Keynesian expenditures, government purchases can be used as a tool for a government to influence the business cycle and provide economic stimulation when it is deemed necessary. Keynesian Economics 凯恩斯经济An economic theory stating that active government intervention in the marketplace and monetary policy is the best method of ensuring economic growth and stability. A supporter of Keynesian economics believes it is the government's job to smooth out the bumps in business cycles. Intervention would come in the form of government spending and tax breaks in order to stimulate the economy, and government spending cuts and tax hikes in good times, in order to curb inflation.Classical Economics 古典经济学Classical Economics refers to work done by a group of economists in the 18th and 19th centuries. They developed theories about the way markets and market economies work. The study was primarily concerned with the dynamics of economic growth. It stressed economic freedom and promoted ideas such as laissez-faire and free competition. Famous economists of this thinking include Adam Smith, David Ricardo, Thomas Malthus, and John Stuart Mill.Equilibrium of AD and AS 总供给和总需求的均衡supply and demand result in an equilibrium price (the interest rate)Stagflation 滞胀A condition of slow economic growth and relatively high unemployment - a time of stagnation - accompanied by a rise in prices, or inflation.第三章Fiscal Policy 财政政策Government spending policies that influence macroeconomic conditions. These policies affect tax rates, interest rates, and government spending, in an effort to control the economy.Government spending 政府支出consists of government purchases, including transfer payments, which can be financed by seigniorage (the creation of money for government funding), taxes, or government borrowing It is considered to be one of the major components of gross domestic product.Multiplier Effect 乘数效应The expansion of a country's money supply that results from banks being able to lend. The size of the multiplier effect depends on the percentage of deposits that banks are required to hold on reserves. In other words, it is money used to create more money and calculated by dividing total bank deposits by the reserve requirement.The multiplier effect depends on the set reserve requirement. The higher the reserve requirement, the tighter the money supply, which results in a lower multiplier effect for every dollar deposited. The lower the reserve requirement, the larger the money supply, which means more money is being created for every dollar deposited.Crowding Out Effect 挤出效应An economic theory explaining an increase in interest rates due to rising government borrowing in the money market.Notes:Governments often borrow money (by issuing bonds) to fund additional spending. The problem occurs when government debt 'crowds out' private companies and individuals from the lending market. Increased government borrowing tends to increase market interest rates. The problem is that the government can always pay the market interest rate, but there comes a point when corporations and individuals can no longer afford to borrow.Marginal propensity to consume （MPC）边际消费倾向refers to the increase in personal consumer spending (consumption) that occurs with an increase in disposable income (income after taxes and transfers). For example, if a household earns one extra dollar of disposable income, and the marginal propensity to consume is 0.65, then of that dollar, the family will spend 65 cents and save 35 cents.Mathematically, the marginal propensity to consume (MPC) function is expressed as the derivative of the consumption (C) function with respect to disposable income (Y).In other words, the marginal propensity to consume is measured as the ratio of the change in consumption to the change in income, thus giving us a figure between 0 and 1. One minus the MPC equals the marginal propensity to save.Marginal propensity to save (MPS) 边际储蓄倾向refers to the increase in saving (non-purchase of current goods and services) that results from an increase in income. For example, if a family earns one extra dollar, and the marginal propensity to save is 0.35, then of that dollar, the family will spend 65 cents and save 35 cents. It can also go the other way, referring to the decrease in saving that results from a decrease in income. It is crucial to Keynesian economics and is the key variable determining the value of the multiplier. Mathematically, the marginal propensity to save (MPS) function is expressed as the derivative of the savings (S) function with respect to disposable income (Y).In other words, the marginal propensity to save is measured as the ratio of the change in saving to the change in income, thus giving us a figure between 0 and 1. It is the opposite of the marginal propensity to consume (MPC). In the example above, the marginal propensity to consume would be 0.65. In general MPS = 1 - MPC.Money Supply 货币供给（与书异）The entire quantity of bills, coins, loans, credit, and other liquid instruments in a country's economy. Money supply is divided into three categories--M1, M2, and M3--according to the type and size of account in which the instrument is kept. The money supply is important to economists trying to understand how policies will affect interest rates and growth.M1The category of the money supply that includes all physical money like coins and currency. It also includes demand deposits, which are checking accounts and NOW accounts. M1 is the narrowest idea of "money." This is used as a measurement for economists trying to quantify the amount of money in circulation.M2A category within the money supply that includes M1 in addition to all time-related deposits, savings deposits, andnon-institutional money-market funds. M2 is a broader classification of money than M1. Economists use M2 when looking to quantify the amount of money in circulation and trying to explain different economic monetary conditions.M3The category of the money supply that includes M2 as well as all large time deposits, institutional money-market funds, short-term repurchase agreements, along with other larger liquid assets. This is the broadest measure of money it is used by economists to estimate the entire supply of money within an economy.（书没有）Fiat Money 【美】（根据政府法令发行的）不兑现纸币Money that a government has declared to be legal tender, despite the fact that it has no intrinsic value and is not backed by reserves. Most of the world's paper money is fiat money.Legal tender 合法货币；偿付债务时债主必须接受的货币is payment that cannot be refused in settlement of a debt by virtue of law.Transactions demand交易性需求is the demand or foreign currency. It is used for purposes of business transactions and personal consumption. transactions demand is one of the determinants of demand for money (and credit).Speculative demand 投机性需求is the demand for financial assets, such as securities, money or foreign currency, or financing. It is one of the determinants of demand for money (and credit).Liquidity Preference Theory 流动性偏好理论The hypothesis that forward rates offer a premium over expected future spot rates. Proponents of this theory believe that, according to the term structure of interest rates, investors are risk-averse and will demand a premium for securities with longer maturities. A premium is offered by way of greater forward rates in order to attract investors to longer-term securities. The premium received normally increases at a decreasing rate due to downward pressure from the decreasing volatility of interest rates as the term to maturity increases. Also known as "liquidity preference hypothesis."Interest Rate 利率The monthly effective rate paid (or received if you are a creditor) on borrowed money. Expressed as a percentage of the sum borrowed.Nominal Interest Rate/the money interest rate名义利率The interest rate unadjusted for inflation. Not taking into account inflation gives a less realistic number.Real Interest Rate 实际利率The amount by which the nominal interest rate is higher than the inflation rate. The real rate of interest is approximated by taking the nominal interest rate and subtracting inflation. The real interest rate is the growth rate of purchasing power derived from an investment.Intermediate targets 中间目标An intermediate target is a variable (such as the money supply) that is not directly under the control of the central bank, but that does respond fairly quickly to policy actions, is observable frequently and bears a predictable relationship to the ultimate goals of policy.Open Market Operations 公开市场业务The buying and selling of government securities in the open market in order to expand or contract the amount of money in the banking system. Purchases inject money into the banking system and stimulate growth while sales of securities do the opposite. Notes: Open market operations are the principal tools of monetary policy. (The discount rate and reserve requirements are also used.) The U.S. Federal Reserve's goal in using this technique is to adjust the federal funds rate--the rate at which banks borrow reserves from each other.Discount Rate 贴现率The interest rate that an eligible depository institution is charged to borrow short-term funds directly from a Federal Reserve Bank. This type of borrowing from the Fed is fairly limited. Institutions will often seek other means of meeting short-term liquidity needs. The Federal funds discount rate is one of two interest rates the Fed sets, the other being the overnight lending rate, or the Fed funds rate.Lender of Last Resort 最后的贷款者/偿付者An institution, usually a country's central bank, that offers loans to banks or other eligible institutions that are experiencing financial difficulty or are considered highly risky or near collapse. In the U.S. the Federal Reserve acts as the lender of last resort to institutions that do not have any other means of borrowing and whose failure to obtain credit would dramatically affect the economy.Notes: The lender of last resort functions both to protect individuals who have deposited funds, and to prevent panic withdrawing from banks who have temporary limited liquidity. Commercial banks usually try not to borrow from the lender of last resort because such action indicates that the bank is experiencing financial crisis. Critics of the lender-of-last-resort methodology suspect that the safety it provides inadvertently tempts qualifying institutions to acquire more risk than necessary - since they are more likely to perceive the potential consequences of risky actions to be less severe.Reserve Requirements 法定准备金Requirements regarding the amount of funds that banks must hold in reserve against deposits made by their customers. This money must be in the bank's vaults or at the closest Federal Reserve Bank.Notes: Set by the Fed's Board of Governors, reserve requirements are one of the three main tools of monetary policy. The other two tools are open market operations and the discount rate. Also known as required reserves.第四章Supply-side economics 供给经济学A theory of economics that reductions in tax rates will stimulate investment and in turn will benefit the entire society.Laffer Curve 拉弗尔曲线Invented by Arthur Laffer, this curve shows the relationship between tax rates and tax revenue collected by governments. The chart below shows the Laffer Curve:The curve suggests that, as taxes increase from low levels, tax revenue collected by the government also increases. It also shows that tax rates increasing after a certain point (T*) would cause people not to work as hard or not at all, thereby reducing tax revenue. Eventually, if tax rates reached 100% (the far right of the curve), then all people would choose not to work because everything they earned would go to the government.Notes: Governments would like to be at point T*, because it is the point at which the government collects maximum amount of tax revenue while people continue to work hard.Tax revenue税收is the income that is gained by governments because of taxation of the peopleBudget deficit 联邦预算赤字The amount by which government spending exceeds government revenues.Unemployment benefits 失业救济are sums of money given to the unemployed by the government or a compulsory para-governmental insurance system. Depending on the jurisdiction and the status of the person, those sums may be meager, covering only basic needs (thus a form of basic welfare), or may compensate the lost pay somewhat proportionally to the previous earned salary. They often are part of a larger social security scheme. Unemployment benefits are generally given only to those registering as unemployed, and often on conditions ensuring that they seek work and do not currently have a job.Capital Stock 资本存量The common and preferred stock a company is authorized to issue, according to their corporate charter.Notes: Capital stock are normally listed on a company's balance sheet. In financial statement analysis, an increasing capital stock account tends to be a sign of economic health since the company can use the additional proceeds to invest in projects or machinery that will increase corporate profits and/or efficiency.i ncomes policies 收入政策are wage and price controls used to fight inflation.第五章Mercantilism 重商主义is the economic theory that a nation's prosperity depends upon its supply of capital and that the total volume of trade is unchangeable. The amount of capital, represented by bullion（金条）, is best increased through a favourable balance of trade. Mercantilism suggests that the government should advance these goals by playing an active, protectionist role in the economy by encouraging exports and discouraging imports, especially through the use of tariffs. The economic policy that flourished in the early modern period is often referred to as the mercantile system.Trade deficit or surplus 贸易逆差或顺差The difference in the value of a nation's imports over exports (deficit) or exports over imports (surplus).Trade Surplus 贸易顺差/ export surplus出口顺差A nation's excess of exports over imports during a given time frame.Zero-Sum Game。
经济学名词解释_英文版
How people make decisions:1. people face tradeoffs2. The cost of something is what you give up to get it3. Rational people think at the margin4. People respond to incentivesHow people interact:5.trade can make everyone better off6. Markets are usually a good way to organize economic activity7. Government can sometimes improve market outcomesHow the economy as A whole works:8. A country’s standard of living depends on its ability to produce goods and services9. Prices rise when the government prints too much money10. Society faces a short-run tradeoff between inflation and unemployment Key concepts:Ability-to-pay principle（税收的）能力支付原则Absolute advantage绝对优势Accounting profit会计利润Adverse selection逆向选择Agent代理人Aggregate-demand curve总需求曲线Aggregate risk总体风险Aggregate-supply curve总供给曲线Appreciation增值: Arrow’s impossibility theorem阿罗不可能定理Average fixed cost平均固定成本Average evenue平均收益Average tax rate 平均税率Average total cost平均总成本Average variable cost平均可变成本Automatic stabilizers自动稳定 Balance trade贸易平衡Benefits principle受益原则Bond债券Budget constraint预算约束Budget deficit预算赤字Budget surplus预算盈余: Business cycle经济周期Capital资产 Capital flight资本外逃Cartel 卡特尔 Catch-up effect: 追赶效应Central bank央行Circular-flow diagram循环流向图Closed economy封闭经济Collective bargaining集体谈判Commodity money: 商品货币Coase theorem科斯定理: Collusion共谋 Common resources共同资源Comparative advantage比较优势Compensating differential 补偿性工资差别Competitive market竞争性市场Complements互补性商品Condorcet paradox孔多塞悖论: the failure of majority rule to produce transitivepreferences for society. Compounding: the accumulation of a sum of money in, say, a bank account, where the interest earned remains in the account to earn additional interest in the future. Constant returns to scale规模报酬不变Consumer price index (CPI):消费者价格指数Consumer surplus消费者剩余Consumption消耗量Cost成本 Cost-benefit analysis成本收益分析Crowding out 挤出效应Crowding-out effect财政政策Cross-price elasticity of demand需求的交叉价格弹性Currency货币Cyclical unemployment周期性失业 Deadweight loss无谓损失Demand curve需求曲线Demand deposits活期存款Demand schedule 需求表Depreciation折旧 Depression: 萧条Diminishing marginal product边际产品递减Discrimination歧视Diseconomies of scale规模不经济Discount rate 折现率Discouraged workers: individuals who would like to work but have given up looking for job. versification多样化: the reduction of risk achieved by replacing a single risk with a large number of smaller unrelated risks.Dominant strategy占优策略Economic profit经济利润Economics经济学Economies of scale规模经济Efficiency效率Efficiency wages效率工资Efficient scale有效规模Elasticity弹性Equilibrium均衡Equilibrium price 均衡价格Equilibrium quantity均衡产量 Equity股权Excludability排他性Explicit costs:显性成本Export出口Externality外部Factors of production 生产要素Federal reserve (Fed) 美联储: the central bank of the united states。
国际经济学 中英名词解释
国际经济学中英名词解释Absolute advantage: The greater efficiency that one nation may have over another in the production of a commodity. This was the basis for trade for Adam Smith.绝对优势：一国在生产一种产品上比另一国家有更大的有效性。
这是亚当·斯密自由贸易理论的基础。
Absolute purchasing-power parity theory: Postulates that the equilibrium exchange rate is equal to the ratio of the price levels in the two nations. This version of the PPP theory can be very misleading. 绝对购买力平价理论：假设平衡汇率等于两国的价格水平之比，这一购买力平价理论的解释是不被接受的。
Ad valorem tariff: A tariff expressed as a fixed percentage of the value of a traded commodity.从价税：一种表示为贸易商品价值的一个固定百分比的税。
Arbitrage: The purchase of a currency in the monetary center where it is cheaper for immediate resale in the monetary center where it is more expensive in order to make a profit.套利：在某货币较便宜的货币中心购买该货币，立即在另一较贵的货币中心卖掉此货币以谋利的行为。
经济学原理名词解释1-6英文名词
第一单元什么是经济学？一基本的经济问题1.经济学：是解决经济问题、事件的逻辑和分析方法，是一门研究人类在目标与有其他用途的稀缺资源之间关系的行为的社会科学。
2.免费品：是每个人都可以免费获得的东西。
3.经济品：是一种供给有限的商品。
4.机会成本：是放弃了的选择的成本。
二不同的经济体制1.经济体制：是一个经济体系的组织方式，关键问题在于做最根本的经济选择时的方法。
任何经济体制都要完成以下四个任务：分配资源、决定产品的构成、分配产品、刺激和稳定增长。
2.计划经济或指令式经济：政府拥有所有资源并且决定生产、提供的产品和服务的类型与数量。
3.市场经济：这里我们仅限于讨论西方类型市场经济或者资本主义经济。
也可以指私人企业制度。
主要特点是私人拥有土地和资本，并且资源在不受政府干预的情况下主要按照价格进行分配。
4.混合型经济：私人所有企业生产非必需品，政府组织生产必需品和服务；国家拥有和控制一些资源，另外一些资源由企业或个人控制和拥有。
第二单元生产如何更加有效率一什么是生产？1.生产：是把资源转换成供给人们的产品和服务的过程2.生产要素：是生产中使用的经济资源，一般被分为3种类型：自然资源、人力资源、人造资源，大体来说就是土地、劳动力和资本。
许多经济学家还加入了第四个因素：企业家才能。
二专业化三生产成本和收益1.总成本（TC）：生产一定量的产品花费的成本, 是变动成本和固定成本的和。
2.变动成本（VC）：是生产一定产量产品需要的可变资源。
3.固定成本（FC）：是一个公司固定的生产材料的成本。
4.平均成本（AC）：是生产一单位产品的成本，是用总产出除以总成本计算出来的。
5.边际成本（MC）：是每增加一单位产量增加的成本，是用因为产量改变造成的成本改变除以产量的变化计算出的变化。
6.总收益（TR）：是公司卖出产品收回的钱。
可以直接通过单位价格（P）乘以数量（Q）得出。
7.平均收益（AR）：是卖出一件产品得到的数额，等于产品的售价。
西方经济学必背名词解释
1、绝对优势(Absoluteadvantage)：如果一个国家用一单位资源生产的某种产品比另一个国家多，那么，这个国家在这种产品的生产上与另一国相比就具有绝对优势。
2、逆向选择(Adversechoice)：在此状况下，保险公司发现它们的客户中有太大的一部分来自高风险群体。
3、选择成本(Alternativecost)：如果以最好的另一种方式使用的某种资源，它所能生产的价值就是选择成本，也可以称之为机会成本。
4、需求的弧弹性(Arcelasticityofdemand)：如果P1和Q1分别是价格和需求量的初始值，P2和Q2为第二组值，那么，弧弹性就等于-(Q1-Q2)(P1+P2)/(P1-P2)(Q1+Q2)5、非对称的信息(Asymmetricinformation)：在某些市场中，每个参与者拥有的信息并不相同。
例如，在旧车市场上，有关旧车质量的信息，卖者通常要比潜在的买者知道得多。
6、平均成本(Averagecost)：平均成本是总成本除以产量。
也称为平均总成本。
7、平均固定成本(Averagefixedcost)：平均固定成本是总固定成本除以产量。
8、平均产品(Averageproduct)：平均产品是总产量除以投入品的数量。
9、平均可变成本(Averagevariablecost)：平均可变成本是总可变成本除以产量。
10、投资的β(Beta)：β度量的是与投资相联的不可分散的风险。
对于一种股票而言，它表示所有现行股票的收益发生变化时，一种股票的收益会如何敏感地变化。
11、债券收益(Bondyield)：债券收益是债券所获得的利率。
12、收支平衡图(Break-evenchart)：收支平衡图表示一种产品所出售的总数量改变时总收益和总成本是如何变化的。
收支平衡点是为避免损失而必须卖出的最小数量。
13、预算线(Budgetline)：预算线表示消费者所能购买的商品X和商品Y的数量的全部组合。
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Capital flight: a large and sudden reduction in the demand for assets located in a country
Absolute advantage绝对优势:Thecomparison among producersof a good according totheirproductivity
Adverse selection逆向选择:Thetendency for the mix of unobserved attributes to become undesirable from the standpoint of an uninformed party
Aggregate risk: risk that affects all economic actors at once
Aggregate-supply curve: a curvethat shows the quantity of goods and services that firms choose to produce and sell at each price level
Bond: a certificate of indebtedness
Budget constraint预算约束:Thelimit on the consumption bundles that a consumer can afford
Budget deficit预算赤字:Anexcess ofgovernmentspending over government receipts
Cartel卡特尔:Agroup of firms cting in unison
Catch-up effect: the property whereby countries that start off poor tend to grow more rapidly that countries that start off rich
Average fixed cost平均固定成本:Fixedcosts divided by the quantity ofoutput
Average revenue平均收益:Totalrevenue divided by the quantity sold
Average tax rate平均税率:Totaltaxes paid divided by total income
Budget surplus预算盈余:Anexcess of government receipts over government spending
Business cycle经济周期:Fluctuationsin economic activity, such as employment and production
Agent代理人:Aperson who is performing an act for another person, called theprincipal
Aggregate-demand curve: a curve that shows the quantity of goods and services that households, firms, and thegovernmentwant to buy at each price level
Appreciation: an increase in the value of a currency as measured by the amount of foreign currency it can buy
Arrow’s impossibility theorem阿罗不可能定理:Amathematical result showing that, under certain assumed conditions, there is no scheme for aggregating individual preferences into a valid set of social preferences
Accounting profit会计利润:Totalrevenue minus total explicit cost
Ability-to-pay principle能力支付原则:Theidea that taxes should be levied on a person according to how well that person can shoulder the burden
Average total cost平均总成本:Totalcost divided by the quantity of output
Average variable cost平均可变成本:Variablecosts divided by the quantity of output
Automatic stabilizers: changes in fiscal policy that stimulate aggregate demand when the economy goes into a recession without policymakers having to take any deliberate action
Balance trade: a situation in which exports equal imports
Benefits principle受益原则:Theidea thatpeopleshould pay taxes based on the benefits they receive fromgovernmentservices