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密码编码学与网络安全-原理与实践课后答案

time. A block cipher is one in which a block of plaintext is treated as a whole and used to produce a ciphertext block of equal length. 2.5 Cryptanalysis and brute force. 2.6 Ciphertext only. One possible attack under these circumstances is the brute-force approach of trying all possible keys. If the key space is very large, this becomes impractical. Thus, the opponent must rely on an analysis of the ciphertext itself, generally applying various statistical tests to it. Known plaintext. The analyst may be able to capture one or more plaintext messages as well as their encryptions. With this knowledge, the analyst may be able to deduce the key on the basis of the way in which the known plaintext is transformed. Chosen plaintext. If the analyst is able to choose the messages to encrypt, the analyst may deliberately pick patterns that can be expected to reveal the structure of the key. 2.7 An encryption scheme is unconditionally secure if the ciphertext generated by the scheme does not contain enough information to determine uniquely the corresponding plaintext, no matter how much ciphertext is available. An encryption scheme is said to be computationally secure if: (1) the cost of breaking the cipher exceeds the value of the encrypted information, and (2) the time required to break the cipher exceeds the useful lifetime of the information. 2.8 The Caesar cipher involves replacing each letter of the alphabet with the letter standing k places further down the alphabet, for k in the range 1 through 25. 2.9 A monoalphabetic substitution cipher maps a plaintext alphabet to a ciphertext alphabet, so that each letter of the plaintext alphabet maps to a single unique letter of the ciphertext alphabet. 2.10 The Playfair algorithm is based on the use of a 5 ¥ 5 matrix of letters constructed using a keyword. Plaintext is encrypted two letters at a time using this matrix. 2.11 A polyalphabetic substitution cipher uses a separate monoalphabetic substitution cipher for each successive letter of plaintext, depending on a key.

密码编码学与网络安全第五版

密码编码学与网络安全第五版密码编码学与网络安全是现代信息保密与通信安全的基础理论。

其研究内容包括加密、解密算法的设计与分析，密码系统的实现与安全性评估，网络安全协议的设计与分析等。

在网络时代，密码编码学与网络安全的研究显得尤为重要。

密码编码学主要包括对消息的加密与解密。

加密是将明文消息转化为密文消息的过程，解密是将密文消息还原为明文消息的过程。

密码算法的设计应具有安全性、可靠性和效率性。

安全性是指密文不能被未授权的人解密，可靠性是指密文在传输、存储和处理过程中不会出现错误，效率性是指算法需要较低的时间和空间成本。

密码系统的实现需要考虑多种因素。

首先是密钥的管理，密钥是加密与解密过程中必不可少的要素，因此密钥的生成、分发、存储和更新等都需要考虑。

其次是密码系统的可靠性与安全性评估，对密码系统的实施，应进行相关的评估与测试，以确保其在现实应用中的可靠性与安全性。

最后，密码系统的实施还需要考虑与其他系统的兼容性，以实现不同系统之间的通信与数据交换。

网络安全协议设计与分析是密码编码学与网络安全的重要研究内容之一。

网络安全协议是保证网络信息安全的关键，它基于密码学算法与协议的设计与实现。

网络安全协议的设计目标是实现认证、机密性、完整性和不可否认性等安全性质，并确保这些性质在网络通信中得以维护。

密码编码学与网络安全既有其理论研究的基础，也有其实际应用的重要性。

随着信息技术的不断发展，网络安全问题也越发凸显。

密码编码学与网络安全的研究对于保护个人隐私，防止信息泄露，维护国家安全等方面起到了重要作用。

综上所述，密码编码学与网络安全是现代信息保密与通信安全的基础理论。

其应用领域广泛，包括信息加密，网络安全协议的设计与分析等。

密码编码学与网络安全的研究对于保障个人隐私，防止信息泄露，维护国家安全等方面具有重要意义。

在信息时代，我们需要加强对密码编码学与网络安全的研究与实践，以应对不断增长的网络安全挑战。

(完整版)密码编码学与网络安全第四版第二章答案翻译

第二章2.1什么是对称密码的本质成分？Plaintext, encryption algorithm, secret key, ciphertext, decryption algorithm.明文加密算法密钥密文解密算法2.2 密码算法中两个基本函数式什么？Permutation and substitution.代换和置换P202.3用密码进行通信的两个人需要多少密钥？对称密码只需要一把，非对称密码要两把P202.4 分组密码和流密码的区别是什么？A stream cipher is one that encrypts a digital data stream one bit or one byte at a time. A block cipher is one in which a block of plaintext is treated as a whole and used to produce a ciphertext block of equal length.分组密码每次输入的一组元素，相应地输出一组元素。

流密码则是连续地处理输入元素，每次输出一个元素。

P202.5攻击密码的两种一般方法是什么？Cryptanalysis and brute force.密码分析和暴力破解2.6列出并简要定力基于攻击者所知道信息的密码分析攻击类型。

Ciphertext only. One possible attack under these circumstances is the brute-force approach of trying all possible keys. If the key space is very large, this becomes impractical. Thus, the opponent must rely on an analysis of the ciphertext itself, generally applying various statistical tests to it.Known plaintext.The analyst may be able to capture one or more plaintext messages as well as their encryptions. With this knowledge, the analyst may be able to deduce the key on the basis of the way in which the known plaintext is transformed.Chosen plaintext. If the analyst is able to choose the messages to encrypt, the analyst may deliberately pick patterns that can be expected to reveal the structure of the key.惟密文已知明文选择明文2.7无条件安全密码和计算上安全密码的区别是什么？An encryption scheme is unconditionally secure if the ciphertext generated by the scheme does not contain enough information to determine uniquely the corresponding plaintext, no matter how much ciphertext is available. An encryption scheme is said to be computationally secure if: (1) the cost of breaking the cipher exceeds the value of the encrypted information, and (2) the time required to break the cipher exceeds the useful lifetime of the information.书本P212.8简要定义Caesar密码The Caesar cipher involves replacing each letter of the alphabet with the letter standing k places further down the alphabet, for k in the range 1 through 25.书本P222.9简要定义单表代换密码A monoalphabetic substitution cipher maps a plaintext alphabet to a ciphertext alphabet, so that each letter of the plaintext alphabet maps to a single unique letter of the ciphertext alphabet.书本P232.10简要定义Playfair密码The Playfair algorithm is based on the use of a 5 5 matrix of letters constructed using a keyword. Plaintext is encrypted two letters at a time using this matrix.书本P262.11单表代换密码和夺标代换密码的区别是什么？A polyalphabetic substitution cipher uses a separate monoalphabetic substitution cipher for each successive letter of plaintext, depending on a key.书本P302.12一次一密的两个问题是什么？1. There is the practical problem of making large quantities of random keys. Any heavily usedsystem might require millions of random characters on a regular basis. Supplying truly random characters in this volume is a significant task.2. Even more daunting is the problem of key distribution and protection. For every message to be sent, a key of equal length is needed by both sender and receiver. Thus, a mammoth key distribution problem exists.书本P332.13什么是置换密码？A transposition cipher involves a permutation of the plaintext letters. 书本P332.14什么是隐写术？Steganography involves concealing the existence of a message.书本P362.7.3习题 2.1a.对b 的取值是否有限制？解释原因。

密码编码学与网络安全第四版第二章答案翻译

流密码则是连续地处理输入元素，每次输出一个元素。

P202.5攻击密码的两种一般方法是什么？Cryptanalysis and brute force.密码分析和暴力破解2.6列出并简要定力基于攻击者所知道信息的密码分析攻击类型。

Ciphertext only. One possible attack under these circumstances is the brute-force approach of trying all possible keys. If the key space is very large, this becomes impractical. Thus, the opponent must rely on an analysis of the ciphertext itself, generally applying various statistical tests to it.Known plaintext.The analyst may be able to capture one or more plaintext messages as well as their encryptions. With this knowledge, the analyst may be able to deduce the key on the basis of the way in which the known plaintext is transformed.Chosen plaintext. If the analyst is able to choose the messages to encrypt, the analyst may deliberately pick patterns that can be expected to reveal the structure of the key.惟密文已知明文选择明文2.7无条件安全密码和计算上安全密码的区别是什么？An encryption scheme is unconditionally secure if the ciphertext generated by the scheme does not contain enough information to determine uniquely the corresponding plaintext, no matter how much ciphertext is available. An encryption scheme is said to be computationally secure if: (1) the cost of breaking the cipher exceeds the value of the encrypted information, and (2) the time required to break the cipher exceeds the useful lifetime of the information.书本P212.8简要定义Caesar密码The Caesar cipher involves replacing each letter of the alphabet with the letter standing k places further down the alphabet, for k in the range 1 through 25.书本P222.9简要定义单表代换密码A monoalphabetic substitution cipher maps a plaintext alphabet to a ciphertext alphabet, so that each letter of the plaintext alphabet maps to a single unique letter of the ciphertext alphabet.书本P232.10简要定义Playfair密码The Playfair algorithm is based on the use of a 55 matrix of letters constructed using a keyword. Plaintext is encrypted two letters at a time using this matrix.书本P262.11单表代换密码和夺标代换密码的区别是什么？A polyalphabetic substitution cipher uses a separate monoalphabetic substitution cipher for each successive letter of plaintext, depending on a key.书本P302.12一次一密的两个问题是什么？1. There is the practical problem of making large quantities of random keys. Any heavily used system mightrequire millions of random characters on a regular basis. Supplying truly random characters in this volume is a significant task.2. Even more daunting is the problem of key distribution and protection. For every message to be sent, a key of equal length is needed by both sender and receiver. Thus, a mammoth key distribution problem exists.书本P332.13什么是置换密码？A transposition cipher involves a permutation of the plaintext letters.书本P332.14什么是隐写术？Steganography involves concealing the existence of a message.书本P362.1a.对b的取值是否有限制？解释原因。

密码编码学和网络安全(第五版)答案解析

Access control: The prevention of unauthorized use of a resource (i.e., this service controls who can have access to a resource, under what conditions access can occur, and what those accessing the resource are allowed to do).Data confidentiality: The protection of data from unauthorized disclosure.Data integrity: The assurance that data received are exactly as sent by an authorized entity (i.e., contain no modification, insertion, deletion, or replay).Nonrepudiation: Provides protection against denial by one of the entities involved in a communication of having participated in all or part of the communication.Availability service: The property of a system or a system resource being accessible and usable upon demand by an authorized system entity, according to performance specifications for the system (i.e., a system is available if it provides services according to the system design whenever users request them).1.5 See Table 1.3.2.1 Plaintext, encryption algorithm, secret key, ciphertext, decryptionalgorithm.2.2 Permutation and substitution.2.3 One key for symmetric ciphers, two keys for asymmetric ciphers.2.4 A stream cipher is one that encrypts a digital data stream one bit or one byteat a time. A block cipher is one in which a block of plaintext is treated as a whole and used to produce a ciphertext block of equal length.2.5 Cryptanalysis and brute force.2.6 Ciphertext only . One possible attack under these circumstances is thebrute-force approach of trying all possible keys. If the key space is very large, this becomes impractical. Thus, the opponent must rely on an analysis of the ciphertext itself, generally applying various statistical tests to it. Known plaintext. The analyst may be able to capture one or more plaintext messages as well as their encryptions. With this knowledge, the analyst may be able to deduce the key on the basis of the way in which the known plaintext is transformed. Chosen plaintext. If the analyst is able to choose the messages to encrypt, the analyst may deliberately pick patterns that can be expected to reveal the structure of the key.2.7 An encryption scheme is unconditionally secure if the ciphertext generatedby the scheme does not contain enough information to determine uniquely the corresponding plaintext, no matter how much ciphertext is available. An encryption scheme is said to be computationally secure if: (1) the cost of breaking the cipher exceeds the value of the encrypted information, and (2) the time required to break the cipher exceeds the useful lifetime of the information.C HAPTER 2C LASSICAL E NCRYPTION T ECHNIQUESR2.8 The Caesar cipher involves replacing each letter of the alphabet with theletter standing k places further down the alphabet, for k in the range 1 through25.2.9 A monoalphabetic substitution cipher maps a plaintext alphabet to a ciphertextalphabet, so that each letter of the plaintext alphabet maps to a single unique letter of the ciphertext alphabet.2.10 The Playfair algorithm is based on the use of a 5 5 matrix of lettersconstructed using a keyword. Plaintext is encrypted two letters at a time using this matrix.2.11 A polyalphabetic substitution cipher uses a separate monoalphabeticsubstitution cipher for each successive letter of plaintext, depending on a key.2.12 1. There is the practical problem of making large quantities of random keys.Any heavily used system might require millions of random characters on a regular basis. Supplying truly random characters in this volume is asignificant task.2. Even more daunting is the problem of key distribution and protection. Forevery message to be sent, a key of equal length is needed by both sender and receiver. Thus, a mammoth key distribution problem exists.2.13 A transposition cipher involves a permutation of the plaintext letters.2.14 Steganography involves concealing the existence of a message.A NSWERS TO P ROBLEMS2.1 a. No. A change in the value of b shifts the relationship between plaintextletters and ciphertext letters to the left or right uniformly, so that if the mapping is one-to-one it remains one-to-one.b. 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 13, 14, 16, 18, 20, 22, 24. Any value of a larger than25 is equivalent to a mod 26.c. The values of a and 26 must have no common positive integer factor otherthan 1. This is equivalent to saying that a and 26 are relatively prime, or that the greatest common divisor of a and 26 is 1. To see this, first note that E(a, p) = E(a, q) (0 ≤ p≤ q< 26) if and only if a(p–q) is divisible by 26. 1. Suppose that a and 26 are relatively prime. Then, a(p–q) is not divisible by 26, because there is no way to reduce the fractiona/26 and (p–q) is less than 26. 2. Suppose that a and 26 have a common factor k> 1. Then E(a, p) = E(a, q), if q = p + m/k≠ p.2.2 There are 12 allowable values of a (1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 15, 17, 19, 21, 23,25). There are 26 allowable values of b, from 0 through 25). Thus the totalnumber of distinct affine Caesar ciphers is 12 26 = 312.2.3 Assume that the most frequent plaintext letter is e and the second most frequentletter is t. Note that the numerical values are e = 4; B = 1; t = 19; U = 20.Then we have the following equations:1 = (4a + b) mod 2620 = (19a + b) mod 26Thus, 19 = 15a mod 26. By trial and error, we solve: a = 3.Then 1 = (12 + b) mod 26. By observation, b = 15.2.4 A good glass in the Bishop's hostel in the Devil's seat—twenty-one degreesand thirteen minutes—northeast and by north—main branch seventh limb east side—shoot from the left eye of the death's head— a bee line from the tree through the shot fifty feet out. (from The Gold Bug, by Edgar Allan Poe)2.5 a. The first letter t corresponds to A, the second letter h corresponds toB, e is C, s is D, and so on. Second and subsequent occurrences of a letter in the key sentence are ignored. The resultciphertext: SIDKHKDM AF HCRKIABIE SHIMC KD LFEAILAplaintext: basilisk to leviathan blake is contactb. It is a monalphabetic cipher and so easily breakable.c. The last sentence may not contain all the letters of the alphabet. If thefirst sentence is used, the second and subsequent sentences may also be used until all 26 letters are encountered.2.6The cipher refers to the words in the page of a book. The first entry, 534,refers to page 534. The second entry, C2, refers to column two. The remaining numbers are words in that column. The names DOUGLAS and BIRLSTONE are simply words that do not appear on that page. Elementary! (from The Valley of Fear, by Sir Arthur Conan Doyle)2.7 a.2 8 10 7 9 63 14 5C R Y P T O G A H I4 2 8 1056 37 1 9ISRNG BUTLF RRAFR LIDLP FTIYO NVSEE TBEHI HTETAEYHAT TUCME HRGTA IOENT TUSRU IEADR FOETO LHMETNTEDS IFWRO HUTEL EITDSb. The two matrices are used in reverse order. First, the ciphertext is laidout in columns in the second matrix, taking into account the order dictated by the second memory word. Then, the contents of the second matrix are read left to right, top to bottom and laid out in columns in the first matrix, taking into account the order dictated by the first memory word. Theplaintext is then read left to right, top to bottom.c. Although this is a weak method, it may have use with time-sensitiveinformation and an adversary without immediate access to good cryptanalysis(e.g., tactical use). Plus it doesn't require anything more than paper andpencil, and can be easily remembered.2.8 SPUTNIK2.9 PT BOAT ONE OWE NINE LOST IN ACTION IN BLACKETT STRAIT TWO MILES SW MERESU COVEX CREW OF TWELVE X REQUEST ANY INFORMATION。

计算机网络安全课后习题答案

计算机网络安全（04751）第一章绪论 P2第二章物理安全 P6第三章信息加密与 P9第四章防火墙技术 P14第五章入侵检测技术 P18第六章网络安全检测技术 P21第七章计算机病毒与恶意代码防范技术 P23第八章网络安全解决方案 P27第1章绪论1.1.1计算机网络面临的主要威胁：/非恶意）典型的网络安全威胁：1.2.1计算机网络的不安全主要因素：（1误等。

（2（3可分为几个方面：①被动攻击②主动攻击③邻近攻击④分发攻击⑤内部人员攻击1.2.2不安全的主要原因1.3计算机网络安全的基本概念1.3.1计算机网络安全的定义网络的安全问题包括两方面内容：的）。

1.3.2计算机网络安全的目标：①保密性②完整性③可用性④可控性⑤不可否认性1.3.3计算机网络安全的层次：①物理安全②逻辑安全③联网安全④操作系统安全1.3.4网络安全包括三个重要部分：①先进的技术②严格的管理③威严的法律1.4计算机网络安全体系结构1.4.1网络安全基本模型：(P27图)1.4.2 OSI安全体系结构：①术语②安全服务③安全机制五大类安全服务，也称安全防护措施（P29）：①鉴别服务②数据机密性服务③访问控制服务④数据完整性服务⑤抗抵赖性服务对付典型网络威胁的安全服务安全威胁安全服务假冒攻击鉴别服务非授权侵犯访问控制服务窃听攻击数据机密性服务完整性破坏数据完整性服务服务否认抗抵赖服务拒绝服务鉴别服务、访问控制服务和数据完整性服务等八种基本的安全机制：加密机制、数字签名机制、访问控制机制、数据完整性机制、鉴别交换机制、通信业务流填充机制、路由控制和公证机制1.4.3 PPDR模型(P30)包含四个主要部分：Policy(安全策略)、Protection(防护)、Detection(检测)和Response(响应)。

防护、检测和响应组成了一个完整的、动态的安全循环。

PPDR模型通过一些典型的数学公式来表达安全的要求：①P t>D t+R t②E t=D t+R t，如果P t＝0Pt：防护时间，入侵者攻击安全目标花费时间；Dt：入侵开始到系统检测到入侵行为花费时间；Rt：发现入侵到响应，并调整系统到正常状态时间；Et：系统晨露时间；安全的全新定义：及时的检测和响应就是安全；及时的检测和恢复就是安全；解决安全问题的方向：提高系统的防护时间Pt，降低检测时间Dt和响应时间Rt。

密码编码学与网络安全第四版第二章答案翻译

流密码则是连续地处理输入元素，每次输出一个元素。

P202.5攻击密码的两种一般方法是什么？Cryptanalysis and brute force.密码分析和暴力破解2.6列出并简要定力基于攻击者所知道信息的密码分析攻击类型。

Ciphertext only. One possible attack under these circumstances is the brute-force approach of trying all possible keys. If the key space is very large, this becomes impractical. Thus, the opponent must rely on an analysis of the ciphertext itself, generally applying various statistical tests to it.Known plaintext.The analyst may be able to capture one or more plaintext messages as well as their encryptions. With this knowledge, the analyst may be able to deduce the key on the basis of the way in which the known plaintext is transformed.Chosen plaintext. If the analyst is able to choose the messages to encrypt, the analyst may deliberately pick patterns that can be expected to reveal the structure of the key.惟密文已知明文选择明文2.7无条件安全密码和计算上安全密码的区别是什么？An encryption scheme is unconditionally secure if the ciphertext generated by the scheme does not contain enough information to determine uniquely the corresponding plaintext, no matter how much ciphertext is available. An encryption scheme is said to be computationally secure if: (1) the cost of breaking the cipher exceeds the value of the encrypted information, and (2) the time required to break the cipher exceeds the useful lifetime of the information.书本P212.8简要定义Caesar密码The Caesar cipher involves replacing each letter of the alphabet with the letter standing k places further down the alphabet, for k in the range 1 through 25.书本P222.9简要定义单表代换密码A monoalphabetic substitution cipher maps a plaintext alphabet to a ciphertext alphabet, so that each letter of the plaintext alphabet maps to a single unique letter of the ciphertext alphabet.书本P232.10简要定义Playfair密码The Playfair algorithm is based on the use of a 5?5 matrix of letters constructed using a keyword. Plaintext is encrypted two letters at a time using this matrix.书本P262.11单表代换密码和夺标代换密码的区别是什么？A polyalphabetic substitution cipher uses a separate monoalphabetic substitution cipher for each successive letter of plaintext, depending on a key.书本P302.12一次一密的两个问题是什么？1. There is the practical problem of making large quantities of random keys. Any heavily used system mightrequire millions of random characters on a regular basis. Supplying truly random characters in this volume is a significant task.2. Even more daunting is the problem of key distribution and protection. For every message to be sent, a key of equal length is needed by both sender and receiver. Thus, a mammoth key distribution problem exists.书本P332.13什么是置换密码？A transposition cipher involves a permutation of the plaintext letters.书本P332.14什么是隐写术？Steganography involves concealing the existence of a message.书本P362.1a.对b的取值是否有限制？解释原因。

网络信息安全课后习题答案

网络信息安全课后习题答案网络信息安全课后习题答案一、密码学基础1.什么是密码学？密码学是研究信息的保密（加密）和完整性（签名、数字证书等）的技术和方法的学科。

2.请解释对称密钥加密和公钥加密的原理及其区别。

对称密钥加密是指加密和解密使用同一个密钥的加密方法，速度快、效率高，但密钥传输和管理比较麻烦。

公钥加密是指加密和解密使用不同的密钥的加密方法，安全性较高，但速度较慢。

3.什么是哈希函数？它的特点和应用有哪些？哈希函数是将任意长度的输入数据映射为固定长度输出的函数。

其特点是：- 输入数据的任意微小改动都会导致输出结果的显著改变。

- 输出结果的长度固定，通常较短。

- 不可逆性，不可从输出结果反推输入数据。

哈希函数常用于数据完整性验证、数字签名等场景。

二、网络安全技术1.什么是防火墙？防火墙有哪些常见的工作模式？防火墙是一种用于保护网络安全的安全设备，通过控制网络流量的进出，实施访问控制、攻击防范等功能。

常见的工作模式包括包过滤、状态检测、代理服务和网络地质转换等。

2.描述一下常见的网络攻击类型，包括但不限于网络钓鱼、拒绝服务攻击、中间人攻击等。

- 网络钓鱼：通过伪造合法的网站、电子邮件等手段，诱骗用户输入敏感信息。

- 拒绝服务攻击：通过发送大量的请求，占用目标系统的资源，使其无法提供正常的服务。

- 中间人攻击：攻击者劫持网络通信流量，窃取或篡改通信内容。

3.请解释什么是入侵检测系统（IDS）和入侵防御系统（IPS），它们有何区别和作用？入侵检测系统（IDS）是用于监测网络中的异常行为和攻击行为的设备或软件，能够及时发现潜在的威胁并发出警报。

入侵防御系统（IPS）则是在入侵检测的基础上，具备主动防御功能，能够自动对异常和攻击进行相应的防御和响应措施。

三、网络安全管理1.请并解释一下网络安全管理中常见的几个环节，包括但不限于安全策略制定、安全培训、漏洞修复等。

- 安全策略制定：制定明确的网络安全策略和政策，明确安全目标和实施措施。

密码编码学与网络安全课后习题答案全修订稿

密码编码学与网络安全课后习题答案全Document number【SA80SAB-SAA9SYT-SAATC-SA6UT-SA18】密码编码学与网络安全（全）什么是OSI安全体系结构？OSI安全体系结构是一个架构，它为规定安全的要求和表征满足那些要求的途径提供了系统的方式。

该文件定义了安全攻击、安全机理和安全服务，以及这些范畴之间的关系。

被动安全威胁和主动安全威胁之间的差别是什么？被动威胁必须与窃听、或监控、传输发生关系。

电子邮件、文件的传送以及用户/服务器的交流都是可进行监控的传输的例子。

主动攻击包括对被传输的数据加以修改，以及试图获得对计算机系统未经授权的访问。

验证：保证通信实体之一，它声称是。

访问控制：防止未经授权使用的资源（即，谁可以拥有对资源的访问，访问在什么条件下可能发生，那些被允许访问的资源做这个服务控制）。

数据保密：保护数据免受未经授权的披露。

数据完整性：保证接收到的数据是完全作为经授权的实体（即包含任何修改，插入，删除或重播）发送。

不可否认性：提供保护反对否认曾参加全部或部分通信通信中所涉及的实体之一。

可用性服务：系统属性或访问和经授权的系统实体的需求，可用的系统资源，根据系统（即系统是可用的，如果它提供服务，根据系统设计，只要用户要求的性能指标它们）。

第二章1.什么是对称密码的本质成分？明文、加密算法、密钥、密文、解密算法。

4.分组密码和流密码的区别是什么？流密码是加密的数字数据流的一个位或一次一个字节。

块密码是明文块被视为一个整体，用来产生一个相同长度的密文块......分组密码每次处理输入的一组分组，相应的输出一组元素。

流密码则是连续地处理输入元素，每次输出一个元素。

6.列出并简要定义基于攻击者所知道信息的密码分析攻击类型。

惟密文攻击：只知道要解密的密文。

这种攻击一般是试遍所有可能的密钥的穷举攻击，如果密钥空间非常大，这种方法就不太实际。

因此攻击者必须依赖于对密文本身的分析，这一般要运用各种统计方法。

《密码编码学与网络安全》复习题答案资料

《密码编码学与网络安全》复习题1．信息安全（计算机安全）目标是什么？机密性（confidentiality）：防止未经授权的信息泄漏完整性（integrity）：防止未经授权的信息篡改可用性（avialbility）：防止未经授权的信息和资源截留抗抵赖性、不可否认性、问责性、可说明性、可审查性（accountability）：真实性（authenticity）：验证用户身份2．理解计算安全性(即one-time pad的理论安全性)使用与消息一样长且无重复的随机密钥来加密信息，即对每个明文每次采用不同的代换表不可攻破，因为任何明文和任何密文间的映射都是随机的，密钥只使用一次3．传统密码算法的两种基本运算是什么？代换和置换前者是将明文中的每个元素映射成另外一个元素；后者是将明文中的元素重新排列。

4．流密码和分组密码区别是什么？各有什么优缺点？分组密码每次处理一个输入分组，对应输出一个分组；流密码是连续地处理输入元素，每次输出一个元素流密码Stream: 每次加密数据流的一位或者一个字节。

连续处理输入分组，一次输出一个元素，速度较快。

5．利用playfair密码加密明文bookstore，密钥词是（HARPSICOD），所得的密文是什么？I/JD RG LR QD HGHARPS bo ok st or ex I/JD DG PU GO GVI/JCODBEFGKLMNQTUVWXYZ6．用密钥词cat实现vigenere密码，加密明文vigenere coper，所得的密文是什么？XIZGNXTEVQPXTKey: catca t ca tcatcatcatPlaintext: vigenere coperChipertext: XIZGNXTE VQPXT7．假定有一个密钥2431的列置换密码，则明文can you understand的密文是多少？YNSDCODTNURNAUEAKey: 2 4 3 1Plaintext: c a n yo u u nd e r st a n dChipertext: YNSDCODTNURNAUEA8．什么是乘积密码？多步代换和置换，依次使用两个或两个以上的基本密码，所得结果的密码强度将强与所有单个密码的强度.9．混淆和扩散的区别是什么？扩散（Diffusion):明文的统计结构被扩散消失到密文的,使得明文和密文之间的统计关系尽量复杂.即让每个明文数字尽可能地影响多个密文数字混淆(confusion)：使得密文的统计特性与密钥的取值之间的关系尽量复杂，阻止攻击者发现密钥10．Feistel密码中每轮发生了什么样的变化？将输入分组分成左右两部分。

《信息论、编码与密码学》课后习题问题详解

《信息论、编码与密码学》课后习题答案第1章信源编码1.1考虑一个信源概率为{0.30，0.25，0.20，0.15，0.10}的DMS 。

求信源熵H （X ）。

解：信源熵 ∑=-=512)(log )(k k k p p X HH(X)=-[0.30*(-1.737)+0.25*(-2)+0.2*(-2.322)+0.15*(-2.737)+0.1*(-3.322)]=[0.521+0.5+0.464+0.411+0.332] =2.228(bit)故得其信源熵H(X)为2.228bit1.2 证明一个离散信源在它的输出符号等概率的情况下其熵达到最大值。

解：若二元离散信源的统计特性为P+Q=1 H(X)=-[P*log(P)+(1-P)*log(1-P)] 对H(X)求导求极值，由dH(X)/d(P)=0可得211101log ==-=-p ppp p可知当概率P=Q=1/2时，有信源熵)(1)(max bit X H =对于三元离散信源，当概率3/1321===P P P 时，信源熵)(585.1)(max bit X H =，此结论可以推广到N 元的离散信源。

1.3 证明不等式ln 1x x ≤-。

画出曲线1ln y x =和21y x =-的平面图以表明上述不等式的正确性。

证明：max ()ln 1(0)1()()01001()0()0ln 11ln 1ln 1f x x x x f x xf x x x x f x f x f x x x x x x x =-+>'=''==>∴<≤>≤=≤-≥≤-≤-令，又有时此时也即当时同理可得此时综上可得证毕绘制图形说明如下可以很明确说明上述不等式的正确性。

1.4 证明(;)0I X Y ≥。

在什么条件下等号成立？1111(,)(,)(,)(,)log()()n mi j i j i j n mi j i j i j i j I P x y I x y P x y P x y P x P y =====∑∑∑∑（X ；Y ）=当和相互独立时等号成立。

密码编码学与网络安全(第五版)英文答案汇编

Nonrepudiation: Provides protection against denial by one of the entities involved in a communication of having participated in all or part of the communication.Availability service: The property of a system or a system resource being accessible and usable upon demand by an authorized system entity, according to performancespecifications for the system (i.e., a system is available if it provides services according to the system design whenever users request them).1.5 See Table 1.3.C HAPTER 2C LASSICAL E NCRYPTION T ECHNIQUESR2.1 Plaintext, encryption algorithm, secret key, ciphertext, decryption algorithm.2.2 Permutation and substitution.2.3 One key for symmetric ciphers, two keys for asymmetric ciphers.2.4 A stream cipher is one that encrypts a digital data stream one bit or one byte at atime. A block cipher is one in which a block of plaintext is treated as a whole and used to produce a ciphertext block of equal length.2.5 Cryptanalysis and brute force.2.6 Ciphertext only. One possible attack under these circumstances is the brute-forceapproach of trying all possible keys. If the key space is very large, this becomes impractical. Thus, the opponent must rely on an analysis of the ciphertext itself, generally applying various statistical tests to it. Known plaintext. The analyst may be able to capture one or more plaintext messages as well as their encryptions.With this knowledge, the analyst may be able to deduce the key on the basis of the way in which the known plaintext is transformed. Chosen plaintext. If the analyst is able to choose the messages to encrypt, the analyst may deliberately pickpatterns that can be expected to reveal the structure of the key.2.7 An encryption scheme is unconditionally secure if the ciphertext generated by thescheme does not contain enough information to determine uniquely thecorresponding plaintext, no matter how much ciphertext is available. Anencryption scheme is said to be computationally secure if: (1) the cost of breaking the cipher exceeds the value of the encrypted information, and (2) the timerequired to break the cipher exceeds the useful lifetime of the information.2.8 The Caesar cipher involves replacing each letter of the alphabet with the letterstanding k places further down the alphabet, for k in the range 1 through 25.2.9 A monoalphabetic substitution cipher maps a plaintext alphabet to a ciphertextalphabet, so that each letter of the plaintext alphabet maps to a single unique letter of the ciphertext alphabet.2.10 The Playfair algorithm is based on the use of a 5 5 matrix of letters constructedusing a keyword. Plaintext is encrypted two letters at a time using this matrix.2.11 A polyalphabetic substitution cipher uses a separate monoalphabetic substitutioncipher for each successive letter of plaintext, depending on a key.2.12 1. There is the practical problem of making large quantities of random keys. Anyheavily used system might require millions of random characters on a regularbasis. Supplying truly random characters in this volume is a significant task.2. Even more daunting is the problem of key distribution and protection. For everymessage to be sent, a key of equal length is needed by both sender and receiver.Thus, a mammoth key distribution problem exists.2.13 A transposition cipher involves a permutation of the plaintext letters.2.14 Steganography involves concealing the existence of a message.2.1 a. No. A change in the value of b shifts the relationship between plaintext lettersand ciphertext letters to the left or right uniformly, so that if the mapping isone-to-one it remains one-to-one.不，在b值变化之间的关系和明文字母转换密文字母到左或右一致，所以，如果映射是一对一的它仍然是一对一的。

密码编码学与网络安全课后习题答案全

密码编码学与网络安全（全）1.1 什么是OSI安全体系结构OSI安全体系结构是一个架构,它为规定安全(de)要求和表征满足那些要求(de)途径提供了系统(de)方式.该文件定义了安全攻击、安全机理和安全服务,以及这些范畴之间(de)关系.1.2 被动安全威胁和主动安全威胁之间(de)差别是什么被动威胁必须与窃听、或监控、传输发生关系.电子邮件、文件(de)传送以及用户/服务器(de)交流都是可进行监控(de)传输(de)例子.主动攻击包括对被传输(de)数据加以修改,以及试图获得对计算机系统未经授权(de)访问.1.4验证：保证通信实体之一,它声称是.访问控制：防止未经授权使用(de)资源（即,谁可以拥有对资源(de)访问,访问在什么条件下可能发生,那些被允许访问(de)资源做这个服务控制）.数据保密：保护数据免受未经授权(de)披露.数据完整性：保证接收到(de)数据是完全作为经授权(de)实体（即包含任何修改,插入,删除或重播）发送.不可否认性：提供保护反对否认曾参加全部或部分通信通信中所涉及(de)实体之一.可用性服务：系统属性或访问和经授权(de)系统实体(de)需求,可用(de)系统资源,根据系统（即系统是可用(de),如果它提供服务,根据系统设计,只要用户要求(de)性能指标它们）.第二章1.什么是对称密码(de)本质成分明文、加密算法、密钥、密文、解密算法.4.分组密码和流密码(de)区别是什么流密码是加密(de)数字数据流(de)一个位或一次一个字节.块密码是明文块被视为一个整体,用来产生一个相同长度(de)密文块......分组密码每次处理输入(de)一组分组,相应(de)输出一组元素.流密码则是连续地处理输入元素,每次输出一个元素.6.列出并简要定义基于攻击者所知道信息(de)密码分析攻击类型.惟密文攻击：只知道要解密(de)密文.这种攻击一般是试遍所有可能(de)密钥(de)穷举攻击,如果密钥空间非常大,这种方法就不太实际.因此攻击者必须依赖于对密文本身(de)分析,这一般要运用各种统计方法.已知明文攻击：分析者可能得到一个或多个明文消息,以及它们(de)密文.有了这些信息,分析者能够在已知明文加密方式(de)基础上推导出某些关键词.选择明文攻击：如果分析者有办法选择明文加密,那么他将特意选去那些最有可能恢复出密钥(de)数据.第三章思考题3.2分组密码和溜密码(de)差别是什么流密码是加密(de)数字数据流(de)一个位或一次一个字节.块密码是明文块被视为一个整体,用来产生一个相同长度(de)密文块.3.5混淆和扩散(de)差别是什么明文(de)统计结构中(de)扩散,成密文(de)远射统计消退.这是通过有每个明文两位数(de)影响许多密文数字,这相当于说,每个密文数字被许多明文数字影响(de)价值.混乱旨在使密文和加密密钥(de)尽可能复杂,再次挫败企图发现(de)关键值(de)统计之间(de)关系.因此,即使攻击者可以得到一些手柄上(de)密文,在其中(de)关键是使用(de)方式产生(de)密文是如此复杂,使其很难推断(de)关键统计.这是通过使用一个复杂(de)替换算法.3.8 解释什么是雪崩效应雪崩效应是任何加密算法等明文或关键(de)一个小(de)变化产生显着(de)变化,在密文(de)财产.3.9差分分析与线性分析(de)区别是什么差分密码分析是一项技术,特别是异差模式(de)选择明文被加密.差异所产生(de)密文(de)模式提供信息,可以用来确定加密密钥.线性密码分析(de)基础上寻找线性近似描述块密码进行转换.第四章习题4.19 （1）3239 （2）GCD（40902,24240）=34≠1,所以是没有乘法逆.3. 5504.23 a. 9x2 + 7x + 7 b. 5x3 + 7x2 + 2x + 64,24（1）可约：（X + 1）（X2 + X +1）2.不可约(de).如果你能分解多项式(de)一个因素将x或（X + 1）,这会给你一个根为x =0或x= 1.这个多项式(de)0和1(de)替代,它显然没有根.（3）可约：（X +1）44.25 a. 1 b. 1 c. x + 1 d. x + 78第五章思考题5.10简述什么是轮密钥加变换5.11简述密钥扩展算法AES密钥扩展算法(de)4字（16字节）(de)密钥作为输入,并产生了44个字（156字节）(de)线性阵列.扩张是指由5.2节中(de)伪代码.5.12字节代替和字代替有何不同SubBytes国家,每个字节映射到一个新(de)字节使用(de)S-盒.子字输入字,每个字节映射到一个新(de)字节使用(de)S-盒.第六章思考题6.1 什么是三重加密三重加密,明文块进行加密,通过加密算法;结果,然后再通过相同(de)加密算法通过;第二次加密(de)结果是通过第三次通过相同(de)加密算法.通常情况下,第二阶段使用,而不是加密算法(de)解密算法.6.2什么是中间相遇攻击这是对双重加密算法中使用(de)攻击,并要求一个已知(de)（明文,密文）对.在本质上,明文加密产生一个中间值(de)双重加密,密文进行解密,以产生双重加密(de)中介值.查表技术,可以用这样(de)方式极大地改善蛮力尝试对所有键.6.3 在三重加密中用到多少个密钥第九章思考题9．1公钥密码体制(de)主要成分是什么明文：这是可读(de)消息或数据,将输入作为输入(de)算法.加密算法：加密算法,明文执行不同(de)转换.公钥和私钥：这是一对已被选中,这样如果一个用于加密,另一个是用于解密(de)密钥.作为输入提供(de)公共或私人密钥加密算法进行精确转换取决于.密文：这是炒消息作为输出.它依赖于明文和密钥.对于一个给定(de)消息,两个不同(de)密钥会产生两种不同(de)密文.解密算法：该算法接受密文匹配(de)关键,并产生原始明文.9.2 公钥和私钥(de)作用是什么用户(de)私钥是保密(de),只知道给用户.用户(de)公共密钥提供给他人使用.可以用私钥加密,可以由任何人与公共密钥验证签名.或公共密钥可以用于加密信息,只能由拥有私钥解密.9.5 什么事单向函数一个单向函数是一个映射到域范围等,每一个函数值(de)条件,而计算(de)逆函数(de)计算是容易(de),具有独特(de)逆是不可行(de)：9.6 什么事单向陷门函数一个陷门单向函数是容易计算,在一个方向和计算,在其他方向,除非某些附加信息被称为不可行.逆与其他信息可以在多项式时间内计算.习题9.2 a. n = 33; (n) = 20; d = 3; C = 26.b. n = 55; (n) = 40; d = 27; C = 14.c. n = 77; (n) = 60; d = 53; C = 57.d. n = 143; (n) = 120; d = 11; C = 106.e. n = 527; (n) = 480; d = 343; C = 128. For decryption, we have128343 mod 527 = 128256 12864 12816 1284 1282 1281 mod527= 35 256 35 101 47 128 = 2 mod 527= 2 mod 2579.3 5第十章习题10.1 a. Y A = 75 mod 71= 51b. Y B = 712 mod 71= 4c. K = 45 mod 71= 3010.2 a. (11) = 10210 = 1024 = 1 mod 11If you check 2n for n < 10, you will find that none of the values is1 mod 11.b. 6, because 26 mod 11 = 9c. K = 36 mod 11= 3第十一章思考题11.1 安全hash函数需要具体哪些特征伪装：插入到网络欺诈来源(de)消息.这包括对手是声称来自授权(de)实体创造(de)消息.此外,还包括收到消息或邮件收件人以外(de)人放货欺诈确认.内容修改：更改消息(de)内容,包括插入,删除,换位,和修改.修改序列：各方之间(de)信息,包括插入,删除和重新排序(de)序列(de)任何修改.定时修改：延误或重播消息.在一个面向连接(de)应用程序,整个会话或消息序列可能是以前(de)一些有效(de)会话,或序列中(de)个人信息可能会推迟或重播重播.在连接(de)应用程序,个人信息（例如,数据报）可以延迟或重放.11.2抗弱碰撞和抗强碰撞之间(de)区别是什么11.4 高位在前格式和低位在前格式(de)区别是什么。

密码编码学与网络安全_课后习题答案(全).doc

密码编码学与网络安全（全）1.1 什么是 OSI 安全体系结构？OSI 安全体系结构是一个架构，它为规定安全的要求和表征满足那些要求的途径提供了系统的方式。

该文件定义了安全攻击、安全机理和安全服务，以及这些范畴之间的关系。

1.2 被动安全威胁和主动安全威胁之间的差别是什么？被动威胁必须与窃听、或监控、传输发生关系。

电子邮件、文件的传送以及用户 /服务器的交流都是可进行监控的传输的例子。

主动攻击包括对被传输的数据加以修改，以及试图获得对计算机系统未经授权的访问。

1.4 验证：保证通信实体之一，它声称是。

访问控制：防止未经授权使用的资源（即，谁可以拥有对资源的访问，访问在什么条件下可能发生，那些被允许访问的资源做这个服务控制）。

数据保密：保护数据免受未经授权的披露。

数据完整性：保证接收到的数据是完全作为经授权的实体（即包含任何修改，插入，删除或重播）发送。

不可否认性：提供保护反对否认曾参加全部或部分通信通信中所涉及的实体之一。

第二章1.什么是对称密码的本质成分？明文、加密算法、密钥、密文、解密算法。

4.分组密码和流密码的区别是什么？流密码是加密的数字数据流的一个位或一次一个字节。

块密码是明文块被视为一个整体，用来产生一个相同长度的密文块 ......分组密码每次处理输入的一组分组，相应的输出一组元素。

流密码则是连续地处理输入元素，每次输出一个元素。

6.列出并简要定义基于攻击者所知道信息的密码分析攻击类型。

惟密文攻击：只知道要解密的密文。

这种攻击一般是试遍所有可能的密钥的穷举攻击，如果密钥空间非常大，这种方法就不太实际。

因此攻击者必须依赖于对密文本身的分析，这一般要运用各种统计方法。

已知明文攻击：分析者可能得到一个或多个明文消息，以及它们的密文。

有了这些信息，分析者能够在已知明文加密方式的基础上推导出某些关键词。

计算机网络安全课后习题答案

计算机网络安全（04751)第一章绪论 P2第二章物理安全 P6第三章信息加密与 P9第四章防火墙技术 P14第五章入侵检测技术 P18第六章网络安全检测技术 P21第七章计算机病毒与恶意代码防范技术 P23第八章网络安全解决方案 P27第1章绪论1。

1.1计算机网络面临的主要威胁:(如计算机病毒、网络蠕虫、间谍软件、木马程序）/非恶意）典型的网络安全威胁：1。

2。

1计算机网络的不安全主要因素：（1误等.（2各种自然灾害对计算机系统构成严重的威胁.（3人为因素对计算机网络的破坏也称为人对计算机网络的攻击。

可分为几个方面：①被动攻击②主动攻击③邻近攻击④分发攻击⑤内部人员攻击1.2.2不安全的主要原因：1。

3计算机网络安全的基本概念1。

3。

1计算机网络安全的定义在一个网络环境里网络的安全问题包括两方面内容最终目的）。

1.3.2计算机网络安全的目标：①保密性②完整性③可用性④可控性⑤不可否认性1。

3。

3计算机网络安全的层次：①物理安全②逻辑安全③联网安全④操作系统安全1。

3。

4网络安全包括三个重要部分:①先进的技术②严格的管理③威严的法律1.4计算机网络安全体系结构1。

4.1网络安全基本模型：（P27图）1。

4.2OSI安全体系结构：①术语②安全服务③安全机制五大类安全服务，也称安全防护措施(P29）：①鉴别服务②数据机密性服务③访问控制服务④数据完整性服务⑤抗抵赖性服务对付典型网络威胁的安全服务别交换机制、通信业务流填充机制、路由控制和公证机制1.4.3PPDR模型(P30)包含四个主要部分循环。

PPDR模型通过一些典型的数学公式来表达安全的要求：①P t>D t+R t②E t=D t+R t，如果P t＝0Pt:防护时间，入侵者攻击安全目标花费时间；Dt：入侵开始到系统检测到入侵行为花费时间；Rt:发现入侵到响应,并调整系统到正常状态时间;Et:系统晨露时间;安全的全新定义：及时的检测和响应就是安全;及时的检测和恢复就是安全；解决安全问题的方向:提高系统的防护时间Pt，降低检测时间Dt和响应时间Rt.1.4。

密码编码学第七章课后思考题答案

7.1 对于一个典型的商业环境中的用户工作站，请列出对其窃密攻击的可能位置，即其中的安全隐患。

局域网、通信服务器、配线室、互联网。

7.2 链路加密与端对端加密的区别是什么？链路加密是在通信链路两端加上加密设备。

端对端加密的过程在两端系统中进行；源主机或终端加密数据，密文经由网络传送到目的主机或终端。

7.3 通过对数据传输的分析攻击能够获得什么类型的信息？传输双方标识；传输双方的联系频率；消息格式、消息长度、或者消息频繁交换可以暗示出消息的重要性；与传输双方的某些谈话相关的事件。

7.4 什么是传输填充？其作用是什么？传输填充持续地产生密文，即使没有明文输入。

这种对策连续不断的产生随机数据源。

有明文输入时就将明文加密，然后发送；没有明文输入时就把随机数加密并发送。

这使得攻击者难以区分真实数据和无用数据，故不能分析出传输流量。

7.5 请列出将密钥分配到通信双方的几种方法。

对于参与者A和参与者B，密钥的分配有以下几种办法：1.密钥由A选择，并亲自交给B。

2.第三方选择密钥后亲自交给A和B。

3.如果A和B以前或最近使用过某密钥，其中一方可以用它加密一个新密钥后再发送给另一方。

4.A和B与第三方C均有秘密渠道，则C可以将密钥分别秘密发送给A和B。

7.6 会话密钥和主密钥的区别是什么？一个会话密钥是两个末端系统之间的一个临时会话密钥较长。

主密钥是一个用于密钥分配中心和末端系统之间的传输会话密钥。

通常情况下，主密钥必须以某种方式分发。

7.7 什么是临时交互号？临时交互号是一个只用一次的值，它可以是一个时间戳、计数值或者随机数什么的，只要每次通话时不同就可以了。

7.8什么是密钥分配中心？密钥分配中心是一个授权转角临时会话密钥校长的系统。

每个会话密钥以加密形式传送，密钥分配中心使用主密钥分享目标主体。

7.9 统计随机性和不可预测性的区别是什么？统计随机性是指一个数字或字母的一个属性顺序，这样的顺序是随机的，通过一定的统计测试表明，该序列具有随机性。

【网络】密码编码学与网络安全第五版英文答案

Availability service: The property of a system or a system resource being accessible and usable upon demand by an authorized system entity, according to performancespecifications for the system (i.e., a system is available if it provides services according to the system design whenever users request them).1.5 See Table 1.3.Notarization Y Y YChapter 2Classical Encryption TechniquesrA NSWERS TO Q UESTIONS2.1 Plaintext, encryption algorithm, secret key, ciphertext, decryption algorithm.2.2 Permutation and substitution.2.3 One key for symmetric ciphers, two keys for asymmetric ciphers.2.4 A stream cipher is one that encrypts a digital data stream one bit or one byte at atime. A block cipher is one in which a block of plaintext is treated as a whole and used to produce a ciphertext block of equal length.2.5 Cryptanalysis and brute force.2.6 Ciphertext only. One possible attack under these circumstances is the brute-forceapproach of trying all possible keys. If the key space is very large, this becomes impractical. Thus, the opponent must rely on an analysis of the ciphertext itself, generally applying various statistical tests to it. Known plaintext. The analyst may be able to capture one or more plaintext messages as well as their encryptions.With this knowledge, the analyst may be able to deduce the key on the basis of the way in which the known plaintext is transformed. Chosen plaintext. If the analyst is able to choose the messages to encrypt, the analyst may deliberately pickpatterns that can be expected to reveal the structure of the key.2.7 An encryption scheme is unconditionally secure if the ciphertext generated by thescheme does not contain enough information to determine uniquely thecorresponding plaintext, no matter how much ciphertext is available. Anencryption scheme is said to be computationally secure if: (1) the cost of breaking the cipher exceeds the value of the encrypted information, and (2) the timerequired to break the cipher exceeds the useful lifetime of the information.2.8 The Caesar cipher involves replacing each letter of the alphabet with the letterstanding k places further down the alphabet, for k in the range 1 through 25.2.9 A monoalphabetic substitution cipher maps a plaintext alphabet to a ciphertextalphabet, so that each letter of the plaintext alphabet maps to a single unique letter of the ciphertext alphabet.2.10 The Playfair algorithm is based on the use of a 5 5 matrix of letters constructedusing a keyword. Plaintext is encrypted two letters at a time using this matrix. 2.11 A polyalphabetic substitution cipher uses a separate monoalphabetic substitutioncipher for each successive letter of plaintext, depending on a key.2.12 1. There is the practical problem of making large quantities of random keys. Anyheavily used system might require millions of random characters on a regularbasis. Supplying truly random characters in this volume is a significant task.2. Even more daunting is the problem of key distribution and protection. For everymessage to be sent, a key of equal length is needed by both sender and receiver.Thus, a mammoth key distribution problem exists.2.13 A transposition cipher involves a permutation of the plaintext letters.2.14 Steganography involves concealing the existence of a message.2.1 a. No. A change in the value of b shifts the relationship between plaintext lettersand ciphertext letters to the left or right uniformly, so that if the mapping isone-to-one it remains one-to-one.不，在b值变化之间的关系和明文字母转换密文字母到左或右一致，所以，如果映射是一对一的它仍然是一对一的。

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