微观经济学理论部分英文词汇
经济学英语词汇大全了解经济学理论与经济现象的专业术语
经济学英语词汇大全了解经济学理论与经济现象的专业术语经济学是一门研究人类在稀缺资源下进行资源配置和决策的社会科学。
在经济学领域,有许多专业术语用于描述不同的理论和经济现象。
以下是一份经济学英语词汇大全,将帮助你更好地了解经济学理论和经济现象。
一、宏观经济学术语1. Gross Domestic Product (GDP): 国内生产总值,用于衡量一个国家或地区在一定时间内生产的全部最终商品和服务的市场价值。
2. Inflation: 通货膨胀,衡量物价持续上涨的速度。
3. Unemployment Rate: 失业率,某国或地区的劳动力中未有工作的比例。
4. Fiscal Policy: 财政政策,指政府通过调整税收和支出来影响经济发展的政策。
5. Monetary Policy: 货币政策,指央行通过调整货币供应量和利率来控制通胀和经济增长的政策。
二、微观经济学术语1. Supply and Demand: 供求关系,描述市场上商品和服务的供给和需求关系,决定价格和数量。
2. Price Elasticity of Demand: 需求的价格弹性,衡量消费者对价格变化的敏感程度。
3. Utility: 效用,消费者对商品或服务的满意程度。
4. Market Failure: 市场失灵,指市场机制无法有效配置资源的情况,需要政府干预。
5. Opportunity Cost: 机会成本,指做出某个选择而放弃的最好的替代选择。
三、国际经济学术语1. Trade Deficit: 贸易逆差,指一个国家或地区的进口超过出口的差额。
2. Exchange Rate: 汇率,用于衡量一种货币与其他货币之间的相对价值。
3. Tariff:关税,进口商品需要缴纳的税费。
4. Comparative Advantage: 比较优势,指某国在生产某种商品或服务上相对于其他国家的优势。
5. Foreign Direct Investment (FDI): 外商直接投资,指投资者将资金投资到其他国家的生产或商业项目中。
微观经济学中英文术语及其解释
Scarcity the limited nature of society‟s resourcesEconomics the study of how society manages its scarce resourcesEfficiency the property of society getting the most it can from its scarce resourcesEquity the property of distributing economic prosperity fairly among the members of society Opportunity cost whatever must be given up to obtain some itemMarginal changes small incremental adjustments to a plan of actionMarket economy an economy that allocates resources through the decentralized decisions of many firms and households as they interact in markets for goods and servicesMarket failure a s/tuition in which a market left on its own fails to allocate resources efficiently Externality the impact of one person‟s actions on the well-being of a bystanderMarket power the ability of a single economic actor (or small group of actors) to have a substantial influence on market pricesProductivity the quantity of goods and services produced from each hour of a worker‟s time Inflation an increase in the overall level of prices in the economyPhilips curve a curve that shows the short-run tradeoff between inflation and unemployment Business cycle fluctuations in economic activity,such as employment and produaionCircular-flow diagram a visual model of the economy that shows how dollars flow through markets among households and firmsProduction possibilities frontier a graph that shows the combinations of output that the economy can possibly produce given the available factors of production and the available production technologyPositive statements claims that attempt to do describe the world as it isNormative statements claims that attempt to prescribe how the world should beAbsolute advantage the comparison among producers of a good according to their productivity Opportunity cost whatever must be given up to obtain some itemComparative advantage the comparison among producers of a good according to their opportunity costImports goods produced abroad and sold domesticallyExports goods produced domestically and sold abroadMarket a group of buyers and sellers of a particular good or serviceCompetitive market a market in which there are many buyers and many sellers so that each has a negligible impact on the market priceQuantity demanded the amount of a good that buyers are willing and able to-purchaseLaw of demand the claim that, other things equal, the quantity demanded of a good falls when the price of the good risesDemand schedule a table that shows the relationship between the price of a good and-the quantity demandedDemand curve a graph of the relationship between the price of a good and the quantity demanded Normal good a good for which, other things equal, an increase in income leads to an increase in demandInferior good a good for which, other things equal, an increase in income leads …to a decrease in demandSubstitutes two goods for which an increase in the price of one leads to an increase in the demand for the otherComplements two goods for which an increase in the price of one leads to a decrease in the demand for the otherQuantity supplied the amount of a good that sellers are willing and able to sellLaw of supply the claim that, other things equal, the quantity supplied of a good rises when the price of the good risesSupply schedule a table that shows the relationship between the price of a good and the quantity suppliedSupply curve a graph of the relationship between the price of a good and the quantity supplied Equilibrium a situation in which the price has reached the level where quantity supplied equals quantity demandedEquilibrium price the price that balances quantity supplied and quantity demandedEquilibrium quantity the quantity supplied and the quantity demanded at the equilibrium price Surplus a situation in which quantity supplied is greater than quantity demandedShortage a situation in which quantity demanded is greater than quantity suppliedLaws of supply and demand the claim that the price of any good adjusts to bring the quantity supplied and the quantity demanded for that good into balanceElasticity a measure of the responsiveness of quantity demanded or quantity supplied to one of its determinantsPrice elasticity of demand a measure of how much the quantity demanded of a good responds to a change in the price of that good, computed as the e percentage change in quantity demanded divided by the percentage change in priceIncome elasticity of demand a measure of how much the quantity demanded of a good responds to a change in consumers‟ income, computed as the percentage change tn quantity demanded divided by the percentage change in incomeCross-price elasticity of demand a measure of how much the quantity demanded of one good respond to a change in the price of another good, computed as the percentage change m quantity demanded of the first good divided by the percentage change in the price of the second good Price elasticity of supply a measure of how much the quantity supplied of a good responds to a change in the price of that good, computed as the percentage change in quantity supplied divided by the percentage change in pricePrice ceiling a legal maximum on the price at which a good can be soldPrice floor a legal minimum on the price at which a good can be soldTax incidence the manner in which the burden of a tax is shared among participants in a market Welfare economics the study of how the allocation of resources affects economic well-being Willingness to pay the maximum amount that a buyer will pay for a goodConsumer surplus a buyer‟s willingness to pay minus the amount the buyer actually paysCost the value of everything a seller must give up to produce a goodProducer surplus the amount a seller is paid for a good minus the seller‟s costEfficiency the property of a resource allocation of maximizing the total surplus received by all members of societyEquity the fairness of the distribution of well-being among the members of societyDeadweight loss the fall in total surplus that results from a market distortion, such as a tax World price the price of a good that prevails in the world market for that goodTariff a tax on goods produced abroad and sold domesticallyImport quota a limit on the quantity of a good that can be produced abroad and sold domestically Externality the uncompensated impact of one person‟s actions on the well-being of a bystander Internalizing an externality altering incentives so that people take account of the external effects of their actionsCoase theorem the proposition that if private parties can bargain without cost over the allocation of resources, they can solve the problem of externalities on their ownTransaction costs the costs that parties incur in the process of agreeing and following through on a bargainPigovian tax a tax enacted to correct the effects of a negative externalityExcludability the property of a good whereby a person can be prevented from using itRivalry the property of a good whereby one person‟s use diminishes other people‟s usePrivate goods goods that are both excludable and rivalPublic goods goods that are neither excludable nor rivalCommon resources goods that are rival but not excludableFree rider a person who receives the benefit of a good but avoids paying for itCost-benefit analysis a study that compares the costs and benefits to society of providing a public goodTragedy of the Commons a parable that illustrates why common resources get used more than is desirable from the standpoint of society as a wholeBudget surplus an excess of government receipts over government spendingBudget deficit an excess of government spending over government receiptsA verage tax rate total taxes paid divided by total incomeMarginal tax rate the extra taxes paid on an additional dollar of incomeLump-sum tax a tax that is the same amount for every personBenefits principle the idea that people should pay taxes based on the benefits they receive from government servicesAbility-to-pay principle the idea that taxes‟ should be levied on a person according to how well that person can shoulder the burdenV ertical equity the idea that taxpayers with a greater ability to pay taxes should pay larger amounts Horizontal equity the idea that taxpayers with similar abilities to pay taxes should pay the same amountProportional tax a tax for which high-income and low-income taxpayers pay the same fraction of incomeRegressive tax a tax for which high-income taxpayers pay a smaller fraction of their income than do low-income taxpayersProgressive tax a tax for which high-income taxpayers pay a larger fraction of their income than do low-income taxpayersTotal revenue the amount a firm receives for the sale of its outputTotal cost the market value of the inputs a firm uses in productionProfit total revenue minus total costExplicit costs input costs that require an outlay of money by the firmImplicit costs input costs that do not require an outlay of money by the firmEconomic profit total revenue minus total cost, including both explicit and implic it costs Accounting profit total revenue minus total explicit costProduction function the relationship between quantity of inputs used to make a good and the quantity of output of the goodMarginal product the increase in output that arises from an additional unit of inputDiminishing marginal product the property whereby the marginal product of an input declines as the quantity of the input increasesFixed costs costs that do not vary with the quantity of output producedV ariable costs costs that do vary with the quantity of output producedA verage total cost total cost divided by the quantity of outputA verage fixed cost fixed costs divided by the quantity of outputA verage variable cost variable costs divided by the quantity of outputMarginal cost the increase in total cost that arises from an extra unit of productionEfficient scale the quantity of output that minimizes average total costEconomies of scale the property whereby long-run average total cost falls as the quantity of output increasesDiseconomies of scale the property whereby long-run average total cost rises as the quantity of output increasesConstant returns to scale the property whereby long-run average total cost stays the same as the quantity of output changesCompetitive market a market with many buyers and sellers trading identical products so that each buyer and setter is a price takerA verage revenue total revenue divided by the quantity soldMarginal revenue the change in total revenue from an additional unit soldSunk cost a cost that has already been committed and cannot be recoveredMonopoly a firm that is the sole seller of a product without close substitutesNatural monopoly a monopoly that arises because a single firm can supply a good or service to an entire market at a smaller cost than could two or more firmsPrice discrimination the business practice of selling the same good at different prices to different customersOligopoly a market structure in which only a few settlers offer similar or identical products Monopolistic competition a market structure in which many firms sell products that are similar but not identicalCollusion an agreement among firms in a market about quantities to produce or prices to charge Cartel a group of firms acting in unisonNash equilibrium a situation in which economic actors interacting with one another each choose their best strategy given the strategies that a/l the other actors have chosenGame theory the study of how people behave in strategic situationsPrisoners‟ dilemma a particular “game‟ between two captured prisoners that illustrates why cooperation is difficult to maintain even when it is mutually beneficialDominant strategy a strategy that is best for a player in a game regardless of the strategies chosen by the other playersMonopolistic competition a market structure in which many firms sell products that are similar but not identicalFactors of production the inputs used‟ to produce goods and servicesProduction function the relationship between the quantity of inputs used to make a good and thequantity of output of that goodMarginal product of labor the increase in the amount of output from an additional unit of labor Diminishing marginal product the property whereby the marginal product of an input declines as the quantity of the input increasesV alue of the marginal product the marginal product of an input times the price of the output Capital the equipment and structures used to produce goods and servicesCompensating differential a difference in wages that arises to offset the nonmonetary characteristics of different jobsHuman capital the accumulation of investments in people, such as education and on-the-job trainingUnion a worker association that bargains with employers over wages and working conditions Strike the organized withdrawal of labor from a firm by unionEfficiency wages above-equilibrium wages paid by firms in order to increase worker productivity Discrimination the offering of different opportunities to similar individuals who differ only by race, ethnic group, sex, age, or other personal characteristicsPoverty rate the percentage of the population whose family income falls below an absolute level called the poverty linePoverty line an absolute level of income set by the federal government for each family size below which a family is deemed to be in povertyIn-kind transfers transfers to the poor given in the form of goods and services-rather than cash Life cycle the regular pattern of income variation over a person‟s lifePermanent income a person‟s normal incomeUtilitarianism the political philosophy according to which the government should choose policies to maximize the total utility of everyone in societyUtility a measure of happiness or satisfactionLiberalism the political philosophy according to which the government should choose policies deemed to be just, as evaluated by an impartial observer behind a “veil of ignorance‟‟Maximin criterion the claim that the government should aim to maximize the well-being of the worst-off person in societyLibertarianism the political philosophy according to which the government should punish crimes and enforce voluntary agreements but not redistribute incomeWelfare government programs that supplement the incomes of the needyNegative income tax a tax system that collects revenue from high-income households and gives transfers to tow-income householdsBudget constraint the limit on the consumption bundles that a consumer can afford Indifference curve a curve that shows consumption bundles that give the consumer the same level of satisfactionMarginal rate of substitution the rate at which a consumer is willing to trade one good for another Perfect substitutes two goods with straight-line indifference curvesPerfect complements two goods with right-angle indifference curvesNormal good a good for which an increase in income raises the quantity demandedInferior good a good for which an increase in income reduces the quantity demandedIncome effect the change in consumption that results when a price change moves the consumer to a higher or lower indifference curveSubstitution effect the change in consumption that results when a price change moves indifference curve to a point with new marginal rate of substitutionGiffen good a good tor which an increase in the price raises the quantity demandedMoral hazard the tendency of a person who is imperfectly monitored to engage in dishonest or otherwise undesirable behaviorAgent a person who is performing an act for another person, called the principalPrincipal a person for whom another person, called the agent, is performing some actAdverse selection the tendency for the mix of unobserved attributes to become undesirable from the standpoint of an uninformed partySignaling an action taken by an informed party to reveal private information to an uninformed partyScreening an action taken by an uninformed party to induce an informed party to reveal informationCondorcet paradox the failure of majority rule to produce transitive preferences for society Arrow‟s impossibility theorem a mathematical result showing that, under certain assumed conditions, there is no scheme for aggregating individual preferences into a valid set of social preferencesAbility-to-Pay principle (税收的)能力支付原则the idea that taxes should be levied on a person according to how well that person can shoulder the burdenAbsolute advantage绝对优势the comparison among producers of a good according to their productivityAccounting profit会计利润total revenue minus total explicit costAdverse selection逆向选择the tendency for the mix of unobserved attributes to become undesirable from the standpoint of an uninformed partyAgent代理人 a person who is performing an act for another person, called the principalArrow ‟s impossibility theorem阿罗不可能定理 a mathematical result showing that, under certain assumed conditions, there is no scheme for aggregating individual preferences into a valid set of social preferencesA verage fixed cost平均固定成本fixed costs divided by the quantity of outputA verage revenue平均收益total revenue divided by the quantity soldA verage tax rate平均税率total taxes paid divided by total incomeA verage total cost平均总成本total cost divided by the quantity of outputA verage variable cost平均可变成本variable costs divided by the quantity of outputBenefits principle受益原则the idea that people should pay taxes based on the benefits they receive from government servicesBudget constraint预算约束the limit on the consumption bundles that a consumer can afford Budget deficit预算赤字an excess of government spending over government receiptsBudget surplus预算盈余an excess of government receipts over government spending Business cycle经济周期fluctuations in economic activity, such as employment and production Capital资产the equipment and structures used to produce goods and servicesCartel卡特尔a group of firms acting in unisonCircular-flow diagram循环流向图 a visual model of the economy that shows how dollars flow through markets among households and firmsCoase theorem科斯定理the proposition that if private parties can bargain without cost overthe allocation of resources, they can solve the problem of externalities on their ownCollusion共谋an agreement among firms in a market about quantities to produce or prices to chargeCommon resources共源goods that are rival but not excludableComparative advantage比较优势the comparison among producers of a good according to their opportunity costCompensating differential补偿性工资差别 a difference in wages that arises to offset the nonmonetary characteristics of different jobsCompetitive market竞争性市场 a market with many buyers and sellers trading identical products so that each buyer and seller is a price takerComplements互补性商品two goods for which an increase in the price of one leads to a decrease in the demand for the otherCondorcet paradox孔多塞悖论(投票悖论)the failure of majority rule to produce transitive preferences for societyConstant returns to scale规模报酬不变the property whereby long-run average total cost stays the same as the quantity of output changesConsumer surplus消费者剩余 a buyer‟s willingness to pay minus the amount the buyer actually paysCost成本the value of everything a seller must give up to produce a goodCost-benefit analysis成本收益分析 a study that compares the costs and benefits to society of providing a public goodCross-price elasticity of demand需求的交叉价格弹性 a measure of how much the quantity demanded of one good responds to a change in the price of another good, computed as the percentage change in quantity demanded of the first good divided by the percentage change in the price of the second goodDeadweight loss无谓损失the fall in total surplus that results from a market distortion, such as a taxDemand curve需求曲线 a graph of the relationship between the price of a good and the quantity demandedDemand schedule需求表 a table that shows the relationship between the price of a good and the quantity demandedDiminishing marginal product边际产品递减the property whereby the marginal product of an input declines.As the quantity of the input increasesDiscrimination歧视the offering of different opportunities to similar individuals who differ only by race, ethnic group, sex, age, or other personal characteristicsDiseconomies of scale规模不经济the property whereby long-run average total cost rises as the quantity of output increasesDominant strategy占优策略 a strategy that is best for a player in a game regardless of the strategies chosen by the other playersEconomic profit经济利润total revenue minus total cost, including both explicit and implic it costsEconomics经济学the study of how society manages its scarce resourcesEconomies of scale规模经济the property whereby long-run average total cost falls as the quantity of output increasesEfficiency效率the property of society getting the most it can from its scarce resources Efficiency wages效率工资above-equilibrium wages paid by firms in order to increase worker productivityEfficient scale有效规模the quantity of output that minimizes average total costElasticity弹性 a measure of the responsiveness of quantity demanded or quantity supplied to one of its determinantsEquilibrium均衡 a situation in which the price has reached the level where quantity supplied equals quantity demandedEquilibrium price均衡价格the price that balances quantity supplied and quantity demanded Equilibrium quantity均衡数量the quantity supplied and the quantity demanded at the equilibrium priceEquity平等the property of distributing economic prosperity fairly among the members of societyExcludability排他性the property of a good whereby a person can be prevented from using it Explicit costs显性成本input costs that require an outlay of money by the firmExports出口goods produced domestically and sold abroadExternality外部性the uncompensated impact of one person‟s actions on the wellbeing of a bystanderFactors of production生产要素the inputs used to produce goods and servicesFixed casts固定成本costs that do not vary with the quantity of output producedFree rider免费搭车者 a person who receives the benefit of a good but avoids paying for it Game theory博弈论the study of how people behave in strategic situationsGiffen good吉芬商品 a good for which an increase in the price raises the quantity demanded Horizontal equity横向公平the idea that taxpayers with similar abilities to pay taxes should pay the same amountHuman capital人力资本the accumulation of investments in people, such as education andon-the-job trainingImplicit costs隐性成本input costs that do not require an outlay of money by the firmImport quota进口配额 a limit on the quantity of a good that can be produced abroad and sold domesticallyImports进口goods produced abroad and sold domesticallyIncome effect收入效应the change in consumption that results when a price change moves the consumer to a higher or lower indifference curveIncome elasticity of demand需求的收入弹性 a measure of how much the quantity demanded of a good responds to a change in consumers‟ income, computed as the percentage change in quantity demanded divided by the percentage change in incomeIndifference curve无差异曲线 a curve that shows consumption bundles that give the consumer the same level of satisfactionInferior good低档物品 a good for which, other things equal, an increase in income leads to a decrease in demandInflation通货膨胀an increase in the overall level of prices in the economyIn-kind transfers实物转移支付transfers to the poor given in the form of goods and services rather than cashInternalizing an externality外部性的内在化altering incentives so that people take account ofthe external effects of their actionsLaw of demand需求定理the claim that, other things equal, the quantity demanded of a good falls when the price of the good risesLaw of supply and demand需求与供给定理the claim that the price of any good adjusts to bring the quantity supplied and the quantity demanded for that good into balanceLiberalism自由主义the political philosophy according to which the government should choose policies deemed to be just, as evaluated by an impartial observer behind a “veil of ignorance”Libertarianism自由至上主义the political philosophy according to which the government should punish crimes and enforce voluntary agreements but not redistribute incomeLife cycle生命周期the regular pattern of income variation over a person‟s lifeLump-sum tax定额税 a tax that is the same amount for every personMacroeconomics宏观经济学the study of economy-wide phenomena, including inflation, unemployment, and economic growthMarginal changes边际变动small incremental adjustments to a plan of actionMarginal cost边际成本the increase in total cost that arises from an extra unit of production Marginal product边际产品the increase in output that arises from an additional unit of input Marginal product of labor劳动的边际产品the increase in the amount of output from an additional unit of laborMarginal rate of substitution边际替代率the rate at which a consumer is willing to trade one good for anotherMarginal revenue边际收益the change in total revenue from an additional unit soldMarginal tax rate边际税率the extra taxes paid on an additional dollar of incomeMarket市场 a group of buyers and sellers of a particular good or serviceMarket economy市场经济an economy that allocates resources through the decentralized decisions of many firms and households as they interact in markets for goods and services Market failure市场失灵 a situation in which a market left on its own fails to allocate resources efficientlyMarket power市场势力the ability of a single economic actor (or small group of actors) to have a substantial influence on market pricesMaximin criterion极大极小准则the claim that the government should aim to maximize the well-being of the worst-off person in societyMedian voter theorem中位选举人定理 a mathematical result showing that if voters are choosing a point along a line and each voter wants the point closest to his most preferred point, then majority rule will pick the most preferred point of the median voterMicroeconomics微观经济学the study of how households and firms make decisions and how they interact in marketsMonopolistic competition垄断竞争 a market structure in which many firms sell products that are similar but not identicalMonopoly垄断 a firm that is the sole seller of a product without close substitutesMoral hazard道德风险the tendency of a person who is imperfectly monitored to engage in dishonest or otherwise undesirable behaviorNash equilibrium纳什均衡 a situation in which economic actors interacting with one another each choose their best strategy given the strategies that all the other actors have chosenNatural monopoly自然垄断 a monopoly that arises because a single firm can supply a good or service to an entire market at a smaller cost than could two or more firmsNegative income tax负所得税 a tax system that collects revenue from high-income households and gives transfers to low-income householdsNormal good正常商品 a good for which, other things equal, an increase in income leads to an increase in demandNormative statements规范性表述claims that attempt to prescribe how the world should be Oligopoly寡头 a market structure in which only a few sellers offer similar or identical productsOpportunity cost机会成本whatever must be given up to obtain some itemPerfect complements完全互补品two goods with right-angle indifference curvesPerfect substitutes完全替代品two goods with straight-line indifference curvesPermanent income持久性收入 a person‟s normal incomePhillips curve菲利普斯曲线 a curve that shows the short-run tradeoff between inflation and unemploymentPigovian tax庇古税 a tax enacted to correct the effects of a negative externalityPositive statements实证表述claims that attempt to describe the world as it isPoverty line贫困线an absolute level of income set by the federal government for each family size below which a family is deemed to be in povertyPoverty rate贫困率the percentage of the population whose family income falls below an absolute level called the …poverty linePrice ceiling价格天花板(上限) a legal maximum on the price at which a good can be sold Price discrimination价格歧视the business practice of selling the same good at different prices to different customersPrice elasticity of demand需求的价格弹性 a measure of how much the quantity demanded of a good responds to a change in the price of that good, computed as the percentage change in quantity demanded divided by the percentage change in pricePrice elasticity supply供给的价格弹性 a measure of how much the quantity supplied of a good responds to a change in the price of that good, computed as the percentage change in quantity supplied divided by the percentage change in pricePrice floor价格地板I下限) a legal minimum on the price at which a good can be sold Principal委托人 a person for whom another person, called the agent, is performing some act Prisoners‟ dilemma囚徒困境 a particular “game” between two captured prisoners that illustrates why cooperation is difficult to maintain even when it is mutually beneficialPrivate goods私人物品goods that are both excludable and rivalProducer surplus生产者剩余the amount a seller is paid for a good minus the seller‟s cost Production function生产函数the relationship between quantity of inputs used to make a good and the quantity of output of that goodProduction possibilities frontier生产可能性曲线 a graph that shows the combinations of output that the economy can possibly produce given the available factors of production and the available production technologyProductivity生产率the quantity of goods and services produced from each hour of a worker‟s timeProfit利润total revenue minus total cost。
西方经济学词汇(中英文对照)
1.Microeconomics 微观经济学2.Macroeconomics 宏观经济学3.Primary sector 第一产业4.Secondary sector 第二产业5.Tertiary sector 第三产业6.Opportunity cost 机会成本7.Scarcity 稀缺8.Production possibility frontier 生产可能性边界9.Production possibility curve 生产可能性曲线10.Factors of production 生产要素11.Demand 需求12.Demand curve 需求曲线13.Supply 供给14.Supply curve 供给曲线15.Marginal utility边际效用16.Total utility总效用17.Elasticity 弹性18.Price elasticity of demand 需求的价格弹性19.Cross elasticity of demand 需求的交叉弹性20.Income elasticity of demand 需求的收入弹性21.Equilibrium 均衡22.Equilibrium price 均衡价格23.Short run短期24.Long run长期25.Consumer surplus消费者剩余26.Producer surplus生产者剩余27.Externalities外部性28.negative externalities 负的外部性29.positive externalities 正的外部性30.the law of diminishing marginal utility 边际效用递减规律31.budget line 预算线32.Marginal 边际33.Marginal cost 边际成本34.Marginal revenue边际收益35.Merit goods 有益品36.Demerit goods 有害品37.public goods公共品38.quasi-public goods 准公共品39.private goods 私有品40.moral hazard 道德危险41.adverse selection 逆向选择42.Average 平均43.Average product 平均产量44.fixed costs 固定成本45.variable costs 可变成本46.average costs 平均成本47.diseconomy of scale规模不经济48.specialization 专业化49.Cost minimization 成本最小化50.Input投入51.Normal profit正常利润52.Abnormal profit超额利润53.Productive efficiency 生产效率54.Perfect competition完全竞争55.Monopoly垄断56.barrier to entry 进入障碍57.Product differentiation差异产品58.Monopolistic competition 垄断竞争59.Price discrimination 价格歧视60.oligopoly 寡头61.Duopoly双寡头62.Nash equilibrium纳什均衡63.Game theory 博弈论64.Marginal product of labour 劳动的边际产量65.Demand for labour 对劳动力的需求66.Aggregate demand 总需求67.Marginal cost of labour 劳动的边际成本68.Elasticity of demand for labor 劳动力的需求弹性69.Paradox of thrift 节约悖论70.Price level 价格水平71.Trade unions 行会,商会72.Perfectly competitive labour market 完全竞争劳动力市场73.Transfer earnings 转让收益74.Gross Domestic Product 国内生产总值75.Gross National Product 国民生产总值76.money GDP 名义GDP77.real GDP 实际GDP78.Aggregate supply 总供给79.nominal value 名义价值80.real value 实际价值81.Injections 注入82.Withdrawals 漏出83.Consumption 消费84.budget deficit 预算赤字85.budget surplus 预算盈余86.balanced budget 均衡预算87.Keynesians 凯恩斯主义学派88.Monetarists 货币主义学派89.Savings 储蓄90.average propensity to consume 平均消费倾向91.average propensity to save 平均储蓄倾向92.marginal propensity to consume 边际消费倾向93.marginal propensity to save 边际储蓄倾向94.Investment 投资ernment spending 政府支出96.export 出口97.import 进口98.Accelerator 加速器99.Interest 利息率100.The multiplier乘数101.Full employments完全就业102.balance of payments 国际收支平衡表103.deficit赤字104.surplus 盈余105.Demand side policies 需求方面政策106.Supply side policies 供给方面政策107.Reflationary policies 再膨胀政策108.Deflationary policies 通货紧缩政策109.inflation 通货膨胀110.deflation 通货紧缩111.Inflationary gap通货膨胀缺口112.Deflationary gap通货紧缩缺口113.Automatic stabilizer自动稳定器114.Expansionary police扩张政策115.Contractionary policy紧缩政策116.Keynesian fiscal policy凯恩斯财政政策117.fiscal policy 财政政策118.monetary policy 货币政策119.exchange policy 汇率政策120.liquidity trap 流动性陷进121.transaction motive 交易动机122.precautionary motive 预防动机123.speculative motive 投机动机124.cost-push inflation 成本推动型的通货膨胀125.retail price index 零售价格指数126.redistribution of income 收入再分配127.new classical 新古典主义128.absolute advantage 绝对优势parative advantage相对优势130.free trade自由贸易131.economies of scale规模经济132.quotas 配额133.exchange controls外汇管制134.infant industry 幼稚工业135.Tariff关税136.free trade area自由贸易区137.custom union关税同盟138.economic union 经济同盟139.dumping倾销140.Trade creation贸易创造141.trade diversion 贸易转移。
ap微观经济第二单元知识点
ap微观经济第二单元知识点Microeconomics is a branch of economics that focuses on the behavior and interactions of individuals and firms within the economy. It studies how households and businesses make decisions regarding the allocation of resources and how their behaviors affect prices, quantities, and the overall market equilibrium.微观经济学是经济学的一个分支,着重研究经济体系中个人和企业的行为和互动。
它研究了家庭和企业如何做出资源分配的决策,以及它们的行为如何影响价格、数量和整体市场均衡。
One of the key concepts in microeconomics is the theory of supply and demand. This theory explains how the interaction of buyers and sellers in a free market determines the price of goods and services. When demand exceeds supply, prices tend to rise, while when supply exceeds demand, prices tend to fall. This delicate balance between supply and demand is what allows markets to efficiently allocate resources and goods.微观经济学的一个关键概念是供求理论。
微观经济学英文版名词解释超详细
微观经济学英文版名词解释超详细微观经济学名词解释Chapter 1businesscycle 经济周期fluctuations in economic activity, such as employmentand productioneconomi cs 经济学; 经济,国家的经济状况the study of how society manages its scarce 缺乏的,罕见的 resourcesefficienc y n.功效; 效率,效能; 实力,能力; [物] 性能;the property of society getting the most it can from itsscarce resourcesequality n .同等,平等; [数]相等,等式;the property of distributing economic prosperityuniformly among the members of societyexternality[,ekst ɜː'næl ɪt ɪ]外部性the uncompensated impact of one person’s actions on the well-being of a bystander 旁观者; 局外人; 看热闹的人 incentive s omething that induces a person to actInflation [ɪn'fle ɪʃ(ə)n]an increase in the overall level of prices in the economy marginalchangessmall incremental 增加的 adjustments to a plan of actionmarket economyan economy that allocates resources through thedecentralized 权力分散; 人口疏散; 密度分散;decisions of many firms and households as they interact in markets for goods and servicesmarket failure a situation in which a market left on its own fails to allocate分配,分派; 把…拨给;英[ˈæləkeɪt] resources efficientlymarket power the ability of a single economic actor (or small group of actors) to have a substantial influence on market pricesopportunity costwhatever must be given up to obtain some itemproducti vity the quantity of goods and services produced from each unit of labor inputproperty rights the ability of an individual to own and exercise control over scarce resourcesrational people people who systematically and purposefully do the best they can to achieve their objectivesscarcity the limited nature of society’s resources Chapter 2circular-flow diagram a visual model of the economy that shows how dollars flow through markets among households 家庭; 家庭,户and firmsmacroeconomics [,mækr əʊiːkə'nɒmɪks; -ek-] the study of economy-wide phenomena, including inflation, unemployment, and economic growthmicroecono mics [,maɪkrəʊiːkə'nɒmɪks the study of how households and firms make decisions and how they interact in marketsnormative['nɔːmətɪv]标准的statements claims that attempt to prescribe定,规定; 指定,规定;美[prɪˈskraɪb] how the world should bepositivestatementsclaims that attempt to describe the world as it isproduction possibilities frontier['frʌntɪə)a graph that shows the combinations of output that the economy can possibly produce given the available factors of production and the available production technologyChapter 3advantag e the ability to produce a good using fewer inputs than another producercomparative advantag e the ability to produce a good at a lower opportunity cost than another producerexports goods produced domestically美[də'mestɪklɪ】合乎国内的and sold abroadimports goods produced abroad and sold domestically opportunity costwhatever must be given up to obtain some itemChapter 4competiti ve market 完全竞争市场a market with many buyers and sellers['selə] trading identical同一的,完全相同的美[aɪˈdɛntɪkəl] products so that each buyer and seller is a price takerComplements互补品['kɑmpləm ənt]two goods for which an increase in the price of one leads to a decrease in the demand for the otherdemand curve 需求曲线a graph of the relationship between the price of a good and the quantity demandeddemand schedule 需求表a table that shows the relationship between the price of a good and the quantity demandedEquilibriu m[,ikwɪ'lɪbrɪəm]均衡a situation in which the market price has reached the level at which quantity supplied equals quantity demandedequilibriu m price 均衡价格the price that balances quantity supplied and quantity demandedequilibriu m quantity the quantity supplied and the quantity demanded at the equilibrium pricegood劣质品[ɪn'fɪərɪə] a good for which, other things equal, an increase in income leads to a decrease in demandlaw of demand 需求原理the claim that, other things equal, the quantity demanded of a good falls when the price of the good riseslaw of supply 供给原理the claim that, other things equal, the quantity supplied of a good rises when the price of the good riseslaw of supply and demand the claim that the price of any good adjusts to bring the quantity supplied and the quantity demanded for that good into balancemarket a group of buyers and sellers of a particular good or servicenormal good普通商品a good for which, other things equal, an increase in income leads to an increase in demandquantity demande d 需求量the amount of a good that buyers are willing and able to purchasequantity supplied the amount of a good that sellers are willing and able to sellshortage a situation in which quantity demanded is greater than quantity suppliedsubstitute s two goods for which an increase in the price of one leads to an increase in the demand for the othersupply curve a graph of the relationship between the price of a good and the quantity suppliedsupply schedule a table that shows the relationship between the price of a good and the quantity suppliedsurplus ['sɜ:pləs] a situation in which quantity supplied is greater than quantity demandedChapter 5ceelasticity of demand 需求交叉弹性是需求交叉价格弹性a measure of how much the quantity demanded of one good responds to a change in the price of another good, computed as the percentage change in quantity demanded of the first good divided by the percentage change in the price of the second goodelasticity [,ilæ'stɪsəti]n .弹性; 弹力; 灵活性; 伸缩性;a measure of the responsiveness of quantity demanded orquantity supplied to one of its determinantsincomeelasticity of demand 需求的收入弹性a measure of how much the quantity demanded of a good responds to a change in consumers’ income, computed as the percentage change in quantity demanded divided by the percentage change in incomepriceelasticity of demand 需求价格弹性a measure of how much the quantity demanded of a good responds to a change in the price of that good, computed as the percentage change in quantity demanded divided by the percentage change in priceprice elasticity of supply 供给的价格弹性a measure of how much the quantity supplied of a good responds to a change in the price of that good, computed as the percentage change in quantity supplied divided by the percentage change in pricetotalrevenue (in a market)总收入; 总收益the amount paid by buyers and received by sellers of a good, computed as the price of the good times the quantity soldChapter 6price ceiling ['siːlɪŋ] a legal maximum['mæksɪməm] on the price at which a good can be soldpricefloora legal minimum on the price at which a good can be sold taxincidenc e['ɪnsɪd(ə)ns] the manner in which the burden of a tax is shared among participants in a marketChapter 7 consumer [kən'sjuːmə] surplus ['sɜːpləs]消费者剩余the amount a buyer is willing to pay for a good minus ['maɪnəs] the amount the buyer actually pays for itcost the value of everything a seller must give up to produce a goodefficiency the property of society getting the most it can from its scarce resourcesequality the property of distributing economic prosperity uniformly among the members of societyproducer surplus the amount a seller is paid for a good minus the seller’s cost of providing itwelfare economic s the study of how the allocation美[ˌæləˈkeɪʃn]分配,配给of resources affects economic well-beingwillingness to pay受益者负担the maximum amount that a buyer will pay for a goodChapter8Dead the fall in total surplus过剩的; 多余的[ˈsɜ:rpləs] thatweight loss 无谓损失又为社会净损失results from a market distortion变形; 失真[dɪˈstɔrʃən], such as a taxChapter 9tariffn .关税;关税表; 价格表a tax on goods produced abroad and solddomesticallyworld price the price of a good that prevails in the world market for that goodChapter 10Coase theorem['θɪərəm] 科斯定理the proposition that if private parties can bargain without cost over the allocation of resources, they can solve the problem of externalities外在性on their owncorrectiv e tax 矫正税a tax designed to induce private decision makers to take account of the social costs that arise from a negative externalityexternalit y [,ekstɜː'nælɪtɪ]n .外形; 外在性; 外部事物;(经济学名词)外部效应the uncompensated impact of one person’s actions on thewell-being of a bystanderinternalizing the externalit y 内化altering incentives[ɪn'sɛntɪv] so that people take account of the external effects of their actionstransacti the costs that parties incur in the process of agreeing toon[træn'zækʃən]交易costsand following through on a bargainChapter11clubgoodsgoods that are excludable but not rival in consumptioncommon resource s goods that are rival in consumption but not excludable可排他的; 包括在外的;•cost–benefitanalysis成本效益分析a study that compares the costs and benefits to society of providing a public goodexcludability [ɪks,kluːdə'bɪlətɪ]排他性the property of a good whereby a person can be prevented from using itfree rider [释义]坐a person who receives the benefit of a good but avoids paying for it享其成,无本获利;privategoodsgoods that are both excludable and rival in consumptionpublic goods goods that are neither excludable nor rival in consumptionrivalry inconsump tion消费竞争the property of a good whereby one person’s use diminishes other people’s useTragedyof the Common s公共地悲剧a parable寓言; 格言; that illustrates why common resources are used more than is desirable from the standpoint of society as a wholeChapter 12 ability-to-payprinciple [释义]负担能力原则,付税能力原则;the idea that taxes should be levied on a person according to how well that person can shoulder the burdenaveragetax ratetotal taxes paid divided by total incomebenefits principle the idea that people should pay taxes based on the benefits they receive from government servicesbudget deficit n.预算赤字;a shortfall亏空; 缺空of tax revenue from government spendingbudgetsurplus预算结余an excess of tax revenue over government spending horizontal equity 纳税横向均等;the idea that taxpayers with similar abilities to pay taxes should pay the same amountm tax 总量税a tax that is the same amount for every personmarginaltax rate边际税率the extra taxes paid on an additional dollar of incomeprogressi ve tax 累进税a tax for which high-income taxpayers pay a larger fraction分数; 一小部分of their income than do low-income taxpayersproportio nal tax 比例税率a tax for which high-income and low-income taxpayers pay the same fraction of incomeregressiv e tax 累退税a tax for which high-income taxpayers pay a smaller fraction of their income than do low-income taxpayersvertical equity 纵向公平the idea that taxpayers with a greater ability to pay taxes should pay larger amountsChapter13accounting profittotal revenue minus total explicit清楚的,明确的cost averagefixed costfixed cost divided by the quantity of outputaveragetotal costtotal cost divided by the quantity of outputaveragevariablecostvariable cost divided by the quantity of outputconstant returns to scale the property whereby long-run average total cost stays the same as the quantity of output changesdiminishin gmarginal product 边际产量递减规律the property whereby the marginal product of an input declines as the quantity of the input increasesmies of scale 规模不经济the property whereby long-run average total cost rises as the quantity of output increaseseconomic profit total revenue minus total cost, including both explicit and implicit costseconomie s of scale 规模经济the property whereby long-run average total cost falls as the quantity of output increasesefficientscale最小有效规模the quantity of output that minimizes average total costexplicitcostsinput costs that require an outlay of money by the firmfixed costs固定成本costs that do not vary with the quantity of output producedimplicit costs隐性成本input costs that do not require an outlay of money by the firmmarginal cost边际成本the increase in total cost that arises from an extra unit of productionmarginal product the increase in output that arises from an additional unit of inputproductio n function the relationship between the quantity of inputs used to make a good and the quantity of output of that goodprofit total revenue minus total costtotal cost the market value of the inputs a firm uses in production totalrevenue(for firm)the amount a firm receives for the sale of its outputvariablecosts[释义]变动成本;costs that vary with the quantity of output producedChapter14revenuetotal revenue divided by the quantity soldcompetiti ve market a market with many buyers and sellers trading identical products so that each buyer and seller is a price takermarginalrevenuethe change in total revenue from an additional unit soldsunk cost 沉没成本a cost that has already been committed and cannot be recoveredChapter 15monopoly[ mə'nɒp(ə)l ɪ] a firm that is the sole seller of a product without close substitutesnaturalmonopoly n.垄断; 专卖; 垄断者; 专利品;a monopoly that arises because a single firm can supply a good or service to an entire market at a smaller cost than could two or more firmsprice discrimina tion the business practice of selling the same good at different prices to different customersChapter 16 monopolistic competiti on垄断竞争市场a market structure in which many firms sell products that are similar but not identicaloligopoly求过于供的市场情况;a market structure in which only a few sellers offer similar or identical products17cartel <经>卡特尔,企业联合a group of firms acting in unison ['juːnɪs(ə)n]collusion an agreement among firms in a market about quantities to produce or prices to charge<经>卡特尔,企业联合a strategy that is best for a player in a game regardless of the strategies chosen by the other playersgametheorythe study of how people behave in strategic situations GDPdeflator[d i'fleitə]GDP缩减指数a measure of the price level calculated as the ratio of nominal GDP to real GDP times 100Nash equilibriu m 纳什均衡a situation in which economic actors interacting with one another each choose their best strategy given the strategies that all the other actors have chosenoligopoly[ ,ɑlə'gɑpəli] 寡头a market structure in which only a few sellers offer similar or identical productsprisoners’ dilemma [dɪˈlemə囚徒困境”是1950年美国兰德公司提出的博弈论模型a particular “game” between two captured prisoners that illustrates why cooperation is difficult to maintain even when it is mutually beneficialChapter18capital the equipment and structures used to produce goods and servicesdiminishi the property whereby the marginal product of an inputngmarginalproduct边际产量递减规律declines as the quantity of the input increasesfactors ofproductionthe inputs used to produce goods and servicesmarginal product of labor the increase in the amount of output from an additional unit of laborproducti on function the relationship between the quantity of inputs used to make a good and the quantity of output of that goodvalue ofthe marginal 边际价值product the marginal product of an input times the price of the outputChapter 19 compensating differential 补偿微分a difference in wages that arises to offset the non-monetary characteristics of different jobsdiscrimination[dɪ,skr ɪmɪ'neɪʃ(ə)n] ;歧视the offering of different opportunities to similar individuals who differ only by race, ethnic group, sex, age, or other personal characteristicsefficiency wages 效率工资above- equilibrium平衡,均势; 平静ˌ[ikwəˈlɪbriəm] wages paid by firms to increase worker productivityhuman capital*人力资本the knowledge and skills that workers acquire through education, training, and experiencestriken .攻击; 罢工[课,the organized withdrawal移开; 撤回of labor from a firmby a union市]; 发现union a worker association that bargains with employers over wages, benefits, and working conditions。
微观经济学理论部分英文词汇
46, sequences
n. [数][计] 序列,顺序;继起的事(sequence的复数形式)
Sequences: 序列 | 图形逻辑 | 数列
47, semester [sɪ'mestə]
n. 学期;半年
48, relatively ['relətɪvlɪ]
Reunited: 重遇 | 重聚 | 团聚
9, proofs [pru:fs]
n. 证明;证据(proof的复数);校稿
10, proceeds ['prəʊsiːdz]
n. 收入,收益;实收款项
11, extension [ɪk'stenʃ(ə)n; ek-]
n. 延长;延期;扩大;伸展;电话分机
n. 筛选;放映;[物] 屏蔽;审查;防波
v. 筛选;拍摄(screen的ing形式);遮蔽;隔挡
Screening: 场次 | 筛选 | 筛查
56, mechanism design
机制设计(微观经济学和博弈论的分支领域);机构设计(学科名称);机械设计
57, altered ['ɔːltəd]
27, Fixed Point Theorems
Fixed Point Theorems: 不动点定理
28, coverage ['kʌv(ə)rɪdʒ]
n. 覆盖,覆盖范围
coverage: 新闻报道 | 覆盖面 | 保险范围
29, instructors
n. 教练;讲师;指导书(instructor的复数)
adj. 人际的;人与人之间的
微观经济学原理(第七版)-曼昆-名词解释(带英文)
微观经济学原理曼昆名词解释稀缺性(scarcity):社会资源的有限性。
经济学(economics):研究社会如何管理自己的稀缺资源。
效率(efficiency):社会能从其稀缺资源中得到最多东西的特性.平等(equality):经济成果在社会成员中公平分配的特性。
机会成本(opportunity cost):为了得到某种东西所必须放弃的东西。
理性人(rational people):系统而有目的地尽最大努力实现起目标的人。
边际变动(marginal change):对行动计划微小的增量调整。
激励(incentive):引起一个人做出某种行为的某种东西。
市场经济(market economy):当许多企业和家庭在物品与劳务市场上相互交易时,通过他们的分散决策配置资源的经济.产权(property rights):个人拥有并控制稀缺资源的能力。
市场失灵(market failure):市场本身不能有效配置资源的情况。
外部性(externality):一个人的行为对旁观者福利的影响.市场势力(market power):一个经济活动者(或经济活动者的一个小集团)对市场价格有显著影响的能力.生产率(productivity):一个工人一小时所生产的物品与劳务量。
通货膨胀(inflation):经济中物价总水平的上升.经济周期(business cycle):就业和生产等经济活动的波动(就是生产这类经济活动的波动.)循环流向图(circular-flow diagram):一个说明货币如何通过市场在家庭与企业之间流动的直观经济模型.生产可能性边界(production possibilities frontier):表示一个经济在可得到的生产要素与生产技术既定时所能生产的产量的各种组合的图形.微观经济学(microeconomics):研究家庭和企业如何做出决策,以及它们在市场上的相互交易。
宏观经济学(macroeconomics):研究整体经济现象,包括通货膨胀、失业和经济增长。
微观经济学常用词汇(中英文对照)
微观经济学词汇AAbsolute Advantage,绝对优势如果某个国家在生产某种商品时,其消耗的资源比其他国家所需的少,那么这个国家就在生产这种产品上具有绝对优势。
Accelerator Effect,加速效应由产出的增加(减少)引起的投资的增加(减少)反过来刺激了产出的增加(减少)。
Actual Investment,实际投资实际发生的投资额。
其中包括诸如计划外的库存变化。
Adjustment Costs,调整费用企业在改变其产量水平时所发生的费用——比如因解雇员工或者对新雇员进行培训时所发生的管理费用。
Adverse Selection,逆向选择当一个购买者或者销售者参与到一项交易中,交易的另一方拥有更多的信息时,就会发生逆向选择。
Aggregate Behavior,总效应所有的家庭与厂商的行为的加总。
Aggregate Demand,总需求整个经济中对于产品和服务的总需求。
Aggregate Demand(AD) Curve,总需求(AD)曲线反应总产出(收入)与价格水平之间的负向关系的曲线。
AD曲线上的每一点都是商品市场与货币市场的均衡点。
Aggregate Income,总收入在某一给定时期内,参与生产的所有要素获得的总报酬。
Aggregate Output,总产出在某一给定时期内,整个经济中生产(供给)的产品与服务的总量。
Aggregate Production Function,总生产函数投入与国民产出(或者国内生产总值)之间的数学表达。
Aggregate Supply,总供给整个经济中的产品与服务的供给总量。
Aggregate Supply(AS) Curve,总供给(AS)曲线表现经济中的所有企业在全部价格水平下的总的产出的供给量的图。
Animal Spirits of Entrepreneurs,企业家的动物精神凯恩斯创造的用于描述投资者的感受的词。
Antitrust Division(of the Department of Justice),反托拉斯部门(司法部的)被授权对违反反托拉斯法的行为采取制裁的两个联邦机构之一。
微观经济学中各个字母缩写对应的中英文意思【范本模板】
P:价格Price Q:数量Number D:需求Demand S供给Supply E:均衡(或期望)Equilibrium 效用Utility TU:Total utility总效用MU:Marginal utility边际效用CS:Consumer surplus消费者剩余MRS:商品的边际替代率Marginal rate of substitutionL:劳动力Labor TP:总产量AP:平均产量MP:边际产量MRTS:边际技术替代率STC:短期总成本土地(Land)成本(Capital)边际效用(Marginal utility)利润(Profit)长期(Long run)TFC:总不变成本Total fixed costTVC:总可变成本Total variable costTC:总成本Total costAFC:平均不变成本Average fixed costAVC:平均可变成本Average variable cost)AC:平均总成本Average total cost 平均成本(Average cost)MC:边际成本Marginal costLTC:长期总成本Long run total costLAC:长期平均成本Long run average costSAC:短期平均成本Short run average costLMC:长期边际成本Long run marginal costSMC:短期边际成本Short run marginal costTR:总收益Total revenueAR:平均收益Average revenueMR:边际收益Marginal revenueMP:边际产品(Marginal product)VMP:边际产品价值Value of the marginal productMRP:边际收益产品Marginal revenue productMFC:边际要素成本Marginal cost of factorPEP:价格扩展线Price line extension。
微观经济学-(英文版)名词解释
微观经济名词解释CHAPTER 1Scarcity:the limited nature of society’s resources。
Economics:the study of how society manages its scarce resources。
Efficiency:the property of society getting the most it can from its scarce resources.Equity:the property of distributing economic prosperity fairly among the members of society。
Opportunity cost:whatever must be given up to obtain some item。
Rational people:people who systematically and purposefully do the best they can to achieve their objectives。
Marginal changes:small incremental adjustments to a plan of action.Incentive:something that induces a person to act。
Market economy:an economy that allocates resources through the decentralized decisions of many firms and households as they interact in markets for goods and services。
Property rights:the ability of an individual to own and exercise control over scarce resources。
经济学中的英文词缩写
微观经济学术语的英文及缩写第一章导论理性人(Rational man)微观经济学(Microeconomics)、微观经济学(Macroeconomics)消费者(Consumer)生产者(Producer)企业(Enterprise企(事)业单位;establishment企业;business商业;company公司/商号corporation) 厂商(Firm/Manufacturer)第二章需求、供给和价格需求(d emand)缩写D供给(Supply) 缩写S弹性(elasticity)缩写 E 或 eE简称价格弹性需求的价格弹性(price elasticity of demand )E d或e d 或Pd需求的收入弹性(Income elasticity of demand )E M或e m需求的交叉弹性(Cross-price elasticity of demand))E XY或e xy供给价格弹性(Price elasticity of supply)E S或e s 或P s E简称供给弹性均衡价格(Equilibrium price)(均衡数量(equilibrium quantity;balance quantity;balanced quantity)第三章效用论基数效用论(Cardinal utility)序数效用论:(Ordinal utility总效用(T otal utility)缩写TU边际效用(Marginal utility)缩写MU无差异曲线(Indifference curve) 缩写I商品之间的边际替代率(marginal rate of substitution) 缩写MRS12第四章生产论厂商(Firm)交易成本(transaction cost)生产要素(Factors of Production)劳动(labour)缩写L资本(capital )缩写k土地(Iand)指一切自然资源(Natural resources)缩写N企业家才能(Entrepreneurship ) 缩写 EC-D生产函数 ( Cobb- Douglas production function)短期(short-run)、长期(long-run)总产量(Total Product ) 缩写TP或Q 劳动的总产量TP L平均产量(Average Product )缩写AP 劳动的平均产量AP L边际产量/产品(Marginal Product)缩写MP 劳动的边际产量MP L分increasing returns of scale、constant returns of scale、decreasing returns of scale等成本线(Isocost line)等产量线(Isoquant line)第五章成本论成本(cost) 缩写 C费用(expense)机会成本(Opportunity cost)显成本(Explicit cost)隐成本(Implicit cost)正常利润(Normal profit)超额利润(Excess profit)或叫经济利润(Econormic profit)经常用π表示、利润最大化(profit maximization)利润最大化原则(principle of profit maximization)短期总成本(Short-run total cost)缩写STC 或TC总固定成本(T otal fixed cost)缩写TFC 或FC总变动成本(T otal variable cos t)缩写TVC 或VC平均固定成本(Average fixed cost ) 缩写AFC平均可变成本(Average variable cost ) AVC短期平均成本(Short-run average cost) SAC 或AC短期边际成本(Short-run marginal cos t) SMC 或MC长期总成本(Long-run total cost)LTC 或TC长期平均成本(Long-run average cos t) LAC 或AC长期边际成本(Long-run marginal cost) LMC 或MC规模经济(Economies of scale)、规模不经济(Diseconomies of scale)外在经济(The external economy)、外在不经济(External diseconomy)收益(Revenue)R总收益( total revenue;gross earnings;gross income) TR平均收益(average revenue)AR边际收益(marginal income )MR第六章完全竞争市场市场结构(Market structure)完全竞争市场(perfect competition market)长期供给线(Long-run supply curve) LS消费者剩余(Consumer’s surplus)CS生产者剩余(Producer’s surplus) PS (Producer surplus)看不见手的原理(Invisible hand theorem)第七章不完全竞争市场(Imperfect competition market)完全垄断市场(Complete monopoly market (Monopoly):卖方垄断(Monopoly)/买方(Monopsony)垄断竞争(Monopolistic Competition )/垄断竞争市场(Monopolistic Competition Market)寡头垄断(Oligopsony)/寡头垄断市场(Oligopsony market)价格歧视(Price discrimination)一级价格歧视(First-degree price discrimination)二级价格歧视(Second- degree price discrimination)三级价格歧视(Third-degree price discrimination)博弈论(Game theory)纳什均衡(Nash equilibrium)囚犯困境(prisoners’ dilemma)第八章生产要素边际收益产品(Marginal Revenue Product)MRP边际产品价值(Value of marginal product) VMP边际要素成本(Marginal Factor Cost)MFC工资( Wage) w 最低工资minimum wage实际工资(Real wages)\名义工资(Normal wages)地租/ 租金(rent) R利息(Interest) 、利率(Interest rate)缩写r实际利率(Real Interest rate)、名义利率(Normal Interest rate)洛伦慈曲线(Lorenz curve)基尼系数( Gink coefficient ) 缩写G第十章一般均衡和福利经济学(这一章不用看)埃奇沃思盒(Edgeworth’s Box)帕累托最优(Pareto-optimality) 帕累托最优状态帕累托效率(Pareto efficiency)、帕累托改进(Pareto improvement)福利经济学(welfare economics)福利经济学第一定律(First Fundamental Theorem of Welfare Economics)福利经济学第二定律(Second Fundamental Theorem of Welfare Economics)边际生产转换率(the marginal rateof product transformation)MRTS XY边际转换率(marginal rate of transformation)MTS XY =MRTS XY =ΔY/ΔX第十一章微观经济政策市场失灵(market failure)外部影响(External effects) 、外部效应Externalities外部经济(external economies )、外部不经济(external diseconomies)私人成本(private cost;personal cost)、社会成本(social cost)科斯定理(Kos's theorem)the Coase theorem (科斯定理)共有财产(community of goods;joint property)私人物品(private goodst)、公共物品(Public goods)搭便车(Free ride / Free-Riding)或thumb a lift [or ride];hitchhike;pick up; hitch a ride)搭便车者pick up a hitch-hiker竞争性(Competitive)、非竞争性non-competitive/ non-rival排他性(Exclusive)、非排他性non-exclusive /nonexcludable公共选择(Public choice)完全信息(C omplete information)、不完全信息(Imperfect information;incomplete information)不对称信息(Asymmetric Information)逆向选择(Adverse Selection)道德风险(Moral hazard)次品市场(lemon market) :柠檬市场(lemon market),lemon market problem也叫asymmetric informationproblem (信息不对称问题)次品(substandard [shoddy] products;substandard)。
微观经济学英文版名词解释超详细
微观经济学名词解释Chapter 1business cycle 经济周期fluctuations in economic activity, such as employment and productioneconomics经济学; 经济,国家的经济状况the study of how society manages its scarce缺乏的,罕见的 resourcesefficiencyn.功效; 效率,效能; 实力,能力; [物] 性能; the property of society getting the most it can from its scarce resourcesequalityn.同等,平等; [数] 相等,等式; the property of distributing economic prosperity uniformly among the members of societyexternality[,ekst??'n?l?t?]外部性the uncompensated impact of one person’s actions on the well-being of a bystander 旁观者; 局外人; 看热闹的人incentive something that induces a person to actInflation[?n'fle??(?)n] an increase in the overall level of prices in the economymarginal changes small incremental增加的 adjustments to a plan of actionmarket economy an economy that allocates resources through the decentralized 权力分散; 人口疏散; 密度分散;decisions of many firms and households as they interact in markets for goods and servicesmarket failure a situation in which a market left on its own fails to allocate分配,分派; 把…拨给;英[??l?ke?t] resources efficientlymarket power the ability of a single economic actor (or small group of actors) to have a substantial influence on market pricesopportunity cost whatever must be given up to obtain some itemproductivity the quantity of goods and services produced from each unit of labor inputproperty rights the ability of an individual to own and exercise control over scarce resourcesrational people people who systematically and purposefully do the best they can to achieve their objectivesscarcity the limited nature of society’s resourcesChapter 2circular-flow diagram a visual model of the economy that shows how dollars flow through markets among households 家庭; 家庭,户and firmsmacroeconomics[,m?kr??i?k?'n?m?ks; -ek-] the study of economy-wide phenomena, including inflation, unemployment, and economic growthmicroeconomics[,ma?kr??i?k?'n?m?ks the study of how households and firms make decisions and how they interact in marketsnormative['n??m?t?v]标准的 statements claims that attempt to prescribe定,规定; 指定,规定;美[pr??skra?b] how the world should bepositive statements claims that attempt to describe the world as it isproduction possibilities frontier ['fr?nt??)a graph that shows the combinations of output that the economy can possibly produce given the available factors of production and the available production technologyChapter 3absolute advantage the ability to produce a good using fewer inputs than another producercomparative advantage the ability to produce a good at a lower opportunity cost than another producerexports goods produced domestically美[d?'mest?kl?】合乎国内的and sold abroadimports goods produced abroad and sold domestically opportunity cost whatever must be given up to obtain some itemChapter 4competitive market 完全竞争市场a market with many buyers and sellers['sel?] trading identical同一的,完全相同的美[a??d?nt?k?l] products so that each buyer and seller is a price takergood or servicenormal good 普通商品a good for which, other things equal, an increase in income leads to an increase in demandquantity demanded 需求量the amount of a good that buyers are willing and able to purchasequantity supplied the amount of a good that sellers are willing and able to sellshortage a situation in which quantity demanded is greater than quantity suppliedsubstitutes two goods for which an increase in the price of one leads to an increase in the demand for the othersupply curve a graph of the relationship between the price of a good and the quantity suppliedsupply schedule a table that shows the relationship between the price of a good and the quantity suppliedsurplus ['s?:pl?s] a situation in which quantity supplied is greater than quantity demandedChapter 5cross-price elasticity of demand 需求交叉弹性是需求交叉价格弹性a measure of how much the quantityreceived bysellers of agood, computedas the priceof the goodtimes thequantity sold Chapter 6price ceiling ['si?l??] a legal maximum['m?ks?m?m] on the price at which a good can be soldprice floor a legal minimum on the price at which a good can be soldtaxincidence['?ns?d(?)ns] the manner in which the burden of a tax is shared among participants in a marketChapter 7consumer[k?n'sju?m?] surplus['s??pl?s]消费者剩余the amount a buyer is willing to pay for a good minus ['ma?n?s] the amount the buyer actually pays for itcost the value of everything a seller must give up to produce a goodefficiency the property of society getting the most it can from its scarce resources继续阅读。
国际经济学专业词汇(中英文对照)
国际经济学专业词汇(中英文对照)目录1. 绪论 (1)2. 比较优势原理 (2)3. 国际贸易标准理论 (3)4. 需求、供给、提供曲线与贸易条件 (3)5. 要素禀赋与赫克歇尔-俄林理论 (3)6. 规模经济、不完全竞争与国际贸易 (4)7. 经济增长与国际贸易 (5)8. 贸易壁垒:关税 (6)9. 非关税贸易壁垒和新保护主义 (7)10. 经济一体化:关税同盟和自由贸易区 (8)11. 国际贸易与经济发展 (8)12. 国际资源流动与跨国公司 (9)13. 国际收支平衡表 (10)14. 外汇市场与汇率 (10)15. 汇率决定 (11)16. 汇率调节机制 (12)17. 收入调节机制与自动调节 (12)18. 宏观经济调控 (13)19. 价格与产出 (14)20. 浮动与固定汇率和宏观政策协调 (14)21. 国际货币体系 (15)1.绪论国际收支的调节:(adjustment in balance of payments)反全球化运动:(antiglobalization movement)国际收支:(balance of payments)外汇市场:(foreign exchange markrt)全球化:(globalization)贸易引力模型:(gravity model)相互依存:(interdependence)国际金融:(international finance)国际贸易政策:(international trade policy)国际贸易理论:(international trade theory)宏观经济学:(macroeconomics)微观经济学:(microeconomics)开发经济宏观经济学:(open-economy macroeconomics) 2.比较优势原理绝对优势:(absolute advantage)贸易基础:(basis for trade)完全专业化:(complete specialization)固定机会成本:(constant opportunity cost)贸易所得:(gains from trade)劳动价值论:(labor theory of value)自由放任:(laissez-faire)比较优势原理:(law of comparative advantage)重商主义:(mercantilism)小国情况:(small-country case)相对商品价格:(relative commandity prices)生产可能性曲线:(production possibility frontier) 贸易模式:(pattern of trade)机会成本理论:(opportunity cost theory)3.国际贸易标准理论自给自足:(autarky)社会无差异曲线:(community indiffernnce curve)去工业化:(deindustrialization)孤立均衡相对价格:(equilibrium-relative commodity price in isolation) 贸易均衡相对价格:(equilibrium-relative commodity price with trade)交易所得:(gains from exchange)专业化所得:(gains from specialization)不完全专业化:(incomplete specialization)机会成本递增:(increasing opportunity costs)边际替代率:(marginal rate of snbstitution,MRS)边际转化率:(marginal rate of transformation,MRT)4.需求、供给、提供曲线与贸易条件商品或易货贸易条件:(commodity or net barter terms of trade)一般均衡模型:(general equilibrium model)相互需求法则:(law of reciprocal demand)提供曲线:(offer curves)相互需求曲线:(reciprocal demand curves)贸易条件:(terms of trade)贸易无差异曲线:(trade indifference curve)5.要素禀赋与赫克歇尔-俄林理论资本密集型商品:(capital-intensive commodity)资本/劳动比率:(capital-labor ratio)柯布-道格拉斯生产函数:(Cobb-Douglas Porduction)固定替代弹性生产函数:(constant elasticity of substitution(CES)production)规模报酬不变:(constant returns to scale)派生需求:(derived demand)替代弹性:(elasticity of substitution)尤拉定理:(Euler’s theorem)要素充裕度:(factor abundance)要素密集度颠倒:(factor-intensity reversal)要素价格均等定理:(factor-price equalization(H-O-S)Theorem)要素禀赋理论:(factor-proporitions or factor-endowment theory) 赫克歇尔-俄林定理:(Hechscher-Ohlin(H-O) theorem)赫克歇尔-俄林理论:(Hechscher-Ohlin(H-O) theory)人力资本:(human capital)进口替代品:(import substitutes)投入产出表:(input-output table)国内要素流动:(internal factor mobility)国际要素流动:(international factor mobility)劳动资本比率:(labor-capital ratio)劳动密集型商品:(labor-intensive commodity)里昂惕夫之谜:(leontief paradox)完全竞争:(perfect competition)相对要素价格:(relative-factor prices)特定要素模型:(specific-factor model)6.规模经济、不完全竞争与国际贸易差别产品:(differertiated products)动态外部经济:(dynamic external economies)环保标准:(environment standards)外部经济:(external economics)流动性产业:(footloose industries)一般均衡分析:(general equilibrium analysis)规模报酬递增:(increasing returns to scale)幼稚产业观点:(infant industry arguement)国际规模经济:(international economics of scale)产业内贸易指数:(intra-industry trade index)学习曲线:(learning curve)市场定向型企业:(market-oriented industries)垄断竞争:(monopolistic competition)非贸易商品与服务:(montraded goods and services)离岸外包:(offshoring)寡头垄断:(oligopoly)外包:(outsourcing)局部均衡分析:(partical equilibrium analysis)产品生命周期模型:(product cycle model)资源定向型企业:(resource-oriented industries)技术差距模型:(technological gap model)运输成本或物流成本:(transport or logistics costs)7.经济增长与国际贸易反贸易的生产和消费:(antitrade production and consumption) 平衡增长:(balanced growth)资本节约型技术进步:(capital-saving technical progress)比较静态:(comparative statics)动态分析:(dynamic analysis)不幸的增长:(immiserizy growth)劣等品:(inferior goods)劳动节约型技术进步:(labor-saving technical progress)中性的生产和消费:(neutral production)中性技术进步:(neutral technical progress)正常品:(normal goods)产生贸易的生产和消费:(protrade production and consumption)雷布津斯基理论:(Rybczynski theorem)贸易条件效应:(terms-of-trade effect)福利效应:(wealth effect)8.贸易壁垒:关税从价关税:(ad valorem tariff)混合关税:(compound tariff)消费者剩余:(consumer surplus)关税消费效应:(consumption effect of a tariff)国内增加值:(domestic value added)出口关税:(export tariff)进口关税:(import tariff)梅茨勒悖论:(Metzler paradox)名义关税:(nominal tariff)最优关税:(optimum tariff)关税生产效应:(production effect of a tariff)关税保护成本或称重负损失:(protection cost or deadweight loss of a tariff)禁止性关税:(prohibitive tariff)有效保护率:(rate of effective protection)租金或生产者剩余:(rent or producer surplus)关税收入效应:(revenue effect of a tariff)从量关税:(specific tariff)斯托尔帕-塞缪尔森定理:(Stolper-Samuelson theorem)关税贸易效应:(trade or commercial policies)贸易或商业政策:(trade or commercial policies)9.非关税贸易壁垒和新保护主义双边贸易:(bilateral trade)集中化的卡特尔:(centralized cartel)反补贴税:(countervailing duties,CVSs)倾销:(dumping)豁免条款:(escape clause)进出口银行:(export-import bank)出口补贴:(export subsides)外国销售公司:(Foerign sales corporations,FSC)博弈理论:(game theory)产业政策:(industrial policy)幼稚产业观点:(infront-industry arguement)国际卡特尔:(international cartel)最惠国原则:(most-favored-nation principle)多边贸易谈判:(multilateral trade negotiations)国家安全条款:(national security clause)新保护主义:(new protectionism)非关税贸易壁垒:(nontariff trade barriers,NTBs)危险点条款:(peril-point provisions)持续性倾销:(persistent dumping)掠夺性倾销:(predatory dumping)配额:(quota)科学关税:(scientific tariff)偶然性倾销:(sporadic dumping)战略性贸易政策:(strategic trade policy)技术的、行政的和其他法规:(technical,administrative and other regulations)触发价格机制:(trigger-price mechanism)贸易调整援助:(Trade Adjustment Assistance,TAA)贸易保护授权:(trade promotion authority or fast track)自动出口限制:(Voluntary Export Restraints,VERS)10.经济一体化:关税同盟和自由贸易区双边协议:(bilateral agreements)大量采购:(bulk purchasing)中央计划经济:(centrally planned economies)共同市场:(common market)关税同盟:(customs union)免税区或自由经济区:(duty-free zones or free economic zones)经济一体化:(economic integration)经济同盟:(economic union)自贸区:(free trade area)特惠贸易协定:(preferential trade arrangements)国家贸易公司:(state trading companies)关税工厂:(tariff factories)次优理论:(theory of the second best)贸易创造关税同盟:(trade-creation custom union)贸易偏差:(trade deflection)贸易转移关税同盟:(trade-diversion customs union)可变进口税额:(variable import levies)11.国际贸易与经济发展缓冲库存储备:(buffer stocks)商品或纯物物交换贸易条件:(commodity or net barter terms of trade) 双边要素贸易条件:(double factoral terms of trade)内生性增长理论:(ecdogenous groeth theory)增长动力:(engine of growth)出口管制:(export controls)出口波动:(export instability)出口导向工业化:(export-oriented industrialization)出口悲观论:(export pessinism)外债:(foreign debt)进口代替工业化:(import-substitution industrialization,ISI) 贸易收入条件:(income terms of trade)国际商品协定:(international commodity)市场委员会:(marketing boards)国际经济新秩序:(New International Economic Order,NIEO)新兴工业化国家:(Newly Industrialized Economies,NIEs)购货合约:(purchase contract)新定居区:(regions of recent settlement)单边要素贸易条件:(single factoral terms of trade)剩余出口:(vent for surplus)12.国际资源流动与跨国公司脑力流失:(brain drain)直接投资:(direct investments)横向一体化:(horizontal integration)跨国公司:(multinational)组合投资:(portfolio investments)资产组合理论:(portfolio theory)风险分散化:(risk diversification)转移定价:(transfer pricing)纵向一体化:(vertical integration)13.国际收支平衡表调节性交易:(acconnmous transactions)自主性交易:(autonomous transactions)国际收支平衡表:(balance of transactions)资本项目:(capital account)贷方交易:(credit transactions)经常项目:(current account)借方交易:(debit transactions)国际收支中的逆差:(deficit in the balance of payments)复式薄记:(double-entry bookkeeping)金融项目:(financial account)金融性资本流入:(financial inflows)金融性资本流出:(financial outflows)国际投资头寸:(international investment position)官方结算余额:(official settlements balance)官方储备账户:(official reserve account)统计误差:(statistical discrepancy)国际收支中的盈余:(surplus in the balance of patments)单方面转移支付:(unilateral transfers)14.外汇市场与汇率升值:(appreciation)套利:(arbitrage)套利交易:(carry trade)抛补套利利润率:(covered interest arbitrage margin ,CIAM) 抛补套利平价:(covered interest arbitrage parity,CIAP)交叉汇率:(cross-exchange rate)贬值:(depreciation)不稳定性投机:(destabilizing speculation)有效汇率:(effecitive exchange rate)外汇市场有效性:(efficiency of foreign exchange markets)外汇期货:(foreign exchange futures)外汇市场:(foreign exchange market)外汇期权:(foreign exchange option)外汇风险:(foreign exchange risk)远期贴水:(forward discount)远期升水:(forward premium)远期汇率:(forward rate)套期保值:(hedging)套利:(interest arbitrage)离岸存款:(offshore deposits)铸造利差:(seignorage)投机:(speculation)即期汇率:(spot rate)稳定性投机:(stabilizing speculation)无抛补套利:(uncovered interest arbitrage)国际支付货币:(vehicle currency)15.汇率决定绝对购买力平价理论:(absolute purchasing-power parity theory)巴拉萨-萨缪尔森效应:(Balassa-Samuelson effect)货币需求:(demand for money)汇率超调理论:(exchange rate overshooting)预期的即期汇率变化:(expected change in the spot rate)一价法则:(law of one price)国际收支的货币分析法:(monetary approach to the balance of payments) 基础货币:(monetary base)资产组合平衡法:(portfolio balance approach)实际汇率:(real exchange rate)相对购买力平价理论:(relative purchasing-power parity theory) 风险溢价:(risk premium ,RP)货币供给:(supply of money)16.汇率调节机制贬值:(devaluation)荷兰病:(Dutch disease)弹性悲观主义:(elasticity pessimism)黄金输入点:(gold export point)黄金输出点:(gold import point)金本位制:(gold standard)识别问题:(identification problem)J曲线效应:(J-curve effect)铸币评价:(mint parity)传递:(paee-through)价格黄金流动机制:(price-specie-flow mechanism)货币数量论:(quantity theory of money)金本位制的博弈原则:(rules of the game of the gold standard) 稳定的外汇市场:(stable foreign exchange market)贸易或弹性方法:(trade or elasticity approach)不稳定外汇市场:(unstable foreign exchange market)17.收入调节机制与自动调节吸收法:(absorption approach)平均进口倾向:(average propensity to import,APM)封闭经济:(closed economy)消费函数:(consumption function)预期或计划的投资:(desired or planned investment)均衡国民收入水平:(equilibrium level of national income)出口函数:(export function)国外反馈效应:(foreign repercussion)对外贸易乘数:(foreign trade multiplier)进口函数:(import function)进口收入需求弹性:(income elasticity of demand for import)投资函数:(investment function)边际消费倾向:(marginal propensity to consume,MPC)边际储蓄倾向:(marginal propensity to save,MPS)边际进口倾向:(marginal propensity to import,MPM)储蓄函数:(saving function)自动调节的综合:(synthesis of automatic adjustments)18.宏观经济调控BP曲线:(BP curve)直接控制:(direct control)外汇控制:(exchange controls)支出-改变政策:(expenditure-changing policies)支出-转换政策:(expenditure-switching policies)外部均衡:(external balance)内部均衡:(internal balance)IS曲线:(IS-curve)LM曲线:(LM-curve)多重汇率:(multiple exchange rates)蒙代尔-弗莱明模型:(Mundell-Fleming model)菲利普斯曲线:(Phillips curve)市场有效分割理论:(principle of effective market classification)货币投机需求:(speculative demand for money)货币交易需求:(transaction demand for money)贸易控制:(trade control)19.价格与产出总需求曲线:(aggregate demand(AD) curve)总供给曲线:(aggregate supply(AS) curve)预期价格:(expected prices)通货膨胀目标值:(inflation targeting)长期总供给曲线:(long-run aggregate supply(LRAS) curve)自然产出水平:(natural level of output)短期总供给曲线:(short-run aggregate supply (SRAS) curve)滞胀:(stagflation)20.浮动与固定汇率和宏观政策协调可调整盯住汇率体系:(adjustable peg system)爬行钉住汇率体系:(crawling peg system)货币发行局制:(currency board arrangement,CBAs)肮脏浮动:(dirty floating)美元化:(dallarization)汇率机制:(exchange rate mechanism,ERM)自由浮动汇率体系:(freely floating exchange rate system)逆风而上:(leaning against the wind)有管制的浮动汇率体系:(managed floating exchange rate system) 最佳货币区域国家货币集团:(optimum currency area or bloc)稳定和增长协议:(stabality and growth pact,SGP)21.国际货币体系调整:(adjustment)善意忽视:(benign nelect)布雷顿森林体系:(Bretton Woods System)可靠性:(confidence)信用份额:(credit tranches)货币自由兑换:(currency convertibility)美元过剩:(dollar glut)美元泛滥:(dollar overhang)美元短缺:(dollar shortage)美元本位制:(dollar standard)第一信用份额:(first-credit trade)货款安排总协定:(General Arrangements to Borrow,GAB) 黄金份额:(gold tranche)国际货币基金组织条件:(IMF conditionality)国际开发协会:(International Development Association) 国际金融公司:(International Finance Corporation,IFC) 国际基金组织:(International Monetary Fund,IMF)国际货币体系:(International monetary system)干预货币:(intervention currency)流动性:(liquidity)国际货币基金组织净头寸:(net IMF position)借款新安排:(New Arrangement to Borrow,NAB)原罪:(original sin)铸币利差:(seigniorage)特别提款权:(Special Drawing Rights,SDRS)备用协议:(standby arrangements)次贷危机:(subprime mortgage crisis)替代账户:(substitution account)超黄金份额:(super gold tranche) 互换协议:(swap arrangements)欢迎您的下载,资料仅供参考。
微观经济学中各个字母缩写对应的中英文意思
微观经济学中各个字母缩写对应的中英文意思集团文件发布号:(9816-UATWW-MWUB-WUNN-INNUL-DQQTY-P:价格Price Q:数量Number D:需求Demand S供给Supply E:均衡(或期望)Equilibrium 效用Utility TU:Total utility 总效用 MU:Marginal utility边际效用 CS: Consumer surplus消费者剩余MRS:商品的边际替代率Marginal rate of substitutionL:劳动力Labor TP:总产量 AP:平均产量 MP:边际产量 MRTS:边际技术替代率 STC:短期总成本土地( Land)成本(Capital)边际效用( Marginal utility)利润(Profit)长期(Long run)TFC:总不变成本Total fixed costTVC:总可变成本Total variable costTC:总成本Total costAFC:平均不变成本Average fixed costAVC:平均可变成本Average variable cost)AC:平均总成本Average total cost 平均成本(Average cost)MC:边际成本Marginal costLTC:长期总成本Long run total costLAC:长期平均成本Long run average costSAC:短期平均成本Short run average costLMC:长期边际成本Long run marginal costSMC:短期边际成本Short run marginal costTR:总收益Total revenueAR:平均收益Average revenueMR:边际收益Marginal revenueMP:边际产品(Marginal product)VMP:边际产品价值Value of the marginal product MRP:边际收益产品Marginal revenue product MFC:边际要素成本Marginal cost of factor PEP:价格扩展线Price line extension。
微观经济学常用词汇
微观经济学常用词汇Aaccounting 会计accounting cost 会计成本accounting profit 会计利润adverse selection 逆向选择allocation 配置allocation of resources 资源配置allocative efficiency 配置效率antitrust legislation 反托拉斯法Assumption 假设asymetric information 非对称性信息average cost 平均成本average fixed cost 平均固定成本average product of capital 资本平均产量average product of labor 劳动平均产量average revenue 平均收益average total cost 平均总成本average variable cost 平均可变成本Bbarriers to entry 进入壁垒base year 基年bilateral monopoly 双边垄断benefit 收益boundary point 边界点break even point 收支相抵点budget 预算budget constraint 预算约束budget line 预算线budget set 预算集Ccapital 资本capital stock 资本存量capital output ratio 资本产出比率capitalism 资本主义cardinal utility theory 基数效用论cartel 卡特尔ceteris puribus assumption “其他条件不变”的假设ceteris puribus demand curve 其他因素不变的需求曲线change in demand 需求变化change in quantity demanded 需求量变化change in quantity supplied 供给量变化change in supply 供给变化choice 选择closed set 闭集Coase theorem 科斯定理Cobb—Douglas production function 柯布--道格拉斯生产函数collective bargaining 集体协议工资collusion 合谋command economy 指令经济commodity 商品commodity combination 商品组合commodity market 商品市场commodity space 商品空间common property 公用财产comparative static analysis 比较静态分析compensated budget line 补偿预算线compensated demand function 补偿需求函数compensation principles 补偿原则compensating variation in income 收入补偿变量competition 竞争competitive market 竞争性市场complement goods 互补品complete information 完全信息completeness 完备性condition for efficiency in exchange 交换的最优条件condition for efficiency in production 生产的最优条件concave function 凹函数consistence 一致性constant cost industry 成本不变产业constant returns to scale 规模报酬不变constraints 约束consumer 消费者consumer behavior 消费者行为consumer choice 消费者选择consumer equilibrium 消费者均衡consumer optimization 消费者优化consumer preference 消费者偏好consumer surplus 消费者剩余consumer theory 消费者理论consumption 消费consumption bundle 消费束consumption combination 消费组合consumption possibility curve 消费可能曲线consumption possibility frontier 消费可能性前沿consumption set 消费集continuity 连续性continuous function 连续函数convex function 凸函数convex preference 凸偏好convex set 凸集corporatlon 公司cost 成本cost benefit analysis 成本收益分析cost function 成本函数cost minimization 成本极小化Cross—price elasticity 交叉价格弹性Ddecreasing cost industry 成本递减产业decreasing returns to scale 规模报酬递减deduction 演绎法demand 需求demand curve 需求曲线demand elasticity 需求弹性demand function 需求函数demand price 需求价格demand schedule 需求表depreciation 折旧derivative 导数derive demand 派生需求difference equation 差分方程differential equation 微分方程diminishing marginal substitution 边际替代率递减diminishing marginal return 收益递减diminishing marginal utility 边际效用递减direct taxes 直接税discounting 贴税、折扣diseconomies of scale 规模不经济disequilibrium 非均衡distribution 分配division of labor 劳动分工distribution theory of marginal productivity 边际生产率分配论duality 对偶durable goods 耐用品dynamic analysis 动态分析dynamic models 动态模型EEconomic agents 经济行为者economic cost 经济成本economic efficiency 经济效率economic goods 经济物品economic man 经济人economic mode 经济模型economic profit 经济利润economic region of production 生产的经济区域economic regulation 经济调节economic rent 经济租金exchange 交换economics 经济学exchange efficiency 交换效率economy 经济exchange contract curve 交换契约曲线economy of scale 规模经济exclusion 排斥性、排他性efficiency 效率,效益efficiency parameter 效率参数elasticity 弹性elasticity of substitution 替代弹性endogenous variable 内生变量endowment 禀赋endowment of resources 资源禀赋Engel curve 恩格尔曲线entrepreneur 企业家entrepreneurship 企业家才能entry barriers 进入壁垒entry/exit decision 进出决策equilibrium 均衡equilibrium condition 均衡条件equilibrium price 均衡价格equilibrium quantity 均衡产量equity 公平equivalent variation in income 收入等价变量excess—capacity theorem 过度生产能力定理excess supply 过度供给exchange 交换exclusion 排斥性、排他性exclusion principle 排他性原则exogenous variables 外生变量expectation 期望expected utility 期望效用expected value 期望值expenditure 支出explicit cost 显性成本external benefit 外部收益external cost 外部成本external economy 外部经济external diseconomy 外部不经济externalities 外部性FFactor 要素factor demand 要素需求factor market 要素市场factors of production 生产要素factor substitution 要素替代factor supply 要素供给final goods 最终产品firm 企业firms’ demand curve for labor 企业劳动需求曲线firm supply curve 企业供给曲线first—order condition 一阶条件fixed costs 固定成本fixed input 固定投入fixed proportions production function 固定比例的生产函数flow 流量fluctuation 波动for whom to produce 为谁生产free entry 自由进入free mobility of resources 资源自由流动free rider 搭便车,免费搭车function 函数future value 未来值Ggame theory 对策论、博弈论general equilibrium 总体均衡Gini coefficient 基尼系数goods 货物government failure 政府失败government regulation 政府调控Hhomogeneous product 同质产品household 家庭how to produce 如何生产human capital 人力资本hypothesis 假说Iidentity 恒等式imperfect competition 不完全竞争implicit cost 隐性成本income 收入income constraint 收入约束income consumption curve 收入消费曲线income distribution 收入分配income effect 收入效应income elasticity of demand 需求收入弹性increasing cost industry 成本递增产业increasing returns to scale 规模报酬递增inefficiency 缺乏效率index number 指数indifference 无差异indifference curve 无差异曲线individual demand curve 个人需求曲线individual demand function 个人需求函数induced variable 引致变量induction 归纳法industry 产业industry equilibrium 产业均衡industry supply curve 产业供给曲线inelastic 缺乏弹性的inferior goods 劣品information 信息information cost 信息成本initial condition 初始条件initial endowment 初始禀赋innovation 创新input 投入input—output 投入—产出institution 制度institutional economics 制度经济学insurance 保险interest 利息interest rate 利息率intermediate goods 中间产品internatization of externalities 外部性内部化investment 投资invisible hand 看不见的手isocost line 等成本线isoprofit curve 等利润曲线isoquant curve 等产量曲线Kkinded—demand curve 弯折的需求曲线Llabor 劳动labor demand 劳动需求labor supply 劳动供给labor theory of value 劳动价值论labor unions 工会laissez faire 自由放任Lagrangian function 拉格朗日函数Lagrangian multiplier 拉格朗乘数land 土地law 法则law of demand and supply 供求法则law of diminishing marginal utility 边际效用递减法则law of diminishing marginal rate of substitution 边际替代率递减法则law of diminishing marginal rate of technical substitution 边际技术替代率law of increasing cost 成本递增法则least—cost combination of inputs 最低成本的投入组合leisure 闲暇licenses 许可证linear demand function 线性需求函数long run长期long run average cost 长期平均成本long run equilibrium 长期均衡long run marginal cost 长期边际成本long run total cost 长期总成本Lorenz curve 洛伦兹曲线loss minimization 损失极小化luxury 奢侈品Mmacroeconomics 宏观经济学marginal 边际的marginal benefit 边际收益marginal cost 边际成本marginal cost pricing 边际成本定价marginal cost of factor 边际要素成本marginal period 市场期marginal physical productivity 实际实物生产率marginal product 边际产量marginal product of capital 资本的边际产量marginal product of 1abour 劳动的边际产量marginal productivity 边际生产率marginal rate of substitution 边际替代率marginal rate of transformation 边际转换率marginal returns 边际回报marginal revenue 边际收益marginal revenue product 边际收益产品marginal revolution 边际革命marginal social benefit 社会边际收益marginal social cost 社会边际成本marginal utility 边际效用marginal value products 边际价值产品market 市场market clearance 市场出清market demand 市场需求market economy 市场经济market equilibrium 市场均衡market failure 市场失败market mechanism 市场机制market structure 市场结构market separation 市场分割market regulation 市场调节market share 市场份额Marshallian demand function 马歇尔需求函数maximization 极大化microeconomics 微观经济学minimum wage 最低工资misallocation of resources 资源误置mixed economy 混合经济model 模型money 货币monopolistic competition 垄断竞争monopolistic exploitation 垄断剥削monopoly 垄断,卖方垄断monopoly equilibrium 垄断均衡monopoly pricing 垄断定价monopoly regulation 垄断调控monopoly rents 垄断租金monopsony 买方垄断NNash equilibrium 纳什均衡Natural monopoly 自然垄断Natural resources 自然资源Necessary condition 必要条件necessities 必需品net demand 净需求non--zero—sum game 非零和对策normal goods 正常品normal profit 正常利润normative economics 规范经济学Oobjective function 目标函数oligopoly 寡头垄断oligopoly market 寡头市场oligopoly model 寡头模型opportunity cost 机会成本optimal choice 最优选择optimal consumption bundle 最优消费束perfect elasticity 完全有弹性optimal resource allocation 最佳资源配置optimal scale 最佳规模optimal solution 最优解optimization 优化ordering of optimization(social) preference (社会)偏好排序ordinary goods 一般品output 产量、产出output elasticity 产出弹性Pparameter 参数Pareto criterion 帕累托标准Pareto efficiency 帕累托效率Pareto improvement 帕累托改进Pareto optimality 帕累托优化partial derivative 偏导数partial equilibrium 局部均衡patent 专利perfect competition 完全竞争perfect complement 完全互补品perfect monopoly 完全垄断perfect price discrimination 完全价格歧视perfect substitution 完全替代品perfect inelasticity 完全无弹性perfectly elastic 完全有弹性perfectly inelastic 完全无弹性plant size 工厂规模point elasticity 点弹性positive economics 实证经济学post Hoc Fallacy 后此谬误prediction 预测preference 偏好preference relation 偏好关系present value 现值price 价格price adjustment model 价格调整模型price ceiling 最高限价price consumption curve 价格消费曲线price control 价格管制price difference 价格差别price discrimination 价格歧视price elasticity of demand 需求价格弹性price elasticity of supply 供给价格弹性price floor 最低限价price maker 价格制定者price rigidity 价格刚性price seeker 价格搜求者price taker 价格接受者price tax 从价税private benefit 私人收益principal—agent issues 委托--代理问题private cost 私人成本private goods 私人用品private property 私人财产producer equilibrium 生产者均衡producer theory 生产者理论product 产品product transformation curve 产品转换曲线product differentiation 产品差异production 生产production efficiency 生产效率production function 生产函数production possibility curve 生产可能性曲线productivity 生产率productivity of capital 资本生产率productivity of labor 劳动生产率profit 利润profit function 利润函数profit maximization 利润极大化property rights 产权property rights economics 产权经济学proposition 定理proportional demand curve 成比例的需求曲线public benefits 公共收益public choice 公共选择public goods 公共商品pure competition 纯粹竞争rivalry 对抗性、竞争pure exchange 纯交换pure monopoly 纯粹垄断Qquantity tax 从量税quasi—rent 准租金Rrate of product transformation 产品转换率rationality 理性regulation 调节,调控relative price 相对价格rent 租金rent control 规模控制rent seeking 寻租rent seeking economics 寻租经济学resource 资源resource allocation 资源配置returns 报酬、回报returns to scale 规模报酬revealed preference 显示性偏好revenue 收益revenue curve 收益曲线revenue function 收益函数revenue maximization 收益极大化risk 风险Ssatiation 饱和,满足saving 储蓄scarcity 稀缺性law of scarcity 稀缺法则second derivative 一阶导数second—order condition 二阶条件service 劳务set 集shadow prices 影子价格short—run 短期short—run cost curve 短期成本曲线short—run equilibrium 短期均衡short—run supply curve 短期供给曲线shortage 短缺single price monopoly 单一定价垄断slope 斜率social benefit 社会收益social cost 社会成本social security 社会保障social welfare function 社会福利函数socialism 社会主义solution 解space 空间stability 稳定性stable equilibrium 稳定的均衡static analysis 静态分析stock 存量stock market 股票市场strategy 策略subsidy 津贴substitutes 替代品substitution effect 替代效应substitution parameter 替代参数sufficient condition 充分条件supply 供给supply curve 供给曲线supply function 供给函数supply schedule 供给表symmetry 对称性symmetry of information 信息对称Ttangency 相切taste 兴致technical efficiency 技术效率technological constraints 技术约束technological progress 技术进步technology 技术total cost 总成本total effect 总效应total expenditure 总支出total fixed cost 总固定成本total product 总产量total revenue 总收益total utility 总效用total variable cost 总可变成本traditional economy 传统经济transitivity 传递性transaction cost 交易成本Uuncertainty 不确定性unit elasticity 单位弹性unstable equilibrium 不稳定均衡utility 效用utility function 效用函数utility index 效用指数utility maximization 效用极大化utility possibility curve 效用可能性曲线VValue 价值value judge 价值判断value of marginal product 边际产量价值variable cost 可变成本variable input 可变投入variables 变量vector 向量visible hand 看得见的手vulgur economics 庸俗经济学Wwage 工资wage rate 工资率Walras general equilibrium 瓦尔拉斯总体均衡Welfare criterion 福利标准Welfare economics 福利经济学welfare maximization 福利最优化Zzero cost 零成本zero elasticity 零弹性zero economic profit 零利润。
经济学基本词汇英文对照
经济学基本词汇英文对照1. 供需关系(Supply and Demand)在经济学中,供需关系是指商品或服务的供给量与需求量之间的关系。
当供给量大于需求量时,价格往往下降;反之,当需求量大于供给量时,价格则会上升。
2. 市场均衡(Market Equilibrium)市场均衡是指在一个市场中,商品的供给量和需求量达到平衡状态,此时商品的价格稳定。
3. 边际效用(Marginal Utility)边际效用是指消费者在消费过程中,每增加一单位商品所获得的额外满足感。
随着消费量的增加,边际效用逐渐递减。
4. 机会成本(Opportunity Cost)机会成本是指为了得到某种东西而放弃的其他最有价值的机会。
在做决策时,我们需要考虑机会成本。
5. 生产要素(Factors of Production)生产要素是指在生产过程中所使用的资源,主要包括劳动力、土地、资本和企业家精神。
6. 宏观经济学(Macroeconomics)宏观经济学研究的是整个国家或地区的经济总量、经济增长、通货膨胀、失业等经济现象。
7. 微观经济学(Microeconomics)微观经济学研究的是个体经济单位(如家庭、企业)在资源有限的情况下如何进行选择,以及这些选择如何影响市场价格和资源配置。
8. 总需求(Aggregate Demand)总需求是指一个国家或地区在一定时期内,所有消费者、企业、政府和外国购买者对最终产品和服务的需求总和。
9. 总供给(Aggregate Supply)总供给是指一个国家或地区在一定时期内,所有生产者愿意提供的最终产品和服务的总量。
10. 通货膨胀(Inflation)通货膨胀是指货币供应量增加,导致物价普遍上涨,购买力下降的经济现象。
11. 失业(Unemployment)失业是指有劳动能力并愿意工作的人未能找到工作的情况。
失业率是衡量一个国家或地区经济状况的重要指标。
12. 货币政策(Monetary Policy)货币政策是指中央银行通过调整货币供应量和利率等手段,以达到控制通货膨胀、促进经济增长等目标的政策。
微观经济学词汇
Ten Principles of Microeconomics#1: People Face Tradeoffs#2: The Cost of Something Is What You Give Up to Get It#3: Rational People Think at the Margin#4: People Respond to Incentives#5: Trade Can Make Everyone Better Off#6: Markets Are Usually a Good Way to Organize Economic Activity#7: Governments Can Sometimes Improve Market Outcomes#8: A Country’s Standard of Living Depends on Its Ability to Produce Goods and Services #9: Prices Rise When the Government Prints Too Much Money#10: Society Faces a Short-Run Tradeoff between Inflation and Unemployment scarcity 稀缺性the limited nature of society’s resourcesefficiency 效率 the property of society getting the most it can from its scarce resourcesequity 公平 the property of distributing economic prosperity fairly among the members of societyopportunity cost 机会成本 whatever must be given up to obtain some itemmarginal changes 边际变动 small incremental adjustments to a plan of actionmarket economy 市场经济 an economy that allocates resources through the decentralized decisions of many firms and households as they interact in markets for goods and servicesmarket failure 市场失灵 a situation in which a market left on its own fails to allocate resources efficientlyexternality 外部性the impact of one person’s actions on the well-being of a bystandermarket power 市场势力the ability of a single economic actor (or small group of actors) to have a substantial influence on market pricesproductivity 生产力 the amount of goods and services produced from each hour of a worker’s timePhillips curve 菲利普斯曲线 a curve that shows the short-run tradeoff between inflation and unemploymentcircular-flow diagram 循环流向图 a visual model of the economy that shows how dollars flow through markets among households and firmsproduction possibilities frontier 生产可能性边界 a graph that shows the combinations of output that the economy can possibly produce given the available factors of production and the available production technologymicroeconomics 微观经济学 the study of how households and firms make decisions and how they interact in marketsmacroeconomics 宏观经济学 the study of economy-wide phenomena, including inflation, unemployment, and economic growthpositive statements 实证表述claims that attempt to describe the world as it isnormative statements 规范表述 claims that attempt to prescribe how the world should bereverse causality 反向因果关系competitive market竞争性市场a market in which there are manybuyers and many sellers so that eachhas a negligible impact on the marketpriceprice takers价格接受者those who have no impact on price but can only accept the pricePerfectly competitive markets 竞争充分市场One such market, called an oligopoly寡头市场, has a few sellers that do not always compete aggressivelylaw of demand:the claim that, other things equal, the quantity demanded of a good falls when the price of the good riseslaw of supply:the claim that, other things equal, the quantity supplied of a good rises when the price of the good risesnormal good正常商品:a good for which, other things equal, an increase in income leads to an increase in demandinferior good劣质商品:a good for which, other things equal, an increase in income leads to a decrease in demandsubstitutes替代品:two goods for which an increase in the price of one leads to an increase in the demand for the othercomplements互补品:two goods for which an increase in the price of one leads to a decrease in the demand for the otherdemand schedule 需求表:a table that shows the relationship between the price of a good and the quantity demandedsupply schedule:a table that shows the relationship between the price of a good and the quantity suppliedceteris paribus其它条件不变:a Latin phrase, translated as “other things being equal,” used as a reminder that all variables other than the ones being studied are assumed to be constantA 10 percent increase in the price causes a 12 percent drop in teenage smoking (这句话让我说肯定是in smoking among teenagers)At an even lower price, you may choose to go out of business altogether (这个词的用法以前没怎么注意,此处可以翻译为“直接”)Equilibrium 均衡a situation in which supply and demand have been brought into balanceequilibrium price均衡价格the price that balances supply and demandequilibrium quantity均衡数量the quantity supplied and the quantity demanded when the price has adjusted to balance supply and demandThe equilibrium price is sometimes called the market-clearing price市场出清价格because, at this price, everyone in the market has been satisfied: Buyers have bought all they want to buy, and sellers have sold all they want to sellThere is no upward or downward pressure on the pricelaw of supply and demand供需法则the claim that the price of any good adjusts to bring the supply and demand for that good into balanceshortage短缺a situation in which quantity demanded is greater than quantity suppliedsurplus过剩a situation in which quantity supplied is greater than quantity demandedElasticity弹性a measure of the responsiveness of quantity demanded or quantity supplied to one of its determinantsprice elasticity of demand需求的价格弹性a measure of how much the quantity demanded of a good responds to a change in the price of that good, computed as the percentage change in quantity demanded divided by the percentage change in priceincome elasticity of demand 需求的收入弹性a measure of how much the quantity deman ded of a good responds to a change in consumers’ income, computed as the percentage change in quantity demanded divided by the percentage change in incomecross-price elasticity of demand需求交叉价格弹性a measure of how much the quantity demanded of one good responds to a change in the price of another good, computed as the percentage changein quantity demanded of the first good divided by the percentage change in the price of the second goodprice elasticity of supply 供给的价格弹性a measure of how much the quantity supplied of a good responds to a change in the price of that good, computed as the percentage change in quantity supplied divided by the percentage change in priceDemand for a good is said to be elastic if the quantity demanded responds substantially to changes in the price. Demand is said to be inelastic if the quantity demanded responds only slightly to changes in the price.midpoint method 中点法经济学中计算弹性的一种方法elastic demand 弹性需求inelastic demand 非弹性需求price ceiling 最高限价a legal maximum on the price at which a good can be sold (impose a price ceiling/floor)price floor 最低限价a legal minimum on the price at which a good can be soldWhen the government imposes a binding price ceiling on a competitive market, a shortage of the good arises, and sellers must ration the scarce goods among the large number of potential buyers.tax incidence 税收归宿the study of who bears the burden of taxationpayroll tax: 工资税A tax burden falls more heavily on the side of the market that is less elastic.welfare economics 福利经济学the study of how the allocation of resources affects economic well-beingwillingness to pay 支付意愿the maximum amount that a buyer will pay for a goodconsumer surplus 消费者剩余a buyer’s willingness to pay minus the amount the buyer actually paysproducer surplus生产者剩余the amount a seller is paid for a good minus the seller’s costmarginal buyer 边际买家the buyer who would leave the market first if the price were any highermarginal seller 边际卖家the seller who would leave the market first if the price were any lowerefficiency效率the property of a resource allocation of maximizing the total surplus received by all members of societyequity公平the fairness of the distribution of well-being among the members of societyIn some markets, a single buyer or seller (or a small group of them) may be able to control market prices. This ability to influence prices is called market power 市场势力.market failure市场失灵—the inability of some unregulated markets to allocate resources efficientlydeadweight loss无谓损失/社会净损失the fall in total surplus that results from a market distortion, such as a taxTaxes cause deadweight losses because they prevent buyers and sellers from realizing some of the gains from trade.The greater the elasticities of supply and demand, the greater the deadweight loss of a tax.marginal tax rate 边际税率underground economy 地下经济Laffer curve 拉弗曲线supply-side economics 供应经济学world price 世界价格the price of a good that prevails in the world market for that goodimport quota 进口配额a limit on the quantity of a good that can be produced abroad and sold domesticallydeadweight loss 无谓损失/社会净损失:是指由于市场未处于最优运行状态而引起的社会成本, 也就是当偏离竞争均衡时, 所损失的消费者剩余和生产者剩余。
微观经济学术语单词
经济学单词Aaccounting 会计accounting cost 会计成本accounting profit 会计利润adverse selection 逆向选择allocation 配置allocation of resources 资源配置allocative efficiency 配置效率antitrust legislation 反托拉斯法arc elasticity 弧弹性Arrow's impossibility theorem 阿罗不可能定理Assumption 假设asymetric information 非对称性信息average 平均average cost 平均本钱average cost pricing 平均本钱定价法average fixed cost 平均固定本钱average product of capital 资本平均产量average product of labour 劳动平均产量average revenue 平均收益average total cost 平均总本钱average variable cost 平都可变本钱Bbarriers to entry 进入壁垒base year 基年bilateral monopoly 双边垄断benefit 收益black market 黑市bliss point 极乐点boundary point 边界点break even point 收支相抵点budget 预算budget constraint 预算约束budget line 预算线budget set 预算集Ccapital 资本capital stock 资本存量capital output ratio 资本产出比率capitalism 资本主义cardinal utility theory 基数效用论cartel 卡特尔ceteris puribus assumption “其他条件不变”的假设ceteris puribus demand curve 其他因素不变的需求曲线Chamberlin model 张伯伦模型change in demand 需求变化change in quantity demanded 需求量变化change in quantity supplied 供给量变化change in supply 供给变化choice 选择closed set 闭集Coase theorem 科斯定理Cobb—Douglas production function 柯布--道格拉斯生产函数cobweb model 蛛网模型collective bargaining 集体协议工资collusion 合谋command economy 指令经济commodity 商品commodity combination 商品组合commodity market 商品市场commodity space 商品空间common property 公用财产comparative static analysis 比较静态分析compensated budget line 补偿预算线compensated demand function 补偿需求函数compensation principles 补偿原则compensating variation in income 收入补偿变量competition 竞争competitive market 竞争性市场complement goods 互补品complete information 完全信息completeness 完备性condition for efficiency in exchange 交换的最优条件condition for efficiency in production 生产的最优条件concave 凹concave function 凹函数concave preference 凹偏好consistence 一致性constant cost industry 成本不变产业constant returns to scale 规模报酬不变constraints 约束consumer 消费者consumer behavior 消费者行为consumer choice 消费者选择consumer equilibrium 消费者均衡consumer optimization 消费者优化consumer preference 消费者偏好consumer surplus 消费者剩余consumer theory 消费者理论consumption 消费consumption bundle 消费束consumption combination 消费组合consumption possibility curve 消费可能曲线consumption possibility frontier 消费可能性前沿consumption set 消费集consumption space 消费空间continuity 连续性continuous function 连续函数contract curve 契约曲线convex 凸convex function 凸函数convex preference 凸偏好convex set 凸集corporatlon 公司cost 本钱cost benefit analysis 本钱收益分cost function 本钱函数cost minimization 本钱极小化Cournot equilihrium 古诺均衡Cournot model 古诺模型Cross—price elasticity 交叉价格弹性Ddead—weights loss 重负损失decreasing cost industry 本钱递减产业decreasing returns to scale 规模报酬递减deduction 演绎法demand 需求demand curve 需求曲线demand elasticity 需求弹性demand function 需求函数demand price 需求价格demand schedule 需求表depreciation 折旧derivative 导数derive demand 派生需求difference equation 差分方程differential equation 微分方程differentiated good 差异商品differentiated oligoply 差异寡头diminishing marginal substitution 边际替代率递减diminishing marginal return 收益递减diminishing marginal utility 边际效用递减direct approach 直接法direct taxes 直接税discounting 贴税、折扣diseconomies of scale 规模不经济disequilibrium 非均衡distribution 分派division of labour 劳动分工distribution theory of marginal productivity 边际生产率分配论duoupoly 双头垄断、双寡duality 对偶durable goods 耐用品dynamic analysis 动态分析dynamic models 动态模型EEconomic agents 经济行为者economic cost 经济成本economic efficiency 经济效率economic goods 经济物品economic man 经济人economic mode 经济模型economic profit 经济利润economic region of production 生产的经济区域economic regulation 经济调节economic rent 经济租金exchange 互换economics 经济学exchange efficiency 交换效率economy 经济exchange contract curve 交换契约曲线economy of scale 规模经济Edgeworth box diagram 埃奇沃思图exclusion 排斥性、排他性Edgeworth contract curve 埃奇沃思契约线Edgeworth model 埃奇沃思模型efficiency 效率,效益efficiency parameter 效率参数elasticity 弹性elasticity of substitution 替代弹性endogenous variable 内生变量endowment 禀赋endowment of resources 资源禀赋Engel curve 恩格尔曲线entrepreneur 企业家entrepreneurship 企业家才能entry barriers 进入壁垒entry/exit decision 进出决策envolope curve 包络线equilibrium 均衡equilibrium condition 均衡条件equilibrium price 均衡价格equilibrium quantity 均衡产量eqity 公平equivalent variation in income 收入等价变量excess—capacity theorem 过度生产能力定理excess supply 过度供给exchange 交换exchange contract curve 交换契约曲线exclusion 排斥性、排他性exclusion principle 排他性原则existence 存在性existence of general equilibrium 总体均衡的存在性exogenous variables 外生变量expansion paths 扩展径expectation 期望expected utility 期望效用expected value 期望值expenditure 支出explicit cost 显性成本external benefit 外部收益external cost 外部成本external economy 外部经济external diseconomy 外部不经济externalities 外部性FFactor 要素factor demand 要素需求factor market 要素市场factors of production 生产要素factor substitution 要素替代factor supply 要素供给fallacy of composition 合成谬误final goods 最终产品firm 企业firms’demand curve for labor 企业劳动需求曲线firm supply curve 企业供给曲线first-degree price discrimination 第一级价格歧视first—order condition 一阶条件fixed costs 固定成本fixed input 固定投入fixed proportions production function 固定比例的生产函数flow 流量fluctuation 波动for whom to produce 为谁生产free entry 自由进入free goods 自由品,免费品free mobility of resources 资源自由流动free rider 搭便车,免费搭车function 函数future value 未来值Ggame theory 对策论、博弈论general equilibrium 总体均衡general goods 一般商品Giffen goods 吉芬晶收入补偿需求曲线Giffen's Paradox 吉芬之谜Gini coefficient 吉尼系数goldenrule 黄金规则goods 货物government failure 政府失败government regulation 政府调控grand utility possibility curve 总效用可能曲线grand utility possibility frontier 总效用可能前沿Hheterogeneous product 异质产品Hicks—kaldor welfare criterion 希克斯一卡尔多福利标准homogeneity 齐次性homogeneous demand function 齐次需求函数homogeneous product 同质产品homogeneous production function 齐次生产函数horizontal summation 水平和household 家庭how to produce 如何生产human capital 人力资本hypothesis 假说Iidentity 恒等式imperfect competion 不完全竞争implicitcost 隐性成本income 收入income compensated demand curve income constraint 收入约束income consumption curve 收入消费曲线income distribution 收入分配income effect 收入效应income elasticity of demand 需求收入弹性increasing cost industry 成本递增产业increasing returns to scale 规模报酬递增inefficiency 缺乏效率index number 指数indifference 无差异indifference curve 无差异曲线indifference map 无差异族indifference relation 无差异关系indifference set 无差异集indirect approach 间接法individual analysis 个量分析individual demand curve 个人需求曲线individual demand function 个人需求函数induced variable 引致变量induction 归纳法industry 产业industry equilibrium 产业均衡industry supply curve 产业供给曲线inelastic 缺乏弹性的inferior goods 劣品inflection point 拐点information 信息information cost 信息成本initial condition 初始条件initial endowment 初始禀赋innovation 创新input—output 投入—产出institution 制度institutional economics 制度经济学insurance 保险intercept 截距interest 利息interest rate 利息率intermediate goods 中间产品internatization of externalities 外部性内部化invention 发明inverse demand function 逆需求函数investment 投资invisible hand 看不见的手isocost line 等成本线,isoprofit curve 等利润曲线isoquant curve 等产量曲线isoquant map 等产量族Kkinded—demand curve 弯折的需求曲线Llabour demand 劳动需求labour supply 劳动供给labour theory of value 劳动价值论labour unions 工会laissez faire 自由放任Lagrangian function 拉格朗日函数Lagrangian multiplier 拉格朗乘数,land 土地law 法则law of demand and supply 供需法law of diminishing marginal utility 边际效用递减法则law of diminishing marginal rate of substitution 边际替代率递减法则law of diminishing marginal rate of technical substitution 边际技术替代率law of increasing cost 成本递增法则law of one price 单一价格法则leader—follower model 领导者--跟随者模型least—cost combination of inputs 最低成本的投入组合leisure 闲暇Leontief production function 列昂节夫生产函数licenses 许可证linear demand function 线性需求函数linear homogeneity 线性齐次性linear homogeneous production function 线性齐次生产函数long run长期long run average cost 长期平均成本long run equilibrium 长期均衡long run industry supply curve 长期产业供给曲线long run marginal cost 长期边际成本long run total cost 长期总成本Lorenz curve 洛伦兹曲线loss minimization 损失极小化1ump sum tax 一次性征税luxury 奢侈品Mmacroeconomics 宏观经济学marginal 边际的marginal benefit 边际收益marginal cost 边际成本marginal cost pricing 边际成本定价marginal cost of factor 边际要素成本marginal period 市场期marginal physical productivity 实际实物生产率marginal product 边际产量marginal product of capital 资本的边际产量marginal product of 1abour 劳动的边际产量marginal productivity 边际生产率marginal rate of substitution 边替代率marginal rate of transformation 边际转换率marginal returns 边际回报marginal revenue 边际收益marginal revenue product 边际收益产品marginal revolution 边际革命marginal social benefit 社会边际收益marginal social cost 社会边际成本marginal utility 边际效用marginal value products 边际价值产品market 市场market clearance 市场结清,市场洗清market demand 市场需求market economy 市场经济market equilibrium 市场均衡market failure 市场失败market mechanism 市场机制market structure 市场结构market separation 市场分割market regulation 市场调节market share 市场份额markup pricing 加减定价法Marshallian demand function 马歇尔需求函数maximization 极大化microeconomics 微观经济学minimum wage 最低工资misallocation of resources 资源误置mixed economy 混合经济model 模型money 货币monopolistic competition 垄断竞争monopolistic exploitation 垄断剥削monopoly 垄断,卖方垄断monopoly equilibrium 垄断均衡monopoly pricing 垄断定价monopoly regulation 垄断调控monopoly rents 垄断租金monopsony 买方垄断NNash equilibrium 纳什均衡Natural monopoly 自然垄断Natural resources 自然资源Necessary condition 必要条件necessities 必需品net demand 净需求nonconvex preference 非凸性偏好nonconvexity 非凸性nonexclusion 非排斥性nonlinear pricing 非线性定价nonrivalry 非对抗性nonprice competition 非价格竞争nonsatiation 非饱和性non--zero—sum game 非零和对策normal goods 正常品normal profit 正常利润normative economics 规范经济学Oobjective function 目标函数oligopoly 寡头垄断oligopoly market 寡头市场oligopoly model 寡头模型opportunity cost 机会成本optimal choice 最佳选择optimal consumption bundle 消费束perfect elasticity 完全有弹性optimal resource allocation 最佳资源配置optimal scale 最佳规模optimal solution 最优解optimization 优化ordering of optimization(social) preference (社会)偏好排序ordinal utility 序数效用ordinary goods 一般品output 产量、产出output elasticity 产出弹性output maximization 产出极大化Pparameter 参数Pareto criterion 帕累托标准Pareto efficiency 帕累托效率Pareto improvement 帕累托改进Pareto optimality 帕累托优化Pareto set 帕累托集partial derivative 偏导数partial equilibrium 局部均衡patent 专利pay off matrix 收益矩阵、支付矩阵perceived demand curve 感觉到的需求曲线perfect competition 完全竞争perfect complement 完全互补品perfect monopoly 完全垄断perfect price discrimination 完全价格歧视perfect substitution 完全替代品perfect inelasticity 完全无弹性perfectly elastic 完全有弹性perfectly inelastic 完全无弹性plant size 工厂规模point elasticity 点弹性positive economics 实证经济学post Hoc Fallacy 后此谬误prediction 预测preference 偏好preference relation 偏好关系present value 现值price 价格price adjustment model 价格调整模型price ceiling 最高限价price consumption curve 价格费曲线price control 价格管制price difference 价格差别price discrimination 价格歧视price elasticity of demand 需求价格弹性price elasticity of supply 供给价格弹性price floor 最低限价price maker 价格制定者price rigidity 价格刚性price seeker 价格搜求者price taker 价格接受者price tax 从价税private benefit 私人收益principal—agent issues 委托--代理问题private cost 私人成本private goods 私人用品private property 私人财产producer equilibrium 生产者均衡producer theory 生产者理论product 产品product transformation curve 产品转换曲线product differentiation 产品不同product group 产品集团production 生产production contract curve 生产契约曲线production efficiency 生产效率production function 生产函数production possibility curve 生产可能性曲线productivity 生产率productivity of capital 资本生产率productivity of labor 劳动生产率profit 利润profit function 利润函数profit maximization 利润极大化property rights 产权property rights economics 产权经济学proposition 定理proportional demand curve 成比例的需求曲线public benefits 公共收益public choice 公共选择public goods 公共商品pure competition 纯粹竞争rivalry 对抗性、竞争pure exchange 纯交换pure monopoly 纯粹垄断Qquantity—adjustment model 数量调整模型quantity tax 从量税quasi—rent 准租金Rrate of product transformation 产品转换率rationality 理性reaction function 反应函数regulation 调节,调控relative price 相对价格rent 租金rent control 规模报酬rent seeking 寻租rent seeking economics 寻租经济学resource 资源resource allocation 资源配置returns 报酬、回报returns to scale 规模报酬revealed preference 显示性偏好revenue 收益revenue curve 收益曲线revenue function 收益函数revenue maximization 收益极大化ridge line 脊线risk 风险Ssatiation 饱和,满足saving 储蓄scarcity 稀缺性law of scarcity 稀缺法则second—degree price discrimination 二级价钱歧视second derivative --阶导数second—order condition 二阶条件service 劳务set 集shadow prices 影子价钱short—run 短时刻short—run cost curve 短时刻本钱曲线short—run equilibrium 短时刻均衡short—run supply curve 短时刻供给曲线shut down decision 关闭决策shortage 欠缺shut down point 关闭点single price monopoly 单必然价垄断slope 斜率social benefit 社会收益social cost 社会成本social indifference curve 社会无不同曲线social preference 社会偏好social security 社会保障social welfare function 社会福利函数socialism 社会主义solution 解space 空间stability 稳定性stable equilibrium 稳定的均衡Stackelberg model 斯塔克尔贝格模型static analysis 静态分析stock 存量stock market 股票市场strategy 策略subsidy 津贴substitutes 替代品substitution effect 替代效应substitution parameter 替代参数sufficient condition 充分条件supply 供给supply curve 供给曲线supply function 供给函数supply schedule 供给表Sweezy model 斯威齐模型symmetry 对称性symmetry of information 信息对称Ttangency 相切taste 兴致technical efficiency 技术效率technological constraints 技术约束technological progress 技术进步technology 技术third—degree price discrimination 第三级价格歧视total cost 总成本total effect 总效应total expenditure 总支出total fixed cost 总固定成本total product 总产量total revenue 总收益total utility 总效用total variable cost 总可变成本traditional economy 传统经济transitivity 传递性transaction cost 交易费用Uuncertainty 不确定性uniqueness 唯一性unit elasticity 单位弹性unstable equilibrium 不稳定均衡utility 效用utility function 效用函数utility index 效用指数utility maximization 效用极大化utility possibility curve 效用可能性曲线utility possibility frontier 效用可能性前沿Vvalue 价值value judge 价值判断value of marginal product 边际产量价值variable cost 可变成本variable input 可变投入variables 变量vector 向量visible hand 看得见的手vulgur economics 庸俗经济学Wwage 工资wage rate 工资率Walras general equilibrium 瓦尔拉斯总体均衡Walras's law 瓦尔拉斯法则Wants 需要Welfare criterion 福利标准Welfare economics 福利经学Welfare loss triangle 福利损失三角形welfare maximization 福利极大化Zzero cost 零成本zero elasticity 零弹性zero homogeneity 零阶齐次性zero economic profit 零利润中级微观经济学单词Optimal choice 最优选择Indifference curve 无不同曲线Utility function 效用函数Derivative 导数Differential 微分Partial derivative 偏导数Implicit function 隐函数Utility (label) 效用(标记)Marginal Rate of Substitution 边际替代率(MRS)Exponent 指数Cobb-Douglas Preferences 柯布—道格拉斯偏好Monotonic Transformation 单调变换Numerator 分子Denominator 分母MRS is independent of the utility representation 边际替代率与表示的方式无关Coefficient 系数Unknown parameters 未知参数Absolute value 绝对值Slope 斜率Marginal utility itself has no behavioral content 边际效用本身并无行为方面的内容Algebraic 代数的Natural log 自然对数Quasilinear utility 拟线性效用Quasilinear Preferences 拟线性偏好Constant 常数Perfect Substitutes 完全替代Perfect Complements 完全互补Intuitive 直观的Intersect 相交Construct a utility function 构造效用函数Rule out 排除Compelling 令人信服的An operational criterion 可操作的标准Cardinal utility 基数效用Geometrically 几何学地Composite function 复合函数First derivative 一阶导数second 二阶Infinite 无穷多种Ordinal utility 序数效用Consumer preferences 消费者偏好The magnitude of the utility function is only important insofar as it ranks the different consumption bundles. 效用函数的数值,在对不同消费束进行排序时才成心义。
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v. 改变(alter的过去分词)
adj. 改变了的;蚀变的
58, revealed preference
显示性偏好
Revealed preference: 显示性偏好 | 显示偏好 | 预示性偏好
59, to reverse
to reverse: 扭转 | 使倒过来 | 反转
n. (Master)人名;(英)马斯特
master: 硕士 | 小学校长 | 主人
41, prerequisites
n. 预备知识,先决条件(prerequisite复数)
42, linear algebra
[数] 线性代数
linear algebra: 线性代数 | 麻省理工开放课程线性代数 | 线形代数
委托代理问题
Principal-agent problem: 委托 | 委托代理问题 | 代理人问题
54, signaling ['sɪɡnəlɪŋ]
n. 发信号;打信号
Signaling: 信令 | 信号 | 发信号
55, screening ['skriːnɪŋ]
adj. 筛选的
77, upper and lower
上和下
Upper and lower: 上下级 | 上下 | 上
78, index ['ɪndeks]
n. 指标;指数;索引;指针
vt. 指出;编入索引中
vi. 做索引
79, derive [dɪ'raɪv]
vt. 源于;得自
vi. 起源
adv. 相当地;相对地,比较地
49, self-contained ['selfkən'teɪnd]
adj. 自给自足的,独立自给的;不受他人影响的;沉默寡言的;有自制力的,持重的
50, accommodate [ə'kɒmədeɪt]
vi. 适应;调解
vt. 容纳;使适应;供应;调解
74, summation [sʌ'meɪʃ(ə)n]
n. 和;[生理] 总和;合计
75, symbols ['sɪmbəls]
n. 符号;象征;标志;符号表(symbol的复数)
76, equations
n. 方程式;等式;均等;均势(equБайду номын сангаасtion的复数形式)
Equations: 方程式 | 方程 | 微分方程
n. 筛选;放映;[物] 屏蔽;审查;防波
v. 筛选;拍摄(screen的ing形式);遮蔽;隔挡
Screening: 场次 | 筛选 | 筛查
56, mechanism design
机制设计(微观经济学和博弈论的分支领域);机构设计(学科名称);机械设计
57, altered ['ɔːltəd]
60, mathematical notation
[数] 数学符号
mathematical notation: 数学符号 | 数学记号
61, matrix notation
[数] 矩阵符号
矩阵记号
matrix notation: 矩阵记号 | 矩阵符号表示 | 矩阵符号
62, column vector
竞争平衡
15, fundamental theorem
基本定理
fundamental theorem: 基本定理 | 根基定理
16, context ['kɒntekst]
n. 环境;上下文;来龙去脉
17, partial equilibrium
局部平衡,部分均衡
Partial equilibrium: 局部均衡 | 部分平衡 | 部分均衡
vt. 延缓,推迟;使暂停;使悬浮
vi. 悬浮;禁赛
7, provost ['prɒvəst]
n. 教务长;院长;监狱看守
n. (Provost)人名;(英)普罗沃斯特;(法)普罗沃
8, reunited ['ri:ju:'naitid]
v. 重聚;使再结合(reunite的过去式和过去分词)
36, verbal ['vɜːb(ə)l]
n. 动词的非谓语形式
adj. 口头的;言语的;动词的;照字面的
37, illustrate ['ɪləstreɪt]
vi. 举例
vt. 阐明,举例说明;图解
38, key concept
关键概念;基本概念;主要概念
key concept: 关键概念 | 主要概念 | 基本概念
51, opted
选择
做出抉择(opt的过去式和过去分词)
52, segments
n. 片段;段数(segment的复数);积弓形片模型
v. 把…分割成段;细胞分裂(segment的三单形式)
Segments: 分段数 | 段数 | 片段数
53, principal-agent problem
adj. 未得补偿的;无报酬的
83, reveal [rɪ'viːl]
n. 揭露;暴露;门侧,窗侧
vt. 显示;透露;揭露;泄露
84, General overview
General overview: 有个总体概览 | 息有个整体概览 | 总概
Instructors: 教官 | 指导师 | 指导教师
30, inevitable [ɪn'evɪtəb(ə)l]
adj. 必然的,不可避免的
31, consequence ['kɒnsɪkw(ə)ns]
n. 结果;重要性;推论
32, sought [sɔːt]
v. 寻找(seek的过去式和过去分词)
27, Fixed Point Theorems
Fixed Point Theorems: 不动点定理
28, coverage ['kʌv(ə)rɪdʒ]
n. 覆盖,覆盖范围
coverage: 新闻报道 | 覆盖面 | 保险范围
29, instructors
n. 教练;讲师;指导书(instructor的复数)
vt. 突出;强调;使显著;加亮
71, definitions ['definiʃənz]
n. [数] 定义(definition的复数形式)
72, typeface ['taɪpfeɪs]
n. 字型;铅字样;打字机字体
73, confusion [kən'fjuːʒ(ə)n]
n. 混淆,混乱;困惑
adj. 基本的;初级的;[化学] 元素的
46, sequences
n. [数][计] 序列,顺序;继起的事(sequence的复数形式)
Sequences: 序列 | 图形逻辑 | 数列
47, semester [sɪ'mestə]
n. 学期;半年
48, relatively ['relətɪvlɪ]
12, interact [ɪntər'ækt]
n. 幕间剧;幕间休息
vt. 互相影响;互相作用
vi. 互相影响;互相作用
13, initiates
vt. 启动,开始(initiate的第三人称单数)
Initiates: 发起 | 启动
14, competitive equilibrium
[数] 列向量
Column vector: 列向量 | 行向量 | 列矢量
63, displayed [dis'pleid]
v. 表现(display的过去分词);展示;陈列
adj. 显示的
64, rows [rəuz]
n. 行(row的复数形式);返回引用中的行数
v. 使列成一排(row的第三人称单数形式)
n. [计] 实现;履行;安装启用
24, appendix [ə'pendɪks]
n. 附录;阑尾;附加物
25, constrain [kən'streɪn]
vt. 驱使;强迫;束缚
26, constrained optimization
[分化][数] 约束优化;[分化][数] 有约束优化
Reunited: 重遇 | 重聚 | 团聚
9, proofs [pru:fs]
n. 证明;证据(proof的复数);校稿
10, proceeds ['prəʊsiːdz]
n. 收入,收益;实收款项
11, extension [ɪk'stenʃ(ə)n; ek-]
n. 延长;延期;扩大;伸展;电话分机
n. (Rows)人名;(英)罗斯
65, transpose [træns'pəʊz; trɑːns-; -nz-]
n. 转置阵
vi. 进行变换
vt. 调换;移项;颠倒顺序
Transpose: 转置矩阵 | 转调 | 转置
66, column ['kɒləm]
n. 纵队,列;专栏;圆柱,柱形物
1, investigation [ɪn,vestɪ'geɪʃ(ə)n]
n. 调查;调查研究
2, fundamental [fʌndə'ment(ə)l]
n. 基本原理;基本原则