考研英语语法定语从句
2020考研英语:语法长难句之定语从句句型结构篇
2020考研英语:语法长难句之定语从句句型结构篇2020考研英语:语法长难句之定语从句句型结构篇以下是2020考研英语:语法长难句之定语从句句型结构篇的具体内容:一、理论常识在复合句中作定语,修饰主句中某一名词或代词的从句。
结构:先行词+关系词(分为关系副词和关系代词)+从句关系代词(that,who,which,whose,as)关系副词(when,where,why,how)定语从句分为限制性定语从句及非限制定语从句,限定从直接放在先行词后,非限定从与先行词之间要加逗号。
二、试题举例例句1:TheAswanDam,forexample,stoppedtheNilefloodingbutdeprivedEgyptofthefertilesiltthatf loodsleft-allinreturnforagiantreservoirofdiseasewhichisnowsofullofsil tthatitbarelygenerateselectricity.【重点词汇解析】deprivesb.ofsth.剥夺某人某物;silt,n.淤泥v.(使)淤塞【参考翻译】例如,阿斯旺大坝阻止了尼罗河的洪水侵袭,但是也夺去了埃及的洪水留下的肥沃淤泥---这一切换来的却是一个巨大的病态的水库,这个水库积满了淤泥,以至于几乎不能发电了。
例句2:Thesecond,byJoshuaGreenberge,takesamoreempiricalapproachtouniversality,identifyingtraits(particularlyinwordorder)sharedbymanylanguages,whichareconsideredtorepresentbiasesthatresultfromcognitivec onstraints.(2012,49)【重点词汇解析】empirical,adj.经验主义的;resultfrom 由……造成;cognitive,adj.认知的【参考翻译】第二个为此做出努力的人是约书亚·格林伯格,他采用经验主义的方法来研究普遍性,确认多种语言(尤其是语序方面的)共同特征,这些特征被认为是体现了由于认知局限性而带来的偏见。
考研英语长难句:定语从句
定语从句又称形容词性从句,就是用一个句子来修饰名词或代词,起到定语的作用,换句话说用一个句子来做定语,所以叫作定语从句。
除了定语从句的先行词和引导词外,还有一些关于定语从句的知识是你也需要了解的。
一、限定性定语从句和非限定性定语从句根据定语从句对中心词(即修饰词)限定的紧密程度分为限定性定语从句和非限定性定语从句。
限定性定语从句对被修饰的先行词有限定制约作用,使该词的含义更具体,更明确。
限定性定语从句不能被省略,否则句意就不完整。
【例句】I found a book whose title page was printed with your signature.我捡到一本有你署名的书。
非限定性定语从句起补充说明作用,缺少也不会影响全句的理解。
在非限定性定语从句的前面往往有逗号隔开。
【例句】As is vividly shown from the picture, the information that the cartoon conveys is totally thought-provoking.如图所示,这幅漫画所传递的信息非常发人深省。
二、定语从句与同位语从句的区别1.同位语从句与前面的名词是同位关系,即说明它前面名词的内容;而定语从句与前面的名词是修饰语被修饰关系,即限定它前面的名词范围或补充一些情况。
【例1】The news that I have passed the exam is true.(同位语从句,即从句所表达的意思就是前面名词的内容。
)【例2】The news that he told me just now is true.(定语从句,从句对前面名词起修饰限制作用,即“他告诉我的”那个消息,而不是别的消息。
)2.关系词在句中是否作成分。
【例1】The idea that computers can recognize human voices surprises many people.(同位语从句,that在从句中不充当任何成分。
02语法讲义定从_状从_特殊句式
考 研 语 法(英 语 二)微博/公众号:田静 Shadow第二部分 长难句第二章:复合句=主句+从句第一节 名词性从句第二节 定语从句第三节 状语从句定语从句一. 定语从句的概述先行词=关系词This was the biographical tradition which Niccolo Machiavelli turned on its head.↑ ↑This was the biographical tradition. Niccolo Machiavelli turned the biographical traditionon its head.二. 定语从句的写法先行词 关系词事/物 which/that人 who / whom / thatwhose人/物(表示人或物的所有关系,“某人的/某物的”)时间 when地点 where原因 why1.先行词是事/物,关系词选择which/thatThe key messages that have been put together for World Environment Day do include a call for governments to enact legislation to curb single‐use plastics.(2019, Reading Comprehension, Part A Text 4)The BIO recently held a convention which included session to coach lawyers on the shifting landscape for patents.(2012, Reading Comprehension, Part A Text 3)2. 先行词是人,关系词选择who/whom/that… normal‐weight people are in fact at higher risk of some diseases compared to those who are overweight.(2014, Use of English)... you have limited time with the person that you want to talk with and you want to make this talk memorable.(2018, Reading Comprehension, Part B)3. 先行词是人/物,表示人或物的所有关系,关系词选择whoseUsers could select which system to join, and only registered users whose identities have been authenticated could navigate those systems.(2011, Use of English)On display here are various fantasy elements whose reference, at some basic level, seems to be the natural world.(英语一, 2013, Translation)4. 先行词是时间,关系词选择whenIt is difficult to the point of impossibility for the average reader under the age of forty to imagine a time when high‐quality arts criticism could be found in most big‐city newspapers.(英语一, 2010, Reading Comprehension, Part A Text 1)5. 先行词是地点,关系词选择whereHe is a teacher at a New Hampshire high school where learning is not something of books and tests and mechanical memorization, but practical.(2018, Reading Comprehension, Part A Text 1)6. 先行词是原因,关系词选择why… Brynjolfsson and McAfee miss the reason why these jobs are so vulnerable to technology in the first place.(2014, Reading Comprehension, Part A Text 3)关于定语从句关系词的注意事项:• 定语从句的关系词每一个都作成分,包括that。
考研英语【定语从句】典型例句剖
考研英语【定语从句】典型例句剖析1.Activ.learning.i.whic.student.writ.essay.o.perfor.experim ent.an.the.hav.thei.wor.evaluate.b.a.instructor.i.fa.mor.be neficia.fo.thos.wh.hav.no.ye.full.learne.ho.t.learn.【参考译文】积极的学习, 即学生们写文章或做实验, 然后让一位教师评估他们的作业, 对那些还没有完全学会如何学习的学生来说要更为有益得多。
【构造分析】该句可分为两大局部: Active learning, (in which students write essays or perform experiments and then have their work evaluated by an instructor,)is far more beneficial for those who have not yet fully learned how to learn.括号外的内容是主句, 括号里的内容是介词+which模式的定语从句;主句的主语是Active learning, 谓语是is, 表语是beneficial, far more是状语, 其中far是程度副词, 相当于much, for those是状语, 其后who引导的定语从句中, 主语是who, 谓体是have not yet fully learned, 宾语构造是how to learn。
括号内的定语从句修饰前面的Active learning, 由三局部构成, 即or…and连接的三个并列句, 第一个并列句的主语是students, 谓语是write, 宾语是essays, 第二个并列句的谓语是perform, 宾语是experiments, 第三个并列句的谓语是have...evaluated, 宾语是work, by an instructor是状语构造。
考研英语语法:学会辨认六类从句
考研英语语法:学会辨认六类从句从句类型在英语中,经常使用的从句有以下六类:1. 主语从句:一个句子在整个句子中充当主语的成分,该句子被称为主语从句。
2. 宾语从句:一个句子在整个句子中充当宾语的成分,该句子被称为宾语从句。
3. 表语从句:一个句子在整个句子中充当表语的成分,该句子被称为表语从句。
4. 定语从句:一个句子在整个句子中充当定语的成分,该句子被称为定语从句。
5. 状语从句:一个句子在整个句子中充当状语的成分,该句子被称为状语从句。
6. 同位语从句:一个句子在整个句子中充当同位语的成分,该句子被称为同位语从句。
►从句的辨认如果想辨认从句类型,学生们应该对从句的基本形式有所认识。
无论是哪种从句类型,在句子中充当成分的"句子"应该都具备以下特征:从句=从属连词+句子了解了从句的基本结构,那么应该如何辨别从句类型呢?学生可以在句子中通过简单的公式进行辨认。
常见的从句出现形式有四类:1. 名词+从属连词+句子=定语从句/同位语从句2. 动词+从属连词+句子=宾语从句/表语从句3. ×+从属连词+句子=状语从句4. 从属连词+句子+动词=主语从句对于以上四类从句出现形式有了一定的了解,那么今天就首先看看第一类从句出现形式的辨认方法和注意事项吧!1. 名词+从属连词+句子=定语从句/同位语从句例子1:Yet, being friendly is a virtue that many Americans value highly and expect from both neighbors and strangers.(1997年Text2)从句类型:定语从句辨别方式:a virtue(名词)+that(从属连词)+many Americans value highly and expect from both neighbors and strangers(句子)译文:然而,表示友好是一种美德,美国人高度重视这种美德,并期望邻居和陌生人都能有这种美德。
考研英语语法之三大从句
三大从句一、定语从句定语从句,简言之,就是用来做定语的句子,即用于修饰名词或代词的一个具有完整主谓结构的句子。
这个被修饰的名词或代词因为总是在定语从句的前面,所以我们称之为先行词。
而引导定语从句的连词,叫关系词,分为关系代词和关系副词。
One reason why it is hard to design and teach such courses is that they cut across the insistence by top American universities that liberal-arts education and professional education should be kept separate, taught in different schools.(一)定语从句的先行词先行词是定语从句所修饰的对象。
只有正确找出先行词,才能明白定语从句所修饰的究竟是什么成分,才能正确理解句子前后各部分的逻辑关系,分清句子结构,从而正确理解句子。
1. 一个词(通常是名词,也可以是代词)For a social epidemic to occur, however, each person so affected must then influence his or her own acquaintances, who must in turn influence theirs, and so on; and just how many others pay attention to each of these people has little to do with the initial influential.2. 一个短语During the past generation, the American middle-class family that once could count on hard work and fair play to keep itself financially secure has been transformed by economic risk and new realities.3. 一个从句The Greeks assumed that the structure of language had some connection with the process of thought, which took root in Europe long before people realized how diverse language could be.4. 一个完整的句子As can be seen from the comparison of these figures, the principle involves the active participation of the patient in the modification of this condition.They are invited to the state banquet, which was a great honor to them.(二)引导定语从句的关系词1.It is about YOU, and how you performed and what you accomplished in those past jobs –especially those accomplishments that are most relevant to the work you want to do next.She had recently left a job and had helped herself to copies of the company’s client data, which she intended to draw upon in starting her own business.At the same time, the American Law Institute – a group of judges, lawyers and academics whose recommendations carry substantial weight – issued new guidelines for tort law stating that companies need not warn customers of obvious dangers or bombard them with a lengthy list of possible ones.dream, a window opens into a world where logic is suspended and dead people speak.Now the tide appears to be turning. As personal injury claims continue as before, some courts are beginning to side with defendants, especially in cases where a warning label probably wouldn’t have changed anything.Pearson has pieced together the work of hundreds of researchers around the world to produce a unique millennium technology calendar that gives the latest dates when we can expect hundreds of key breakthroughs and discoveries to take place.(三)定语从句与先行词的隔离考研英语中有很多复杂的定语从句,它们的先行词并不像常规那样紧靠着关系词,而是在先行词与关系词之间插入了很多成分。
2021考研英语语法基础:定语从句(最新)
从句就是一个主谓结构相当于整个句子(这样的句子叫复合句)中的一个成分,因此从句不能单独使用。
在复合句中修饰名词或代词、作定语的句子叫定语从句。
定语从句是中国人学英语最重要的难点之一。
其实定语从句很有规律,总结如下:在关系代词中that既可指人又可指物、既可作主语又可作宾语,因此,除了在非限定性定语从句中,用that一般不会出问题。
关系副词的用法比较单一,它们从句中只起状语的作用,表示时间的就用who门,表示地点的就用where,而why只修饰一个词,即reason。
定语从句所修饰的词叫“先行词”,因为它总是处在定语从句的前头,比定语从句先行一步。
引导定语从句的词叫关系词,包括关系代词和关系副词。
?关系代词:who,which,that作从句的主语whom,which,that作从句的宾语(可省略)whose从句中作定语以下情况只能用that,不能用which:i.先行词为不定代词all, little, none,any,every,no,much, anything, nothingii. 先行词有级和序数词修饰时(包括: the only, the very, the same, the last, the next等)iii.先行词既有人又有物的时候以下情况只能用which,不能用that;① 引导非限制性定语从句(包括代表整个主句的意思时)② 介词+关系代词的结构中?关系副词:when指时间,在定语从句中作时间状语where指地点,在定语从句中作地点状语why指原因,在定语从句中作原因状语,只修饰reason。
如果用定语从句把两个句子合二为一:首先找出两个句子当中相同的部分,定语从句修饰的就是这一部分。
要把其中一个句子变成定语从句,就要把这句中相同的那个部分用一个关系词来代替;代替时,先看被代替的部分是指人还是指物、再看它作什么句成分。
指人并作主语的,就用who。
或that;指人并作宾语的,就用whom或that;指人并作定语的,就用whose。
考研英语语法同位语从句和定语从句的区别
考研英语语法同位语从句和定语从句的区别英语语法中同位语从句和定语从句经常会被混淆。
下面是小编为大家带来的同位语从句和定语从句的区别的知识,欢迎阅读。
同位语从句和定语从句的区别同位语从句和定语从句的混淆点是:这两种从句都可以被that引导,而且先行词都是名词。
那么怎么区别呢?首先:先行词虽然都是名词,但是名词在定语从句中做先行词的范围要比同位语从句广泛很多。
同位语从句的先行词是表示信息、观点、主张、事实等(如:idea, view, thought, order, suggestion, news, truth, hope, promise, answer, belief, condition, doubt, fear, problem, proof, question)等抽象的名词,而定语从句的范围不仅仅是这些名词,换言之,如果是表示具体意义的先行词,那么后面的'从句是定语从句。
并且,连接词在从句中的作用也不一样。
连接词在同位语从句不做成分,因为同位语从句本身的作用是对前面的名词进行解释说明的补充作用;连接词在定语从句中做成分。
换言之,如果连接词如果在从句中做成分,则从句是同位语从句,如果连接词不在从句中做成分,则从句是定语从句。
另外,what, how, whether等不能用引导定语从句,但可用于引导同位从句。
接下来,就来看定语从句和同位语在考研英语翻译的应用。
首先,与that引导定语从句相比,that引导的同位语从句相对要少。
来看一下同位语从句的考察,划线部分为同位语从句,加粗的字体为先行词。
2004- (64) Being interested in the relationship of language and thought, Whorf developed the idea that the structure of language determines the structure of habitual thought in a society.2007- (48) But the idea that the journalist must understand the law more profoundly than an ordinary citizen rests on an understanding of the established conventions and special responsibilities of the news media.2008- (48) On the other hand, he did not accept as well founded the charge made by some of his critics that, while he was a good observer, he had no power of reasoning.2010-(46) Scientists jumped to the rescue with some distinctly shaky evidence to the effect that insects would eat us up if birds failed to control them.2010-(48) Time was when biologists somewhat overworked the evidence that these creatures preserve the health of game by killing the physically weak, or that they prey only on “worthless” species.2011-(46) Allen’s contribution was to take an assumption we all share—that because we are not robots we therefore control our thoughts—and reveal its erroneous nature.(46) But even as the number of English speakers expands further there are signs that the global predominance of the language may fade within the foreseeable future.1997-(74) Arguing from the view that humans are different from animals in every relevant respect, extremists of this kind think that animals lie outside the area of moral choice.再次,我们来看一下that引导的定语从句,举两个例子:2001-(71) There will be television chat shows hosted by robots, and cars with pollution monitors that will disable them when they offend.Pearson has pieced together the work of hundreds of researchers around the world to produce a unique millennium technology calendar that gives the latest dates when we can expect hundreds of key breakthroughs and discoveries to take place.对于同位语从句,同位语的先行词不是定语成分,而是被定语所修饰的名词,翻译方法可以是“先行词+是+同位语从句”。
考研英语语法(从句)详细解析总结(含例句)
考研英语语法(从句)详细解析总结(含例句)(一)英语从句的原理1.我们已经学习过句子的成分【参考句子成分讲义】当一个完整的句子A成为另一个句子B的某一成分时,A就变成了从句●eg. I know that you are hard-working!我知道你们很努力●完整的句子A { you are hard-working } 就叫做从句,在主句 B [I know A]中作宾语➡️A随从/服从B2.英语的三种句子●简单句:不能再拆分的句子【参考简单句讲义】●复杂句:也叫做并列句,两个句子不分主次,仅仅逻辑关系词连接and、but、however,,,●eg. I like apples,and he likes bananas. = He likes bananas,and I like apples.●复合句:主从复合句,主句 + 从句,两个句子有主次关系(二)英语从句的分类所以有哪些句子成分就会有哪些从句类型:除了英语的核心动词之外,其他所有句子成分都可以有从句1.①形容词从句 = 定语从句 = 关系从句➡️英语从句中最重要的;内容最多的;最难的一类从句●概念●对某个人或者事物进行描述,具有形容词性质➡️形容词性从句●在句子中充当定语这个成分,起修饰作用➡️定语从句●构成往往需要关系词来引导➡️关系从句●形容词从句的思维方式●中文思维:形容词都放在被修饰词之前,即形容词/句子 + 的eg. 好吃的苹果;努力学习的他们●英语思维●单个词修饰时,也放在被修饰词之前eg. a tasty apple●用一句话来修饰时,就需要在被修饰词后面 + 一个与它有关系的词 + 另一个句子,即先行词 + 关系词 + 定语从句●思维对比:这也是我们在翻译时不能逐字逐句顺序进行的原因,定语从句就需要逆序先翻译●中文:兔子在吃一根我买来的胡萝卜【前置】●英语:兔子在吃一根胡萝卜(胡萝卜的关系词)我买的【后置】The rabbit is eating a carrot that I bought.●形容词从句的构成:关系词(引导定语从句)●关系代词:引导词起指代、替代的作用●方法:陈述句语序中,被修饰词更换为关系代词➡️把关系代词放到开头,就变成了从句●that(那):The rabbit is eating a carrot that I bought.I bought that →that I bought●who(主语):The student who is reading is my friend.who is reading →who is reading●whom(宾语):The student whom I taught is my friend.I taught whom →whom I taught●whose(ta的):The student whose bag is pink is my friend.whose bag is pink →whose bag is pink●which(那个):The student which is reading/I taught is my friend.which is reading/I taught which →which is reading/I taught●that & which:指代人或物(主语宾语都可以),经常可以互换●先行词唯一:that●eg. The rabbit ate the biggest carrot that I 've ever seen. 兔子吃了我见过最大的胡萝卜●the biggest已经限定了先行词是唯一的,所以只能用that●先行词多选一:which●eg. The rabbit is eating a carrot that/which I bought.●我买了很多根胡萝卜,兔子吃的只是其中随便一根●关系副词:引导词的词性是副词关系副词 = 介词 + 关系代词●where(地点):This is the place where I study.●why(原因):This is the reasin why I study.●when(时间):That was the day when I met him.●形容词从句的限定性和非限定性●通过前面的学习,大家已经明白了定语从句的主要功能就是修饰限定范围,所以限定性和非限定性的区别即:是否限定了先行词的范围/性质●限定性定语从句●上述例句均为限定性定语从句:全部都限制了先行词的范围●非限定性定语从句:通常有逗号隔开,作插入语补充信息●eg. I read the book,which is on the desk. 我读了本书,那本书在桌子上(有种接着说,补充说明的意思)●eg. My head,which is big,is useful when it rains. 我有大头下雨不愁(作插入语补充信息,即使删去也不影响原句子完整)●eg. Rabbits eat carrots, which is not surprising. 兔子吃胡萝卜,这事不稀奇(甚至可以指代一个完整的句子进行修饰)2.②名词从句●引导词:相当于一个信号告诉你“那么接下来从句要开始咯!”注意:引导词在从句开头;从句是陈述句语序●that:确定信息●whether;where;when;how;who;what:不确定信息●主语从句:将句子中的主语变成从句的形式●正常语序:主语放在句子最开头●eg. That rabbits eat carrots is obvious.●eg. Whether rabbits eat carrots is obvious. 是否吃●eg. Where rabbits eat carrots is obvious. 在哪吃●eg. When rabbits eat carrots is obvious. 什么时候吃●eg. Who eats carrots is obvious. 谁吃●eg. What rabbits eat is obvious. 吃什么●eg. How rabbits eat carrots is obvious. 怎么吃●形式主语:it指代主语从句,it本身没有什么意义【翻译时,可以拆成两句或是倒序先翻译主语从句】英语句子的主语从句过长就会头重脚轻,所以会改个形式说出来●eg. It is obvious that rabbits eat carrots. 很明显,兔子吃胡萝卜/兔子吃胡萝卜这事儿很明显●eg. It is obvious whether rabbits eat carrots.●可自行练习改写上述例句●表语从句:将句子的表语变成从句的形式●eg. The reason is that you need to study.●eg. It feels that you like me.●同位语从句:将句子的同位语变成从句的形式●一般修饰抽象名词:the fact;the idea...●eg. The question that/whether rabbits eat carrots is interesting.●宾语从句:从句作句子的宾语●确定信息&不确定信息●eg. I know that rabbits eat carrots.●eg. I know whether/where/... rabbits eat carrots.●宾语从句引导词that往往可以省略,注意判断●eg. I know rabbits eat carrots.●宾语从句的否定●在谓语动词前否定,而非在从句中,否则会有句意的改变●eg. I don't know rabbits eat carrots.●eg. I don't think rabbits eat carrots.●eg. I don't believe rabbits eat carrots.●主从时态一致,但从句描述客观规律例外●eg. I knew you gratuated last year.●eg. I knew the sun rises in the east.●宾补从句:从句作句子的宾语补足语●使用较少●eg. You can call me whatever you like. 你随便怎么称呼我都可以●eg. My parents made me who I am.3.③副词从句 = 状语从句英语从句中种类最多的➡️因为补充说明的可能性最多●概念●在句中起到副词的作用,一般补充说明动词、形容词、副词等➡️副词从句●句子成分上说,充当了句子的状语➡️状语从句●时间状语从句●在某一时间点之前:before●eg. I cleaned the room before you came.●= Before you came, I cleaned the room.●在某一时间点之中●when:强调在某个时间点●eg. I was watching TV when my mom came home. 当我妈妈回家时,我正在看电视●= When my mom came home,I was watching TV.●while:强调在一个时间段内●eg. I was watching TV while my mom was cooking. 我妈妈做饭时,我在看电视●= While my mom was cooking,I was watching TV.●as:强调同时进行的两个动作●eg. My mom cooked as she watched TV. 我妈妈一边做饭一边看电视●= As my mom watched TV,she cooked.●在某一时间点之后:after●eg. I go to school after I get up.●= After I get up,I go to school.●从之前某一时间点开始算起的一个时间段,往往暗示了对之后有影响(完成时态)since●eg. I have read two books since my mom came home. 自从我妈妈回家以后,我已经看了两本书了●直到之后的某一时间点:until●eg. I waited until my mom came home. 我一直在等,直到妈妈回家●not,,,until,,,:直到,,,才,,,(注意翻译方法)●eg. I didn't go to sleep until my mom came home. 直到我妈妈回家我才睡觉●一个动作紧跟着另一个动作发生:as soon as(注意翻译顺序:一,,,就,,,)●eg. It rained as soon as we went to schoo. 我们一去上学,就下雨了●下次,,,:the next time●eg. I will hug you the next time we meet. 下次我们见面时我一定会拥抱你●地点状语从句●引导词:where●eg. I read books where I study.●强调形式:wherever不管哪里;everywhere所有地方;anywhere任何地方●eg. I read books wherever/everywhere/anywhere I can sudy.●条件状语从句从句比主句落后一个时态●真实条件句:真实的假设 if●eg. If the rabbit sees a carrot,it will eat it.●虚假的假设:if【参考虚拟语气讲义】●否定条件句:unless 除非,,,否则/不然●eg. Unless it rains,the game will be played. 除非下雨,比赛将正常进行●= If it doesn't rain,the game will be played.●其他引导词:as long as只要;in case如果●eg. You may borrow my book as long as you keep it clean. 只要你保持书的清洁,你就可以把我的书借去。
考研英语语法 定语从句详解附译文
考研英语语法定语从句详解附译文定语从句是中国人学英语最重要的难点之一。
其实定语从句很有规律,总结如下:在关系代词中that既可指人又可指物、既可作主语又可作宾语,因此,除了在非限定性定语从句中,用that一般不会出问题。
关系副词的用法比较单一,它们从句中只起状语的作用,表示时间的就用who,表示地点的就用where,而why只修饰一个词,即reason。
定语从句所修饰的词叫“先行词”,因为它总是处在定语从句的前头,比定语从句先行一步。
引导定语从句的词叫关系词,包括关系代词和关系副词。
•关系代词:who,which,that作从句的主语whom,which,that作从句的宾语(可省略)whose从句中作定语以下情况只能用that,不能用which:i.先行词为不定代词all, little, none,any,every,no,much, anything, nothingii. 先行词有最高级和序数词修饰时(包括: the only, the very, the same, the last, the next等)iii.先行词既有人又有物的时候以下情况只能用which,不能用that;①引导非限制性定语从句(包括代表整个主句的意思时)②介词+关系代词的结构中•关系副词:when指时间,在定语从句中作时间状语where指地点,在定语从句中作地点状语why指原因,在定语从句中作原因状语,只修饰reason。
如果用定语从句把两个句子合二为一:首先找出两个句子当中相同的部分,定语从句修饰的就是这一部分。
要把其中一个句子变成定语从句,就要把这句中相同的那个部分用一个关系词来代替; 代替时,先看被代替的部分是指人还是指物、再看它作什么句成分。
指人并作主语的,就用who。
或that; 指人并作宾语的,就用whom或that; 指人并作定语的,就用whose。
指物并作主语的,就用which或that; 指物并作宾语的,还是用which或that; 指物并作定语的,就用whose或of which。
考研英语语法 定语从句(1)
LECTURE 1 定语从句本堂目标学会识别定语从句的先行词、关系词,熟悉限制性与非限制性定语从句的区别,重点掌握几种特殊的关系词,识别并理解定语从句。
基础预习定语从句,简言之,就是用于修饰名词或代词的一个具有完整主谓结构的句子。
这个被修饰的名词或代词因为总是在定语从句的前面,所以我们称之为先行词。
而引导定语从句的连词,称为关联词,关联词包括关系代词或关系副词。
【例】(09-Part B)一、定语从句的先行词先行词是定语从句所修饰的对象。
只有正确找出先行词,才能明白定语从句所修饰的究竟是什么成分,才能正确理解句子前后各部分的逻辑关系,分清句子结构,从而正确理解句子。
先行词其实并不一定都是一个词,先行词可以是:1.一个词(通常是名词,也可以是代词)【例】2.一个短语【例】(07-Text 3)3.一个从句【例】(04-61)4.一个完整的句子【例】二、引导定语从句的关系词【例1】【例2】【例3】(07-Text 2)【例4】(99-Passage 1)【例4】(05-Part B)三、定语从句与先行词的隔离考研英语中有很多复杂的定语从句,它们的先行词并不像常规那样紧靠着关系词,而是在先行词与关系词之间插入了很多成分,这时靠近关系词前后的名词就不是先行词了,也就是说定语从句与其所修饰的先词词被分隔,这种分隔有以下三种情况:1.作主语的先行词+谓语部分+定语从句当修饰一个主语的定语从句很长,而此主语对应的谓语部分很短时,可以将这个定语从句与先行词分割开来放于谓语之后以保持句子的平衡。
这种被分割的定语从句要注意寻找其对应的先行词,否则容易出现理解错误。
【例1】2.先行词+其他定语+定语从句先行词同时带有多个定语,而其中定语从句比其他定语长,结构也较复杂,此时,按照英语尾重原则,把结构复杂的定语从句放在其他定语之后。
这种情形最为常见。
【例】(04-完形)3.先行词+状语+定语从句【例】(05-Text 4)四、带有插入语的定语从句有些定语从句的关系词后面往往紧跟一个“主谓结构”,如I know, I believe,he claimed, they assume等。
考研英语语法 定语从句与同位语从句的区别
考研英语语法定语从句与同位语从句的区别同位语从句前面的名词只能是idea, fact, news, hope,belief, suggestion, proposal, word, thought, doubt,truth, possibility, promise, order等有一定内涵的名词,而定语从句的先行词可以是名词、代词,主句的一局部或是整个主句,如:The possibility that the majority of the labor force will work at home is often discussed.人们经常讨论大多数劳动力将会在家里工作的可能性。
(同位语从句)Our team has won the game, which made us very happy. 我们的队赢了,这让我们很快乐。
(定语从句)定语从句是从句对其先行词的修饰或限制,属于形容词性从句的范畴;而同位语从句是从句对前面抽象名词的进一步的说明和解释,属于名词性从句的范畴,如:The news that our team has won the game was true. 我们队赢了那场比赛的消息是真的。
(同位语从句,补充说明news到底是一个什么消息。
)The news that he told me yesterday was true. 昨天他告诉我的那个消息是真的。
(定语从句,news在从句中作told的宾语。
)有些引导词如how, whether, what可以引导同位语从句,但不能引导定语从句,如:That question whether we need it has not been considered. 我们是否需要它这个问题还没有考虑。
(同位语从句)引导词that引导定语从句时,在从句中一般做主语或宾语(指物时还可以用which代替),并且作宾语时常常省略,that在同位语从句中仅起连接作用,不充当任何成分,并且不能省略,也不能用which来代替,如:The order that we should send a few people to help the other groups was received yesterday. 我们应派几个人去帮别的几个小组的命令昨天收到了。
考研英语形容词性从句(定语从句) 的翻译方法2.1
二、形容词性从句(定语从句) 的翻译方法1.前置法:把定语从句翻译到所修饰的先行词前面,可以用“的”来连接。
He who has never tasted what is bitter does not know what is sweet。
没有吃过苦的人不知道什么是甜。
Space and oceans are the new world which scientists are trying to explore。
太空和海洋是科学家们努力探索的新领域。
His laughter, which was infectious, broke the silence。
他那富有感染力的笑声打破了沉寂。
2. 后置法:把定语从句翻译在所修饰的先行词后面,翻译为并列分句。
(1)重复先行词。
I told the story to John, who told it to his brother。
他把这件事告诉了约翰,约翰又告诉了他的弟弟。
We wish to express our satisfaction at this to the Special Committee, whose activities deserve to be encouraged。
在我们对特别委员会表示满意,特别委员会的工作应该受到鼓励。
You, whose predecessors scored initial success in astronomical research, have acquired a greater accomplishment in this respect。
你们的先辈在天文学研究方面取得了初步的成功,而你们现在则在这一方面获得了更大的成就。
Although he lacks experience, he has enterprise and creativity, which are decisive in achieving success in the area。
【英语】考研英语定语从句的限制与非限制
【关键字】英语考研英语定语从句的“限制”与“非限制”来源:文都教育谈到考研语法,不少同学直呼头疼加后悔,悔不该当初没听初高中英语老师讲的条条框框,虽然部分同学“侥幸”飘过西六级,但面对考研一个个长难句还是“望句兴叹”,觉得自己知道的那点语法知识实在看不懂句子成分,尤其是在判断定语从句时,不知道从句到底修饰的是哪个词,今天考研英语中心将定语从句这个语法角度来为同学结合真题进行演练。
英语语法中,将定语从句分为限制性定语从句与非限制性定语两种类型,它们的共同点就是在句中作定语成分,那么它们的不同点呢?1.先行词和关系词的不同限制性定语从句:➢先行词:仅限于名词或代词➢关系词:关系代词有that, which, who, whom, whose; 关系副词有when, where, why (当关系词在从句中作宾语时可省略)非限制性定语从句:➢先行词:不仅包括名词、代词;还包括短语或句子➢关系词:关系代词有which, who, whom, whose; 关系副词有when, where(关系词不可省略)2.作用的不同限制性定语从句:➢作用:对先行词起到制约作用,去掉后句意不完整非限制性定语从句:➢作用:对先行词起到补充说明的左右,去掉后意义完整例:She has a brother who is a lawyer. 她有一个作律师的弟弟(可能不止一个弟弟)例:She has a brother, who is a lawyer. 她有一个弟弟,他是作律师的(有且只有一个)3.形式上的不同限制性定语从句:无“,”隔开,紧邻先行词,翻译成“....的”非限制性定语从句:有“,”隔开,翻译时另起一句真题应用:1.Children are likely to have less supervision at home than was common in the traditionalfamily structure.(2014年完型)句子结构主语:Children主+谓+宾谓语:are likely宾语:to have less supervision at home than was common in the traditional family 解析宾语中:➢介词短语at home作状语修饰动词大概式to have➢连词than引导的定语从句than was common in the traditional family 修饰名词less supervision定语从句中(主系表结构):➢主语:连词than➢系动词:was➢表语:common➢状语:in the traditional family译文:现在的孩子们在家里受到的监督比传统家庭中的孩子受到的监督要少本句中需注意的是连词than,我们通常习惯它在比较状语从句中的用法,而在考研中它在定语从句中的用法也很常见,需要在做题时注意。
考研英语英译汉难句分类辨析之定语从句
考研英语英译汉难句分类辨析之定语从句一篇文章的意义不在于材料本身,而是在于读者与材料不断交流活动的结果。
考研大纲阅读理解部分对考生规定的六种能力的要求,主要测试考生对语篇的理解和把握作者意图的推理过程,那么我们如何在规定的时间内更深、更准确地理解一篇阅读材料呢?以及在英译汉中更进一步地把句子译的更趋完美呢?这就要求我们能够对材料或英译汉中一些难句进行系统的剖析和理解。
本节是为硕士研究生编写的特色备考篇章,其特色就是通过对英语篇章中的难句进行剖析,最终达到深刻理解和完美翻译的目的。
下面从定语从句、倒装句、分割结构、省略法、并列平行结构、同位语、分词作状语、否定句、比较结构、it的用法及词义的正确选择等方面分别进行阐述。
一、定语从句定语从句是英语中一种最常见的句型,它可以分为限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句,即定语从句的关系词在文中修饰哪个词、短语或句子。
在主句中不可缺少的定语从句称限定性定语从句。
对主句起附加说明作用的定语从句称非限定性定语从句。
此外,定语从句和主句之间还存在着状语关系,说明原因、目的、让步、假设等。
例1The change met the technical requirement of the new age and prevented the decline in efficiency that so commonly spoiled the fortunes of family firms in the second and third generation after the energetic founders.(_96年真题)分析:该句总体上是一个并列句,其框架为“The cha nge met...andprev ented”“that”后边引导的是一定语从句,作后置定语,修饰“the decline in efficiency”。
介词短语“in the second and third generation”,“after the energetic founders”又作为定语从句中“spoiled”的状语。
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考研英语语法定语从句
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一、定语从句的构成:先行词(所修饰的名词)+关系代词/关系副词(从属连词)+从句
二、定语从句的类型:根据从属连词的不同可以将定语从句分为三种类型:关系代词引导的定语从句,关系副词引导的定语从句,和as/which引导的非限制性定语从句。
1. 关系代词引导的定语从句
在这一类从句中需要注意的是关系代词在句子中所起的作用。
首先,关系代词连接主句和从句;其次关系代词指代所修饰的先行词;最后关系代词往往在从句中做主语或者宾语,且做主语时关系代词不能省略,做宾语时可以省略。
例1:He who laughs last laughs best. (笑到最后的人笑得最美。
)
分析:who引导定语从句修饰主句的主语he,且在从句中做主语,不能省略。
例2:He is collecting authentic material which can prove his argument. (他正在收集确凿的'证据以证明他的观点。
)
分析:that引导定语从句修饰名词material,且在从句中做主语,不能省略。
例3:The house (which) we bought last month is very beautiful. (我们上周买的这套房子很漂亮。
)
分析:which引导定语从句修饰名词house,且在从句中做宾语,可以省略。
例4:The girl whose mother is a doctor is waiting for you outside. (妈妈是个医生的那个女孩在外面等你。
)
分析:whose引导定语从句修饰表示人的名词the girl,且在从句中做主语,不可以省略。
2. 关系副词引导的定语从句
前三种关系副词在考研英语中出镜率比较高,最后一种不太常见,容易被考生忽略。
关系副词在意义上常常相当于一个“介词+which”的结构。
例1:The commentator must know the value of silence and how to use it at those moments when the pictures speak for themselves. (播音员必须懂得沉默的价值,懂得在画面不需要解释说明的时刻如何利用沉默。
)
分析:when引导定语从句修饰表示时间的名词moments,在从句中做时间状语。
例2:When the work is well done, a climate of accident-free operation is established where time lose due to injuries is kept at a minimum. (工作完成后,一种无事故操作的环境被建立起来,在这种环境中,由于伤害造成的时间损失被保持在最低水平。
)
分析:where引导定语从句修饰表示场合的名词climate,在从句中做地点状语。
例3:Do you know the reason why there are heat losses in a steam engine? (你知道蒸汽机中存在热损耗的原因吗?)
分析:why引导定语从句修饰名词reason,在从句中做原因状语。
例4:Teaching has traditionally been the method whereby many intellectuals earn their living. (按照传统,教书是许多知识分子借以谋生的手段。
)
3. as/which引导的非限制性定语从句
As/which引导的非限制性定语从句不仅可以修饰某个词语,而且可以修饰整个主句。
而as引导的从句位置灵活,既可以位于句首,也可以位于句尾或者句中。
且有些表达已经固定下来,如as is known to all 众所周知;as is often the case 情况往往如此。
相比而言,which 的位置就比较受限制,通常位于句末。
例1:Stratford-on-Avon, as we all know, has only one industry----William Shakespeare. (众所周知,艾文河畔的斯特拉特福镇,只有一种产业——威廉.莎士比亚。
)
分析:as引导定语从句,使用了其固定表达。
例2:She is quite considerate and kind, which her younger sister never is. (她非常善良、体贴,而她妹妹却从不这样。
)
分析:which引导非限制性定语从句,指代前面整个句子。