教你学术论文毕业论文的写作教程academicpaper

General Introduction to Academic Writing

L types of academic paper

1. according to the purpose the paper serves

a ・ term paper for a university course

b> research paper to be published in a journal

c. thesis or dissertation for a university degree

2. according to the content of the paper

a. Experience Papers

b. Methodology Papers

c. Opinion Papers

d ・ Systems Papers

e ・ Theory Papers

IL Features of academic papers

1. Objective

It expresses the author's understanding of the topic

experiments, facts, data and analysis

2. Formal

The words and structure are rather formal and rigid, widely accepted formats are the APA-foimat ( Psychological Association) and the MLA-fonnat Language Association).

IIL Parts of a paper

1. A research paper is usually made up of the following parts based on

The most

American (Modern

•Title page

•Abstract

•Outline (or Table of Contents. Optional. Usually placed right before or right after the abstract)

•Text (introduction, body and conclusion)

•Notes (optional. Sometimes figures and tables are also allowed)

•Works cited ( or Bibliography)

•Appendix (optional. Placement: After all the other parts) •Acknowledgements (optional. Sometimes it is placed before the abstract and sometimes at the end of a paper)

2.An empiric paper frequently follows this structure:

.Title

•Abstract

•Introduction

•Methodology

•Results

•Discussion

•Conclusion

•References

IV. steps in preparing a research paper

1.8 steps/stages

1)select topic

2)explore data

3)gather data

4)formulate thesis

5)organize data and ideas

6)write paper

7)review and revise

8)publish

2.Ten Steps to a Good Research Paper

• Step 1. Choose Your Topic. When choosing a topic, choose one in which you

are interested, and for which there is enough information.

If your topic is too broad, you will have difficulty completing your

paper. 'The Effects of Pollution11 is too broad because there are so many effects of pollution. H The Effects of Pollution on Geese in the

Northeast Section of Duluth, Minnesota1* is too narrow. You are not likely to find much information that is this specific•”The Effects of Pollution in Yosemite National Park n is just about right as a topic.

•Step 2. Locate Information. Use information from a variety of reference

sources. These sources include encyclopedias, almanacs, scholarly

journals, books, magazines, and newspapers. Find these sources in print form, on CD-ROMS, and on the Internet.

•Step 3. Prepare Bibliography Cards. Prepare bibliography cards to document the sources of information you use when writing your paper. Your library will have style manuals to illustrate how to prepare bibliography cards for various sources of information.

•Step 4. Prepare Note Cards. Use note cards to record notes from each source you use when writing your paper. Number your note cards to keep

track of them.

•Step 5. Prepare an Outline. Write an outline for your paper by organizing your notes from the note cards into topics, subtopics, details, and

subdetails・ Use an organization such as:

•(topic)

■(subtopic)

■(detail)

♦ (subdetail)

•Step 6. Write A Rough Draft. Use your note cards and outline to write a rough draft of your pape匚As you write your draft, use numbered footnotes to credit sources from which you take quotations or major ideas・

•Step 1. Revise Your Rough Draft. Make any changes needed to be sure your