简奥斯汀&现实主义

简·奥斯汀（英语：Jane Austen，1775年12月16日－1817年7月18日），19世纪英国小说家，世界文学史上最具影响力的女性文学家之一，其最著名的作品是《傲慢与偏见》和《理智与情感》，以细致入微的观察和活泼风趣的文字著称。

Jane Austen (16 December 1775 – 18 July 1817) was an English novelist whose works of romantic fiction, set among the landed gentry, earned her a place as one of the most widely read writers in English literature. Her realism, biting irony and social commentary have gained her historical importance among scholars and critics.[1]Austen lived her entire life as part of a close-knit family located on the lower fringes of the English landed gentry.[2]She was educated primarily by her father and older brothers as well as through her own reading. The steadfast support of her family was critical to her development as a professional writer.[3]Her artistic apprenticeship lasted from her teenage years into her thirties. During this period, she experimented with various literary forms, including the epistolary novel which she then abandoned, and wrote and extensively revised three major novels and began a fourth.[B] From 1811 until 1816, with the release of Sense and Sensibility(1811), Pride and Prejudice(1813), Mansfield Park (1814) and Emma (1816), she achieved success as a published writer. She wrote two additional novels, Northanger Abbey and Persuasion, both published posthumously in 1818, and began a third, which was eventually titled Sanditon, but died before completing it.Austen's works critique the novels of sensibility of the second half of the 18th century and are part of the transition to 19th-century realism.[4][C] Her plots, though fundamentally comic,[5]highlight the dependence of women on marriage to secure social standing and economic security.[6] Her work brought her little personal fame and only a few positive reviews during her lifetime, but the publication in 1869 of her nephew's A Memoir of Jane Austen introduced her to a wider public, and by the 1940s she had become widely accepted in academia as a great English writer. The second half of the 20th century saw a proliferation of Austen scholarship and the emergence of a Janeite fan culture.of Jane AustenBiographical information concerning Jane Austen is "famously scarce", according to one biographer.[7] Only some personal and family letters remain (by one estimate only 160 out of Austen's 3,000 letters are extant),[8] and her sister Cassandra (to whom most of the letters were originally addressed) burned "the greater part" of the ones she kept andcensored those she did not destroy.[9]Other letters were destroyed by the heirs of Admiral Francis Austen, Jane's brother.[10]Most of the biographical material produced for fifty years after Austen's death was written by her relatives and reflects the family's biases in favour of "good quiet Aunt Jane". Scholars have unearthed little information since.[7]简有六个哥哥和一个姐姐Cassandra，其中两个兄长后来也从事神职，另两名则曾供职英国海军。

姐姐Cassandra是珍最亲近的人，姐妹间的信件为后人的研究提供了很多素材，其所作的简画像目前保存在伦敦的国家肖像馆内。

Early life and educationSteventon rectory, as depicted in A Memoir of Jane Austen, was in a valley and surrounded by meadows.[21]Austen was born on 16 December 1775 at Steventon rectory and publicly christened on 5 April 1776.[22]After a few months at home, her mother placed Austen with Elizabeth Littlewood, a woman living nearby, who nursed and raised Austen for a year or eighteen months.[23]In 1783, according to family tradition, Jane and Cassandra were sent to Oxford to be educated by Mrs. Ann Cawley and they moved with her to Southampton later in the year. Both girls caught typhus and Jane nearly died.[24]Austen was subsequently educated at home, until leaving for boarding school with her sister Cassandra early in 1785. The school curriculum probably included some French, spelling, needlework, dancing and music and, perhaps, drama. By December 1786, Jane and Cassandra had returned home because the Austens could not afford to send both of their daughters to school.[25]Austen acquired the remainder of her education by reading books, guided by her father and her brothers James and Henry.[26]George Austen apparently gave his daughters unfettered access to his large and varied library, was tolerant of Austen's sometimes risqué experiments in writing, and provided both sisters with expensive paper and other materials for their writing and drawing.[27] According to Park Honan, a biographer of Austen, life in the Austen home was lived in "an open, amused, easy intellectual atmosphere" where the ideas of those with whom the Austens might disagree politically or socially were considered and discussed.[28]After returningfrom school in 1786, Austen "never again lived anywhere beyond the bounds of her immediate family environment".[29]Private theatricals were also a part of Austen's education. From when she was seven until she was thirteen, the family and close friends staged a series of plays, including Richard Sheridan's The Rivals(1775) and David Garrick's Bon Ton. While the details are unknown, Austen would certainly have joined in these activities, as a spectator at first and as a participant when she was older.[30]Most of the plays were comedies, which suggests one way in which Austen's comedic and satirical gifts were cultivated.[31]In 1788, her portrait may have been commissioned by her great uncle, Francis Austen.长篇小说•《理智与情感》（英语：Sense and Sensibility，1811年出版）•《傲慢与偏见》（英语：Pride and Prejudice，1813年出版）•《曼斯菲尔德庄园》（英语：Mansfield Park，1814年出版）•《爱玛》（英语：Emma，1815年）•《诺桑觉寺》（英语：Northanger Abbey，1818年，死后出版）•《劝导》（英语：Persuasion，1818年，死后出版）短篇小说•《苏珊夫人》（英语：Lady Susan）未完成的作品•《沃森一家》（英语：The Watsons）•《桑迪顿》（英语：Sanditon）其他作品•Sir Charles Grandison•Plan of a NovelJane Austen (1775-1817)◆A English writer, who firstgave the novel its moderncharacter, through thetreatment of everyday life.◆Jane Austen was born in Steventon, Hampshire, where her father was a rector. She was the second daughter and seventh child in a family of eight. The first 25 years of her life，Austen spent in Hampshire. She was tutored at home. Her parents were avid readers and she received a broader education than many women of her time. On her father‘s retirement, the family moved to Bath.. Austen focused on middle-class provincial life with humor and understanding. She depicted the life of minor landed gentry, country clergymen and their families, in which marriage mainly determined women's social status.◆Most important for her were those little matters, as Emma says, "on which the daily happiness of private life depends."◆Although Austen restricted to family matters, and she passed the historical events of the Napoleonic wars, her wit and observant narrative touch has been inexhaustible delight to readers.◆Of her six great novels, four were published anonymously during her lifetime.◆At her death on July 18, 1817 in Winchester, Austen was writing the unfinished Sanditon. Austen was buried in Winchester Cathedral.奥斯汀终身未婚，家道小康。