中考英语 助动词的归纳及用法
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助动词
助动词顾名思义就是一种帮助类的动词,英语中称为helping verb或auxiliary,置于动词的前面,使得动词能表现出时态、语态、疑问句等变化。
助动词的种类
—— be
之前我们说过be为不完全不及物(系动词),但当be动词接现在分词或过去分词表进行时态或被动语态,此时be动词就称为助动词
be + 现在分词= 进行时
例:He is reading a book (他正在读书)
be + 及物动词的过去分词= 被动语态
例:He was elected chairman.(他被选为主席)
—— have
have/has/had + 过去分词译为“已经……”
现在完成时:He has written the letter.(他已经把信写好了)
过去完成时:I had finished the task before he came(在他来之前我已经完成了这个任务)—— do
do、does和did等助动词可形成下列结构
注意:
①任何动词要用not连用形成否定,一定要靠do、does、did再加上not协助,千万千万不可形成这样的句子:
I not love her(错).而应该改为I don't love her.
②动词前若置not以外的否定词,如:never(从来不)、seldom(不常)、rarely(很少)、hardly(几乎不)、scarcely(几乎不)等,则不需要与do/does/did连用。
例1:He never lived here.(他从未住过这儿)
例2:He seldom sings.(他很少唱歌)
do、does和did可形成疑问句
例1:Did you understand it?(你懂吗?)
例2:Where does he live?(他住在哪儿?)
do、does和did加强语气
即在肯定句的动词前,按时态人称置入do/does/did,再将动词改为原形,此时do/does/did译成“的确”
He loves her.(他爱她)
→He does love her(他确实爱她)
He worked hard.(他很用功)
→ He did work hard.(他确实很用功)
do、does和did也可作代动词,用来代替已出现过的动词及其后的其他动词
Did you read this book?(你读过这本书吗)
Yes ,I did.(是的,我读过)
—— shall和will
shall和will表“将要”时,之后接原型动词
现在的英语中,表单纯的一般将来时,不论主语为第几人称,都使用will,很少用shall。
例:
I will tell you the truth tomorrow.(明天我会告诉你事实的真相)
He will be twenty the day after tomorrow(后天他就20岁了)
但是在下列结构中仍然使用shall
①征求意见时:shall I……
例. Shall I open the door?(需要我开门吗?)
②请求对方合作时:shall we……
例. Shall we go for a work.(我们散个步,好吗?)
③命令对方时也可用You shall…… 你必须……
= You must
例. You shall obey the law(你必须遵守法律)
—— should用法
should之后接原形动词
should 的主要功能是表示一种义务,译为“应该”,此时等于ought to 例. You should finish your homework (你应该完成你的家庭作业)
在下列结构中习惯上也用should,但有不同的意思
译为“会”和“应当”
译为“居然”
意志类动词如“建议(recommend、suggest、proposed)”,“要求(ask、demand、desire、require、request)”,“规定(rule、regulate)”等之后若有that从句作宾语时,从句中使用should,而should通常予以省略。
例:
He suggested that we (should)leave at once(他建议我们立刻离去)
They demanded that he (should)be quiet(他们要求他安静)
lest译为“以免”,为副词连词,所引导的从句亦使用should,而should也可省略
例:He came early lest he (should) be late
= He came early for fear that he might be late
(他怕迟到来得很早)
If从句若表示与将来状况相反时,应该使用should,表“万一”的意思
If you should be late again,you will spoil the plan
(你要是再迟到,就会破坏这个计划)
在一般过去时中,要用should
I told him that I should be at home that evening(我告诉他那天晚上我会在家)
should have +过去分词,表示与过去事实相反的语气,译为“早应……”
例:You should have done it earlier (你应该早点做好的)
If you had not helped me, I should have died.(你要是没救我,我早死了)
——would
would是will的过去式,用来表示过去将来时
例:
He said that he would try again.(他说了他会再试一试)
Did you know when he would come?(你当时知道他何时会来吗)
有时也会出现will与一般过去时连用的现象
例:He said that he will visit the country sometime in July(他说他会在七月份访问该国)那么怎么区分使用will还是would呢?
He said虽然为过去状态,但will是用于尚未到来的时间,而would用于已经过去的时间。
例:He said that he will visit you tomorrow(他说了他明天会来拜访你)
He said that he would visit you yesterday(他说了昨天会来拜访你)
would用在虚拟语气中,表与现在或过去事实相反
与现在事实相反:would + 动词原形译为“就会……”
例:If I had money now, I would buy a big house.如果我有现在有钱,我会买一套大房子与过去事实相反:would have + 过去分词
例:If we had left earlier, we would have been able to stop off for a coffee on the way.(如果我们出发早一点,我们就能在去的路上停下来喝一杯咖啡)
用would表示过去特别的习惯或者动作
例:I had a friend from Albany, which is about 36 miles away, and we would meet every Thursday morning and she would help us.(我有一个来自奥尔巴尼的朋友,大概有36英里远,我们经常在星期三早上见面,并且她经常帮助我们)
用would表示间接委婉建议,经常和advise, imagine, recommend, say, suggest等词连用
在请求或寻求帮助时,用would代替will以表礼貌正式
would常用的一些搭配
would rather + 动词原形宁愿……
例:I would rather go than stay here(我宁愿走也不愿意呆在这里)
would you mind + v-ing 你介不介意……?
例:Would you mind using your book?(你介不介意用一下你的书?)
would rather +(that)从句我多么希望……
此句型属于虚拟语气,若与现在事实相反,that从句用一般过去时;若与过去事实相反,用过去完成时态。
与现在事实相反:I would rather(that)he were here.(我多么希望他在这里)
与过去事实相反:I would rather(that)he had been here yesterday(我多么希望他昨天在这里)
——can 和could
助动词can有下列意思和用法
①表做某件事的能力,翻译为“能够”
例:I can sing one song in Polish(我能用波兰语唱歌)
常与感官动词hear, see, smell, taste, 思想类动词 guess, imagine, picture, understand follow等连用
例:
I can hear you.(我能听到你)
I can guess why you’re angry.(我能猜到你为什么生气)
②表可能性,翻译为有可能
We can go to Rome in June because both of us have a week off work.(我们能去罗马,因为我们都有一周的休息时间)
在疑问句中:can it be true?(这可能是真的吗)
③表许可,译为“可以”
Can I take Daisy for a walk?(我可以和黛西散步吗)
Students can use calculators during the exam.(学生在考试时可以用计算器)
④表对过去事实的否定推论
can't have + 过去分词不可能曾……
He is so busy that he can't have stolen you money yesterday.(他很忙昨天不可能偷你的钱)
注意:can不可用于对过去事实的肯定推论,要表对过去事实的肯定推论可用以下两种句型:
must have + 过去分词一定曾经……
may have + 过去分词可能曾经……
例:He looks nervous,he must have stolen you money.(他这么紧张,一定滴偷了你的钱)
could为can的过去式,通常用以表示过去的状况
例:She could speak English well when she was ten.(她10岁时英语就说得很好了)
In those days, you could buy everything in the local shop. Now we have to go to the big supermarket for everything.(哪些天你们能在当地超市买想要的东西,现在我们不得不去大超市买了)
could = was/were able to 表示过去的能力,用于一般过去时中
例:He was able to eat eight bowels of rice when he was young.(他年轻时能吃8碗米饭)Could使用于问句中表示客气
Could you please do it for me ?(你能帮我做这事吗?)
Could have + 过去分词
用来表示本应该发生而为发生的事情,表遗憾
He could have been a doctor.(他本应该成为一名医生的)
I could have been famous.(我本应该很出名的)
有时也会用how could you/she/he/they……?来反对某事
例:How could you have gone without telling me?(你怎么能不告诉我一声就走了呢)Grandfather,How could you leave me?(爷爷,你怎么能够抛弃下我呢)
can与not连用时,不要写成can not,而要写成cannot或者can't
例:He cannot write letters(他不会写信)
can的惯用语
can but/only 只能……
I can but/only do so.(我只能这么做)
cannot help doing 禁不住……
例:I cannot help laughing.(我忍不住大笑起来)
——may和might
助动词may之后接原形动词,有以下意思及用法
表许可译为“可以”,询问显得有礼貌
例:You may take whatever you like.(你喜欢什么就拿什么)
May I borrow the car tomorrow?(我明天可以借这辆车吗)
表推测,译为“可能”,此时等于can
Jack may be coming to see us tomorrow.(杰克明天可能来看我们)
表祝愿:
may you be happy in the future(祝你余生快乐)
否定形式为may not,同样有表许可和推测的意思,分别译为“可能不会”和“不可以”might通常与一般过去时连用,表过去的状况
might常使用的一些情形
有关may的惯用语
——must
must之后接原形动词
①表义务译为“必须”
You must finish your task before leaving(你一定要在离开前完成你的任务)
② must可表对现在状况或过去的推论
现在的推论:must + 原形动词一定……
He’s so small,he must be no more than four years old(他这么小,一定不会超过四岁)过去的推论:must have + 过去分词一定曾经……
I called you yesterday around three o’clock but you must have been out.(我昨天大约三点打过电话给你,你一定是出去了)
③否定形式:must not 不可以
You must not leave any rubbish.(你不可以乱扔垃圾)
④ must与have to 的比较
must表示义务强制的必须,侧重于说话者的主观看法;而have to 有勉强、被迫的意味,侧重于客观需要。
另外,must只用于表现在或将来的状况,而have to可用于表过去、现在、将来的任何状况。
——Ought to
Ought to 之后接原形动词
在谈论愿景或理想的事时可以用ought to
例:
They ought to build more parks in the city centre.(他们应该在城市中心建更多的公园)We ought to eat lots of fruit and vegetables every day.(我们每天应该吃大量的水果和蔬菜)
ought to也可表推论,译为“应当会”
例:There ought to be some good films at the cinema this weekend.(这周末电影院应当会有一些不错的电影)
Since he works hard,he ought to (should)succeed(由于他很努力,应该会成功)Ought to have + 过去分词本应当……
Ought to have + 过去分词用来传达过去的理想或理想状况,但并没有发生,传达出某种遗憾,等于should have + 过去分词
例:
We ought to have locked the gate. Then the dog wouldn’t have got out.(我们本应该锁门的,那样狗就不会出去了)
——Need
need同样为半情态动词,作情态助动词时,主要用在否定句中,与not连用,后接动词原形。
We needn’t spend much time on this topic.(我们不需要花太多时间在这个话题上)
在疑问句中,need可做助动词或一般动词
例1:Does he need to go?(一般动词)
例2:Need he go?(助动词)
他需要去吗?
needn’t have + 过去分词本不需要……
用来表示已经发生了但说话者觉得没有必要的事
You needn’t have waited for me.(你本不需要等我的)
You needn’t have bought so much food. (你本不要买这么多实物的)
need也可做一般动词,具有人称及时态的变化,之后接不定式短语或名词作宾语。
例1:I need to have my hair cut.(我需要去理发)
例2:He needs an umbrella.(他需要一把伞)
——dare
dare做助动词用在否定句或疑问句中,
否定句型:dare not + 动词原形
例:He dare not hit me.(他不敢打我)
疑问句型:dare sb. + 动词原形
例1:Dare he go there?(他敢去那儿吗?)
例2:Daren’t he go there?(他不敢去哪儿吗?)
dare作一般动词可用在陈述句,否定句,疑问句中,但后面通常接to,to可以省略
陈述句:If Sally dares (to) go there again, she’ll be in big trouble!(如果萨利敢再去那里,她会有大麻烦)
否定句:He doesn’t dare (to) go there. (他不敢去那儿)
疑问句:Doesn’t he dare (to) go there? (他不敢去哪儿吗?)
dare也可作及物动词,表“向某人挑战之意”
dare sb. to + 动词原形
= challenge sb to + 动词原形
例:He dare me to jump the stream.(他挑战我越过这条小溪)
——used to
used to 为助动词,之后接原形动词,译为“过去曾经”
例:He used to live there(他过去曾住在那里)
He used to play football for the local team(他曾效力于当地足球队)
疑问句中,最常用的形式为“did + use to ……”
例:Did you use to work with Kevin Harris?
注意
下列结构中used不是助动词,而是use的过去分词,。