中南大学湘雅医院神经病学2015年考博真题试卷
中南大学湘雅医院外科学(脊柱外)2015年考博真题试卷
中南大学
医学考博真题试卷
攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试卷
中南大学湘雅医院
2015年攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试题பைடு நூலகம்
考试科目：外科学（脊柱外） 注意：所有答案一律写在答题纸上，写在试题纸上或其他地方一律不给分。 一、名词解释 DIC
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少尿 骨筋膜室综合征 cullen症 夏洛克三联征 脊髓休克 hangman骨折 反射通 盘源性腰痛 冷脓肿 hoffman症 二、简答题 1、PE的临床表现。 2、何为5P症，常见于哪些疾病。 3、补钾原则。 4、颈椎病的分类。 5、肌力分级及判断方法。 6、脊柱侧凸的病因学分类。 7、腰椎滑脱的分级方法。 三、问答题 1、脊髓型颈椎病的临床诊断及手术治疗原则。 2、腰椎管狭窄症的解剖及病理解剖基础。
各大名校神外考博试题(天坛、山大、湘雅、301、中山大学、协和、同济、珠江医院、)
华中同济2007 博神外一名解(4×5')1. 弥散性轴索损伤2. 迟发性外伤性颅内血肿3. 先天性脑积水4. 颅内压增高二问答1. 颅内压增高的治疗原则(10')2. 听神经瘤的临床分期(10')3. 垂体瘤常用的两种手术方式的注意事项和适应症(20')首医天坛医院2007 博神外名词解释1. Gradinego syndrome2. 功能神经外科3. Nelson‘s syndrome4. GCS5. V on－Hippol－Lindau简答题1. CCF的临床表现2. 延髓网织细胞瘤手术并发症几防治3. 急性EDH和硬膜下血肿的临床鉴别要点4. 脑死亡的标准论述题1. 脑水肿种类病因特点2. 浅谈对神经肿瘤分子病理学的认识中山2009博神外1. 颅咽管瘤的术后并发症2. 脑水肿的分类和发病机理中山2008 博神外24、垂体源性Cushing‘s disease 内分泌学检查的临床意义。
25、（Glasgow Liege Coma Scale ，GLCS）格拉斯哥-莱吉昏迷计分方法和临床意义。
中山2006 博神外20、丘脑下部损伤的症状及体征21、试画出Langfitt容积/压力曲线，试述Langfitt试验的过程及临床意义湘雅2005 博神经外科1、癌基因？RAS基因及其的致癌机理？2、抑癌基因？p53基因及其抑癌机理？3、神经干细胞形态，生长特性，及其应用前景？4、床突旁动脉瘤与后交通动脉瘤、脉络膜动脉瘤的鉴别？手术要点？5、DA VF的部位，分型，治疗原则？6、血网的毫发部位，病因，病理，CT及MRI表现，手术要点？7、多形胶母发病率，病理，CTMRI表现，治疗原则？8、DAI？临床和CT表现？病理？9、下丘脑损伤表现及处理？10、外伤或手术后代谢变化的特点及其处理？浙江大学2004 博神经外科一、名词解释1、Foster-Kennedy综合症2、弥漫性轴索损伤3、Brown-sequard、综合症4、运动障碍5、烟雾病二、简答1、WHO关于星形细胞肿瘤的病理分级2、脑水肿的分类3、脑脓肿的临床分期及相应的头颅CT表现4、Key-hole5、GOS预后评分三、问答1、PD的外科治疗2、动脉瘤术中供血动脉的夹闭（夹闭前血供实验，术中监护等）3，高血压脑出血的外科治疗4，松果体区肿瘤的治疗5，垂体腺瘤的病理学分类及相应临床表现华中同济2005 博神经外科一、名解1.颅内压增高2.弥漫性轴索损伤二、问答1、简述急脑疝病理2、简述慢性硬膜下血肿的临床特点及处理原则3、简述脊髓髓内外病变的鉴别诊断4、简述出血性脑卒中的分级及外科治疗原则5、简述听神经瘤的分期及相应临床表现华中同济2004 博神经外科一名词解释（12分）1.头皮血肿2.蛛网膜下腔出血3.血管网状细胞瘤4.脑挫裂伤二问答题（48分）1.椎管内肿瘤的临床表现2.试述脑肿瘤的分类3.脑膜瘤的好发部位4.脑动脉瘤破裂后判断病情的Hunt分级5.脑损伤的分级6.髓母细胞瘤的生物学特点和临床表现7.颅内血肿的手术指征8.弥漫性轴索损伤的特点华中同济 2003 博神外一名词解释（12分）1.头皮血肿2.蛛网膜下腔出血3.血管网状细胞瘤4.脑挫裂伤二问答题（48分）1.椎管内肿瘤的临床表现2.试述脑肿瘤的分类3.脑膜瘤的好发部位4.脑动脉瘤破裂后判断病情的Hunt分级5.脑损伤的分级6.髓母细胞瘤的生物学特点和临床表现7.颅内血肿的手术指征8.弥漫性轴索损伤的特点华中同济2002 博神经外科一、名词解释（每题5分，共10分）1．Lucid interval2．Brown-Sequard’s syndrome二、问答题（共60分）1．试述垂体瘤的分类和临床表现。
各校神经病学考博试题
B.
交感神经节后纤维
C.
三叉神经运动纤维
D.
三叉神经感觉纤维
E.
副交感神经的节后纤维
四．问答题（每题 5 分，共 15 分）
1.
简述小脑传出投射二次交叉通路及其受损引起的障碍。
2.
简述终纹和丘脑髓纹的联系及意义。
3.
脑干内有哪些纤维交叉？各位在何平面？
五．填出下图各结构名称（每空 0.5 分，共 5 分） 2007 年哈医大神经内科考博真题
2．属于脑干网状结构内侧核群的是（ ）
A. 外侧网状核
B.
小细胞网状核
C.
楔形核
D.
臂旁内、外侧核
E.
巨细胞网状核
3．不参加构成小脑小球的是（ ）
A.
攀缘纤维
B.
苔藓纤维
C.
Golgi 细胞轴突终末
D.
颗粒细胞树突
E.
Golgi 细胞树突
4．到对侧红核小细胞部的小脑传出纤维主要发自（ ）
A.
顶核
B.
A.
海马
B.
齿状回
C.
角回
D.
中央旁小叶
E.
梨状皮质
11．属于听觉传导的纤维是（ ）
A.
锥体交叉
B.
内侧丘系交叉
C.
三叉丘系交叉
D.
外侧丘系交叉
E.
结合臂交叉
12．鼻腔、口腔粘膜感觉属于（ ）
A.
一般躯体感觉
B.
一般内脏感觉
C.
特殊内脏感觉
D.
特殊躯体感觉
E.
一般内脏运动
13．属于中间皮质结构的脑回是（ ）
_____________________ 的 传 入 纤 维 ； 后 者 发 出 的 主 要 传 出 纤 维 有 _____________________ 和
2015年全国医学统考考博英语真题与答案解析
目录医学考博英语历年真题 (2)2015年全国医学博士英语统一入学考试试卷 (2)2015年全国医学博士英语统一入学考试试题参考答案及解析 (17)2015年全国医学博士外语统一考试英语试卷录音原文 (29)本试题含阅读文章大意分析，听力含答案解析，有听力原文。
医学考博英语历年真题2015年全国医学博士英语统一入学考试试卷Part I Listening Comprehension(30%)Section ADirections:In this section you will hear fifteen short conversations between two speakers.At the end of each conversation,you will hear a question about what is said.The question will be read only once.After you hear the question,read the four choices marked A,B,C and D. Choose the best answer and mark the letter of your choice on the ANSWER SHEET.Listen to the following example.You will hear:Woman:I fell faint.Man:No wonder You haven't had a bite all day.Question:What's the matter with the woman?You will read:A.She is sick.B.She is bitten by an ant.C.She is hungry.D.She spilled her paint.Here C is the right answer.Sample AnswerA B●D Now let's begin with question number1.1. A.How to deal with his sleeping problem. B.The cause of his sleeping problem.C.What follows his insomnia.D.The severity of his medical problem.2. A.To take the medicine for a longer time. B.To discontinue the medication.C.To come to see her again.D.To switch to other medications.3. A.To tale it easy and continue to work. B.To take a sick leave.C.To keep away from work.D.To have a follow-up.4. A.Fullness in the stomach. B.Occasional stomachache.C.Stomach distention.D.Frequent belches.5. A.extremely severe. B.Not very severe.C.More severe than expected.D.It's hard to say.6. A.He has lost some weight. B.He has gained a lot.C.He needs to exercise more.D.He is still overweight.7. A.She is giving the man an injection. B.She is listening to the man's heart.C.She is feeling the man's pulse.D.She is helping the man stop shivering.8. A.In the gym. B.In the office.C.In the clinic.D.In the boat.9. A.Diarrhea. B.Vomiting.C.Nausea.D.A cold.10. A.She has developed allergies. B.She doesn't know what allergies are.C.She doesn't have any allergies.D.She has allergies treated already.11. A.Listen to music. B.Read magazines.C.Go play tennis.D.Stay in the house.12. A.She isn't feeling well. B.She is under pressure.C.She doesn't like the weatherD.She is feeling relieved.13. A.Michael's wife was ill B.Michael's daughter was ill.C.Michael's daughter gave birth to twins.D.Michael was hospitalized for a check-up.14. A.She is absent-minded. B.She is in high spirits.C.She is indifferent.D.She is compassionate.15. A.Ten years ago. B.Five years ago.C.Fifteen years ago.D.Several weeks ago.Section BDirections:In this section you will hear one conversation and two passages'after each of which,you will hear five questions.After each question,read the four possible answers marked A,B,C and D.Choose the best answer and mark the letter of your choice on the ANSWER SHEET.Dialogue16. A.A blood test. B.A gastroscopy.C.A chest X-ray exam.D.A barium X-ray test.17. A.To lose some weight. B.To take a few more tests.C.To sleep on three pillows.D.To eat smaller,lighter meals.18. A.Potato chips. B.Chicken. C.Cereal. D.fish.19. A.Ulcer B.Cancer C.Depression. D.Hernia.20. A.He will try the diet the doctor recommended.B.He will ask for a sick leave and relax at home.C.He will take the medicine the doctor prescribed.D.He will take a few more tests to rule out cancer.Passage One21. A.A new concept of diabetes.B.The definition of Type1and Type2diabetes.C.The new management of diabetics in the hospital.D.The new development of non-perishable insulin pills.22. A.Because it vaporizes easily.B.Because it becomes overactive easily.C.Because it is usually in injection form.D.Because it is not stable above40degrees Fahrenheit.23. A.The diabetics can be cured without taking synthetic insulin any longer.B.The findings provide insight into how insulin works.C.Insulin can be more stable than it is now.D.Insulin can be produced naturally.24. A.It is stable at room temperature for several years.B.It is administered directly into the bloodstream。
2015年医学博士外语真题试卷
2015年医学博士外语真题试卷(总分：206.00，做题时间：90分钟)1.Section A（分数：10.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ （分数：10.00）A.How to deal with his sleeping problem.B.The cause of his sleeping problem.C.What follows his insomnia.D.The severity of his medical problem.A.To take the medicine for a longer time.B.To discontinue the medication.C.To come to see her again.D.To switch to other medications.A.To take it easy and continue to work.B.To take a sick leave.C.To keep away from work.D.To have a follow-up.A.Fullness in the stomach.B.Occasional stomachache.C.Stomach distention.D.Frequent belches.A.Extremely severe.B.Not very severe.C.More severe than expected.D.It's hard to say.（分数：10.00）A.He has lost some weight.B.He has gained a lot.C.He needs to exercise more.D.He is still overweight.A.She is giving the man an injection.B.She is listening to the man's heart.C.She is feeling the man's pulse.D.She is helping the man stop shivering.A.In the gym.B.In the office.C.In the clinic.D.In the boat.A.Diarrhea.B.Vomiting.C.Nausea.D.A cold.A.She has developed allergies.B.She doesn't know what allergies are.C.She doesn't have any allergies.D.She has allergies treated already.（分数：10.00）A.Listen to music.B.Read magazines.C.Go play tennis.D.Stay in the house.A.She isn't feeling well.B.She is under pressure.C.She doesn't like the weather.D.She is feeling relieved.A.Michael's wife was ill.B.Michael's daughter was ill.C.Michael's daughter gave birth to twins.D.Michael was hospitalized for a check-up.A.She is absent-minded.B.She is in high spirits.C.She is indifferent.D.She is compassionate.A.Ten years ago.B.Five years ago.C.Fifteen years ago.D.Several weeks ago.2.Section B（分数：10.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ （分数：10.00）A.A blood test.B.A gastroscopy.C.A chest X-ray exam.D.A barium X-ray test.A.To lose some weight.B.To take a few more tests.C.To sleep on three pillows.D.To eat smaller, lighter meals.A.Potato chips.B.Chicken.C.Cereal.D.Fish.A.Ulcer.B.Cancer.C.Depression.D.Hernia.A.He will try the diet the doctor recommended.B.He will ask for a sick leave and relax at home.C.He will take the medicine the doctor prescribed.D.He will take a few more tests to rule out cancer.（分数：10.00）A.A new concept of diabetes.B.The definition of Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes.C.The new management of diabetics in the hospital.D.The new development of non-perishable insulin pills.A.Because it vaporizes easily.B.Because it becomes overactive easily.C.Because it is usually in injection form.D.Because it is not stable above 40 degrees Fahrenheit.A.The diabetics can be cured without taking synthetic insulin any longer.B.The findings provide insight into how insulin works.C.Insulin can be more stable than it is now.D.Insulin can be produced naturally.A.It is stable at room temperature for several years.B.It is administered directly into the bloodstream.C.It delivers glucose from blood to the cells.D.It is more chemically complex.A.Why insulin is not stable at room temperature.B.How important it is to understand the chemical bonds of insulin.C.Why people with Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes don't produce enough insulin.D.What shape insulin takes when it unlocks the cells to take sugar from blood.（分数：10.00）A.Vegetative patients are more aware.B.Vegetative patients retain some control of their eye movements.C.EEG scans may help us communicate with the vegetative patients.D.We usually communicate with the brain-dead people by brain-wave.A.The left-hand side of the brain.B.The right-hand side of the brain.C.The central part of the brain.D.The front part of the brain.A.31.B.6.C.4.D.1A.The patient was brain-dead.B.The patient wasn't brain-dead.C.The patient had some control over his eye movements.D.The patient knew the movement he or she was making.A.The patient is no technically vegetative.B.The patient can communicate in some way.C.We can train the patient to speak.D.The family members and doctors can provide better care.3.Section A（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________4.Despite his doctor's note of caution, he never______from drinking and smoking.（分数：2.00）A.retainedB.dissuadedC.alleviatedD.abstained5.People with a history of recurrent infections are warned that the use of personal stereos with headsets is likelyto______their hearing.（分数：2.00）A.rehabilitateB.jeopardizeC.tranquilizeD.supplement6.Impartial observers had to acknowledge that lack of formal education did not seem to______Larry in any way in his success.（分数：2.00）A.refuteB.ratifyC.facilitateD.impede7.When the supporting finds were reduced, they should have revised their plan______.（分数：2.00）A.accordinglyB.alternativelyC.considerablyD.relatively8.It is increasingly believed among the expectant parents that prenatal education of classical music can______future adults with appreciation of music.（分数：2.00）A.acquaintB.familiarizeC.endowD.amuse9.If the gain of profit is solely due to rising energy prices, then inflation should be subsided when energy prices______. （分数：2.00）A.level outB.stand oute offD.wear off10.Heat stroke is a medical emergency that demands immediate______from qualified medical personnel.（分数：2.00）A.prescriptionB.palpationC.interventionD.interposition11.Asbestos exposure results in Mesothelioma, asbestosis and internal organ cancers, and______of these diseases is often decades after the initial exposure.（分数：2.00）A.offsetB.intakeC.outletD.onset12.Ebola, which spreads through body fluid or secretions such as urine, ______and semen, can kill up to 90% of those infected.（分数：2.00）A.salineB.salivaC.scabiesD.scrabs13.The newly designed system is______to genetic transfections, and enables an incubation period for studying various genes.（分数：2.00）parableB.transmissibleC.translatableD.amenable14.Section B（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________15.Every year more than 1, 000 patients in Britain die on transplant waiting lists, prompting scientists to consider other ways to produce organs.（分数：2.00）A.propellingB.prolongingC.puzzlingD.promising16.Improved treatment has changed the outlook of HIV patients, but there is still a serious stigma attached to AIDS. （分数：2.00）A.disgraceB.discriminationC.harassmentD.segregation17.Surviviors of the shipwreck were finally rescued after their courage of persistence lowered to zero by their physical lassitude .（分数：2.00）A.depletionB.dehydrationC.exhaustionD.handicap18.Scientists have invented a 3D scan technology to read the otherwise illegible wood-carved stone, a method that may apply to other areas such as medicine.（分数：2.00）A.negativeB.confusingC.eloquentD.indistinct19.Top athletes scrutinize both success and failure with their coach to extract lessons from them, but they are never distracted from long-term goals.（分数：2.00）A.anticipateB.clarifyC.examineD.verify20.His imperative tone of voice reveals his arrogance and arbitrariness.（分数：2.00）A.challengingB.solemnC.hostileD.demanding21.The discussion on the economic collaboration between the United States and the European Union may be eclipsed by the recent growing trade friction.（分数：2.00）A.erasedB.triggeredC.shadowedD.suspended22.Faster increases in prices foster the belief that the future increases will be also stronger, so that higher prices fuel demand rather than quench it.（分数：2.00）B.eliminateC.assimilateD.puncture23.Some recent developments in photography allow animals to be studied in previously inaccessible places and in unprecedented detail.（分数：2.00）A.unpredictableB.unconventionalC.unparalleledD.unexpected24.A veteran negotiation specialist should be skillful at manipulating touchy situation.（分数：2.00）A.estimatingB.handlingC.rectifyingD.anticipating五、PartⅢ Cloze(总题数：1，分数：20.00)A mother who is suffering from cancer can pass on the disease to her unborn child in extremely rare cases,【C1】______a new case report published in PNAS this week. According to researchers in Japan and at the Institute for Cancer Research in Sutton, UK, a Japanese mother had been diagnosed with leukemia a few weeks after giving birth,【C2】______tumors were discovered in her daughter's cheek and lung when she was 11 months old. Genetic analysis showed that the baby's cancer cells had the same mutation as the cancer cells of the mother. But the cancer cells contained no DNA whatsoever from the father,【C3】______would be expected if she had inherited the cancer from conception. That suggests the cancer cells made it into the unborn child's body across the placental barrier. The Guardian claimed this to be the first【C4】______case of cells crossing the placental barrier. But this is not the case — microchimerism,【C5】______cells are exchanged between a mother and her unborn child, is thought to be quite common, with some cells thought to pass from fetus to mother in about 50 to 75 per cent of cases and to go the other way about half【C6】______. As the BBC pointed out, the greater【C7】______in cancer transmission from mother to fetus had been how cancer cells that have slipped through the placental barrier could survive in the fetus without being killed by its immune system. The answer, in this case at least, lies in a second mutation of the cancer cells, which led to the【C8】______of the specific features that would have allowed the fetal immune system to detect the cells as foreign. As a result, no attack against the invaders was launched. 【C9】______, according to the researchers there is little reason for concern of "cancer danger". Only 17 probable cases have been reported worldwide and the combined【C10】______of cancer cells both passing the placental barrier and having the right mutation to evade the baby's immune system is extremely low.（分数：20.00）(1).【C1】（分数：2.00）A.suggestsB.suggestingC.having suggestedD.suggested(2).【C2】（分数：2.00）A.sinceB.althoughC.whereasD.when(3).【C3】（分数：2.00）A.whatB.whomD.as(4).【C4】（分数：2.00）A.predictedB.notoriousC.provenD.detailed(5).【C5】（分数：2.00）A.whereB.whenC.ifD.whatever(6).【C6】（分数：2.00）A.as manyB.as muchC.as wellD.as often(7).【C7】（分数：2.00）A.threatB.puzzleC.obstacleD.dilemma(8).【C8】（分数：2.00）A.detectionB.deletionC.amplificationD.addition(9).【C9】（分数：2.00）A.ThereforeB.FurthermoreC.NeverthelessD.Conclusively(10).【C10】（分数：2.00）A.likelihoodB.functionC.influenceD.flexibility六、PartⅣ Reading Comprehension(总题数：6，分数：60.00)The American Society of Clinical Oncology wrapped its annual conference this week, going through the usual motions of presenting a lot of drugs that offer some added quality or extension of life to those suffering from a variety of as-yet incurable diseases. But buried deep in an AP story are a couple of promising headlines that seems worthy of more thorough review, including one treatment study where 100 percent of patients saw their cancer diminish by half. First of all, it seems pharmaceutical companies are moving away from the more cost-effective one-size-fits-all approach to drug development and embracing the long tail of cancer treatments, engineering drugs that only work for a small percentage of patients but work very effectively within that group. Pfizer announced that one such drug it's pushing into late-stage testing is target for 4% of lung cancer patients. But more than 90% of that tiny cohort responded to the drug in initial tests, and nine out often is getting pretty close to the ideal ten out of ten. By gearing drugs toward more boutique treatments rather than broad umbrella pharmaceuticals that try to fit for everyone it seems cancer researchers are making some headway. But how can we close the gap on that remaining ten percent? Ask Takeda Pharmaceutical and Celgene, two drug makers who put aside competitive interests to test a novel combination of their treatments. In atest of 66 patients with the blood disease multiple myeloma, a full 100 percent of the subjects saw their cancer reduced by half. Needless to say, a 100 percent response to a cancer drug (or in this case a drug cocktail) is more or less unheard of. Moreover, this combination never would've been tried if two competing companies hadn't sat down and put their heads together. Are there more potentially effective drug combos out there separated by walls of competitive interest and proprietary information? Who's to say, but it seems like with the vast amount of money and research being pumped into cancer drug development, the odds are pretty good. And if researchers can start pushing more of their response numbers toward 100 percent, we can more easily start talking about oncology's favorite four-letter word: cure.（分数：10.00）(1).Which of the following can be the best title for the passage?（分数：2.00）petition and CooperationB.Two Competing Pharmaceutical CompaniesC.The Promising Future of PharmaceuticalsD.Encouraging News: a 100% Response to a Cancer Drug(2).In cancer drug development, according to the passage, the pharmaceuticals now______.（分数：2.00）A.are adopting the cost-effective one-size-fits-all approachB.are moving towards individualized and targeted treatmentsC.are investing the lion's shares of their moneyD.care only about their profits(3).From the encouraging advance by the two companies, we can infer that______.（分数：2.00）A.the development can be ascribed to their joint efforts and collaborationB.it was their competition that resulted in the accomplishmentC.other pharmaceuticals will join them in the researchD.the future cancer treatment can be nothing but cocktail therapy(4).From the last paragraph it can be inferred that the answer to the question______.（分数：2.00）A.is nowhere to be foundB.can drive one crazyC.can be multipleD.is conditional(5).The tone of the author of this passage seems to be______.（分数：2.00）A.neutralB.criticalC.negativeD.optimisticLiver disease is the 12th -leading cause of death in the U. S. , chiefly because once it's determined that a patient needs a new liver it's very difficult to get one. Even in case where a suitable donor match is found, there's no guarantee a transplant will be successful. But researchers at Massachusetts General Hospital have taken a huge step toward building functioning livers in the lab, successfully transplanting culture-grown livers into rats. The livers aren't grown from scratch, but rather within the infrastructure of a donor liver. The liver cells in the donor organ are washed out with a detergent that gently strips away the liver cells, leaving behind a biological scaffold of proteins and extracellular architecture that is very hard to duplicate synthetically. With all of that complicated infrastructure already in place, the researchers then seeded the scaffold (支架) with liver cells isolated from healthy livers, as well as some special endothelial cells to line the bold vessels. Once repopulated with healthy cells, these livers lived in culture for 10 days. The team also transplanted some two-day-old recellularized livers back into rats, where they continued to thrive for eight hours while connected into the rats' vascular systems. However, the current method isn't perfect and cannot seem to repopulate the blood vessels quite densely enough and the transplanted livers can't keep functioning for more than about 24 hours (hence the eight-hour maximum for the rat transplant). But the initial successes are promising, and the team thinks they can overcome the blood vessel problem and get fully functioning livers into rats within two years. It still might be a decade before the tech hits the clinic, but if nothing goes horribly wrong — and especially if stem-cell research establishes a reliable way to create healthy liver cells from the very patients who need transplants — lab-generated livers that are perfect matches for their recipients could become a reality.（分数：10.00）(1).It can be inferred from the passage that the animal model was mainly intended to______.（分数：2.00）A.investigate the possibility of growing blood vessels in the labB.explore the unknown functions of the human liverC.reduce the incidence of liver disease in the U. S.D.address the source of liver transplants(2).What does the author mean when he says that the livers aren't grown from scratch?（分数：2.00）A.The making of a biological scaffold of proteins and extracellular architecture.B.A huge step toward building functioning livers in the lab.C.The building of the infrastructure of a donor liver.D.Growing liver cells in the donor organ.(3).The biological scaffold was not put into the culture in the lab until______.（分数：2.00）A.duplicated syntheticallyB.isolated from the healthy liverC.repopulated with the healthy cellsD.the addition of some man-made blood vessels(4).What seems to be the problem in the planted liver?（分数：2.00）A.The rats as wrong recipients.B.The time point of the transplantation.C.The short period of the recellularization.D.The insufficient repopulation of the blood vessels.(5).The research team holds high hopes of______.（分数：2.00）A.creating lab-generated livers for patients within two yearsB.the timetable for generating human livers in the labC.stem-cell research as the future of medicineD.building a fully functioning liver into ratsPatients whose eyes have suffered heat or chemical burns typically experience severe damage to the cornea—the thin, transparent front of the eye that refracts light and contributes most of the eye's focusing ability. In a long-term study, Italian researchers use stem cells taken from the limbus, the border between the cornea and the white of the eye, to cultivate a graft of healthy cells in a lab to help restore vision in eyes. During the 10-years study, the researchers implanted the healthy stem cells into the damaged cornea in 113 eyes of 112 patients. The treatment was fully successful in more than 75 percent of the patients, and partially successful in 13 percent. Moreover, the restored vision remained stable over 10 years. Success was defined as an absence of all symptoms and permanent restoration of the cornea. Treatment outcome was initially assessed at one year, with up to 10 years of follow-up evaluations. The procedure was even successful in several patients whose burn injuries had occurred years earlier and who had already undergone surgery. Current treatment for burned eyes involves taking stem cells from a patient's healthy eye, or from the eyes of another person, and transferring them to the burned eye. The new procedure, however, stimulates the limbal stem cells from the patient's own eye to reproduce in a lab culture. Several types of treatments using stem cells have proven successful in restoring vision, but the long-term effectiveness shown here is significant. The treatment is only for blindness caused by damage to the cornea; it is not effective for repairing damaged retinas or optic nerves. Chemical eye burns often occur in the workplace, but can also happen due to mishaps involving household cleaning products and automobile batteries. The results of the study, based at Italy's University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, were published in the June 23 online issue of the New England Journal of Medicine.（分数：10.00）(1).What is the main idea of this passage?（分数：2.00）A.Stem cells can help restore vision in the eyes blinded by burns.B.The vision in the eyes blinded by burns for 10 years can be restored.C.The restored vision of the burned eyes treated with stem cells can last for 10 years.D.The burned eyes can only be treated with stem cells from other healthy persons.(2).The Italian technique reported in this passage______.（分数：2.00）A.can repair damaged retinasB.is able to treat damaged optic nervesC.is especially effective for burn injuries in the eyes already treated surgicallyD.shows a long-term effectiveness for blindness in vision caused by damage to cornea(3).Which of the following is NOT mentioned about eye burns?（分数：2.00）A.The places in which people work.B.The accidents that involve using household cleaning products.C.The mishaps that involve vehicles batteries.D.The disasters caused by battery explosion at home.(4).What is one of the requirements for the current approach?（分数：2.00）A.The stem cells taken from a healthy eye.B.The patient physically healthy.C.The damaged eye with partial vision.D.The blindness due to damaged optic nerves.(5).Which of the following words can best describe the author's attitude towards the new method?（分数：2.00）A.Sarcastic.B.Indifferent.C.Critical.D.Positive.Here is a shaming statistic: divide the US by race, sex and county of residence, and differences in average life expectancy across the various groups can exceed 30 years. The most disadvantaged look like denizens of a poor African country: a boy born on a Native American reservation in Jackson County, South Dakota, for example, will be lucky to reach his 60th birthday. A typical child in Senegal can expect to live longer than that. America is not alone in this respect. While the picture is extreme in other rich nations, health inequalities based on race, sex and class exist in most societies—and are only partly explained by access to healthcare. But fresh insights and solutions may soon be at hand. An innovative project in Chicago to unite sociology and biology is blazing the trail (开创), after discovering that social isolation and fear of crime can help to explain the alarmingly high death rate from breast cancer among the city's black women. Living in these conditions seems to make tumors more aggressive by changing gene activity, so that cancer cells can use nutrients more effectively. We are already familiar with the lethal effect of stress on people clinging to the bottom rungs of the societal ladder, thanks to pioneering studies of British civil servants conducted by Michael Marmot of University College London. What's exciting about the Chicago project is that it both probes the mechanisms involved in a specific disease and suggests precise remedies. There are drugs that may stave tumors of nutrients and community coordinators could be employed to help reduce social isolation. Encouraged by the US National Institutes of Health, similar projects are springing up to study other pockets of poor health in populations ranging from urban black men to white poor women in rural Appalachia. To realize the full potential of such projects, biologists and sociologists will have to start treating one other with a new respect and learn how to collaborate outside their comfort zones. Too many biomedical researchers still take the arrogant view that sociology is a "soft science" with little that's serious to say about health. And too many sociologists reject any biological angle—fearing that their expertise will be swept aside and that this approach will be used to bolster discredited theories of eugenics, or crude race-based medicine. It's time to drop these outdated attitudes and work together for the good of society's most deprived members. More important, it's time to use this fusion of biology and sociology to inform public policy. This endeavor has huge implications, not least in cutting the wide health gaps between blacks and whites, rich and poor.（分数：10.00）(1).As shown in the 1st paragraph, the shaming statistic reflects______.（分数：2.00）A.injustice everywhereB.racial discriminationC.a growing life spanD.health inequalities(2).Which of the following can have a negative impact on health according to the Chicago-based project?（分数：2.00）A.Where to live.B.Which race to belong to.C.How to adjust environmentally.D.What medical problem to suffer.(3).The Chicago-based project focuses its management on______.（分数：2.00）A.a particular medical problem and its related social issueB.racial discrimination and its related social problemsC.the social ladder and its related medical conditionsD.a specific disease and its medical treatment(4).Which of the following can most probably be neglected by sociologists?（分数：2.00）A.The racial perspective.B.The environmental aspect.C.The biological dimension.D.The psychological angel.(5).The author is a big fan of______.（分数：2.00）A.the combination of a traditional and new way of thinking in promoting healthB.the integration of biologists and sociologists to reduce health inequalitiesC.the mutual understanding and respect between racesD.public education and health promotionAmerican researchers are working on three antibodies that many mark a new step on the path toward an HIV vaccine, according to a report published online Thursday, July 8, 2010, in the journal Science. One of the antibodies suppresses 91 percent of HIV strains, more than any AIDS antibody ever discovered, according to a report on the findings published in the Wall Street Journal. The antibodies were discovered in the cells of a 60-year-old African-American gay man whose body produced them naturally. One antibody in particular is substantially different from its precursors, the Science study says. The antibodies could be tried as a treatment for people already infected with HIV, the WSJ reports. At the very least, they might boost the efficacy of current antiretroviral drugs. It is welcome news for the 33 million people the United Nations estimated were living with AIDS at the end of 2008. The WSJ outlines the painstaking method the team used to find the antibody amid the cells of the African-American man, known as Donor 45. First they designed a probe that looks just like a spot on a particular molecule on the cells that HIV infects. They used the probe to attract only the antibodies that efficiently attack that spot. They screened 25 million of Donor 45's cell to find just 12 cells that produced the antibodies. Scientists have already discovered plenty of antibodies that either don't work at all or only work on a couple of HIV strains. Last year marked the first time that researchers found "broadly neutralizing antibodies, " which knock out many HIV strains. But none of those antibodies neutralized more than about 40 percent of them, the WSJ says. The newest antibody, at 91 percent neutralization, is a marked improvement. Still, more work needs to be done to ensure the antibodies would activate the immune system to produce natural defenses against AIDS, the study authors say. They suggest three test methods that blend the three new antibodies together in raw form to prevent transmission of the virus, such as from mother to child; in a microbicide gel that women or gay men could use before sex to prevent infection; or as a treatment for HIV/AIDS, combined with antiretroviral drug. If the scientists can find the right way to stimulate production of the antibodies, they think most people could produce then, the WSJ says.（分数：10.00）(1).We can learn from the beginning of the passage that______.（分数：2.00）A.a newly discovered antibody defeats 91 % of the HIV strainsB.a new antiretroviral drug has just come on the marketC.American researchers have developed a new vaccine for HIVD.the African-American gay man was cured of his HIV infection(2).What is the implication of the antibodies discovered in the cells of the African-American gay man?（分数：2.00）A.They can cure the 33 million AIDS patients in the world.B.They may strengthen the effects of the existing antiretroviral drugs.C.They will kill all the HIV viruses.D.They will help make a quick diagnosis of an HIV infection.(3).The newest antibody found in Donor 45 reflects a dramatic advance in terms of______.（分数：2.00）A.pathologyB.pharmacologyC.HIV neutralizationD.HIV epidemiology(4).According to the study authors, the three test methods are intended to______.（分数：2.00）。
中南大学湘雅医院神经病学2015年考博真题考博试卷
MRI 标准：偏移度：中线或可疑中线为 1 级，明显偏向一侧为 2 级，达到桥小 脑脚为 3 级。高度与 Smoker 一致。 MRA 半定量标准：基底动脉长度＞29.5mm，横向偏移度超过基底动脉起点到 分叉之间垂直连线 10mm 即为异常，椎动脉颅内长度＞23.5mm，椎动脉任一 支偏离超过颅内入口到基底动脉起点之间连线 10mm 为异常。 二、鉴别诊断 1）基底动脉梭形动脉瘤：呈阶段性扩张，扭曲延长不明显。 2）桥脑小脑脚 肿瘤、后颅窝小体积脊髓瘤、脑膜瘤、听神经瘤等，DSA 可鉴别之。 4.边缘叶脑炎 三、问答题 1.脑静脉血栓的病因和分类 2.长段脊髓病变的病因和影像学表现 3.帕金森早期、中期、晚期的用药原则 4.急性缺血性卒中，脑血管内治疗的原则和注意事项。 5.常见的神经系统自身免疫病的药物和注意事项。 6.额叶癫痫卷
医学考博真题试卷
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中南大学湘雅医院
2015 年攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试题
考试科目：神经病学 注意：所有答案一律写在答题纸上，写在试题纸上或其他地方一律不给分。 一、名词解释 1.连枷臂综合征 运动神经元病患者中表现为严重的对称性以双上肢近端为主的肌无力和肌萎 缩，但其他区域无或仅轻度受累。由于三角肌、冈上肌、冈下肌、胸锁乳突肌 和小圆肌明显萎缩，病程进展后累及手部肌肉，导致双侧上肢呈现特征性姿势， 即肩部下沉，上臂、前臂和手旋前，故被命名为 vulpian-bernhart 型肌萎缩侧 索硬化和双臂萎缩性瘫痪,2002 年以后方重新命名为连枷臂综合征 2.reversible posterior leukoencephalopathy syndrome 可逆性后部脑病综合征(posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome,PRES)或 可 逆 性 后 部 白 质 脑 病 综 合 征 (reversible posterior leukoencephalopathy syndrome,RPLS)是一组近年来逐渐被认识的临床-放射学综合征,表现为对称性 大脑后部白质低密度,并且是可逆性的.因此 Hinchey 等[1]在 1996 年首先提出将 此类病变称为"可逆性后部白质脑病综合征",此后又有学者提出了"高灌注性脑 病 "(hyperperfusion encephalopathy) 、 " 顶 枕 叶 脑 病 "(occipital-parietal encephalopathy)、"可逆性后部脑水肿综合征"(reversible posterior cerebral edema syndrome)[2～4]等提法.近年来对此综合征研究有较大进展,多采用可逆性后部 脑病综合征一词 3.椎基底动脉扩张延长症 CT 诊断标准：Smoker 标准：以鞍背、鞍上池和三脑室为界在高度上分四级： 基底动脉分叉低于或平鞍背水平为 0 级，基底动脉分叉低于或平鞍上池为 1 级， 基底动脉分叉位于鞍上池与第三脑室之间为 2 级，达到或高于第三脑室为 3 级。 偏移度：鞍背或斜坡正中、旁正中、边缘和边缘以外或桥小脑为界分 4 级：正 中为 0 级，旁正中之间为 1 级，旁正中与边缘之间为 2 级，边缘以外或桥小脑 脚为 3 级。 若高度≥2 级，或偏移度≥2 级，且直径≥0.45，诊断为 VBD。
2015年全国医学统考考博博士英语真题与答案
2015年全国医学统考考博博士英语真题与答案目录医学考博英语历年真题 (2)2015年全国医学博士英语统一入学考试试卷 (2)2015年全国医学博士英语统一入学考试试题答案 (17)2015年全国医学博士外语统一考试英语试卷录音原文 (19)医学考博英语历年真题2015年全国医学博士英语统一入学考试试卷Part I Listening Comprehension(30%)Section ADirections:I n this section you will hear fifteen short conversations between two speakers.At the end of each conversation,you will hear a question about what is said.The question will be read only once.After you hear the question,read the four choices marked A,B,C and D. Choose the best answer and mark the letter of your choice on the ANSWER SHEET.Listen to the following example.You will hear:Woman:I fell faint.Man:No wonder You haven't had a bite all day.Question:What's the matter with the woman?You will read:A.She is sick.B.She is bitten by an ant.C.She is hungry.D.She spilled her paint.Here C is the right answer.Sample AnswerA B●D Now let's begin with question number1.1. A.How to deal with his sleeping problem. B.The cause of his sleeping problem.C.What follows his insomnia.D.The severity of his medical problem.2. A.To take the medicine for a longer time. B.T o discontinue the medication.C.To come to see her again.D.To switch to other medications.3. A.To tale it easy and continue to work. B.To take a sick leave.C.To keep away from work.D.To have a follow-up.4. A.Fullness in the stomach. B.Occasional stomachache.C.Stomach distention.D.Frequent belches.5. A.extremely severe. B.Not very severe.C.More severe than expected.D.It's hard to say.6. A.He has lost some weight. B.He has gained a lot.C.He needs to exercise more.D.He is still overweight.7. A.She is giving the man an injection. B.She is listening to the man's heart.C.She is feeling the man's pulse.D.She is helping the man stop shivering.8. A.In the gym. B.In the office.C.In the clinic.D.In the boat.9. A.Diarrhea. B.Vomiting.C.Nausea.D.A cold.10. A.She has developed allergies. B.She doesn't know what allergies are.C.She doesn't have any allergies.D.She has allergies treated already.11. A.Listen to music. B.Read magazines.C.Go play tennis.D.Stay in the house.12. A.She isn't feeling well. B.She is under pressure.C.She doesn't like the weatherD.She is feeling relieved.13. A.Michael's wife was ill B.Michael's daughter was ill.C.Michael's daughter gave birth to twins.D.Michael was hospitalized for a check-up.14. A.She is absent-minded. B.She is in high spirits.C.She is indifferent.D.She is compassionate.15. A.Ten years ago. B.Five years ago.C.Fifteen years ago.D.Several weeks ago.Section BDirections:In this section you will hear one conversation and two passages'after each of which,you will hear five questions.After each question,read the four possible answers marked A,B,C and D.Choose the best answer and mark the letter of your choice on the ANSWER SHEET.Dialogue16. A.A blood test. B.A gastroscopy.C.A chest X-ray exam.D.A barium X-ray test.17. A.To lose some weight. B.To take a few more tests.C.To sleep on three pillows.D.To eat smaller,lighter meals.18. A.Potato chips. B.Chicken. C.Cereal. D.fish.19. A.Ulcer B.Cancer C.Depression. D.Hernia.20. A.He will try the diet the doctor recommended.B.He will ask for a sick leave and relax at home.C.He will take the medicine the doctor prescribed.D.He will take a few more tests to rule out cancer.Passage One21. A.A new concept of diabetes.B.The definition of Type1and Type2diabetes.C.The new management of diabetics in the hospital.D.The new development of non-perishable insulin pills.22. A.Because it vaporizes easily.B.Because it becomes overactive easily.C.Because it is usually in injection form.D.Because it is not stable above40degrees Fahrenheit.23. A.The diabetics can be cured without taking synthetic insulin any longer.B.The findings provide insight into how insulin works.C.Insulin can be more stable than it is now.D.Insulin can be produced naturally.24. A.It is stable at room temperature for several years.B.It is administered directly into the bloodstream。
中南大学湘雅医院外科学(普外科)2012年考博真题试卷
4、肝癌的消融治疗有哪些方法？适应症？
5、肝内胆管结石的切肝指证？
6、甲状腺滤泡状癌的临床特点及手术方式？
7、TME的理论基础及基本原则？
8、胃癌的TNM分期？
9、门脉高压症是否做预防性手术？为什么?
10、ACS定义及治疗原则?
11、腹部外伤患者胰颈几乎横断，十二指肠3cm不规则裂伤。选择何种手术方式?为什么？
12、肿瘤分子靶向治疗包括哪些？
13、肝门胆管癌的分型及各型手术方式？
中南大学
医学考博真题试卷
攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试卷
中南大பைடு நூலகம்湘雅医院
2012年攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试题
考试科目：外科学（普外科）
注意：所有答案一律写在答题纸上，写在试题纸上或其他地方一律不给分。
1、20世纪50年代以来对肿瘤的认识有哪些进展。治疗有哪些进展。
2、女性乳腺5cm肿块，淋巴结肿大融合，无远处转移。临床分期?治疗方案？
中南大学湘雅医院神经病学2004年考博真题试卷
6.多巴反应性肌张力障碍
mbert-Eaton综合征
8.Lennox-Gastaut综合征
9脘蛋白病
10基底核
二、简答题（40分）
1.试述脊髓内肿瘤核髓外肿瘤的区别
2.简述麻痹性痴呆的临床表现
3.同心园性硬化在MRI上有何特异表现
4.试述抽动秽语综合征的诊断要点
中南大学
医学考博真题试卷
攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试卷
中南大学湘雅医院
2004年攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试题
考试科目：神经病学
注意：所有答案一律写在答题纸上，写在试题纸上或其他地方一律不给分。一、来自词解释（30分）1．昏睡
2．Gerstmann综合征
3．Millard Gubler综合征
4.Piek病
三、问答题（30分，任选一题）
1.试述腓骨肌萎缩症（Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease，CMT）的临床表现，分型、鉴别诊断及周围神经髓鞘蛋白22（PMP22）髓鞘零蛋白（MPZ）的发病机制
2.癫痫的各种类型部分性发作核全身性发作的首选药物有哪些？
3从解剖学知识分析基底动脉尖综合征的临床表现。
2015医学考博试题
2015医学考博试题2015年中山大学肿瘤防治中心分子医学专业考博试题生物化学（一）六选五1.米氏方程式公式是什么？Km，Vmax的意义。
三种可逆性抑制剂存在情况下，Km，Vmax的变化。
2.如何进行克隆的构建以及质粒的扩增与抽提？3.衰老的细胞分子机制（至少五点并作解释）。
4.分子量20KD，PI=5.5的核蛋白的抽提。
5.蛋白质的翻译后修饰及生理作用，写出修饰的氨基酸。
6.可以进行分子标记三种酶，并比较底物和作用方式。
细胞生物学六选五1.应用抗原抗体反应的分子生物学技术（至少五种）2.比较细胞自噬，细胞凋亡，细胞坏死3.细胞骨架的组成及如何调控胞质分裂和核分裂4.细胞周期各时期的物质合成5.膜泡运输的方式及调控2015中山医肿瘤学考博真题必答题（15*4）1. 良恶性肿瘤的区别2. 肿瘤三级预防的定义和方法3. 简述第二信使4. P53基因异常表达的形式选答题（6选2 20*2）5. 肿瘤化疗用药的原则6. NHL和HL的区别（病理类型上，治疗方案上）7. 食管癌手术的注意事项8. 乳腺癌放疗原则9. 对不起忘啦10. 肿瘤干细胞的定义和特征11. 实验设计题，给出肿瘤转移可能相关基因，设计实验进行功能验证12. 细胞周期各期特点和关键check-point2015年浙大考博专业基础课--病理与病理生理学真题（回忆版）病理学部分一、名词解释（3*8）：表观遗传学，细胞信号传导，DNA甲基化，凋亡，基因芯片，转录因子，异型性，癌前病变二、简答题（六选三，3*12）：1.简述病毒与肿瘤的关系。
2.请简述肿瘤的分子分型。
3.目前结直肠癌发生的分子机制有几种，请你谈谈你的评价。
4.消化道常见的溃疡性病变有哪些（至少4种）及其病理学特点及鉴别要点。
5.肿瘤上皮间质转化（EMT）的概念，它与肿瘤存在哪些联系，谈谈你所了解的机制。
6.免疫组织化学技术的概念及其应用范围。
病理生理学部分（四选二，2*20）1.抑癌基因失活的机制有哪些？请举例说明其在肿瘤发生发展中的作用。
《神经病学》试题及答案
《神经病学》试题一、填空（每空1分，共10分）1、蛛网膜下腔出血最常见的病因是( 颅内动脉瘤 )。
2、脑出血的最主要病因是( 高血压 )合并小动脉硬化，最常见的部位是( 基底节的壳核及内囊区)，这个部位的出血多由豆纹动脉破裂引起。
3、震颤麻痹的主要临床特点包括( 静止性震颤, 肌强直,运动迟缓,姿势步态障碍 ).4、典型偏头痛有前驱期、(先兆期)、( 头痛期)、头痛后期4期症状。
5、(格林－巴利综合征)临床主要表现为肢体感觉异常、双侧面神经麻痹和自主神经功能紊乱症状，腰穿可见蛋白-细胞分离。
二、单项选择题（每题1分，共10分）1、一侧三叉神经脊束核的病损表现为( B )A、同侧面部痛温，触觉均障碍B、同侧面部呈现洋葱皮样分布的分离性痛温觉障碍C、同侧面部呈洋葱皮样分布的痛温觉及触觉障碍D、对侧面部呈洋葱皮样分布的痛温觉及触觉障碍E、咀嚼无力，下颌反射消失，张口时下颌向同侧偏斜2、下列哪项不符合延髓麻痹的诊断( D )A、真性延髓麻痹主要系指舌咽迷走神经麻痹B、假性延髓麻痹为双侧皮质脑干束受损所致C、真性及假性延髓麻痹均出现饮水反呛、吞咽困难及构音障碍D、假性延髓麻痹时咽反射消失E、真性延髓麻痹时可有舌肌瘫痪舌肌萎缩肌束颤动3、右三叉神经病损表现为( A )A、右面部痛温觉障碍，张口下颌偏向右侧B、右面部痛温觉障碍，张口下颌偏向左侧C、右面部痛温觉障碍，右闭目不能D、右面部痛温觉障碍，左闭目不能E、左面部痛温觉障碍，张口下颌偏向右侧4、两足并拢站立闭目，此项检查为( B )A、Laseque征B、Romberg征C、Kernig征D、Hoffmann征E、Babinski征脊髓后索损伤引起同侧深感觉障碍、感觉性共济失调。
感觉性共济失调特征为闭目后站立不稳，而睁眼时能保持稳定的站立姿势，称Romberg征阳性。
5、同向性偏盲病损位于( C )A、同侧视神经B、视交叉C、对侧视束D、对侧颞叶视辐射E、对侧顶叶视辐射6、下列哪项不符合一侧动眼神经麻痹( D )A、上脸下垂，眼球不能向上、下和内侧转动B、眼球向上、内、向下注视时出现复视C、眼球向外呈外下方斜视D、瞳孔散大，光反射消失，调节反射存在E、瞳孔散大，光反射及调节反射均消失7、滑车神经受损时眼球出现向哪一方向的运动障碍( B )A、向外上B、向外下C、向内上D、向内下E、以上均不是8、霍纳综合征由下列哪种病因引起( A )A、眼交感神经麻痹B、眼交感神经兴奋C、眼副交感神经麻痹D、眼副交感神经兴奋E、动眼神经麻痹9、可引起眼裂变小的病征有( A )A、Horner征B、动眼神经麻痹C、面神经麻痹D、展神经麻痹E、滑车神经麻痹10、Horner征表现不正确是( E )A、瞳孔缩小B、眼睑膜充血及面部无汗C、眼裂狭小D、眼球内陷E、瞳孔对光反应消失三、概念（每题2分，共8分）1、短暂性脑缺血发作2、Bell现象3、脊髓半切综合征4、开－关现象四、简答（每题10分，共40分）1、单纯疱疹病毒脑炎的诊断依据及有效治疗药物是什么？2、如何鉴别诊断上、下运动神经元瘫痪？3、癫痫持续状态的定义及处理要点是什么？4、延髓外侧综合征（Wallenberg syndrome）不同部位受损的临床表现？五、论述（每题20分共20分）重症肌无力危象如何鉴别及进行抢救？六、病例分析（每题12分共12分）患者王XX，男性，68岁。
中南大学湘雅医院外科学(神外科)_神经外科2011,2013--2014,2017--2018年考博真题
3.hunt hess分级。
4.胶质瘤复发、假性进展、放射性坏死的MRS和DWI表现。
5.肿瘤干细胞和其研究意义。
6.三叉神经痛的临床表现，治疗方法，手术指证。
7.伽马刀的定义和适应症。
8.颈动脉内膜剥脱术的适应症和禁忌征。
三、论述题（10*2分=20分）
1.听神经的典型临床表现和影像学特征及脑脊液鼻漏的途经。
中南大学湘雅医院
2017年攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试题
考试科目：外科学（神外科）_神经外科
注意：所有答案一律写在答题纸上，写在试题纸上或其他地方一律不给分。
一、名词解释（4*4分=16分）
kawase入路
假性进展
Duane综合征
Brown-Sequard综合征
二、简答题（8*8分=64分）
1.帕金森病的临床表现。
颈内动脉从岩舌韧带上缘入海绵窦。
2.岩斜坡脑膜瘤的分型及手术入路。
中南大学湘雅医院
2014年攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试题
考试科目：外科学（神外科）_神经外科
注意：所有答案一律写在答题纸上，写在试题纸上或其他地方一律不给分、
中南大学湘雅医院
2013年攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试题
考试科目：外科学（神外科）_神经外科
注意：所有答案一律写在答题纸上，写在试题纸上或其他地方一律不给分、
4、脑脓肿的手术治疗方法、手术方式的选择
5、癫痫的外科治疗方法和手术指征
6、正常压力性脑积水的定义、病因、治疗过程
7、病例题、41岁妇女，突发头痛，神清语利，四肢活动可，颈抵抗，脑膜刺激征阳性，CT及DSA图片如下、请诊断这个疾病，并说明这个疾病的临床表现成人和儿童有什么不同，外科对此病的干预方法都有什么？
中南大学湘雅医院免疫学2012--2013,2017,2019年考博真题
4.你认为肿瘤细胞逃避免疫监视和攻击的机制
中南大学湘雅医院
2013年攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试题
考试科目：免疫学
注意：所有答案一律写在答题纸上，写在试题纸上或其他地方一律不给分。
一、问答题
1.试述巨噬细胞表面模式识别受体及其作用
2.T细胞辅助受体及其功能
3.诱导免疫缺陷病的机制
4.什么情况下需要打破机体免疫耐受，对机体有好处？
5.什么是免疫标记技术，原理及标记物
一、名词解释10个*6分/个
1.黏膜相关淋巴组织
2.ADCC
3.TD-Ag
4.HLA单倍型
5.TNF
6.MAC
7.GVHD
8.重组疫苗
9.半抗原-载体复合物
10.Immune checkpoint inhibitor
二、简答题4个*10分/个
1.抗体（免疫球蛋白）的生物学功能
2.用II型超敏反应知识点解释RH（-）母亲二胎溶血发生机制
二、问答题（6*10分=60分）
1.CD8+T细胞杀伤病毒感染细胞机制。
2.Th辅助B细胞活化机制。
3.补体系统的生物学作用。
4.肿瘤逃避免疫的机制。
5.治疗性单抗的主要作用机制。
6.T细胞亚群及其功能。
中南大学湘雅二院
2019年攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试题
考试科目：免疫学
注意：所有答案一律写在答题纸上，写在试题纸上或其他地方一律不给分。
中南大学湘雅医院
2012年攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试题
考试科目：免疫学
注意：所有答案一律写在答题纸上，写在试题纸上或其他地方一律不给分。
中南大学神经病学试题
中南大学神经病学试题第一章颅内压增高一、选择题：A型题1．急性颅内压增高的病人出现血压升高，心跳及脉搏缓慢，呼吸节律紊乱和体温升高等各项生命体征改变是指：AWallenbergyndromeBBrown-SequardyndromeCCuhingyndromeDWeberyndromeELocked-inyndrome2．关于颅内压增高的临床表现，下列哪一条不正确：A喷射性呕吐多见B后期常伴有视力障碍C阵发性头痛是主要症状之一D某些病例可始终不出现“三主征”E在婴幼儿头痛出现较早且较重3．一般而言允许颅内增加的临界容积为：A10%B5%C15%D1%E8% 4．颅后窝病变发生脑疝者，最有效的紧急处理措施是：A甘露醇脱水B脑室穿刺外引流C镇静镇痛D开颅手术切除病变E使用激素类药物5．一侧小脑幕裂孔疝时出现对侧肢体瘫痪的主要原因是：A同侧中脑受压B同侧大脑半球皮层运动区受压C同侧内囊受压D同侧桥脑受压E同侧延脑受压6．枕骨大孔疝常常是由于下列脑组织的哪一部分疝出枕骨大孔：A 小脑蚓部B小脑绒球C小脑扁桃体D脑桥E第四脑室7．下列哪项对颅内容积代偿无意义：A颅内静脉床收缩B脑脊液挤向椎管内蛛网膜下腔C脑脊液分泌减少D脑组织压缩变形E脑脊液吸收增多8．颅内压增高的后果不包括：A 脑血流量降低、脑缺血甚至脑死亡B脑移位和脑疝C脑水肿D库欣反应E 一侧听力下降9．引起颅内压增高的疾病包括以下各项，但除外：A颅脑损伤B颅内占位性病变C脑血管疾病D颅内先天性疾病E创伤性窒息10．颅内压增高治疗的一般处理中，指出下列哪项错误：A密切观察各项生命体征变化B适当补液，量出为入C高位灌肠D意识不清者可考虑气管切开E尽早明确病因诊断11．小脑幕切迹疝的病理生理变化不包括下列哪一项：A动眼神经损害B脑干受压变形和移位，缺血、水肿和出血C大脑后动脉梗塞致枕叶发生急性脑梗死D早期出现呼吸障碍E脑脊液循环障碍12．左侧小脑幕裂孔疝早期的临床表现是：A昏迷，右侧瞳孔散大，左侧肢体瘫痪B昏迷，左侧瞳孔散大，左侧肢体瘫痪C昏迷，左侧瞳孔散大，右侧肢体瘫痪D昏迷，右侧瞳孔散大，右侧肢体瘫痪E昏迷，双侧瞳孔散大。
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医学考博真题试卷
攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试卷
中南大学湘雅医院
2015年攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试题
考试科目：神经病学 注意：所有答案一律写在答题纸上，写在试题纸上或其他地方一律不给分。 一、名词解释 1.连枷臂综合征
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运动神经元病患者中表现为严重的对称性以双上肢近端为主的肌无力和肌萎 缩，但其他区域无或仅轻度受累。由于三角肌、冈上肌、冈下肌、胸锁乳突肌和 小圆肌明显萎缩，病程进展后累及手部肌肉，导致双侧上肢呈现特征性姿势， 即肩部下沉，上臂、前臂和手旋前，故被命名为vulpianbernhart型肌萎缩侧索硬化和双臂萎缩性瘫痪,2002年以后方重新命名为连枷臂 综合征 2.reversible posterior leukoencephalopathy syndrome 可逆性后部脑病综合征(posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome,PRES)或可逆性后部白质脑病综合征(reversible posterior leukoencephalopathy syndrome,RPLS)是一组近年来逐渐被认识的临床放射学综合征,表现为对称性大脑后部白质低密度,并且是可逆性的.因此Hinche y等[1]在1996年首先提出将此类病变称为"可逆性后部白质脑病综合征",此后 又有学者提出了"高灌注性脑病"(hyperperfusion encephalopathy)、"顶枕叶脑病"(occipital-parietal encephalopathy)、"可逆性后部脑水肿综合征"(reversible posterior cerebral edema syndrome)[2～4]等提法.近年来对此综合征研究有较大进展,多采用可逆性后部 脑病综合征一词 3.椎基底动脉扩张延长症 CT诊断标准：Smoker标准：以鞍背、鞍上池和三脑室为界在高度上分四级：基底 动脉分叉低于或平鞍背水平为0级，基底动脉分叉低于或平鞍上池为1级，基底 动脉分叉位于鞍上池与第三脑室之间为2级，达到或高于第三脑室为3级。 偏移度：鞍背或斜坡正中、旁正中、边缘和边缘以外或桥小脑为界分4级：正中 为0级，旁正中之间为1级，旁正中与边缘之间为2级，边缘以外或桥小脑脚为3 级。 若高度≥2级，或偏移度≥2级，且直径≥0.45，诊断为VBD。 MRI标准：偏移度：中线或可疑中线为1级，明显偏向一侧为2级，达到桥小脑脚 为3级。高度与Smoker一致。 MRA半定量标准：基底动脉长度＞29.5mm，横向偏移度超过基底动脉起点到 分叉之间垂直连线10mm即为异常，椎动脉颅内长度＞23.5mm，椎动脉任一支
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偏离超过颅内入口到基底动脉起点之间连线10mm为异常。 二、鉴别诊断 1）基底动脉梭形动脉瘤：呈阶段性扩张，扭曲延长不明显。 2）桥脑小脑脚肿瘤、后颅窝小体积脊髓瘤、脑膜瘤、听神经瘤等，DSA可鉴别 之。 4.边缘叶脑炎 三、问答题 1.脑静脉血栓的病因和分类 2.长段脊髓病变的病因和影像学表现 3.帕金森早期、中期、晚期的用药原则 4.急性缺血性卒中，脑血管内治疗的原则和注意事项。 5.常见的神经系统自身免疫病的药物和注意事项。 6.额叶癫痫的表现和类型。