曼昆宏观经济学第23章(2)PPT课件

经济的收入与支出
• 对一个整体经济而言，收入必定等于支出， 因为:
– 每一次交易都有买者和卖者 – 某个买者的1美元支出就是某个卖者的1美元
收入
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Figure 1 The Circular-Flow Diagram
Revenue
Goods and services sold
• GDP is the total market value of all final goods and services produced within a country in a given period of time.
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MARKETS FOR
GOODS AND SERVICES •Firms sell •Households buy
Spending
Goods and services bought
FIRMS •Produce and sell goods and services •Hire and use factors of production
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经济的收入与支出
• 当判断经济富裕还是贫穷时，观察经济中 所有人赚到的总收入是自然而然的。
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THE ECONOMY’S INCOME AND EXPENDITURE
• For an economy as a whole, income must equal expenditure because:
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一国收入的衡量
• 微观经济学研究家庭和企业如何作出决策， 以及他们如何在市场上相互交易。
• 宏观经济学研究整体经济。宏观经济学的 目标是解释同时影响许多家庭、企业和市场 的经济变化。
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Measuring a Nation’s Income
▪ Why do production and employment expand in some years and contract in others?
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一国收入的衡量
宏观经济学回答以下问题:
▪ 为什么一些国家平均收入高，而另一些国家平 均收入低?
HOUSEHOLDS •Buy and consume goods and services •Own and sell factors of production
Factors of production
Wages, rent, and profit
MARKETΒιβλιοθήκη FORLabor, land, and capital
Macroeconomics answers questions like the following:
▪ Why is average income high in some countries and low in others?
▪ Why do prices rise rapidly in some time periods while they are more stable in others?
Macroeconomics is the study of the economy as a whole. Its goal is to explain the economic changes that affect many households, firms, and markets at once.
▪ 为什么一些时期物价上升迅速，而另一些时期 物价较为稳定?
▪ 为什么一些年份生产和就业扩大，而另一些年 份收缩?
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THE ECONOMY’S INCOME AND EXPENDITURE
• When judging whether the economy is doing well or poorly, it is natural to look at the total income that everyone in the economy is earning.
– Every transaction has a buyer and a seller. – Every dollar of spending by some buyer is a dollar
of income for some seller.
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一国收入的衡量
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Measuring a Nation’s Income
Microeconomics is the study of how individual households and firms make decisions and how they interact with one another in markets.
商品和服务 市场
支出(=GDP)
购买商品 和服务
企业
家庭
生产投入
工资、租金 和利润(=GDP)
生产要素 市场
劳动、土地 和资本
收入(=GDP)
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THE MEASUREMENT OF GROSS DOMESTIC PRODUCT
• Gross domestic product (GDP) is a measure of the income and expenditures of an economy.
FACTORS OF PRODUCTION
•Households sell •Firms buy
Income
= Flow of inputs and outputs
= Flow of dollars
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经济循环流向图
收入=(DGP)
销售商品 和服务