航空英语阅读材料
2022考研英语阅读机场安全
2022考研英语阅读机场安全Airport security机场平安Checkpoint challenge安检点的挑战A former TSA boss wants to bring down the curtain on security theatre前交通平安部长盼望终止无用的安检措施FLYING isn t fun any more, is a popular refrain among travellers. They recall wistfully agolden age when flying was glamorous, not an ordeal of long lines and intrusive pat-downs.旅客时常埋怨飞行不再好玩。
他们怅然回忆起飞行的黄金时期，那时坐飞机光荣照人，而不是长长的队伍和烦扰的搜身带来的苦痛。
In America these are inflicted by the Transportation Security Administration , which wasset up after the terrorist attacks on September 11th 2001. It is now one of the country s mosthated institutions. Many passengers scorn its pettifogging rules. Many complain ofineffectual security theatre . In an Economist online debate last month, a crushing 87%of respondents agreed that the changes to airport security since 2001 had done more harmthan good .在美国，这些苦痛都是由美国运输平安管理局造成的，交通平安局是2001年9月11日的恐怖攻击后设立的，该机构现在是美国最讨人厌的机构之一。
民航英语试题及答案
民航英语试题及答案一、选择题（每题2分，共10分）1. Which of the following is NOT a function of air traffic control?A. Providing weather informationB. Ensuring the safe separation of aircraftC. Coordinating with ground servicesD. Performing aircraft maintenance答案：D2. What does the acronym "ATC" stand for in aviation?A. Airline Travel ClubB. Air Traffic ControlC. Advanced Technology CenterD. Airport Terminal Complex答案：B3. What is the standard altitude for cruising at in commercial aircraft?A. 30,000 feetB. 35,000 feetC. 40,000 feetD. 45,000 feet答案：C4. Which of the following is NOT a reason for a flight delay?A. Weather conditionsB. Aircraft maintenanceC. OverbookingD. Airport congestion答案：C5. What is the term used to describe the act of taking off from an aircraft carrier?A. LaunchB. DepartureC. TakeoffD. Catapult答案：A二、填空题（每题2分，共10分）6. The International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) usesa standard language for communication known as ________.答案：Pilot7. The term "cleared for takeoff" is used by air traffic control to indicate that an aircraft is ________ to proceed with its departure.答案：authorized8. In aviation, the term "V1" refers to the speed at which the aircraft is committed to ________.答案：takeoff9. The "black box" in an aircraft is actually ________ incolor and is used to record flight data.答案：orange10. The International Air Transport Association (IATA) is a trade association of the world's airlines, and its headquarters are located in ________.答案：Montreal三、阅读理解（每题2分，共20分）阅读以下段落，回答11-15题。
2023届高考英语 时文阅读 航天航空
2022届高考英语时文阅读航天航空“It will be marvelous. It will be spiritual.” This is the ____1____ tagline that Virgin Galactic used in 2004 to attract potential customers to its planned space tourism services. It promised that, within five years, it would take a total of over 3,000 passengers on life-changing trips in its spaceships. On July 11, 2021, after a last 90-minute delay, Virgin Galactic finally began its fulfillment of that original ____2____. For four minutes, its six temporarily weightless passengers, including the firm’s British co-founder, Sir Richard Branson, saw the planet against the blackness of outer space.Back on the ground, Sir Richard called the experience “magical”. He may have ____3____ the fact that he was able to reach space earlier than Jeff Bezos, a fellow billionaire but much wealthier. On July 20, Bezos would go slightly higher, for slightly less time, in a vehicle that had been built by his own spacefaring company, Blue Origin.The two tycoons (大亨) are among a growing number of ____4____ who believe that space tourism’s time has come. Suborbital (亚轨道的) tourism is part of a broader space economy that has rapidly grown over the past decade ____5____ technological advances. However, it is highly ____6____ that this will be true.For now, Blue Origin and Virgin Galactic will offer ____7____ suborbital flights to payingcustomers. Blue Origin is focusing much more on the development of a large new rocket that will be used for the launching of satellites, on selling advanced rocket engines to other companies, and on bidding (投标) on NASA contracts such as the recently announced plan to send humans back to the moon. ____8____, Bezos doesn’t see Blue Origin as a provider of services to adventure-seekers.Even this 4-minute suborbital travels have a(n) ____9____, apparently. A major survey found that nearly two in five people with a net worth of over five million dollars would consider paying $250,000, Virgin Galactic’s current price, for a ticket. The business could be ____10____, once regular flights begin to offset (抵消)the rockets’ development costs. But how fast and by how much is ____11____. Without tourist-friendly destinations to visit (the capacity of the International Space Station is strictly limited), orbital tourism, with its far higher ticket prices, will not be a huge earner.Another challenge —and the industry’s biggest remaining uncertainty — relates to ____12____. History has shown that a disaster, ____13____ in the early stages of an industry, can set progress back by years. NASA ____14____ its plan to send the untrained to orbit in 1986 after a school teacher was killed along with the rest of the crew in the Challenger tragedy. It was another 15 years before the next untrained person would ____15____ the journey on a Russian craft.1．A．modest B．demanding C．motivational D．unclear 2．A．obligation B．commitment C．requirement D．survey 3．A．felt ashamed of B．kept an eye on C．felt content with D．got upset with 4．A．optimists B．opponents C．experts D．objectors 5．A．thanks to B．but for C．apart from D．in spite of6．A．impossible B．undoubted C．probableD．favorable7．A．long-lasting B．inexpensiveC．automatic D．brief8．A．On the contrary B．What’s more C．In the long run D．Above all9．A．shortcoming B．limitation C．advantage D．appeal10．A．profitable B．uneconomic C．eco-friendly D．globalized11．A．predictable B．essential C．irrelevant D．uncertain12．A．development B．security C．stability D．novelty 13．A．particularly B．critically C．precisely D．unforeseeably 14．A．initiated B．drafted C．modified D．suspended 15．A．brave B．abandon C．steer D．pause02After circling Earth for six months, the three crew members of China’s Shenzhou XIII mission have departed from the Tiangong space station and returned to the mother planet on Saturday morning, finishing the nation’s longest manned spaceflight.Zhai Zhigang, who was the mission commander, Wang Yaping and Ye Guangfu breathed fresh air for the first time after the half-year space journey as ground recovery staff opened the door of their reentry capsule (返回舱) at 10: 03 am.Medical service workers on the site told China Central Television that the astronauts are in good condition. Carrying the mission crew, the Shenzhou XIII spacecraft left from the Tiangong station at 12: 44 am. In the last hours of their stay inside the Tiangong, the astronauts worked with ground controllers to adjust the station, sending some experimental data back to Earth and sorting out materials.The crew has set a new record for China’s longest spaceflight, almost doubling the previous record of 92 days created by their colleagues in the Shenzhou XII mission who travelled with Tiangong from mid-June to mid-September last year.During the Shenzhou XIII mission, the astronauts carried out two spacewalks that totaled more than 12 hours. They tested components on the station’s robotic arm and used it to practice spacewalk. Wang took part in the first spacewalk on Nov 7, becoming the first female Chinese spacewalker.The crew members also carried out two science lectures from the space station for Chinese students. In one experiment, Wang used a Bing Dwen Dwen toy, the popular mascot (吉祥物) of the Beijing 2022 Olympic Winter Games, to display how objects fly in weightless environment. The space-based lessons marked the start of the Tiangong Class series, China’s first space lecture series that aims to popularize space science and inspire youngsters to pursu e their “science and space dreams”, according to the manned space agency.1．What mission did the crew members accomplish?A．Living in space for half a year.B．Controlling the space station on their own.C．Opening the door of the reentry capsule.D．Departing from the planet on Saturday morning.2．Which was the achievement of the astronauts?A．They completed a 12-hour spacewalk.B．They conducted two science experiments.C．They became the first Chinese spacewalkers.D．They checked parts on the station’s roboti c arm.3．What can we infer from the last paragraph?A．Teenagers will be sent into space station to explore.B．There will definitely be more space lectures in the future.C．“Science and space dreams” will be the top aim among teenagers.D．Astronauts will use more Bing Dwen Dwen toys to do experiments.4．Which is the best title of the text?A．Inspire Youngsters to Pursue Space DreamsB．The Mission Commander of Tiangong StationC．Space-based Lessons Marked the Start of the Tiangong ClassD．Crew Members of the Shenzhou XIII Mission Returned to Earth03阅读下面短文，在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。
第一位女飞行员的英语阅读earhart
第一位女飞行员的英语阅读earhart The first female pilot in English reading is Earhart. It is used as a proper noun and should be capitalized.1. Amelia Earhart was the first female aviator to fly solo across the Atlantic Ocean.艾米莉亚·埃尔哈特是第一位独自飞越大西洋的女飞行员。
2. Earhart set numerous aviation records during her career as a pilot.埃尔哈特在她的飞行员生涯中创下了许多航空纪录。
3. The disappearance of Amelia Earhart remains a mystery till today.艾米莉亚·埃尔哈特的失踪至今仍然是一个谜。
4. Earhart was known for her courage and determination in achieving her goals.埃尔哈特以她的勇气和决心在实现目标方面闻名。
5. Many young girls look up to Earhart as a role model for breaking gender barriers.许多年轻女孩将埃尔哈特视为打破性别壁垒的榜样。
6. Earhart's passion for flying inspired generations of female aviators.埃尔哈特对飞行的热情激发了几代女飞行员的梦想。
7. Earhart's achievements opened doors for women in the field of aviation.埃尔哈特的成就为妇女在航空领域打开了大门。
2022年中考英语时事阅读理解专题06 航天航空(学生版+解析版)
专题06航天航空
Passage 1 (2021·广东·岭南画派纪念中学九年级期中）
题意：针对“去火星”这个计划， 五位学生发表了自己的观点。
Would you fly off to the red planet? Recently Holland put a plan called “Going to Mars飞They planned to send four astronauts to the Mars in 2023. The astronauts who are chosen will spend their r创t life on the Mars. It is said that more than 1000 people have applied for the positio口， including 450 Chinese.飞Nbat’s your opinion? Would you like lo go there without your family, your friends and stay there for the whole life? Here are the opinions of
everything in life. I don’t want to leave her behind.
Yu Cong
I’ve always been curious about space. If I could travel to Ma邸， I'd like to be the first to go there. It would be great honor if I could do something helpful for the whole mankind.
话题04航天航空 2024年中考英语阅读理解专项训练
2024年中考英语阅读理解专项训练热搜话题04航天航空（一）①Did you hear of China’s Tiangong space station? How much do you know about the lives of astronauts working in the space station? Come along and find out!②For astronauts in space, exercise is important. The environment is very different in space. Doing sports helps astronauts stay healthy. How do they exercise? There is a spin bike (健身车), a treadmill (跑步机), and other fitness equipment (设备) in the space station. The equipment makes it easy for astronauts to work out.③Astronauts live in a weightless environment, so they can’t take showers like we do on the earth. Is there a bathroom in the space station? How do they keep themselves clean? Don’t worry! Tiangong has a special bathroom. Astronauts can wipe themselves clean with a wet towel (毛巾) .④What do astronauts eat in the space station? There is bread and porridge for breakfast. There are also traditional Chinese dishes, like Kung Pao Chicken, fried rice and fried noodles with sliced pork. There isa special “fridge” to store the food. It’s made of “aerogel (气凝胶) ”. The food stays cool in it.⑤What if astronauts miss their families? There is special communication equipment in the space station. Astronauts can have personal “sky-to-earth” calls with their families. Usually, the astronauts wear earphones. It not only helps them talk with each other, but also allows them to talk to the ground from any position (位置) .⑥What do you think of the lives of the astronauts?1．In Paragraph 1, the writer leads into the topic by ________.A．using sayings B．listing numbersC．asking questions D．giving examples2．Which of the following is TRUE from the text?A．Astronauts hardly exercise in the space station.B．Astronauts use dry towels to clean their bodies.C．Nothing delicious is available in the space station.D．It’s easy for astronauts to talk with their families.3．What’s the main purpose of the text?A．To tell the lives of the astronauts in space.B．To describe the difficulties of living in space.C．To invite people to travel to the space station.D．To introduce China’s Tiangong space station.4．Which of the following best shows the structure of the text?A．B．C．D．（二）When the first person looked up at the sky, the imagination of the space began. In China, there are many stories about the exploration of space.Thousands of years ago, there was a lady named Chang’e who flew to the Moon and lived there. It’s a story just living in myths (神话). In the Ming Dynasty, a man named Wan Hu used the machine which was made of a chair, some fireworks and a kite as a rocket. He wanted to go into the space but failed. He wasconsidered as the first human to try to explore the space.In 2003, when Shenzhou V successfully set off, Yang Liwei’s words “ask for instructions to go to the war” brought tears (眼泪) to our eyes. Carrying the flying dream of the Chinese nation for thousands of years, the first “space visitor” of China, excellently completed his task. It started the space age for the Chinese. In 2008, Zhai Zhigang, Liu Boming and Jing Haipeng returned to space by Shenzhou VIl. Zhai achieved the success of the first Chinese spacewalk. “I am out of the capsule (太空舱), I feel good,” he told the world proudly.In the following years, China kept on making its way to explore more about the space. Especially in the recent two years, China has launched (发射) Shenzhou XIII and Shenzhou XIV. Six astronauts have been sent into the space.From 2003 to 2022, China’s manned space-flight has gone through about twenty years of hard, but successful journey. With the take-off again and again, Chinese people go farther and farther in space, but our dream is getting closer and closer.In the near future, Chinese people will be sent to the Moon and land on it.5．How did the writer show people’s imagination of the space in China?A．By telling stories.B．By giving numbers.C．By asking questions.D．By showing pictures.6．What made Zhai Zhigang feel proud?A．He pushed the Chinese technology.B．He took the first Chinese spacewalk.C．He finished the invention of the Shenzhou VIl.D．He got the safe returning to the space.7．What is the right order according to this passage?①The space age for the Chinese started.②The first Chinese spacewalk was achieved.③Shenzhou V successfully set off.④Shenzhou XIII and Shenzhou XIV were launched.A．①③②④B．①③④②C．③②①④D．③①②④8．In which part of the magazine can we read this passage?A．Health.B．Culture.C．Science.D．Business.（三）Wang Yaping, together with Zhai Zhigang and Ye Guangfu, went into space on October 16th, 2021. Wang became the first Chinese woman astronaut to enter Tiangong space station.Wang was born in January 1980. Her space dream started in 2003, when China sent its first astronaut Yang Liwei into space. At that time, Wang was a pilot in the Chinese army. After having safe flights for 1,600 hours over nine years, Wang was a strong candidate (候选人) to become an astronaut in 2010. She pushed herself hard, getting the same training as men. “The space environment won't change because you are a woman,” she said.The hardest part is the high-G training. Sitting in a spinning (旋转的) machine, Wang would become blind for a while because her brain was short of blood. “There’s a red button,” said Wang. “If you can’t stand it, you can press it to stop.” But Wang never used it. “There is no such red button in my heart.” That strong spirit finally made her dream come true in 2013. She joined the team for the Shenzhou X mission (任务).Wang said that as astronauts, women have their own advantages. “Women may be more patient and can better deal with loneliness.”Wang Yaping went a long way before becoming the first woman to enter the Tiangong space station. She sets a good example for all women who dream of going to space.9．How old was Wang Yaping when she first enter Tiangong space station?A．19.B．38.C．40.D．41.10．What was Wang Yaping’s job in 2003?A．She was a pilot.B．She was a worker.C．She was a teacher.D．She was an astronaut.11．What do Wang Yaping’s words mean in Paragraph 2?A．The space environment is easy to change.B．Only men can go to space station in the world.C．Men and women will face the same difficulties in space.D．Both men and women astronauts can go to space bravely.12．Why would Wang become blind for a while when training?A．Because she was in a dark room.B．Because her brain was short of blood.C．Because there was something wrong with her ears.D．Because she is a woman, she couldn’t stand the training.13．Which of the following is TRUE?A．Wang is the first woman astronaut in the world.B．Wang dreamed of being an astronaut in 2003.C．It was a short time before Wang made her dream come true.D．Wang pressed the red button when she became blind after the high-G training.（四）The rockets take astronauts and man-made satellites into space. The satellites are used for communication, weather monitoring and research. But how do satellites stay up without falling down?There are two opposite forces (力量) acting on the satellites. One of them is the force of gravitation (地心引力), whiç．h tries to pull the satellites towards the earth. The other force is created by the rotation (旋转) of the satellite around the earth. This force tries to take the satellite away from the earth. With these two forces, the satellite goes round and round. The gravitational pull of the earth (the force which pulls everything towards the ground) is like a rope which keeps the satellite from flying away.Everything that goes up has to come down. It is only a matter of time before a satellite comes back to the earth. As time goes by, the satellite loses its speed, which makes the gravitational pull stronger than the force pulling it away. This makes the satellite crash (坠落) down to the earth.根据短文内容，选择正确答案。
航空专业英语AMM阅读(32章)
A NLG and Related Door
LANDING Extension and Retraction System
GEAR
Wheels and Braking System
NLG Steering System Indication and Warning System
仅供培训使用
深航机务培训中心
仅供培训使用
深航机务培训中心
Where does the NLG retract to stow? It retracts forward into a bay in the fuselage. How many doors are there in each NLG bay? Which can be opened on the ground? Four. The forward doors.
仅供培训使用
CONTENT
深航机务培训中心
Two MLGs and Related Doors
A NLG and Related Door
LANDING Extension and Retraction System
GEAR
Wheels and Braking System
NLG Steering System Indication and Warning System
GEAR
Wheels and Braking System
NLG Steering System Indication and Warning System
仅供培训使用
深航机务培训中心
Controlled by _____ Function: Its function is achieved by _____ Uses hydraulic power from _____ _____ supply the steering input
英语阅读理解关于航空飞机上的食物和服务
英语阅读理解关于航空飞机上的食物和服务The airplane food and services have improved significantly over the years. Today, airlines offer a variety of delicious and nutritious meals and snacks, as well as amazing services to make your journey as comfortable and enjoyable as possible.For starters, airlines offer a variety of meals for passengers depending on their dietary needs. Whether you're vegan, vegetarian, gluten-free, or have any other dietary restrictions, there's bound to be something for you. Furthermore, the meals are not only nutritious, but also delicious. Airlines understand that passengers get bored of the same food, so they often offer a selection of creative meals to choose from.In addition to tasty meals, airlines also provide a selection of snacks and beverages. Whether you're looking for a light snack, a quick drink, or something more substantial to stretch your stomach, you shouldn't have a problem finding what you're looking for. Additionally, some airlines alsooffer special snacks such as vegan-friendly desserts and healthy energy bars.Of course, the food and snacks aren't the only thing that airlines provide. They also offer an array of services designed to make your journey as comfortable and enjoyable as possible. These services include in-flight entertainment, comfortable seats, and even WiFi. Passengers can stream their favorite movies, shows, and music without missing a beat.All in all, the food and services provided by airlines have greatly improved in recent years, making air travel more comfortable and enjoyable. Whetheryou're looking for tasty and nutritious meals, snacks, or amazing in-flight services, you can count on airlines to provide it. Many airlines are now putting an emphasis on providing better food and services, making your next flight an unforgettable experience.。
民航英语阅读理解
民航英语阅读理解Air travel is an essential part of modern life, connecting people and goods across the globe. However, it also requires a complex system of regulations andprocedures to ensure safety and efficiency. One important aspect of air travel is civil aviation, which refers to the use of aircraft for non-military purposes.Civil aviation is governed by a set of internationalrules and standards set by the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO), a specialized agency of the United Nations. These rules cover a wide range of topics,including aircraft design, maintenance, air traffic control, and pilot training. By adhering to these standards,countries can ensure that their civil aviation systems are safe and reliable.In addition to international regulations, each country also has its own civil aviation authority responsible for overseeing air travel within its borders. These authorities are tasked with issuing licenses to airlines and pilots, conducting safety inspections, and investigating accidents. They work closely with other countries and internationalorganizations to promote cooperation and informationsharing in the aviation industry.Passengers also play a crucial role in civil aviation by following safety instructions and procedures during flights. This includes listening to pre-flight safety briefings, following crew instructions, and complying with security measures. By working together, airlines, regulators, and passengers can maintain a high level of safety in the skies.Overall, civil aviation is a complex and highlyregulated industry that requires cooperation andcoordination at the international, national, and individual levels. By following established rules and procedures, we can ensure that air travel remains safe and efficient for everyone.民航是现代生活中不可或缺的一部分，连接着全球人员和货物。
航空素材英语作文模板
航空素材英语作文模板英文回答：Aerospace Material Characteristics。
Aerospace materials are engineered to withstand extreme conditions, such as high temperatures, low temperatures, and high pressures. They must also be lightweight and durable. The most common types of aerospace materials are aluminum alloys, titanium alloys, and composite materials.Aluminum alloys are lightweight and strong, and they can be easily shaped and formed. They are often used in aircraft structures, such as wings, fuselages, and landing gear.Titanium alloys are even stronger and lighter than aluminum alloys, and they are also more resistant to heat and corrosion. They are often used in high-performance aircraft, such as military jets and space shuttles.Composite materials are made from a combination of materials, such as carbon fiber, glass fiber, and epoxy resin. They are lightweight and strong, and they can be tailored to meet specific requirements. They are often used in aircraft wings and other structural components.Selection of Aerospace Materials。
2022年高考英语阅读理解时事热点(第1期)专题06 航天航空 (学生版+解析版)
时事热点冲刺2022年高考英语阅读理解专题06 航天航空Passage 1（2021·湖南衡阳市·高三二模）On February 22, 2021, cancer survivor Hayley Areeneaux was selected to be one of four crew members of the SpaceX Inspiration4 —the world’s first civilian astronaut mission. The29-year-old will make history as the youngest American — and the first with a false limb — to travel to space.Hayley’s space dreams began two decades ago, following a visit to the NASA Johnson Space Center in Houston, Texas. However, the young girl’s dreams were deraile d a year later when she was diagnosed with osteosarcoma — a type of bone cancer.Fortunately, the fatal disease had been caught early and the experts at St. Jude’s Children’s Research Hospital in Memphis were able to reduce its spread through chemotherapy and by replacing the diseased bones with metal rods (杆) in her left leg. Arceneaux said she never thought she would be able to go to space. But when the call came “out of the blue” from Jared Isaacman, CEO and founder of Shift4 Payments, asking her if she would like to go to space, she said without hesitation, “Yes, yes, absolutely!”Isaacman had always intended to go to space. Hence when SpaceX announced the world’s first all-commercial astronaut mission, the 37-year-old billionaire, instantly booked the available four seats. The flying enthusiast announced that he would donate three seats to members of the general public. Hayley, the first crew member to be announced, will represent the pillar (支柱) of “hope” — a nod to her survival of cancer and frontline work as a physician at St. Jude. The remaining passengers, repr esenting the pillars of “generosity” and “prosperity”, will be chosen randomly to raise $200 million for St. Jude, which treats children at no charge.Before the mission launch later this year, the crew will undergo intense training. The mission, which will orbit Earth every 90 minutes, will be carefully monitored by SpaceX mission control scientists from Earth. Upon the mission’s completion, the Dragon will reenter Earth’s atmosphere for a soft water landing off the coast of Florida. 1．Which of the following is the best title of the passage?A．“The Sky Is Not Even The Limit” For Jared IsaacmanB．Hayley’s Space Dreams Were Derailed By OsteosarcomaC．Cancer Survivor To Become The Youngest American In SpaceD．Hayley Arceneaux Became The Youngest American travelling in Space2．What do you know about Hayley Arceneaux?A．She is a disabled woman. B．She was caught in a storm.C．She is a famous physicist. D．She used to be a fighter pilot.3．What does the underlined phrase “out of the blue” in Par agraph 3 mean?A．Sadly. B．Strangely. C．Randomly. D．Suddenly.4．Why would Jared Isaacman donate the last two seats to members of the general public?A．To promote his company’s products B．To raise funds for a cancer hospital.C．To inspire interests in space travel. D．To seek help for disabled children.Passage 2（2021·上海高三模拟）It looked just like another aircraft from the outside. The pilot told his young passengers that it was built in 1964, a Boeing KC-135 refuelling tanker, based on the 707. But appearances were deceptive, and the 13 students from Europe and USA who boarded the aircraft were in for the flight of their lives.For 12 months, science students from across the continents had competed to win a place on the flight at the invitation of the European Space Agency. The challenge had been to suggest imaginative experiments to be conducted in weightless conditions.For the next two hours the Boeings flight resembled that of an enormous bird which had lost its reason, shooting upwards towards the heavens before moving down towards Earth. The intention was to achieve weightlessness for a few seconds.The aircraft took off smoothly enough, but any feelings that I and the young scientists had that we were on anything like a scheduled passenger service were quickly dismissed when the pilot put the plane into a 45-degree climb which lasted around 20 seconds. Then the engines cut out and we became weightless. Everything became confused, and left or right, up or down no longer had any meaning. After ten seconds of free-fall descent (下降) the pilot pulled aircraft out of its nosedive. The return of gravity was less immediate than its loss, but it was still sudden enough to ensure that some students came down with a bump.Each time the pilot cut the engines and we became weightless, a new team conducted its experiment. First it was the Dutch, who wanted to discover why cats always land on their feet. Then it was the German team, who conducted a successful experiment on a traditional building method to see if it could be used for building a futurespace station. The Americans had an idea to create solar sails that could be used by satellites.After two hours of going up and down in the plane doing experiments, the dominant feeling was one of excitement rather than sickness. Most of the students thought it was an unforgettable experience and one that would be keen to repeat.5．What did the pilot do with the plane?A．He climbed and then made the plane fall slowly.B．He climbed and then made the plane turn over.C．He quickly climbed and then stopped the engines.D．He took off normally and then cut the engines for 20 seconds.6．What was the point of being weightless?A．To show the judges of the competition what they could do.B．To prepare the young scientists for future work in space.C．To see what conditions are like in space.D．To allow the teams to try out their ideas.7．The pronoun “it” (in the last paragraph) refers to ________.A．the excitement B．the tripC．the opportunity D．the plane8．The passage is intended to ________.A．report on a new scientific techniqueB．encourage young people to take scienceC．show scientists what young people can doD．describe the outcome of a scientific competitionPassage 3（2021·全国高三模拟）Beatrice Finkelstein, as chief of the Food Technology Section of the Life Support Systems Laboratory at Wright Patterson Air Force Base, bore responsibility for managing the nutritional needs of the astronauts. Her work in the field of space feeding was important in developing the equipment and techniques used in early space flight. Few, if any, female contributors played as important a role as she did during the early years of the U. S. crewed space program, and she deserves to be better remembered.Finkelstein’s value to America’s space tasks went well beyond her technical contributions. She was frequently described in the popular press at the time as “the Nutritionist to the Astronauts”, as well as the proprietor or of “Bea’s Diner”, a restaurant designed to appeal to the public as a very friendly place.In her role as nutritionist for the early space program, Finkelstein grew to know the astronauts well, as she communicated with them frequently. At times, she would step beyond her formal role as nutritionist, providing emotional and psychological support to the astronauts. On many occasions, she was one of the last people the astronauts communicated with before launch (发射), and there’s a lot of evidence that shows her friendship was a source of comfort during the stressful pre-launch activities.The imag e of nutritionist Beatrice Finkelstein showed that the agencies that insured NASA’s successful space flights were staffed by smart women as well as smart men. Her role in America’s success in conquering space in the technical field of space feeding served as an example of the role women could and did play in the early space program.9．Why does Beatrice Finkelstein deserve to be remembered?A．She was a really great astronaut.B．Her astronaut team made significant achievements.C．She bore responsibility for early space flight.D．Her feeding work was vital in early space flight.10．What d oes the underlined word “proprietor” in Paragraph 2 mean?A．Tutor. B．Editor. C．Owner. D．Engineer.11．What can we infer about Beatrice Finkelstein from Paragraph 3?A．She was also a psychologist.B．She relieved astronauts’ pressure.C．She communicated with astronauts after launch.D．She cooked much nutritious food for astronauts.12．What is the best title for the text?A．One Special Nutritionist B．A Great Space AstronautC．The First Woman Astronaut D．The Most Popular NutritionistPassage 4（2021·浙江省杭州第二中学高三模拟）"That's awesome”, said NASA astronaut Kjell Lindgren, after he ate a piece of red lettuce （萬苣）that was grown in a special box. "Tastes good," agreed US astronaut Scott Kelly, who is spending one year at the research station. "kind of like arugula （芝麻菜），” Kelly added, and then used small bottles to spread olive oil and vinegar on his leaf, much as one might spread ketchup on a hot dog.NASA says that if space explorers can grow their own food while they are away from the Earth they would be more likely to survive the deep space exploration, which can last months or even years. With no way to resupply a spacecraft making a long journey to and from Mars, the ability to grow food during the trip will be key to survive. "Having the ability for us to grow our own food is a big step in that direction.” Kelly said.Ray Wheeler, NASA's lead scientist for advanced life support activities at Kennedy Space Center in Florida, also said fresh foods that contain antioxidants, such as tomatoes, blueberries and red let tuce, “could have a positive impact on people's moods and also could provide some protection against radiation in space.”The red romaine lettuce was grown in a special plant-growing box called a Veggie unit, and was flown to space. The seeds are contained in rooting pillows, which come complete with soil and fertilizer. Since water cannot be poured in space, a special irrigation system delivers moisture to the plant pillows from below.The seeds were "activated" by Kelly on July 8 and grew for 33 days. On Monday, Lindgren used tongs （夹子）to harvest the lettuce from its growing box, before attaching the leaves carefully to a tray. He cleaned them with food-safe bag and shared with other four members.A previous crop of lettuce was grown in space last year but was not eaten by astronauts. Instead, it underwent-and passed-food safety tests back on Earth.13．How did Scott prepare the space-grown lettuce?A．He cooked it in a special box. B．He mixed it with some arugula.C．He spread a little bit ketchup on it. D．He put olive oil and vinegar on it.14．What does the underlined part “that direction”refer to?A．The journey to and from Mars. B．The way to grow food.C．The building of a research station. D．The ability of flying in space.15．Which of the following may Ray Wheeler agree to?A．The lettuce is a great step enabling human to travel to Mars.B．Humans won't be able to arrive at Mars without the lettuce.C．Tomatoes are obviously better than blueberries in size.D．Radiation wouldn,t be harmful if people ate some lettuce.16．What is difficult in growing lettuce in space?A．There is no enough growing area. B．It is very hard to send up the seeds.C．A special way of watering is needed. D．It does not need soil or the fertilizer.Passage 5（2021·青龙满族自治县第一中学高三模拟）The lan der carrying China’s first Mars rover successfu lly touched down on the red planet early Saturday morning Beijing Time. It is the first time China has landed a probe on a planet other than Earth.Tianwen-1, consisting of an orbiter, a lander and a rover, was launched from the Wenchang Spacecraft Launch Site on the coast of southern China’s island province of Hainan on July 23, 2020. This is the first step in China’s planetary exploration of the solar system, with the purpose of completing orbiting, landing and roving on the red planet in one mission.The name Tianwen, meaning “questions to Heaven”, comes from a poem written by the ancient Chinese poet Qu Yuan (about 340-278 BC). China’s first Mars rover is named Zhurong after the god of fire in ancient Chines e mythology, which echoes with the Chinese name of the red planet: Huoxing (the planet of fire).Tianwen-1 was launched via a Long March-5 rocket, China’s largest launch vehicle. Tianwen-1 has been traveling in space for nearly 10 months. It has carried out four orbital corrections and a deep-space maneuver. It had flown 475 million km and was 192 million km from Earth when it reached Mars orbit.The craft’s plummet through the Martian atmosphere, lasting about nine minutes, was extremely complicated with no ground control, and had to be performed by the spacecraft autonomously.“Such a challenging attempt is characterized by a succession of complex activities that must be conducted completely by the spacecraft within a very short period of time,” said Geng Yan, an official with the Lunar Exploration and Space Program Center of the CNSA．“What added to the difficulties was that we don’t know much about the Martian atmosphere, which brought a lot of uncertainties to the mission. Each step had only one chance, and the actions were closely linked. If there ha d been any flaw, the landing would have failed.”17．What is the mission of Tianwen-1?A．To record the wind speed on Mars. B．To explore the atmosphere of Mars.C．To search for aliens in the solar system. D．To accomplish three major tasks on Mars.18．What is paragraph 3 mainly about?A．The introduction of the poet Qu Y uan. B．The reasons for the craft landing on Mars.C．The origin of two names Tianwen and Zhurong. D．The importance of ancient Chinese mythology. 19．What do the numbers in paragraph 4 mainly indicate?A．The huge task of Tianwen-1. B．The surroundings of the Mars orbit.C．The expense of traveling in space. D．The size of the Long March-5 rocket.20．What can we know from Geng Yan’s words?A．China’s attempt to explore Mars is successful.B．Landing on Mars is a very challenging move.C．People are enthusiastic about exploring the universe.D．Tianwen-1 is essential to China’s space station program.Passage 6（2021·北京师范大学天津附属中学高三三模）China landed a spacecraft on Mars for the first time last Saturday. This makes China the first country to make a successful landing on Mars on its first mission to Mars. China's Zhurong rover （探测车），named after a traditional Chinese fire god, has touched down on the martian surface, the China National Space Administration confirmed on the morning of Saturday, May 15, The rover is part of the Tian wen-1 mission, which consists of an orbiter, a probe, and a lander. The mission was launched in summer last year, and took seven months to complete its journey to the red planet. It arrived at Mars in February this year, and since then the spacecraft has been performing operations such as capturing images of Mars.Believe it or not, traveling to Mars is actually the easy part of such a mission. The truly hard part is landing on the planet's surface, as landers must contend with factors like the planet's thin atmosphere, its variable dust storms, and a communication delay between Mars and Earth. This delay makes it impossible for people in mission control on Earth to control a craft in real time as it approaches the planet, so the landing must be performed autonomously. To slow its speed as the lander approached the surface, it used both a parachute （降落伞）and a retrorocket (减速火箭）in its own "seven minutes of terror" as it moved through the atmosphere. It then landed in the Utopia Planitia area, a large impact basin, part of which was exploded by NASA's Viking 2 lander in the 1970s.According to China's slate news agency Xinhua, President Xi Jinping said he was sending "warmcongratulations and sincere greetings to all members who have participated in the Mars exploration mission.' The rover will now begin its three- month mission to explore the Utopia Planitia area, where it will be searching for surface and subsurface ice. The mission will involve both the rover and the orbiter working in concert to create a map of water ice, with the orbiter focusing on the planet's polar regions.21．Which of the following statements is TRUE according to the passage?A．The Tianwen-1 mission includes four space missions.B．Zhurong was known as a great astronomer in ancient China.C．The spacecraft has carried out a series of experiments in advance.D．China achieved success in landing on Mars creating a new record.22．What should be carefully considered on landing on Mars?a. Mars's atmosphere.b. Mars's bad weatherc. The landing instructions.d. The communication delay.A．abc B．bed C．abd D．abcd23．What does the author imply in Paragraph 4?A．The landing way is quite different. B．The landing process is full of danger.C．The landing site is unknown to NASA．D．The landing time is calculate precisely.24．Which of the following missions will be launched in three months?A．The analysis of ice samples.B．The mapping of the Mars's polar regions.C．The exploration of the Utopia Planitia area.D．The collection of surface and subsurface ice.25．Which column does the passage come from?A．Space B．Fiction C．Medical D．NaturePassage 7（2021·广东广州市·高三二模）When the Chine se spacecraft Chang’e-5 returned to Earth on December 17, 2020, it brought back something not seen on our planet since the 1970s: moon rock samples. This precious cargo, collected by Chang’e-5’s robotic r esearch vehicle in the northwest region of the lunar near side, is now being studied by scientists in Beijing. The success of the latest Chinese space mission also showcased technology thatmay be used in future years to create human settlements on Earth’s near neighbor.The returned lunar samples will “abs olutely add new knowledge of the history of the moon, particularly its volcanoes,” says Xiao Long, a planetary scientist at China University of Geosciences. The rocks sent back by Chang’e-5 “will ask us to rethink about why and how the moon’s volcanic history lasted this long,” he says.The Chang’e-5 mission was more than just a trip to collect moon rocks. It was also the latest stage of a long, planned sequence of robotic lunar explorations by China that have grown ever more scientifically advanced.The pr ogram began with the 2007 launch of Chang’e-1 and Chang’e-2 three years later. These craft circled the moon collecting data used to help guide Chang’e-3 and Chang’e-4, the first Chinese spacecraft to land on the moon surface, and to direct their robotic ve hicles. The robot on Chang’e-5 was able to collect rock and soil samples and return them to Earth. In the near future, an identical spacecraft called Chang’e-6 will attempt a sample-return mission from th e moon’s south pole—an area of intense scientific interest-given the large amount of water ice present.The more advanced Chang’e-7 and Chang’e-8 spacecraft are also planned to land near the south pole to carry out analysis of the region and test new technologies, including detecting and obtaining materials that could be useful to future human explorers, such as water and hydrogen, and testing 3D printing on the lunar surface.The long-term aim of the Chang’s program is to establish an International Lunar R esearch Station around 2030 to support robotic and, eventually, crewed missions.26．What is paragraph 2 mainly about?A．The moon’s recent volcanic activities.B．The significance of the moon rock samples.C．New knowledge of the history of the moon. D．Further studies of the returned lunar samples.27．What distinguishes the mission of Chang’e-6 from that of Chang’e-5?A．The technology they use. B．The time they spend on the moon.C．The specific locations they explore. D．The amount of material they bring back.28．Chang’e-7 and Chang’e-8 space missions are mainly intended to ________.A．transport researchers to the moon stationB．build up an International Lunar Research StationC．collect data necessary to guide moon-landing spacecraftD．find and test resources and means to support living on the moon29．Which of the following best summarizes the Chang’s space program?A．A project to study the surface of the moon.B．A plan to improve human settlements on the moon.C．A set of experiments to test the possibility of manned spacecraft.D．A series of increasingly challenging scientific lunar explorations.Passage 8（2021·重庆八中）China successfully sent the 52nd and 53rd satellites of its domestically developed BeiDou Navigation Satellite System (BDS)—the last two medium Earth orbit (MEO) satellites for the BDS-3 constellation (星座)—into space on Monday, marking the completion of the global navigation syst em’s core constellation deployment (部署) and this year’s BDS satellite launch campaign.Launched from Xichang Satellite Launch Center, Sichuan Province, on board a Long March-3B carrier rocket with an Expedition-1 upper stage, the two satellites were inject ed into planned orbits after more than three hours’ flight.Since the first BDS-3 satellite was launched on November 5, 2017, China has conducted 18 BDS satellite launch missions, successfully sending 30 into their planned orbit, setting a national record for highest mission frequency and success rate.In-orbit tests will be carried out before the two MEO satellites are commissioned (正式委托). By then the core constellation for the Chinese global navigation satellite system will be successfully completed.Wang Ping, chief designer of the BDS-3 system, said that the hybrid constellation design, in which three groups of satellites—the Inclined Geo Synchronous Orbit (IGSO), MEO and geosynchronous Earth orbit (GEO)—work in concert in different orbits, was an exclus ive BDS innovation and a world first. “Existing global navigation satellite systems, such as the US GPS and Russia’s GLONASS, only have a MEO satellite constellation,” said Wang.The MEO satellites, in orbit 20,000 kilometers above Earth, are a special type of satellite providing global service, while the IGSO and GEO satellites, in an orbit 360,000 kilometers above Earth, mainly enhance regional service quality, according to Wang. That explained why completion of the MEO constellation was significant, marking the completion of the core network for BDS-3, meaning a stable BDS-3 global coverage without weak points has been carried out.Feedback shows that the BDS service quality was already comparable to GPS since the end of 2018, and after completing BDS-3, “We will be as good as any GNSS.” Wang said.30．How many BDS satellites were sent into their planned orbit successfully?A．3. B．18. C．30. D．36.31．What’s the advantage of BDS compared with GPS and GLONA SS?A．The diverse functions.B．The excellent service quality.C．The lower cost of designing it.D．The ability to work in different orbits.32．Why are the MEO satellites important?A．They enhance regional service quality.B．They can be put into use immediately.C．They can enter farther orbits.D．They can serve the world.33．What may be the best title for the text?A．China Becomes the First Country to Launch a MEO SatelliteB．The Core Constellation of BDS-3 Completes DeploymentC．The BDS-3 System Has Benefited Many CountriesD．Exploring Space Is Very Important to the WorldPassage 9（2021·石门县第一中学）Chinese President Xi Jinping announced on July 31 that China's BeiDou Navigation Satellite System (BDS) has been completed and has started providing full-scale global services that day.In the 1990s, Chinese government approved and began research and development of a space-based navigation and positioning system aimed at easing the country's heavy dependence on foreign networks. The system is called "BeiDou". It has planned a three-step strategy for developing the BDS.The construction of BDS-1, the first step of the strategy, started in 1994 and was completed in 2000. The BDS-2 system started construction in 2004. By 2012,a total of 14 satellites had been launched to complete the deployment(部署)．In November 2017, China launched the first two satellites for the BDS-3 system, which startedconstruction in 2009, and officially expanded its regional navigation system into a global network.In late June, the final satellite to complete BeiDou's third-generation network was lifted by a Long March 3B carrier rocket. After in-orbit tests over the past month, the satellite recently started its formal operations.Since 2000, 59 BeiDou satellites, including the first four experimental ones, have been launched from Xichang on 44 Long March 3-series rockets, with some of them having retired.BeiDou began providing services for civilian users in China and other parts of the Asia-Pacific region in December 2012. At the end of 2018, it started providing basic global services. BeiDou offers accurate positioning, navigation and timing, as well as short messaging communication. The services are used in various fields.It offers an alternative to Russia's GLONASS and the European Union's Galileo system, as well as the United States' GPS.The operating of BeiDou's full-scale global services is a significant milestone in China's efforts to boost science and technology and strengthen its space industry. The move is a major contribution to the globalpublic-service infrastructure (基础设施) as well as a remarkable strategic achievement of socialism with Chinese characteristics in the new era.34．How many navigation systems are mentioned in this passage?A．2. B．3 C．4 D．535．Which is NOT the function of the BDS?A．Offering accurate timing.B．Offering vehicle navigation.C．Offering accurate positions.D．Offering cell phone communication.36．What do we know about the BeiDou Navigation Satellite System(BDS)?A．In the BDS, there are 59 satellites in service.B．The BDS will replace GPS in the near future.C．The BDS is a great contribution to the whole world.D．It took China more than 30 years to construct the BDS.37．What's the best title for the passage?A．The best Navigation Satellite System-BeiDou.B．One small step for China, a giant leap for mankind.C．China's BeiDou System begins its full-scale global services.D．The development of the BeiDou Navigation Satellite System.Passage 10（2021·辽宁高二期末）Around 50 Mars missions have been launched globally since 1960. Yet more than half of them have failed to reach the planet. So after China’s Mars probe—Tianwen-1, was launched on July 23, Thursday last year, there was an anxious wait to learn its fate.The news that the craft carrying exploration rover Zhurong landed safely on the surface of the planet on Saturday has therefore been met with both relief and celebration in the country.That the landing was carried out exactly as planned has made China the latest member, after the United States and Russia, of the club of the world’s pioneering Martin explorers, and shows the reliability of the relevant technologies that China has developed on its own. Though the first Mars mission of the country, it was a brave undertaking: to complete orbiting, landing and roving in one single mission.It is that can-do spirit of self-reliance（自力更生）that has played a key role i n China’s scientific and technological development in recent decades despite some foreign countries’ attempts to prevent its progress. China made its early breakthroughs in rocket and space technologies with its own scientists, engineers and scientific workers starting from the 1960s under very difficult conditions when the country remained largely a backward agricultural country and faced foreign blocks of technology and materials.However, the country has made the most of what it had over the past more than six decades, making continuous efforts to go ahead in the aerospace（航天）cause. Thanks to the hard work and even sacrifices of generations of scientific workers, China has laid a solid foundation for the fast development of its aerospace industry, and has achieved one milestone after another in its space endeavors.In the human space odyssey, China, with enthusiasm, diligence and willingness to cooperate, will help promote humankind to travel faster and farther.38．What’s the purpose of this text?A．To introduce a kind of astronomical phenomenon.B．To recall the development of China’s aerospace exploration.C．To boost Chinese pe ople’s confidence in aerospace exploration.D．To state the difficulties China faced in aerospace development.。
话题阅读03航天航空-2022年中考英语阅读理解
备战2022年中考英语话题阅读专项训练专题04 航天航空(解析版)¤话题01中国最大，最强大的火箭——长征五号¤话题02国际空间站的详细介绍¤话题03国际空间站的详细介绍¤话题04“天问一号”火星探测器¤话题05宇航员在太空中的日常生活¤话题06全国第一个火星探测器——祝融¤话题07美国航天航空局将在2024年把第一位女性航天员送到月球的计划¤话题08中国的空间计划¤话题09“毅力”号火星车成功登陆火星¤话题10中国建成自己的北斗卫星导航系统Passage 1（2020·浙江·瑞安市安阳实验中学九年级开学考试）December 27, 2019 was an exciting day for Chinese people. China’s biggest and most powerful rocket, the Long March 5, was successfully launched in Hainan on that day.The 57metertall rocket is the tallest and strongest rocket in China. Since the Long March 5 is much bigger than others in the Long March rockets, it has been nicknamed “Chubby 5”, according to China Daily.The rocket is able to carry things weighing up to 25,000 kilogramsthe weight of 16 midsize cars, China Daily noted. This payload is about 2.5 times greater than any other Chinese rocket. The Long March 5 is the third most powerful rocket in the world. Our Chinese scientists are really proud of it.During the December launch, the Long March 5 successfully sent the Shijian 20th satellite, China’s largest and heaviest homemade satellite, into space. In addition to sending the satellite into space, the launch also tested several projects that were used to improve the rocket’s basic skills. It also tested the key project that will be used to take the Change 5 probe to the moon, according to the China National Space Center.In the future, the Long March 5 will be used for China’s fifth lunar expedition, as well as to place parts of China’s spacestation into space. “In 2021, we will use the Long March 5 to launch the Change’s 5 probe to the moon and also send a special probe to Mars,” said Wang Xiaojun, the project manager of the Long March 5.1．What do we know about the Long March 5?A．It was launched at the start of 2019.B．It was launched in Xichang.C．It is the tallest rocket in the world.D．It is the biggest Long March rocket. 2．What is the payload of the Long March 5?A．It’s more than 2,500 kilograms.B．It’s three times greater than others’.C．It’s up to 25,000 kilograms.D．It’s the weight of 16 midsize buses. 3．Scientists used the Long March 5 launch to ________.A．improve the satellite’s basic skills B．have China’s fifth lunar expedition C．send a special probe to the moon D．send China’s heaviest homemade satellite into space4．What is the last paragraph mainly about?A．How China’s spacestation will be built.B．When the Long March 5 will be send to the Mars.C．What the Long March 5 will be used for in the future.D．Why the scientists will send the Long March 5 to the moon.【答案】1．D 2．C 3．D 4．C【分析】这篇短文主要讲述了中国最大，最强大的火箭——长征五号。
航空专业英语朗读稿范文
航空专业英语朗读稿范文English Answer:Aviation is the industry or activity of flying aircraft, especially for commercial purposes. It encompasses the design, development, production, operation, and maintenance of aircraft, as well as the management of air traffic and airports. The aviation industry is a global one, withairlines operating in every corner of the world. It is also a highly regulated industry, due to the safety and security risks involved.The history of aviation can be traced back to the early days of human civilization, with people dreaming of flying like birds. However, it was not until the late 19th century that the first successful powered aircraft were developed. Since then, aviation has berkembang rapidly, and today itis an essential part of global transportation and commerce.There are many different types of aircraft, each withits own unique purpose. Some of the most common types of aircraft include:Commercial aircraft: These are the aircraft that are used to transport passengers and cargo. They can be small, single-engine planes or large, multi-engine airliners.Military aircraft: These are the aircraft that are used by the military for a variety of purposes, such as transportation, surveillance, and combat.Private aircraft: These are the aircraft that are owned and operated by private individuals or companies. They can be used for a variety of purposes, such as personal transportation, business travel, and recreation.Unmanned aircraft: These are the aircraft that are flown without a pilot on board. They are typically used for military or commercial purposes, such as surveillance or package delivery.The aviation industry is a complex and ever-changingone. However, it is also an essential part of the global economy and transportation system. As technology continues to develop, we can expect to see even more innovation and growth in the aviation industry in the years to come.Chinese Answer:航空业是指使用飞机进行飞行，特别是进行商业用途的产业或活动。
航空英语阅读材料
航空英语阅读材料(飞机各主要系统概述)ATA21 - Air Conditioning System（空调系统）一INTRODUCTION（介绍）This chapter covers the air conditioning, ventilation and pressurization systems.（这一章包括了空调、通风和增压系统）The basic airflow through the pressurized part of the fuselage starts with the pneumatic system. （从引气系统开始基本的气流通过了机身的增压区域）Hot, high pressure air is supplied to two packs.（热的高压力的气体提供给PACK组件）The packs are responsible for basic temperature regulation.（PACK组件负责基本的温度调节）From the packs the air is distributed throughout the aircraft.（从PACK出来的空气被分配到飞机内）The pressurization system controls the airflow overboard to maintain the cabin pressurization within safe limits.（增压系统控制排往机外的气流以保持客舱压力在安全限制内）二BASIC AIR CONDITIONING SYSTEM INTRODUCTION（基本空气调节系统介绍）The pneumatic system supplies air to each pack. （引气系统给PACK组件供气）The packs are responsible for BASIC temperature regulation. （PACK组件负责基本的温度调节）Temperature regulated pack discharge air is sent to the mixer unit.（调节好温度的空气从PACK组件出来，并供往混合组件）At the mixer unit, the air is mixed with air re-circulated from the main cabin.（在混合组件内与从客舱来的再循环气体混合）This reduces the overall bleed demand and saves fuel.（这样可以减少总的引气量并节省燃油）From the mixer, the air is distributed to the cockpit and the forward and aft cabin zones.（空气从混合组件供往驾驶舱、前客舱、后客舱）Some of the air from the pneumatic system is used for the OPTIMIZED temperature regulation system. （从引气体统来的另一部分气体用于优化温度调节系统）This hot air is mixed with the air from the mixer to adjust the temperature in each zone independently.（这部分热空气与从混合组件来的空气混合来单独的调节每个区域）The air isdistributed throughout the cabin and finally discharged overboard through the outflow valve to maintain pressurization.（空气分配到客舱，最终通过外流活门排往机外以维持增压）三PACK INTRODUCTION（空调组件介绍）The Single Aisle family is equipped with two air conditioning packs located in the wing root area forward of the landing gear bay. （单通道系列的飞机在大翼根部起落架舱前部安装有两部空调组件）The packs supply dry air to the cabin for air conditioning, ventilation and pressurization.（空调组件提供干的空气用于空调、通风、增压）The main component of each pack assembly is the Air Cycle Machine.（每一个空调组件的主要部件是空气循环机）Hot air from the pneumatic system is supplied to the pack through the pack Flow Control Valve (FCV). （从引气系统来的热空气供到流量控制活门）The FCV adjusts the flow rate through the pack and is the pack shut-off valve.（流量控制活门调节通过空调组件的流量并且作为空调组件的关断活门）The pack temperature control system controls the pack outlet temperature and sets its maximum and minimum limits. （空调组件的温度控制系统控制出口温度、设定其最大和最小限制）The system includes two Pack Controllers (PCs). （系统包括两部PACK控制器）Each PC controls one pack and has two computers, one primary and one electrically independent secondary computer. （每个控制器控制一个空调组件，每个控制器都是双通道的：一个主通道和一个独立供电的次级通道）When the primary computer is operational, the system is fully functional. （主通道操作时系统有全部的功能）If the primary fails, some functions are lost as the secondary computer takes control.（主通道失效时，次级通道接替控制，但会时区一部分功能）During normal operation, the Zone Controller (ZC) sends the required pack outlet temperature to both PCs. （正常工作时，区域控制器给PACK控制器发送所需的PACK出口温度命令）To control the pack outlet temperature, the PC modulates the BYPASS VALVE and the RAM-AIR INLET doors. （PACK控制器通过调节旁通活门和冲压空气进口门来控制PACK出口的温度）For maximum cooling, the ram-air doors are fully open and the bypass valve is fully closed. （为了最大冷却冲压空气进口门全开，旁通活门全关）For maximum heating, the ram-air doors are nearly closed and the bypass valve is fully open. （为了最大制热冲压空气进口门全关，旁通活门全开）During takeoff and landing, the ram air inlet doors will be driven fully closed to stop the ingestion of foreign matter.（在起飞过程中，冲压空气进口门完全关闭以防止吸入外物）四ZONE TEMPERATURE REGULATION SYSTEM INTRODUCTION（区域温度调节系统介绍）The packs supply the mixer unit. （PACK组件给混合组件供气）Three separate aircraft zones are supplied from the mixer unit: - cockpit,- forward cabin,- aft cabin.（从混合组件给不同的三个区域供气：驾驶舱、前客舱、后客舱）Two cabin recirculation fans are installed to reduce the bleed air demand and therefore save fuel. （两个循环风扇的安装可以减少供气量并节省燃油）These fans establish a recirculation flow of air from the cabin zones to the mixer unit. （从客舱到混合组件的空气通过循环风扇形成了一个循环系统）In normal operation, there are no ECAM indications associated with the cabin fans.（正常操作时，ECAM上没有相应风扇的指示）The ZC controls and monitors the temperature regulation system for the cabin zones. （区域控制器控制并监控客舱区域）On the overhead AIR COND panel, the flight crew selects the desired individual compartment temperature.（在头顶面板的空调面板上，机组可以选择希望得到的单独舱内的温度）The hot air system for cabin temperature control has a hot air valve and three trim air valves controlled by the ZC. （客舱温度控制的热空气系统有一个热空气活门和三个配平活门，都由区域控制器控制）The ZC compares the demand to the actual temperature in each zone.（区域控制器比较在每个区域的要求温度和实际温度）The ZC then sends the pack outlet temperature demand to both PCs to satisfy the coldest demand.（然后区域控制器给两个PACK控制器发送PACK出口温度的命令以满足最低温度的要求）For the zones, which require warmer temperature, the ZC signals the TRIM VALVES to open. （对于需要加热的区域，区域控制器命令配平空气活门打开）Hot air mixes with the pack discharge air and the temperature increases.（热空气和PACK出口的空气混合同时温度上升）In the case of any duct overheat, the hot air valve and the trim air valves will automatically close to isolate the system. （如果管道超温，热空气活门和配平活门自动关闭并隔离系统）The system can be reset when the overheat disappears.（过热消失的时候系统被重置）五Ventilation System（通风系统）1 GENERAL（概述）There are two ventilation systems on the Single Aisle (SA) family, avionics ventilation and lavatory and galley ventilation.（单通道系列的飞机包含两套通风系统：电子设备通风和厕所厨房通风）The avionics ventilation system supplements the air conditioning system to supply cooling air to the avionics equipment.（电子设备冷却系统给电子设备提供冷却空气，作为空调系统的补充）This equipment includes the avionics compartment, the flight deck instruments and the circuit breaker panels.（这套系统包括电子设备舱、飞行舱设备、跳开关面板）2 AVIONICS VENTILATION（电子设备通风）A blower fan and an extraction fan circulate the air through the avionics equipment.（通过一个鼓风扇和一个抽风扇使电子设备的空气循环）Note: these fans operate continuously as long as the A/C electrical system is supplied. （注意：这两个风扇飞机一供电就持续工作）The Avionics Equipment Ventilation Computer (AEVC) controls the fans and the configuration of the skin valves in the avionics ventilation system based on flight/ground logic and fuselage skin temperature.（根据飞行或是地面逻辑和蒙皮温度，电子设备通风计算机控制电子设备通风系统的风扇和蒙皮活门的构型）There are 3 configurations for the skin air inlet and outlet valves:（对于蒙皮进口和出口活门有三种构型）- open circuit: both valves open (on ground only),（仅仅在地面的开环构型：两个活门都开）- closed circuit: both valves closed (in flight or low outside air temperature on ground).（在飞行中或者在地面高温度时的闭环构型：两个活门都关）The air is cooled in the skin heater exchanger. （空气通过蒙皮热交换器冷却）- intermediate circuit: inlet closed, outlet partially open (smoke removal in flight or low ventilation airflow condition).（在低流量或者飞行中有烟雾时的中间构型：进口全关，出口半开）3 LAVATORY AND GALLEY VENTILATION（厕所和厨房通风）The lavatory and galley ventilation system is completely automatic.（厕所和厨房通风完全自动控制）Conditioned cabin air is supplied through the lavatory and galley areas and is removed from these areas by an extraction fan. （经过调节的客舱空气供到厨房厕所后，通过抽风扇排走）The fan pulls air through the ceiling into an extraction duct. （风扇通过天花板的抽风扇管路抽走空气）The air is then discharged overboard through the outflow valve.（然后空气通过外流活门排往机外）Note: the extraction fan runs continuously, provided electrical power is available.（注意：只要有电，排风扇就持续运转）六Cargo Ventilation and Heating System（货舱通风和加热系统）On the Airbus single aisle family, the forward and aft cargo compartments can have a ventilation system.（在空客单通道系列飞机里，前后货舱都有通风系统）In addition, a heating system may be installed in either or both compartments. （此外，在一个货舱或者两个货舱内都可以安装加热系统）Note that the heating system will only be installed along with a ventilation system.（注意，加热系统只能在通风系统的基础上安装）Air from the main cabin is drawn down into the cargo compartment by the extract fan or by differential pressure in flight.（空气空过抽风扇或者是在飞行中通过压差从客舱进入到货舱）After circulating through the compartment, the air is discharged overboard.（在货舱循环后，空气排往机外）The operation of the two isolation valves and the extract fan is controlled automatically by the cargo Ventilation Controller (VC). （两个隔离活门和抽风扇都由货舱通风控制器自动控制）One VC is able to control either or both compartments.（一个控制器可以控制一个或两个舱）For the heating of the cargo compartment, the pilots select the desired compartment temp and hot bleed air is mixed with the air coming from the main cabin to increase the temperature if necessary. （驾驶员可以选择想要的货舱温度，如果有必要，从客舱来的空气和热空气混合增加温度值）The supply of hot air is controlled by the Cargo Heating Controller. （热空气由货舱加温控制器控制）Each heated compartment has a dedicated Cargo Heating Controller. （每个货舱都有专门的加热控制器）Note that there is NO direct air conditioning supply to the cargo compartments. （注意，没有直接的空调供往货舱）The pilots cannot add "cold" air to the compartments.（驾驶员不能加冷空气给货舱）七Pressurization System（增压系统）The pressurization system on the Single Aisle (SA) family normally operates automatically to adjust the cabin altitude and rate of climb to ensure maximum passenger comfort and safety.（单通道系列飞机的增压系统正常都是自动控制调节客舱高度和升降率以最大确保旅客的舒适性和安全性）The pressurized areas are:- the cockpit,- the avionics bay,- the cabin,- the cargo compartments.（增压区域包括：驾驶舱、电子舱、客舱、货舱）The concept of the system is simple.（系统的概念很简单）Air is supplied from the air conditioning packs to the pressurized areas.（空气从空调的PACK组件供往增压区域）An outflow valve is used to regulate the amount of air allowed to escape from the pressurized areas.（一个外流活门用来控制逃离增压舱的空气）Automatic control of the outflow valve is provided by two Cabin Pressure Controllers (CPCs). （两部客舱增压控制器自动控制外流活门）Each CPC controls one electric motor on the outflow valve assembly.）每一部增压控制器在活门上都有自己的一套电马达）The CPC interface with other A/C computers to optimize the pressurization/depressurization schedule.（增压控制器与飞机的其他计算机连接来优化增压或者卸压的安排）There are two automatic pressurization systems. （有两套自动的增压系统）Each CPC and its electric motor make one system.（每一部增压控制器和其电马达构成了一套系统）Only one system operates at a time with the other system acting as backup in case of a failure. （同一时间只有一套系统工作，另一套系统备份，失效时接替工作）The system in command will alternate each flight.（在飞行中系统交替工作）A third motor is installed for manual operation of the outflow valve in case both automatic systems fail.（如果两个自动控制都失效了，还有第三套人工马达可以人工操作外流活门）To protect the fuselage against excessive cabin differential pressure, safety valves are installed on the rear pressure bulkhead. The safety valves also protect against negative differential pressure.（为了保护机身过大的压差，在增压舱的后隔板上安装有两个安全活门，安全活门可以保护过大的负压差）ATA22 - Auto Flight System（自动飞行系统）GENERAL（概述）The Auto Flight System (AFS) is divided into four main parts:（自动飞行系统分为4个部分）- Flight Management (FM),（飞行管理）- Flight Guidance (FG),（飞行引导）- Flight Augmentation,（飞行增稳）- Fault Isolation and Detection System (FIDS).（故障隔离和探测系统）The first two functions are accomplished by the Flight Management and Guidance Computers (FMGCs).（前两个功能由飞行管理和引导计算机完成）The other two functions are accomplished by the Flight Augmentation Computers (FACs).（另外两个功能由飞行增稳计算机完成）The AFS calculates the position of the aircraft using several aircraft sensors.（自动飞行系统使用几个飞机的传感器计算飞机的位置）In addition, the system has the capability of storing flight plans in its memory, which are predetermined by the airline.（此外，自动飞行系统有在其内存中存储飞行计划的能力，该飞行计划由航空公司预先做好）A flight plan describes a complete flight from departure to arrival, it includes vertical information and all intermediate waypoints. （这个飞行计划描述了从离场到到场的一个完整的飞行）Knowing the position of the aircraft and the desired flight plan (chosen by the pilot), the AFS is able to compute the orders sent to the flight controls and engines so that the aircraft can follow the flight plan.（直到了飞机的位置和驾驶员预先选择的飞行计划，自动飞行系统可以计算出给飞控和发动机的命令值，保证飞机可以按飞行计划飞行）FLIGHT MANAGEMENT/FLIGHT GUIDANCE（飞行管理/飞行引导）The FM part has several functions linked to the flight plan such as lateral and vertical guidance associated with performance computation.（飞行飞行管理的几个功能与飞行计划相关联，例如：与性能计算相关的横向和纵向引导）The FG part has 3 functions:（飞行引导有3个功能）- Autopilot (AP),（自动驾驶）- Flight Director (FD),（飞行指引）- Autothrust (A/THR).（自动油门）The FMGC functions, FM and FG are controlled from the MCDUs and the Flight Control Unit (FCU).（飞行管理和引导计算机的功能：飞行管理和引导可以从多功能控制显示组件和飞行控制组件来控制）Basically, the MCDUs provide the long term interface between the crew and the FMGCs (e.g. flight plan selection and modification) （基本上多功能控制显示组件在机组和飞行管理引导计算机之间提供长期的接口，例如飞行计划的选择和更改）while the FCU provides the short term interface (e.g. engagement of the autopilot, flight director and A/THR functions).（飞行控制组件提供短期的接口，例如:自动驾驶、飞行指引、自动油门的接通）Besides the MCDUs and the FCU, the main displays presenting Flight Management and Guidance information are the EFIS displays.（而且，多功能控制显示组件和飞行控制组件的主要显示是电子飞行仪表系统上的显示，这些显示有飞行管理和引导的信息）AUTOPILOT/FLIGHT DIRECTOR（自动驾驶/飞行指引）The main AP and FD functions are:（自动驾驶和飞行指引的功能有）- stabilization of the aircraft around its center of gravity when the AP/FD system holds vertical speed or flight path angle and heading or track,（当自动驾驶飞行指引来保持垂直速度、飞行航向角度、方向或轨迹时飞机围绕重心的稳定性）- acquisition and holding of a flight path,（获得并保持飞行航线）- guidance of the aircraft at take off,（飞机起飞的指引）- automatic landing and go around.（自动着陆和复飞）The AP function gives orders to control:（自动驾驶功能发出命令控制）- the position of the control surfaces on the three axes (pitch, roll and yaw),（飞控舵面在三个方向的位置，俯仰、滚转、偏航）- the nose wheel steering.（前轮转弯）The FD function generates optimum guidance orders used in manual controls.（飞行指引的功能是产生最合适的引导命令用于人工控制）The FDis also used to monitor the AP when it is engaged.（当自动驾驶接通时，飞行指引也监控自动驾驶）The FD symbols are displayed on the PFDs.（飞行指引在主飞行显示器上显示）AUTOTHRUST（自动推力）The A/THR system fulfills the following functions through the control of the thrust:（自动推力系统通过控制推力完成以下功能）- speed or mach hold (either FMGCs computed or from throttle levers position),（根据FMGC的计算或者推力杆的位置保持速度和马赫数）- thrust hold (either FMGS computed or from throttle lever position),（根据飞行管理引导系统或者推力杆的位置保持推力）- thrust reduction during descent and during flare in final approach,（在下降和最终进近平飞时的减推力）- protection against insufficient speed linked to excessive angle of attack.（大攻角保护，以防止失速）To fulfill the A/THR functions, the FMGCs communicate with the Full Authority Digital Engine Control (FADEC) via the FCU and the Engine Interface Units (EIUs).（为了实现自动推力功能，飞行管理引导计算机通过飞行控制组件和发动机接口组件与FADEC相联）FLIGHT AUGMENTATION（飞行增稳）The flight augmentation part fulfills the following functions:（飞行增稳包含以下内容）- rudder trim,（方向舵配平）- yaw damper,（偏航阻尼）- rudder travel limitation,（方向舵行程限制）- flight envelope protection,（飞行包线保护）- FIDS.（故障隔离和探测系统）For flight envelope protection, the FAC computes:（为了飞行包线保护，飞行增稳计算机计算如下参数）- the various speeds for aircraft operation (e.g. flaps limit speed),（飞机操作时的各种速度限制）- the excessive angle of attack and windshear detection,（大攻角保护和风切变探测）- the low energy warning, indicating to the crew that the aircraft is quickly decelerating and that thrust will have to be increased to recover a positive flight path angle through pitch control.（低功率警告，给机组指示飞机正快速减速同时通过配平手轮修正飞行航向）The FIDS function is only active in FAC 1.（仅有飞行增稳计算机1号有故障隔离和探测功能）FAC 1 is connected to the BITE of all the AFS computers and communicates to the Centralized Fault Display System (CFDS).（飞行增稳计算机1号与自动飞行计算机的BITE相连，并与CFDS 系统通讯）ATA 23 - Communications System（通讯系统）GENERAL（概述）The single aisle aircraft communication system has two sub-systems:（单通道飞机的通讯系统包含2个子系统）- radio communication,（无线电通讯）- on-board communication.（机上通讯）The radio communication systems are used for communications to and from the aircraft.（无线电通讯系统用于飞机进出的通讯）The on-board internal communication system is divided into 4 functions:（机上通讯系统分为4个功能）- service interphone (on ground only) for maintenance technician communication with cockpit or cabin thanks to several jack connectors around the A/C.（由于有围绕飞机的数个插孔，因此维护技术人员可以通过勤务内话与驾驶舱和客舱通讯）- Flight interphone for cockpit internal communication and also with the ground mechanic,（飞行内话用于驾驶舱的通讯，也可以用于地面技术人员与驾驶舱的通讯）- Passenger Address (PA) from the cockpit or from cabin crew stations for passenger announcements,（旅客地址系统用于从驾驶舱或者客舱的机组区域对旅客通知）- cabin interphone for cabin crew or cabin crew/pilots communication.（客舱内话用于客舱之间或者客舱和驾驶舱的通讯）RADIO COMMUNICATION SYSTEM（无线电通讯系统）The radio communications system lets the crew communicate with ground stations through VHF, VHF Data Radio (VDR), HF, High Frequency Data Radio (HFDR) and SATCOM if installed.（无线电通讯系统让机组与地面通过甚高频、甚高频数据的无线电、高频、高频数据的无线电、卫星进行通讯）VHF1 and VHF2 used for flight crew voice communications（VHF1号和2号用于飞行员语音通讯）VDR3 used for ACARS and as voice backup（VHF Data Radio，VHF3号的无线电数据用于ACARS和语音备份）HF used when A/C beyond VHF range（当超出VHF频段时，可以使用HF）ON-BOARD COMMUNICATIONS（机上通讯）The on-board communication system is divided into 4 functions.（机上通讯分为四个功能）Flight interphone（飞行内话）PA（passenger announcement旅客广播）Cabin interphone system（客舱内话）Service interphone（勤务内话）ATA 24 - Electrical Power System（电源系统）GENERAL（概述）There are two identical engine driven generators called Integrated Drive Generators (IDGs). （有两个整体驱动发电机称为IDG）They are used as the main power source to supply the A/C electrical network.（他们作为飞机电网的主电源）The IDG basically contains, in a common housing, a generator and a Constant Speed Drive (CSD). （IDG基本组成：一个共有的客体、一个发电机、一个恒速驱动装置）The CSD gives a constant input speed to the generator, which is required for a constant output frequency.（由于发电机需要输出恒定的频率，恒速驱动装置给发电机一个恒速输入）Each generator supplies 115V 400Hz AC to its own bus:- generator 1 supplies AC bus 1,- generator 2 supplies AC bus 2. （每一个发电机给自己的汇流条提供115伏400赫兹的交流电，1号发电机给交流1号供电，2号发电机给交流2号供电）This supply is known as split operation, which means that the AC power sources are never connected in parallel.（这种供电是分离供电，意味着交流电源绝不能并行供电）Each AC bus supplies a Transformer Rectifier (TR):- AC bus 1 supplies TR 1,- AC bus 2 supplies TR 2.（每一个交流汇流条给一个变压整流器供电）The TRs convert 115V AC into 28V DC to supply their associated DC buses, DC 1 and DC 2.（变压整流器将115伏的交流电转换成28伏的直流电供给相应的直流1号汇流条和直流2号汇流条）DC bus 1 then supplies the DC BAT bus.（直流1号汇流条给直流电瓶汇流条供电）The DC battery bus can charge the batteries or receive power from the batteries as a backup supply, if no other power sources are available.（直流电瓶汇流条可以给电瓶充电，作为备份供电同时可以从电瓶接受供电）The electrical system also includes two ESSential (ESS) Buses. （电源系统还包含两个重要汇流条）One is the AC ESS bus fed by AC bus 1 and the other is the DC ESS bus fed by DC bus 1. （一个交流重要汇流条由交流1号汇流条供电，另一个直流重要汇流条由直流汇流条1号供电）These buses are used to supply the most critical A/C systems.（这些汇流条组成了最基本的飞机电源系统）The entire electrical network can also be supplied by the APU generator.（整个飞机电网也可以通过APU的发电机供电）On the ground, the aircraft electrical network can be supplied by an external power source.（在地面飞机电网也可以用地面电源供电）Any one of the power sources can supply the entire electrical network. （任何一种电源都可以给整个的飞机电网供电）As no parallel connection is allowed on this A/C (split operation), we have to give priorities to the different power sources in supplying the bus bars.（在飞机上不允许并行供电，不通电源的供电优先顺序是）AC 1 and AC 2 buses are supplied in priority by their own side generator, then the external power, then the APU generator and then by the opposite generator.（交流汇流条1和2分别由相应侧的发电机供电，然后是地面电源，然后是APU发电机，最后是相反侧的发电机）ABNORMAL CONFIGURATION（非正常构型）The electrical system has an ESS TR, which supplies the DC ESS Bus in abnormal or emergency configuration.（电源系统有一个重要变压整流器，在非正常或者应急构型时给直流重要汇流条供电）In abnormal configuration (loss of TR1 or TR2) the ESS TR is supplied by the AC ESS Bus.（在非正常构型下，无论是失去变压整流器1还是2，重要的边压整流器都由交流重要汇流条供电）EMERGENCY CONFIGURATION（紧急构型）The hydraulic power to drive the Emergency Generator (EMER GEN) is given by a Ram Air Turbine (RAT) via the blue hydraulic system.（冲压涡轮通过蓝液压系统驱动了一个应急发电机）RAT located in belly fairing, extends automatically when AC BUS 1 and 2 are lost.（冲压涡轮位于机腹，当交流1号额2号都失去时自动放出）Then, the EMER GEN supplies the DC ESS through AC ESS directly TR. （然后通过重要的变压整流器，交流重要汇流条可以给直流重要汇流供电）BATTERY ONLY CONFIGURATION（仅有电瓶的构型）In emergency configuration with emergency generator not available, BAT 1 supplies the AC ESS BUS via the static inverter and BAT 2 supplies the DC ESS BUS.（在紧急构型下如果应急发电机不可用，电瓶1号通过静变流机给交流重要汇流条供电，电瓶2号给直流重要汇流条供电）ATA26 - Fire Protection System（防火系统）The A320 family fire protection systems have:（A320系列的防火系统包括）- fire detection and extinguishing systems for the engines and APU,（带火警探测和灭火的发动机APU系统）- smoke detection for the avionics equipment and compartment,（电子设备舱的烟雾探测系统）- smoke detection and fire extinguishing for the cargo compartments and lavatories,（对于货舱和厕所的烟雾探测和灭火系统）- portable fire extinguishers for the flight compartment and the cabin.（驾驶舱和客舱的手提灭火瓶）ENGINE FIRE PROTECTION（发动机防火系统）The engine fire protection is fulfilled by two sub-systems: the FIRE detection system and the FIRE extinguishing system.（发动机防火系统包含两个子系统：火警探测和灭火系统）The engines have individual fire detection systems.（每台发动机有独立的火警探测系统）Each system has two identical detection loops (A and B) mounted in parallel.（每个系统有并联的独立的两个探测环路A和B）Each loop is made of 3 detector elements. （每个环路有3个探测原件）Both loops are monitored by a Fire Detection Unit (FDU). （两个环路都由火警探测组件监控）The FDU sends FIREand FAULT signals to the Flight Warning Computer (FWC) for display on ECAM.（火警探测组件给飞行警告计算机传送火警和故障的信号用于ECAM的指示）The guarded FIRE P/B switches give FIRE indication and the means to isolate affected systems. （带保护盖的火警手柄可以给出火警指示同样可以隔离受影响的系统）When the FIRE P/B is released out, fuel supply, hydraulic supply, electrical power and bleed supply are cut off. （当火警手柄释放时，燃油、液压、电源、引气都被切断）This also arms the extinguishing system.（这也是让灭火系统待命）Each engine is equipped with 2 fire bottles located in the pylon.（每个发动机在吊架内都装有两个灭火瓶）Each bottle is discharged by an associated AGENT P/B switch. （每个灭火瓶都有相应的灭火剂的按钮）The P/B switches are located on the overhead FIRE panel.（这个按钮位于头顶的火警面板上）The TEST buttons are used to test the respective fire detection and extinguishing system operation.（测试按钮可以测试各自的火警探测和灭火系统）The overhead FIRE panel handles both detection and extinguishing functions. （火警面板包含了探测和灭火功能）In addition to the indications on the FIRE panel, the ENG panel located on the pedestal is equipped with a red FIRE indicator light for each engine.（除了火警面板的指示之外，在中央操纵台的发动机面板上也有火警等用于指示每台发动机的火警）APU FIRE PROTECTION（APU防火）The APU fire protection is fulfilled by two sub-systems: the FIRE detection system and the FIRE extinguishing system. （APU防火系统包含两个子系统：火警探测和灭火系统）The detection system has two identical detection loops (A and B) mounted in parallel. .（探测系统有并联的独立的两个探测环路A和B）Each loop has a single detector element. （每个环路有1个探测原件）Both loops are monitored by a FDU. （两个环路都由一个火警探测组件监控）The FDU sends FIRE and FAULT signals to the FWC for display on ECAM .（火警探测组件给飞行警告计算机传送火警和故障的信号用于ECAM的指示）The guarded FIRE P/B switches give a FIRE indication and the means to isolate affected systems. （带保护盖的火警手柄可以给出火警指示同样可以隔离受影响的系统）When the FIRE P/B is released out, fuel, electrical power and bleed supply are cut off and the APU is immediately shut down. （当火警手柄释放时，燃油、电源、引气都被切断）This also arms the extinguishing system. （这也是让灭火系统待命）For the APU, there is just one fire extinguisher bottle. （对于APU来讲只有一个灭火瓶）It is discharged bya single AGENT P/B switch. （它由一个灭火剂释放电门控制释放）On the ground, an APU FIRE will trigger an APU automatic shutdown and discharge the bottle automatically.（在地面，APU火警将触发APU的自动管段和灭火瓶的自动释放）The TEST button is used to test the fire detection and extinguishing system operation. （测试按钮可以测试各自的火警探测和灭火系统）In case of an APU FIRE detected on the ground, an auto-extinguishing system will automatically shut down the APU and discharge the fire bottle into the APU compartment.（如果APU在地面探测到火警，自动灭火系统将自动关断APU并在APU舱自动释放灭火瓶）The auto-extinguishing system can be tested through the maintenance test panel located on the overhead panel.（在头顶的维护测试面板可以测试自动灭火系统）AVIONICS COMPARTMENT SMOKE DETECTION（电子舱烟雾探测）The A320 family aircraft has a cooling system for the avionics equipment. （A320系列的飞机在电子设备舱装有冷却系统）The cooling system is controlled and monitored by the Avionics Equipment Ventilation Controller (AEVC). （由电子设备通风计算机控制并监控冷却系统）The air is circulated through the system by a blower fan (cool air supply) working together with an extraction fan (warm air removal).（通过一个鼓风扇供冷气，通过一个抽风扇排热气，达到空气循环的目的）The extraction airflow is downstream of the avionics equipment, so the avionics SMOKE detector is installed in the extraction duct and will detect smoke coming from the computers and control boxes. （由于出口气流在电子设备的下游，因此烟雾探测器安装在出口管路用于探测从计算机和控制盒出来的气体）The detector is monitored by the AEVC. （电子设备通风计算机监控探测系统）The AEVC signals the FWC to show the AVIONICS SMOKE warning in the cockpit.（电子通风计算机给飞行警告计算机电子舱烟雾的警告）CARGO COMPARTMENT SMOKE PROTECTION（货舱烟雾探测）The cargo compartments are protected by both smoke detection and fire extinguishing systems.（货舱防火包括探测和灭火两部分）Each cargo compartment has cavities, and each cavity holds 2 smoke detectors. （每个货仓都有腔室，每个腔室装有两个探测器）The cargo compartments are ventilated by an air extraction system. （货舱由一个抽风系统进行通风）Air continuously circulates through the compartment and across the。
英语英语阅读理解及答案含解析
英语英语阅读理解及答案含解析一、中考英语阅读理解1．阅读短文，从每题所给的A、B、C和D四个选项中，选出最佳选项。
On April 26, 2017, a big Chinese ship caught the eyes of the whole world. China's first homemade aircraft carrier （航空母舰） hit the water in Dalian, Liaoning.The new big ship is China's second aircraft carrier. It was designed in China and built in China, too. It is about 315 meters long and 75 meters wide. That is a bit larger than three soccer fields. An aircraft carrier is like an airport on the sea. It can carry planes and troops to war. Planes fly from the carrier and land back on it, and soldiers work and live on it, too. But building an aircraft carrier is like an airport on the sea. It can carry planes and troops to war. Planes fly from the carrier and land back on it, and soldiers work and live on it, too. But building an aircraft carrier is so hard and expensive. It costs a lot of money and needs a large amount of steel and other special materials. For example, a basic aircraft carrier is made of 60, 000 tons of steel. It also uses complex （复杂的） technologies, including radar, electrics, mechanics and weapons. Finally, it takes years to build one. Today, not many countries own an aircraft carrier or have the ability to build one. China has become the seventh country in the world that can build an aircraft carrier by itself, after the USA, Russia, England, France, Italy and Spain.（1）In which year did China's first homemade aircraft carrier hit the water?A. In 2017.B. In 2016.C. In 2018.D. In 2019.（2）What's the best title of this passage?A. An Airport on the SeaB. China Has Bought the Second Aircraft CarrierC. China's Homemade Aircraft CarrierD. The Sixth Country to Build an Aircraft Carver（3）What is not needed to build the aircraft carrier?A. special materialsB. technologiesC. steelD. wood（4）How many aircraft carriers does China have according to the passage?A. oneB. twoC. threeD. four（5）How does the writer feel about the homemade aircraft carrier in China?A. proudB. worriedC. upsetD. hopeless2．阅读材料，从每题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中选出最佳选项。
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航空英语阅读材料(飞机各主要系统概述)ATA21 - Air Conditioning System（空调系统）一INTRODUCTION（介绍）This chapter covers the air conditioning, ventilation and pressurization systems.（这一章包括了空调、通风和增压系统）The basic airflow through the pressurized part of the fuselage starts with the pneumatic system. （从引气系统开始基本的气流通过了机身的增压区域）Hot, high pressure air is supplied to two packs.（热的高压力的气体提供给PACK组件）The packs are responsible for basic temperature regulation.（PACK组件负责基本的温度调节）From the packs the air is distributed throughout the aircraft.（从PACK出来的空气被分配到飞机内）The pressurization system controls the airflow overboard to maintain the cabin pressurization within safe limits.（增压系统控制排往机外的气流以保持客舱压力在安全限制内）二BASIC AIR CONDITIONING SYSTEM INTRODUCTION（基本空气调节系统介绍）The pneumatic system supplies air to each pack. （引气系统给PACK组件供气）The packs are responsible for BASIC temperature regulation. （PACK组件负责基本的温度调节）Temperature regulated pack discharge air is sent to the mixer unit.（调节好温度的空气从PACK组件出来，并供往混合组件）At the mixer unit, the air is mixed with air re-circulated from the main cabin.（在混合组件内与从客舱来的再循环气体混合）This reduces the overall bleed demand and saves fuel.（这样可以减少总的引气量并节省燃油）From the mixer, the air is distributed to the cockpit and the forward and aft cabin zones.（空气从混合组件供往驾驶舱、前客舱、后客舱）Some of the air from the pneumatic system is used for the OPTIMIZED temperature regulation system. （从引气体统来的另一部分气体用于优化温度调节系统）This hot air is mixed with the air from the mixer to adjust the temperature in each zone independently.（这部分热空气与从混合组件来的空气混合来单独的调节每个区域）The air isdistributed throughout the cabin and finally discharged overboard through the outflow valve to maintain pressurization.（空气分配到客舱，最终通过外流活门排往机外以维持增压）三PACK INTRODUCTION（空调组件介绍）The Single Aisle family is equipped with two air conditioning packs located in the wing root area forward of the landing gear bay. （单通道系列的飞机在大翼根部起落架舱前部安装有两部空调组件）The packs supply dry air to the cabin for air conditioning, ventilation and pressurization.（空调组件提供干的空气用于空调、通风、增压）The main component of each pack assembly is the Air Cycle Machine.（每一个空调组件的主要部件是空气循环机）Hot air from the pneumatic system is supplied to the pack through the pack Flow Control Valve (FCV). （从引气系统来的热空气供到流量控制活门）The FCV adjusts the flow rate through the pack and is the pack shut-off valve.（流量控制活门调节通过空调组件的流量并且作为空调组件的关断活门）The pack temperature control system controls the pack outlet temperature and sets its maximum and minimum limits. （空调组件的温度控制系统控制出口温度、设定其最大和最小限制）The system includes two Pack Controllers (PCs). （系统包括两部PACK控制器）Each PC controls one pack and has two computers, one primary and one electrically independent secondary computer. （每个控制器控制一个空调组件，每个控制器都是双通道的：一个主通道和一个独立供电的次级通道）When the primary computer is operational, the system is fully functional. （主通道操作时系统有全部的功能）If the primary fails, some functions are lost as the secondary computer takes control.（主通道失效时，次级通道接替控制，但会时区一部分功能）During normal operation, the Zone Controller (ZC) sends the required pack outlet temperature to both PCs. （正常工作时，区域控制器给PACK控制器发送所需的PACK出口温度命令）To control the pack outlet temperature, the PC modulates the BYPASS VALVE and the RAM-AIR INLET doors. （PACK控制器通过调节旁通活门和冲压空气进口门来控制PACK出口的温度）For maximum cooling, the ram-air doors are fully open and the bypass valve is fully closed. （为了最大冷却冲压空气进口门全开，旁通活门全关）For maximum heating, the ram-air doors are nearly closed and the bypass valve is fully open. （为了最大制热冲压空气进口门全关，旁通活门全开）During takeoff and landing, the ram air inlet doors will be driven fully closed to stop the ingestion of foreign matter.（在起飞过程中，冲压空气进口门完全关闭以防止吸入外物）四ZONE TEMPERATURE REGULATION SYSTEM INTRODUCTION（区域温度调节系统介绍）The packs supply the mixer unit. （PACK组件给混合组件供气）Three separate aircraft zones are supplied from the mixer unit: - cockpit,- forward cabin,- aft cabin.（从混合组件给不同的三个区域供气：驾驶舱、前客舱、后客舱）Two cabin recirculation fans are installed to reduce the bleed air demand and therefore save fuel. （两个循环风扇的安装可以减少供气量并节省燃油）These fans establish a recirculation flow of air from the cabin zones to the mixer unit. （从客舱到混合组件的空气通过循环风扇形成了一个循环系统）In normal operation, there are no ECAM indications associated with the cabin fans.（正常操作时，ECAM上没有相应风扇的指示）The ZC controls and monitors the temperature regulation system for the cabin zones. （区域控制器控制并监控客舱区域）On the overhead AIR COND panel, the flight crew selects the desired individual compartment temperature.（在头顶面板的空调面板上，机组可以选择希望得到的单独舱内的温度）The hot air system for cabin temperature control has a hot air valve and three trim air valves controlled by the ZC. （客舱温度控制的热空气系统有一个热空气活门和三个配平活门，都由区域控制器控制）The ZC compares the demand to the actual temperature in each zone.（区域控制器比较在每个区域的要求温度和实际温度）The ZC then sends the pack outlet temperature demand to both PCs to satisfy the coldest demand.（然后区域控制器给两个PACK控制器发送PACK出口温度的命令以满足最低温度的要求）For the zones, which require warmer temperature, the ZC signals the TRIM VALVES to open. （对于需要加热的区域，区域控制器命令配平空气活门打开）Hot air mixes with the pack discharge air and the temperature increases.（热空气和PACK出口的空气混合同时温度上升）In the case of any duct overheat, the hot air valve and the trim air valves will automatically close to isolate the system. （如果管道超温，热空气活门和配平活门自动关闭并隔离系统）The system can be reset when the overheat disappears.（过热消失的时候系统被重置）五Ventilation System（通风系统）1 GENERAL（概述）There are two ventilation systems on the Single Aisle (SA) family, avionics ventilation and lavatory and galley ventilation.（单通道系列的飞机包含两套通风系统：电子设备通风和厕所厨房通风）The avionics ventilation system supplements the air conditioning system to supply cooling air to the avionics equipment.（电子设备冷却系统给电子设备提供冷却空气，作为空调系统的补充）This equipment includes the avionics compartment, the flight deck instruments and the circuit breaker panels.（这套系统包括电子设备舱、飞行舱设备、跳开关面板）2 AVIONICS VENTILATION（电子设备通风）A blower fan and an extraction fan circulate the air through the avionics equipment.（通过一个鼓风扇和一个抽风扇使电子设备的空气循环）Note: these fans operate continuously as long as the A/C electrical system is supplied. （注意：这两个风扇飞机一供电就持续工作）The Avionics Equipment Ventilation Computer (AEVC) controls the fans and the configuration of the skin valves in the avionics ventilation system based on flight/ground logic and fuselage skin temperature.（根据飞行或是地面逻辑和蒙皮温度，电子设备通风计算机控制电子设备通风系统的风扇和蒙皮活门的构型）There are 3 configurations for the skin air inlet and outlet valves:（对于蒙皮进口和出口活门有三种构型）- open circuit: both valves open (on ground only),（仅仅在地面的开环构型：两个活门都开）- closed circuit: both valves closed (in flight or low outside air temperature on ground).（在飞行中或者在地面高温度时的闭环构型：两个活门都关）The air is cooled in the skin heater exchanger. （空气通过蒙皮热交换器冷却）- intermediate circuit: inlet closed, outlet partially open (smoke removal in flight or low ventilation airflow condition).（在低流量或者飞行中有烟雾时的中间构型：进口全关，出口半开）3 LAVATORY AND GALLEY VENTILATION（厕所和厨房通风）The lavatory and galley ventilation system is completely automatic.（厕所和厨房通风完全自动控制）Conditioned cabin air is supplied through the lavatory and galley areas and is removed from these areas by an extraction fan. （经过调节的客舱空气供到厨房厕所后，通过抽风扇排走）The fan pulls air through the ceiling into an extraction duct. （风扇通过天花板的抽风扇管路抽走空气）The air is then discharged overboard through the outflow valve.（然后空气通过外流活门排往机外）Note: the extraction fan runs continuously, provided electrical power is available.（注意：只要有电，排风扇就持续运转）六Cargo Ventilation and Heating System（货舱通风和加热系统）On the Airbus single aisle family, the forward and aft cargo compartments can have a ventilation system.（在空客单通道系列飞机里，前后货舱都有通风系统）In addition, a heating system may be installed in either or both compartments. （此外，在一个货舱或者两个货舱内都可以安装加热系统）Note that the heating system will only be installed along with a ventilation system.（注意，加热系统只能在通风系统的基础上安装）Air from the main cabin is drawn down into the cargo compartment by the extract fan or by differential pressure in flight.（空气空过抽风扇或者是在飞行中通过压差从客舱进入到货舱）After circulating through the compartment, the air is discharged overboard.（在货舱循环后，空气排往机外）The operation of the two isolation valves and the extract fan is controlled automatically by the cargo Ventilation Controller (VC). （两个隔离活门和抽风扇都由货舱通风控制器自动控制）One VC is able to control either or both compartments.（一个控制器可以控制一个或两个舱）For the heating of the cargo compartment, the pilots select the desired compartment temp and hot bleed air is mixed with the air coming from the main cabin to increase the temperature if necessary. （驾驶员可以选择想要的货舱温度，如果有必要，从客舱来的空气和热空气混合增加温度值）The supply of hot air is controlled by the Cargo Heating Controller. （热空气由货舱加温控制器控制）Each heated compartment has a dedicated Cargo Heating Controller. （每个货舱都有专门的加热控制器）Note that there is NO direct air conditioning supply to the cargo compartments. （注意，没有直接的空调供往货舱）The pilots cannot add "cold" air to the compartments.（驾驶员不能加冷空气给货舱）七Pressurization System（增压系统）The pressurization system on the Single Aisle (SA) family normally operates automatically to adjust the cabin altitude and rate of climb to ensure maximum passenger comfort and safety.（单通道系列飞机的增压系统正常都是自动控制调节客舱高度和升降率以最大确保旅客的舒适性和安全性）The pressurized areas are:- the cockpit,- the avionics bay,- the cabin,- the cargo compartments.（增压区域包括：驾驶舱、电子舱、客舱、货舱）The concept of the system is simple.（系统的概念很简单）Air is supplied from the air conditioning packs to the pressurized areas.（空气从空调的PACK组件供往增压区域）An outflow valve is used to regulate the amount of air allowed to escape from the pressurized areas.（一个外流活门用来控制逃离增压舱的空气）Automatic control of the outflow valve is provided by two Cabin Pressure Controllers (CPCs). （两部客舱增压控制器自动控制外流活门）Each CPC controls one electric motor on the outflow valve assembly.）每一部增压控制器在活门上都有自己的一套电马达）The CPC interface with other A/C computers to optimize the pressurization/depressurization schedule.（增压控制器与飞机的其他计算机连接来优化增压或者卸压的安排）There are two automatic pressurization systems. （有两套自动的增压系统）Each CPC and its electric motor make one system.（每一部增压控制器和其电马达构成了一套系统）Only one system operates at a time with the other system acting as backup in case of a failure. （同一时间只有一套系统工作，另一套系统备份，失效时接替工作）The system in command will alternate each flight.（在飞行中系统交替工作）A third motor is installed for manual operation of the outflow valve in case both automatic systems fail.（如果两个自动控制都失效了，还有第三套人工马达可以人工操作外流活门）To protect the fuselage against excessive cabin differential pressure, safety valves are installed on the rear pressure bulkhead. The safety valves also protect against negative differential pressure.（为了保护机身过大的压差，在增压舱的后隔板上安装有两个安全活门，安全活门可以保护过大的负压差）ATA22 - Auto Flight System（自动飞行系统）GENERAL（概述）The Auto Flight System (AFS) is divided into four main parts:（自动飞行系统分为4个部分）- Flight Management (FM),（飞行管理）- Flight Guidance (FG),（飞行引导）- Flight Augmentation,（飞行增稳）- Fault Isolation and Detection System (FIDS).（故障隔离和探测系统）The first two functions are accomplished by the Flight Management and Guidance Computers (FMGCs).（前两个功能由飞行管理和引导计算机完成）The other two functions are accomplished by the Flight Augmentation Computers (FACs).（另外两个功能由飞行增稳计算机完成）The AFS calculates the position of the aircraft using several aircraft sensors.（自动飞行系统使用几个飞机的传感器计算飞机的位置）In addition, the system has the capability of storing flight plans in its memory, which are predetermined by the airline.（此外，自动飞行系统有在其内存中存储飞行计划的能力，该飞行计划由航空公司预先做好）A flight plan describes a complete flight from departure to arrival, it includes vertical information and all intermediate waypoints. （这个飞行计划描述了从离场到到场的一个完整的飞行）Knowing the position of the aircraft and the desired flight plan (chosen by the pilot), the AFS is able to compute the orders sent to the flight controls and engines so that the aircraft can follow the flight plan.（直到了飞机的位置和驾驶员预先选择的飞行计划，自动飞行系统可以计算出给飞控和发动机的命令值，保证飞机可以按飞行计划飞行）FLIGHT MANAGEMENT/FLIGHT GUIDANCE（飞行管理/飞行引导）The FM part has several functions linked to the flight plan such as lateral and vertical guidance associated with performance computation.（飞行飞行管理的几个功能与飞行计划相关联，例如：与性能计算相关的横向和纵向引导）The FG part has 3 functions:（飞行引导有3个功能）- Autopilot (AP),（自动驾驶）- Flight Director (FD),（飞行指引）- Autothrust (A/THR).（自动油门）The FMGC functions, FM and FG are controlled from the MCDUs and the Flight Control Unit (FCU).（飞行管理和引导计算机的功能：飞行管理和引导可以从多功能控制显示组件和飞行控制组件来控制）Basically, the MCDUs provide the long term interface between the crew and the FMGCs (e.g. flight plan selection and modification) （基本上多功能控制显示组件在机组和飞行管理引导计算机之间提供长期的接口，例如飞行计划的选择和更改）while the FCU provides the short term interface (e.g. engagement of the autopilot, flight director and A/THR functions).（飞行控制组件提供短期的接口，例如:自动驾驶、飞行指引、自动油门的接通）Besides the MCDUs and the FCU, the main displays presenting Flight Management and Guidance information are the EFIS displays.（而且，多功能控制显示组件和飞行控制组件的主要显示是电子飞行仪表系统上的显示，这些显示有飞行管理和引导的信息）AUTOPILOT/FLIGHT DIRECTOR（自动驾驶/飞行指引）The main AP and FD functions are:（自动驾驶和飞行指引的功能有）- stabilization of the aircraft around its center of gravity when the AP/FD system holds vertical speed or flight path angle and heading or track,（当自动驾驶飞行指引来保持垂直速度、飞行航向角度、方向或轨迹时飞机围绕重心的稳定性）- acquisition and holding of a flight path,（获得并保持飞行航线）- guidance of the aircraft at take off,（飞机起飞的指引）- automatic landing and go around.（自动着陆和复飞）The AP function gives orders to control:（自动驾驶功能发出命令控制）- the position of the control surfaces on the three axes (pitch, roll and yaw),（飞控舵面在三个方向的位置，俯仰、滚转、偏航）- the nose wheel steering.（前轮转弯）The FD function generates optimum guidance orders used in manual controls.（飞行指引的功能是产生最合适的引导命令用于人工控制）The FDis also used to monitor the AP when it is engaged.（当自动驾驶接通时，飞行指引也监控自动驾驶）The FD symbols are displayed on the PFDs.（飞行指引在主飞行显示器上显示）AUTOTHRUST（自动推力）The A/THR system fulfills the following functions through the control of the thrust:（自动推力系统通过控制推力完成以下功能）- speed or mach hold (either FMGCs computed or from throttle levers position),（根据FMGC的计算或者推力杆的位置保持速度和马赫数）- thrust hold (either FMGS computed or from throttle lever position),（根据飞行管理引导系统或者推力杆的位置保持推力）- thrust reduction during descent and during flare in final approach,（在下降和最终进近平飞时的减推力）- protection against insufficient speed linked to excessive angle of attack.（大攻角保护，以防止失速）To fulfill the A/THR functions, the FMGCs communicate with the Full Authority Digital Engine Control (FADEC) via the FCU and the Engine Interface Units (EIUs).（为了实现自动推力功能，飞行管理引导计算机通过飞行控制组件和发动机接口组件与FADEC相联）FLIGHT AUGMENTATION（飞行增稳）The flight augmentation part fulfills the following functions:（飞行增稳包含以下内容）- rudder trim,（方向舵配平）- yaw damper,（偏航阻尼）- rudder travel limitation,（方向舵行程限制）- flight envelope protection,（飞行包线保护）- FIDS.（故障隔离和探测系统）For flight envelope protection, the FAC computes:（为了飞行包线保护，飞行增稳计算机计算如下参数）- the various speeds for aircraft operation (e.g. flaps limit speed),（飞机操作时的各种速度限制）- the excessive angle of attack and windshear detection,（大攻角保护和风切变探测）- the low energy warning, indicating to the crew that the aircraft is quickly decelerating and that thrust will have to be increased to recover a positive flight path angle through pitch control.（低功率警告，给机组指示飞机正快速减速同时通过配平手轮修正飞行航向）The FIDS function is only active in FAC 1.（仅有飞行增稳计算机1号有故障隔离和探测功能）FAC 1 is connected to the BITE of all the AFS computers and communicates to the Centralized Fault Display System (CFDS).（飞行增稳计算机1号与自动飞行计算机的BITE相连，并与CFDS 系统通讯）ATA 23 - Communications System（通讯系统）GENERAL（概述）The single aisle aircraft communication system has two sub-systems:（单通道飞机的通讯系统包含2个子系统）- radio communication,（无线电通讯）- on-board communication.（机上通讯）The radio communication systems are used for communications to and from the aircraft.（无线电通讯系统用于飞机进出的通讯）The on-board internal communication system is divided into 4 functions:（机上通讯系统分为4个功能）- service interphone (on ground only) for maintenance technician communication with cockpit or cabin thanks to several jack connectors around the A/C.（由于有围绕飞机的数个插孔，因此维护技术人员可以通过勤务内话与驾驶舱和客舱通讯）- Flight interphone for cockpit internal communication and also with the ground mechanic,（飞行内话用于驾驶舱的通讯，也可以用于地面技术人员与驾驶舱的通讯）- Passenger Address (PA) from the cockpit or from cabin crew stations for passenger announcements,（旅客地址系统用于从驾驶舱或者客舱的机组区域对旅客通知）- cabin interphone for cabin crew or cabin crew/pilots communication.（客舱内话用于客舱之间或者客舱和驾驶舱的通讯）RADIO COMMUNICATION SYSTEM（无线电通讯系统）The radio communications system lets the crew communicate with ground stations through VHF, VHF Data Radio (VDR), HF, High Frequency Data Radio (HFDR) and SATCOM if installed.（无线电通讯系统让机组与地面通过甚高频、甚高频数据的无线电、高频、高频数据的无线电、卫星进行通讯）VHF1 and VHF2 used for flight crew voice communications（VHF1号和2号用于飞行员语音通讯）VDR3 used for ACARS and as voice backup（VHF Data Radio，VHF3号的无线电数据用于ACARS和语音备份）HF used when A/C beyond VHF range（当超出VHF频段时，可以使用HF）ON-BOARD COMMUNICATIONS（机上通讯）The on-board communication system is divided into 4 functions.（机上通讯分为四个功能）Flight interphone（飞行内话）PA（passenger announcement旅客广播）Cabin interphone system（客舱内话）Service interphone（勤务内话）ATA 24 - Electrical Power System（电源系统）GENERAL（概述）There are two identical engine driven generators called Integrated Drive Generators (IDGs). （有两个整体驱动发电机称为IDG）They are used as the main power source to supply the A/C electrical network.（他们作为飞机电网的主电源）The IDG basically contains, in a common housing, a generator and a Constant Speed Drive (CSD). （IDG基本组成：一个共有的客体、一个发电机、一个恒速驱动装置）The CSD gives a constant input speed to the generator, which is required for a constant output frequency.（由于发电机需要输出恒定的频率，恒速驱动装置给发电机一个恒速输入）Each generator supplies 115V 400Hz AC to its own bus:- generator 1 supplies AC bus 1,- generator 2 supplies AC bus 2. （每一个发电机给自己的汇流条提供115伏400赫兹的交流电，1号发电机给交流1号供电，2号发电机给交流2号供电）This supply is known as split operation, which means that the AC power sources are never connected in parallel.（这种供电是分离供电，意味着交流电源绝不能并行供电）Each AC bus supplies a Transformer Rectifier (TR):- AC bus 1 supplies TR 1,- AC bus 2 supplies TR 2.（每一个交流汇流条给一个变压整流器供电）The TRs convert 115V AC into 28V DC to supply their associated DC buses, DC 1 and DC 2.（变压整流器将115伏的交流电转换成28伏的直流电供给相应的直流1号汇流条和直流2号汇流条）DC bus 1 then supplies the DC BAT bus.（直流1号汇流条给直流电瓶汇流条供电）The DC battery bus can charge the batteries or receive power from the batteries as a backup supply, if no other power sources are available.（直流电瓶汇流条可以给电瓶充电，作为备份供电同时可以从电瓶接受供电）The electrical system also includes two ESSential (ESS) Buses. （电源系统还包含两个重要汇流条）One is the AC ESS bus fed by AC bus 1 and the other is the DC ESS bus fed by DC bus 1. （一个交流重要汇流条由交流1号汇流条供电，另一个直流重要汇流条由直流汇流条1号供电）These buses are used to supply the most critical A/C systems.（这些汇流条组成了最基本的飞机电源系统）The entire electrical network can also be supplied by the APU generator.（整个飞机电网也可以通过APU的发电机供电）On the ground, the aircraft electrical network can be supplied by an external power source.（在地面飞机电网也可以用地面电源供电）Any one of the power sources can supply the entire electrical network. （任何一种电源都可以给整个的飞机电网供电）As no parallel connection is allowed on this A/C (split operation), we have to give priorities to the different power sources in supplying the bus bars.（在飞机上不允许并行供电，不通电源的供电优先顺序是）AC 1 and AC 2 buses are supplied in priority by their own side generator, then the external power, then the APU generator and then by the opposite generator.（交流汇流条1和2分别由相应侧的发电机供电，然后是地面电源，然后是APU发电机，最后是相反侧的发电机）ABNORMAL CONFIGURATION（非正常构型）The electrical system has an ESS TR, which supplies the DC ESS Bus in abnormal or emergency configuration.（电源系统有一个重要变压整流器，在非正常或者应急构型时给直流重要汇流条供电）In abnormal configuration (loss of TR1 or TR2) the ESS TR is supplied by the AC ESS Bus.（在非正常构型下，无论是失去变压整流器1还是2，重要的边压整流器都由交流重要汇流条供电）EMERGENCY CONFIGURATION（紧急构型）The hydraulic power to drive the Emergency Generator (EMER GEN) is given by a Ram Air Turbine (RAT) via the blue hydraulic system.（冲压涡轮通过蓝液压系统驱动了一个应急发电机）RAT located in belly fairing, extends automatically when AC BUS 1 and 2 are lost.（冲压涡轮位于机腹，当交流1号额2号都失去时自动放出）Then, the EMER GEN supplies the DC ESS through AC ESS directly TR. （然后通过重要的变压整流器，交流重要汇流条可以给直流重要汇流供电）BATTERY ONLY CONFIGURATION（仅有电瓶的构型）In emergency configuration with emergency generator not available, BAT 1 supplies the AC ESS BUS via the static inverter and BAT 2 supplies the DC ESS BUS.（在紧急构型下如果应急发电机不可用，电瓶1号通过静变流机给交流重要汇流条供电，电瓶2号给直流重要汇流条供电）ATA26 - Fire Protection System（防火系统）The A320 family fire protection systems have:（A320系列的防火系统包括）- fire detection and extinguishing systems for the engines and APU,（带火警探测和灭火的发动机APU系统）- smoke detection for the avionics equipment and compartment,（电子设备舱的烟雾探测系统）- smoke detection and fire extinguishing for the cargo compartments and lavatories,（对于货舱和厕所的烟雾探测和灭火系统）- portable fire extinguishers for the flight compartment and the cabin.（驾驶舱和客舱的手提灭火瓶）ENGINE FIRE PROTECTION（发动机防火系统）The engine fire protection is fulfilled by two sub-systems: the FIRE detection system and the FIRE extinguishing system.（发动机防火系统包含两个子系统：火警探测和灭火系统）The engines have individual fire detection systems.（每台发动机有独立的火警探测系统）Each system has two identical detection loops (A and B) mounted in parallel.（每个系统有并联的独立的两个探测环路A和B）Each loop is made of 3 detector elements. （每个环路有3个探测原件）Both loops are monitored by a Fire Detection Unit (FDU). （两个环路都由火警探测组件监控）The FDU sends FIREand FAULT signals to the Flight Warning Computer (FWC) for display on ECAM.（火警探测组件给飞行警告计算机传送火警和故障的信号用于ECAM的指示）The guarded FIRE P/B switches give FIRE indication and the means to isolate affected systems. （带保护盖的火警手柄可以给出火警指示同样可以隔离受影响的系统）When the FIRE P/B is released out, fuel supply, hydraulic supply, electrical power and bleed supply are cut off. （当火警手柄释放时，燃油、液压、电源、引气都被切断）This also arms the extinguishing system.（这也是让灭火系统待命）Each engine is equipped with 2 fire bottles located in the pylon.（每个发动机在吊架内都装有两个灭火瓶）Each bottle is discharged by an associated AGENT P/B switch. （每个灭火瓶都有相应的灭火剂的按钮）The P/B switches are located on the overhead FIRE panel.（这个按钮位于头顶的火警面板上）The TEST buttons are used to test the respective fire detection and extinguishing system operation.（测试按钮可以测试各自的火警探测和灭火系统）The overhead FIRE panel handles both detection and extinguishing functions. （火警面板包含了探测和灭火功能）In addition to the indications on the FIRE panel, the ENG panel located on the pedestal is equipped with a red FIRE indicator light for each engine.（除了火警面板的指示之外，在中央操纵台的发动机面板上也有火警等用于指示每台发动机的火警）APU FIRE PROTECTION（APU防火）The APU fire protection is fulfilled by two sub-systems: the FIRE detection system and the FIRE extinguishing system. （APU防火系统包含两个子系统：火警探测和灭火系统）The detection system has two identical detection loops (A and B) mounted in parallel. .（探测系统有并联的独立的两个探测环路A和B）Each loop has a single detector element. （每个环路有1个探测原件）Both loops are monitored by a FDU. （两个环路都由一个火警探测组件监控）The FDU sends FIRE and FAULT signals to the FWC for display on ECAM .（火警探测组件给飞行警告计算机传送火警和故障的信号用于ECAM的指示）The guarded FIRE P/B switches give a FIRE indication and the means to isolate affected systems. （带保护盖的火警手柄可以给出火警指示同样可以隔离受影响的系统）When the FIRE P/B is released out, fuel, electrical power and bleed supply are cut off and the APU is immediately shut down. （当火警手柄释放时，燃油、电源、引气都被切断）This also arms the extinguishing system. （这也是让灭火系统待命）For the APU, there is just one fire extinguisher bottle. （对于APU来讲只有一个灭火瓶）It is discharged bya single AGENT P/B switch. （它由一个灭火剂释放电门控制释放）On the ground, an APU FIRE will trigger an APU automatic shutdown and discharge the bottle automatically.（在地面，APU火警将触发APU的自动管段和灭火瓶的自动释放）The TEST button is used to test the fire detection and extinguishing system operation. （测试按钮可以测试各自的火警探测和灭火系统）In case of an APU FIRE detected on the ground, an auto-extinguishing system will automatically shut down the APU and discharge the fire bottle into the APU compartment.（如果APU在地面探测到火警，自动灭火系统将自动关断APU并在APU舱自动释放灭火瓶）The auto-extinguishing system can be tested through the maintenance test panel located on the overhead panel.（在头顶的维护测试面板可以测试自动灭火系统）AVIONICS COMPARTMENT SMOKE DETECTION（电子舱烟雾探测）The A320 family aircraft has a cooling system for the avionics equipment. （A320系列的飞机在电子设备舱装有冷却系统）The cooling system is controlled and monitored by the Avionics Equipment Ventilation Controller (AEVC). （由电子设备通风计算机控制并监控冷却系统）The air is circulated through the system by a blower fan (cool air supply) working together with an extraction fan (warm air removal).（通过一个鼓风扇供冷气，通过一个抽风扇排热气，达到空气循环的目的）The extraction airflow is downstream of the avionics equipment, so the avionics SMOKE detector is installed in the extraction duct and will detect smoke coming from the computers and control boxes. （由于出口气流在电子设备的下游，因此烟雾探测器安装在出口管路用于探测从计算机和控制盒出来的气体）The detector is monitored by the AEVC. （电子设备通风计算机监控探测系统）The AEVC signals the FWC to show the AVIONICS SMOKE warning in the cockpit.（电子通风计算机给飞行警告计算机电子舱烟雾的警告）CARGO COMPARTMENT SMOKE PROTECTION（货舱烟雾探测）The cargo compartments are protected by both smoke detection and fire extinguishing systems.（货舱防火包括探测和灭火两部分）Each cargo compartment has cavities, and each cavity holds 2 smoke detectors. （每个货仓都有腔室，每个腔室装有两个探测器）The cargo compartments are ventilated by an air extraction system. （货舱由一个抽风系统进行通风）Air continuously circulates through the compartment and across the。