语法基础(1)

第一节句子成分

句子由句子成分组成。句子成分主要分为主语、谓语、宾语、定语、状语和补语。

一.主语Subject

主语是一个句子所要说明的人和物,是句子的主体。它一般位于句首,可由名词、代词、数词、名词化的形容词、不定式、动名词以及主语从句等来充当。

请划出句子主语，并判断是什么成分做主语。

Knowledge is power.

She is a small eater.

Three will be enough for us.

The injured _____ (send) to hospital at once when the accident happened .

To see ___ to believe.

_____ (read) books is my hobby.

_______ (我们所需要的东西) is your help.

改错

1. Visit a museum excites teenagers.

2. Disabled should be respected.

3. Our school has taken place great changes.

二、谓语Predicate

谓语是用来说明主语的动作、状态或特征,一般放在主语之后。谓语有以下几种基本情况

1.由一个动词或动词词组构成,无论这个动词是何种时态、语态和语气。

Everything ____ (go) smoothly last month.

Thousands of trees _______(plant) every year.

They ______(finish) the work so far.

They _________(swim) in the river now.

2.情态动词+动词

We must study English hard.

Water can be dangerous.

You can’t park here- it's a no parking area.

That can’t be Tom-he is studying abroad.

May I come in?

I may go with you, but I'm not sure

She cried her eyes out. Something terrible must _____(happen).

The experiment can _________ (complete) on time.

3.连系动词+表语,说明主语的特征、类属、状态、身份

系动词的数量是有限的,常见的只有十来个,我们把它们分成四组,这样有助于我们记忆系动词。

(1)be动词类:am, is, are, was, were

(2)表示变化类: become, get, turn, grow, go

(3)感官动词类:look, sound, smell, taste, feel

(4)表示延续性的动词: remain, stay, keep

改错

We are student.

It sound beautiful.

The cloth feels smoothly.

The leaves turn into red in autumn.

填词

1.The noise ____ (grow) louder when I was prepared for sleep.

2. A concert ________ to celebrate May Day next week.(hold)

3. Several years ago a new gym ________for visitors to take exercise.(build)

4. The students ________how to learn English well since they entered the new school (tell)

5. He_________(会游泳) when he was five years old.

6. In a plane, all passengers _________(必须穿) seat belts.

7. It can be cold in the mountain in winter.(be)

8. She may accept the invitation, but she hasn't made up her mind.

9. It _________(不可能) a comfortable trip with so many people in such a small car.

10. He looks sad and he ________（肯定被告知）the death of his grandma.

11. What you said ____________________(听起来很有趣).

12. What he suggested____________________ (听起来是个好主意).

13. The food in my hometown____________________(尝起来很美味).

14. The athlete on the start____________________(看起来很紧张).

15. It was a hot summer afternoon. The milk____________________(变馊了).

三.宾语Object

宾语是谓语动词所表示的动作所及的对象,一般位于谓语之后。宾语有以下几种

1.直接宾语

直接宾语是及物动词的直接对象。可以作直接宾语的有名词、代词、数词、动名词短

语、不定式短语、名词化的形容词和从句.

翻译：1.纸很容易着火。(catch fire)

2.你在哪买的那个？

3.我们应该帮助穷人.

4.他最后决定听取我的建议。（decide，take one’s advice）

5.请停止发出噪音。（make noise）

6.你明白我意思是什么没？

2.双宾语

1.舅舅送了我一件很好的礼物。

2.他的外公给他做了一个风筝。

3.复合宾语

划出宾语和宾语补足语，什么做宾补？

The war made him a soldier. ( ________)

New machines make the job easy. ( ________)

They treated her as a child. ( ________)

Please help me to put these books in order. ( ________)

I saw a stranger waving to me. ( ________)

You should get the work done by tomorrow. ( ________)

Note:有时在make, think, find ,feel, consider后用it充当形式宾语,后接形容词或名词作宾语补足语,再后接充当真正宾语的从句、不定式.

They think it important to learn English well.

We felt it a pity that he didn't show up at the meeting.

Exercise 6: Translate the Chinese into English.

1.I ______________________ when I entered it.(看见她正在打扫房间)

2. She was dreaming a day dream when she______________________(听见自己的名字被叫)

3. To her surprise, she______________________(发现自己来到了一个不同的世界)

4. People around the world______________________(认为微笑是友好的表示)

5. The students______________________(觉得平衡学习和生活是重要的)

6. At first I ______________________(觉得理解他是困难的)

四、定语 Attributive

修饰名词、代词的词、短语或从句称为定语。