研究生高级英语教程-191句

Unit 1 Waking Up from the American Dream 1.Dead-end jobs and the high cost of college could bechoking off upward mobility.没有出路的工作和昂贵的大学学费可能阻断社会地位的提升。

2.But for years, even during the 1990s boom, much ofCorporate America had already embraced Wal-Mart-like stratagems to control labor costs.但多年来，即便在经济迅速发展的20世纪90年代，企业文化盛行的美国社会早已普遍在控制劳动力成本方面引入了沃尔玛式的策略3.While these tactics have the admirable outcome ofholding down consumer prices, they‟re costly in other ways.尽管这些策略在降低消费品价格方面成效显著，在其他方面却造成严重损失4.More than a quarter of the labor force, about 34million workers, is trapped in low-wage, often dead-end jobs.超过劳动力人口总数1/4的约3400万名工人因工资低、工作没有前途而陷入困境5.The number of workers progressing upward beganto slip in the 1970s, when the post-World WarⅡproductivity boom ran out of steam.二战后生产的繁荣消退之际，社会地位提高的劳动者人数开始减少。

6.Upward mobility diminished even more in the1980s as globalization and technology slammed blue-collar wages. 80年代，随着全球化和科技的发展，蓝领阶层的工资大幅度下滑，向上升迁的减弱趋势更甚于以往7.Many experts expected the trend to reverse asproductivity rebounded during the heated economy of the 1990s.在生产力回升、经济蓬勃发展的20世纪90年代，许多专家曾指望上述趋势可以逆转8.College enrollment boomed, too, and homeownership shot up, extending the American dream to more families.大学入学率和房屋拥有量快速飙升，“美国梦”惠及更多的家庭9.Surprisingly, the best economy in 30 years did littleto get America‟s vaunted upward mobility back on track. 令人惊讶的是，30年中最好的经济态势都没能重振美国人一向自吹自捧的“向上升迁”的传统10.The big finding in recent years is that the notion of Americabeing a highly mobile society isn‟t as true as it used to be.近些年的一大发现就是过去美国社会有很强的上下流动性，而现在不是了11.It‟s hard to find a job with a career ladder these days, and aB. A. would be an edge. 如今很难找到可以逐步得到提升的工作，而有个文学学士学位就多些竞争力12.Today, upward mobility is determined increasingly by acollege degree that‟s attainable mostly by those whose parents already have money or education. 如今能否晋升越来越取决于大学学历，而取得大学学历的大多数人的父母已具备经济实力或受过文化教育13.Problem is, that all-important sheepskin is out of reach formost students from low-income families. 问题是，大多数低收入家庭的学生只能对至关重要的学历文凭望洋兴叹14.Although college enrollment has soared for higher-incomestudents, more children from poor families can only afford to go to community college.15.Sons from the bottom three quarters of the socioeconomicscale were less likely to move up in the 1990s than in the 1960s.16.Restoring American mobility is less a question of knowingwhat to do than of making it happen.17.There have been plenty of warnings about declining collegeaccess, but finding funds was difficult even in eras of large surpluses.18.I f the U.S. couldn‟t shake off a creeping rigidity in the be stof times, it will take a conscious change to reverse course now.Unit 2 Move Over, Big Brother1.Big Brother, they have long warned, is watching. Now thereis the possibility that citizens are being watched.2.Thanks to the spread of mobile phones, digital cameras andthe internet, surveillance technology has become far more widely available.3.Surveillance abilities that used to be limited to governmentsare now, or soon will be, in the hands of everyone.4. A digital image, unlike a conventional photograph, can bequickly and easily copied and distributed around the world.5.The democratisation of surveillance is a mixed blessing,however.6.Germany's parliament has passed a bill that outlawsunauthorized photos within buildings.7.In Saudi Arabia, the import and sale of camera-phones hasbeen banned, and religious authorities have denounced them for “spreading obscenity”.8.South Korea's government has ordered manufacturers todesign new phones so that they beep when taking a picture.9.Cheap surveillance technology facilitates other sorts ofcrime.10.But the spread of surveillance technology also has itsbenefits. In particular, it can enhance transparency and accountability.11.Camera-phones could have a profound effect on the newsmedia.12.Camera-phones make everyone a potential newsphotographer.13.Unsurprisingly, old media is starting to embrace the trend.14.A photographically …armed‟ society c ould turn out to bemore polite.15.The omnipresence of cameras and other surveillancetechnologies might end up making individuals more conformist.16.The surveillance society is on its way, just as privacyadvocates have long warned.17.I ncreasingly, it is not just Big Brother who is watching— butlots of little brothers, too.Unit 5 The Rise of the Green Building1.It is officially known as the Swiss Re Tower, or 30St Mary Axe.2.As a typical example of green architecture, what ismost remarkable about the building is its energy-efficiency.3.Thanks to its artful design and some fancytechnology, it is expected to consume up to 50% less energy than a comparable conventional office building.4.Green architecture is changing the way buildingsare designed, built and run.5.Green architecture, a term which only came into usein the 1990s, has its origins in the energy crisis of the 1970s.6.These forward-looking architects began to exploredesigns that focused on the long-term environmental impact of maintaining and operatinga building.7.As green architecture moves into the mainstream,more green buildings came up.8.In China, the Beijing Organising Committee of theOlympic Games aims to host the first zero-net-emissions games.9.The Swiss Re Tower reduces its environmentalimpact by using natural lighting and ventilation wherever possible.10.T he building‟s shape maximizes the use of naturaldaylight, reducing the need for artificial lighting. 11.T he highest-profile green building currently on thedrawing board is the Freedom Trade Centre in New York.12.T he main tower, which will rise 1,776 feet, willinclude solar panels and a wind farm, the turbines of which are expected to deliver around one megawatt of power.13.G oing green saves money by reducing long-termenergy costs.14.T he traditional approach of trying to minimizeconstruction costs, by contrast, can lead to higher energy bills and wasted materials.15.T he use of natural daylight in office buildings, forexample, as well as reducing energy costs, also seems to make workers more productive.16.G reen buildings can also reduce legal liabilities fortheir owners, since they are less likely to give rise to “sick building” lawsuits.17.D espite its benefits and its growing popularity,green architecture is still the exception, not the rule, however.18.T he main problem is co-ordination, for greenbuildings require much more planning by architects,engineers, builders and developers than traditional buildings.19.G reen architecture will help to reshape theconstruction industry over the next five years, with ever more innovative, energy-efficient and environmentally friendly buildings.Unit 6 At What Cost Beauty1.Plastic surgery may have lost some of its stigma,but that doesn't mean the risks have vanished too. 2.It was not that long ago that the term makeoversuggested little more than a new eye shadow or a dye job.3.The vast majority of cosmetic procedures—bothsurgical and nonsurgical—conclude without incident.4.Many doctors don't bother with the special trainingand practice the surgery anyway to supplement their incomes.5.Only two of the five doctors in the fatal Floridacases were board-certified.6.The woman who died after a breast augmentationwas operated on by a doctor who specialized in dentistry.7.Technological advances have made it possible toperform intricate surgeries in nonhospital settings on an outpatient basis.8.Some are done in private, freestanding surgicalcenters, others in doctors' offices.9.Patients often enjoy a doctor's office because it feelsmore personal; many doctors prefer it because they exercise complete control over their surroundings and costs.10.I t is not uncommon for people to have multipleprocedures performed at once, and when the patient is in good health, it is not especially perilous.11.B ut generally, undergoing more than one procedurenot only prolongs recovery but also increases the time a patient is anesthetized, which can be risky. 12.T he show has generated good p.r. for the field, but itraises unrealistic expectations.13.S ometimes a patient can appear to do everythingright but still end up paying the ultimate price.14.D octors across Florida, California and New Yorksaid they received a few concerned calls from patients that week.15.B ut virtually no surgeons reported any cancellations.And the phones kept ringing for new appointments.Unit 8 Too Much Too Soon1.On more than one occasion I have paused to reflecton that very question given some current trends and ideas about children as little sponges of learning.2.Interestingly, many of these children were also inthe throngs of extracurricular overload.3.Moreover, in order to ensure that children haveskills and knowledge needed for the future, schools are increasing academic demands on children.4.The truth of the matter, however, is that any agendawhich forces learning upon young children may actually be doing more harm than good.5.One of the most fascinating neurological findings inrecent years is the recognition of the important influence of experience on brain development and learning.6.What is truly amazing is how experience actuallyshapes the architecture of the brain.7.Upon birth, Johnny‟s learning really begins to takeoff with the growth of connections (synapses) between some 100 billion neurons.8.The more repetitive an experience the greater theopportunity for connections to become permanently hardwired.9.Importantly, over-stimulation and activities that areintroduced to Johnny too early can actually hinder his learning.10.I n other words, “appropriate” does not necessarilymean more and much of this is dependent on the growth of a fatty material called myelin.11.S timulating experiences activate certainconnections, repetition consolidates these connections and the brain learns.12.H owever, there is also a neurological timetable thatextends from birth into the second decade of life. 13.T he build-up and acquisition of myelin towards fullbrain maturation is more marathon than sprint. 14.W hen the region of the brain responsible forlanguage production myelinates, children are then able to develop speech and grammar.15.T herefore, claims of teaching two year old childrento read would be highly dependent on a child‟s neural development.16.G iven the importance of experience, some mightsuggest that the earlier children are introduced to certain experiences or stimulation the greater the propensity for learning and early success.17.W hile we know that input from the environmenthelps shape the brain, we must also remember that brain maturation and overall development do not follow a nice neat agenda.18.S imply immersing a child in an endlessbombardment of stimuli may do more harm than good.19.C hildren are born curious and ready to learn.20.F rom a neurological standpoint it makes sense toarm parents with this knowledge and providesupport and assistance.21.E ducation and learning are not a race.22.W hile leisure and play may be increasinglyportrayed as wasteful the brain is uniquely programmed to ensure that too much too fast may actually result in some form of breakdown.Unit 10 How to live and love in the 21st century 1.Aristotle recognized that human beings areessentially creatures of habit.2.If we want to be good, we have to get into the habitof being good.3.Habits are formed by constant repetition ofbehaviors.4.The daily practice of civility and politeness helps,because it reinforces a regard for others and concern for their welfare.5.Your regard for them is not based on their tirelesswork to eradicate world poverty, but a basic decency expressed through their everyday dealings with others．6.Just as good character comes from the bottom up,so does a good society．7.Forget etiquette：it really doesn‟t matter how youhold your fork or which way you pass the port.8.What matters is how you treat your host and fellowguests.9.It's not primarily a question of rules; it's a questionof having an attitude of respect and consideration.10.W hen we ignore the presence of someone, treatingthem as absent, we are doing no less than denying their humanity.11.F or the same reason, you should never text anybodywhile in the middle of a conversation.12.Y ou should always monitor your volume whenchatting on your mobile.13.P eople who haven't yet learned this basic fact showthemselves to be oblivious to the presence of others.14.T his is no small failing.15.C onfucius says, "What you do not want done toyourself, do not do to others."16.Y ou demonstrate your power over the pedestrianmore effectively, not by ignoring them, but by showing that you voluntarily stop.17.O n public transport, allow people to alight beforeyou board.18.D o not smooch in the company of others.19.T he single are harshly reminded of the lack ofaffection in their lives, the long-attached of the lack of raw passion in theirs.20.W hatever the explanation, public smooching isexceedingly irritating to others.21.A lways dump in person, not by text, fax or email.22.I t's the only way to preserve both respect for thedumped and the dignity of the dumper.23.I f you go through a door first you should alwayshold it open for those who follow.24.A ge, gender and social class make no difference.25.E xtending this common courtesy to all is a sign thatwe hold everyone in equal respect.26.O ffer your seat to the elderly, but don't assumethey'll want it.27.M any older people resent the assumption that theyare too frail to stand for more than five minutes without having a cardiac arrest.28.A lthough in general you should offer the elderly aseat, avoid patronizing them when you do so.29.I f invited to someone's house for dinner, don't beone of the ungrateful fed.30.E xactly what you do can vary, and it is silly to thinkthat you must always bring wine or flowers, or senda thank you message, even though both are usuallyadvisable.31.T he main thing is not to take your host's hospitalityfor granted and show gratitude.32.D on't drink more at a party than you brought.33.A nd, of course, we can't all freeload, as there wouldbe no one to freeload from.34.N ever tell somebody else's child off in front of them,or criticize adults for their poor parenting.35.I t may be a free country, but as John Stuart Millpointed out, our liberty does not extend to causing harm to others.36.U ndertaking is a safety and so a moral issue, notone of etiquette.37.A part from, obviously, making sure your mobile isturned off, don't talk during the performance.38.D on't punctuate your sentences with profanities inpublic.39.M any people are likely to be either offended orbored by your repetitive and unimaginative use of vocabulary.40.A person who only ever asserts their rights isn'tnecessarily always in the right.Unit 11 The Global food Crisisst year the skyrocketing cost of food was awake-up call for the planet.2.Between 2005 and the summer of 2008, the price ofwheat and corn tripled, and the price of rice climbed fivefold.3.Unlike previous shocks driven by short-term foodshortages, this price spike came in a year when the world‟s farmers reaped a record grain crop.4.Simply put: For most of the past decade, the worldhas been consuming more food than it has been producing.5.After years of drawing down stockpiles, in 2007 theworld saw global carryover stocks fall to 61 days of global consumption, the second lowest on record. 6.High prices are the ultimate signal that demand isoutstripping supply, that there is simply not enough food to go around.7.Such agflation hits the poorest billion people on theplanet the hardest, since they typically spend 50 to70 percent of their income on food.8.Even though prices have fallen with the implodingworld economy, they are still near record highs.9.The underlying problems of low stockpiles, risingpopulation, and flattening yield growth remain. 10.C limate change—with its hotter growing seasonsand increasing water scarcity—is projected to reduce future harvests in much of the world.11.W ith world population spiraling toward nine billionby mid-century, these experts now say we need a repeat performance.12.E ach advance—the domestication of animals,irrigation, wet rice production—led to a corresponding jump in human population.13.E arly Arab and Chinese writers noted therelationship between population and food resources.14.I t wasn‟t until the end of the 18th century that aBritish scholar tried to explain the exact mechanism linking the two.15.H uman population, he observed, increases at ageometric rate, doubling about every 25 years if unchecked, while agricultural production increases arithmetically—much more slowly.16.T he power of population is indefinitely greater thanthe power in the earth to produce subsistence for man.17.M althus thought such checks could be voluntary,such as birth control, abstinence, or delayed marriage—or involuntary, through the scourges of war, famine, and disease.18.H e advocated against food relief for all but thepoorest of people, since he felt such aid encouraged more children to be born into misery.19.T his isn‟t the first time the world has stood at thebrink of a food crisis—it‟s only the most recent iteration.20.F or the following two decades, India had to importmillions of tons of grain to feed its people.21.I n the mid-1960s, India was struggling to feed itspeople during yet another crippling drought.22.H owever, the green revolution Borlaug started hadnothing to do with the eco-friendly green label in vogue today.23.T he more pacifying green revolution was such astaggering success that Borlaug won the Nobel Peace Prize in 1970.24.T oday, though, the miracle of the green revolution isover in Punjab: Yield growth has essentially flattened since the mid-1990s.25.A ll the while the population clock keeps ticking,with a net of 2.5 more mouths to feed born every second, which leads us, inevitably, back to Malthus.26.M althus‟s Essay on the Principle of Populationlooks like an eighth-grade science primer.27.F rom its strong, clear prose comes the voice of ahumble parish priest who hoped, as much as anything, to be proved wrong.28.A growing workforce, Malthus explained, depresseswages, which tends to make people delay marriage until they can better support a family.29.D elaying marriage reduces fertility rates, creatingan equally powerful check on populations.30.T his is the basic mechanism that regulatedpopulation growth in Western Europe for some 300 years before the industrial revolution.31.N one of the great classical economists saw theindustrial revolution coming, or the transformation of economies and agriculture that it would bring about.32.Y et hunger, famine, and malnutrition are with usstill, just as Malthus said they would be.Unit 13 The New Science of Happiness1.For most of its history, psychology had concerneditself with all that ails the human mind.2.Martin Seligman wanted to look at what activelymade people feel fulfilled, engaged and meaningfully happy.3.Mental health, he reasoned, should be more than theabsence of mental illness.4.Once your basic needs are met, additional incomedoes little to raise your sense of satisfaction with life.5.On the positive side, religious faith seems togenuinely lift the spirit.6.The most salient characteristics shared by the 10%of students with the highest levels of happiness and the fewest signs of depression were their strong ties to friends and family and commitment to spending time with them.7.It is important to work on social skills, closeinterpersonal ties and social support in order to be happy.8.Even the happiest of people—the cheeriest10%—feel blue at times. And even the bluest have their moments of joy.9.That has presented a challenge to social scientiststrying to measure happiness.10.T o get around those challenges, researchers havedevised several methods of assessment.11.S ome scholars have questioned the validity of thissimple, five-question survey.12.D aniel Kahneman of Princeton University unveileda new tool for sizing up happiness: theday-reconstruction method.13.S eligman, in contrast, puts the emphasis on theremembering self.14.F or him, studying moment-to-moment experiencesputs too much emphasis on transient pleasures and displeasures.15.H appiness goes deeper than that, he argues in his2002 book Authentic Happiness.16.A s a result of his research, he finds threecomponents of happiness: pleasure, engagement, and meaning.17.O f those three roads to a happy, satisfied life,pleasure is the least consequential.18.H e insists: "This is newsworthy because so manyAmericans build their lives around pursuing pleasure. It turns out that engagement and meaning are much more important."19.I t may be that trying to be happier is as futile astrying to be taller.20.O ne is the gratitude journal—a diary in whichsubjects write down things for which they are thankful.21.A nother happiness booster, say positivepsychologists, is performing acts of altruism or kindness.22.W hy do exercising gratitude, kindness and othervirtues provide a lift?23."Giving makes you feel good about yourself," saysPeterson. "When you're volunteering, you're distracting yourself from your own existence, and that's beneficial. More fuzzily, giving puts meaning into your life. You have a sense of purpose because you matter to someone else."24.E very day you have to renew your commitment.Hopefully, some of the strategies will become habitual over time and not a huge effort.25.B ut other psychologists are more skeptical. Somesimply doubt that personality is that flexible.26.I f you're a pessimist who really thinks through indetail what might go wrong, that's a strategy that's likely to work very well for you.27.S he is worried that the messages of positivepsychology reinforce "a lot of American biases"about how individual initiative and a positive attitude can solve complex problems.28.T here's little risk in trying some extra gratitude andkindness, and the results—should they materialize—are their own reward.11。