2008年1月份SAT真题解析
2008年1月研究生学位英语真题(附完整参考答案)
2008年1月研究生英语学位课统考PART II VOCABULARY (10 minutes, 10 points )Section A (0.5 point each)21. The city was virtually paralyzed by the transit strike for better wages.A. subjectivelyB. imaginablyC. positivelyD. practically22. In spite of the taxing business schedule, he managed to take some time off for exercise.A. imposingB. demandingC. compulsoryD. temporary23. The court held the parents accountable for the minor child's acts of violence.A. responsible forB. indifferent toC. desperate forD. involved in24.The visitors were impressed by the facilities planned and programmed in terms of their interrelationships.A. in units ofB. with reference toC. in aspects ofD. on condition of25. "There is a weird power in a spoken word," Joseph Conrad once said.A. mightyB. prospectiveC. oddD. formidable26. Poverty and inadequate health care take their toll on the quality of a community's health.A. destructionB. contributionC. chargeD. origin27. This old man had trouble expressing the attachment he felt when arriving at his native town.A. hospitalityB. affection C: appeal D. frustration28. If you become reconciled to your lot, you will never get a new start in life.A. submissiveB. resistantC. tolerableD. committed29. The little girl felt increasingly uneasy while waiting for her mother at the bus-stop.A. difficultB. excitedC. relievedD. restless30. A high official is likely to win respect and trust if he can stick to his principles.A. turn toB. add toC. keep toD. lead toSection B (0.5 point each)31. To achieve sustainable development, the of resources is assuming new importance.A. conservationB. reservationC. exhaustionD. devastation32. The sale of alcoholic beverages is ________ to those above 21 in some regions.A. confinedB. inhibitedC. obligedD. restricted33.The importance of protecting rainforests from human invasion is increasingly realized bydeveloping and developed countries_______.A. bothB. eitherC. alikeD. apart34. Before the 1980s, the idea of health insurance was quite _______ to those living in the mainlandof China.A. overseasB. abroadC. foreignD. offshore35. The government is expected to make new legislations to ______ foreign investment in real estate.A. manipulateB. regulateC. dominateD. prevail36. Despite the suspect's ________to be innocent, there is compelling evidence that he was involved.A. convictionB. assertionC. accusationD. speculation37. For many countries, being part of a global supply chain is like striking oil -- oil that may never____.A. run outB. work outC. turn outD. call out38. Having been an office secretary for some years, she always _______chores in a responsible way.A. goes onB. goes forC. goes withoutD. goes about39. Without clear guidelines ______, executives of hospitals are sometimes at a loss about what to do.A. in orderB. in placeC. in needD. in trouble40. The age of other trees is variously estimated as ______ from two hundred to eight hundred years.A. changingB. differingC. varyingD. rangingPART III CLOZE TEST (10 minutes, 10 points, 1 point each)Every year, as the price of goods rises, the inflation refuses to (41) even from the high educational institutions.In the US, according to a 2005 survey by the College Board, (42) at state universities rose by an average of 7.1 percent annually, after a year when inflation grew much less. At private schools it was up 5.9 percent. The survey which (43) more than 3,000 colleges and universities did not provide clear reasons for the continued increases. It did say that the price of goods and services at universities have risen rapidly. Some of the fastest growth has been in employee health (44), and professional salaries.Living expenses on campus have also (45). At the university of Southern California student dining hall, a buffet meal cost $5.50 in 2004. But now it's $9. The US government often provides (46) assistance to students' lunch in primary and high schools, but these favorable policies usually don't (47) universities.Some students said the food on campus is sometimes even more expensive than that at restaurants (48) campus.To compensate the rise in tuition and living expenses, the federal and state governments (49) universities and private sources have provided (50) for students. Of all the full time undergraduates about 62 percent have a grant covering 30-50 percent of their tuition, according to the College Board.41. A. stay away B. stand out C. step down D. set off42. A. fares B. payment C. charges D. tuition43. A. attended B. covered C. included D. composed44. A. welfares B. advantages C. benefits D. goods45. A. rolled up B. gone up C. sat up D. taken up46. A. management B. economic C. policy D. financial47. A. apply to B. suit for C. adjust to D. gear for48. A. in B. to C. off D. over49. A. as well as B. the same as C. as far as D. such as50. A. grasps B. grains C. grounds D. grantsPART IV READING COMPREHENSION (45 minutes, 30 points, 1 point each)Passage OneDid your mum and dad go to university, or did they leave school and go straight to the Job Centre? The educational experience of parents is still important when it comes to how today's students choose an area of study and what to do after graduation, according to The Future-track research in the UK.The research was done by the Higher Education Careers Service Unit. It plans to follow university applicants for six years from 2006 through their early careers.The first year's findings come from a study of 130,000 university applicants. They show significant differences in prospective students' approach to higher education, depending on whether their parents got degrees (second-generation applicants) or didn't (first-generation applicants).First-generation applicants were more likely to say that their career and employment prospectswere uppermost in their minds in deciding to go to university. About one-fifth of this group gave "to enable me to get a good job" as their main reason for choosing HE. And 37 percent said that a degree was "part of my career plan".A young person coming from a non-professional household where finances are stretched may find the idea of learning for its own sake to be a luxury. This explains the explosion in vocational courses.At Portsmouth University, first-year student Kim Burnett, 19, says that she specifically chose her degree in health research management and psychology to get a secure, well-paid job. Harriet Edge, 20, studying medicine at Manchester University, also wanted job security. Her parents lacked college degrees, though the fact that her uncle is a doctor appears to have influenced her choice."Medicine is one of those fields where it's pretty likely you'll get a job at the end. That's a big plus, as the debt levels after five years of study are going to be frightening," she says. Many experts believe that this situation affects those with no family tradition of higher education far more keenly. The fact that 26 percent of respondents said that they needed more advice implies that some students may end up feeling that their higher education investment was not worthwhile.For those with graduate parents, this lack of guidance may, the researchers suggest, be less of a problem. " But, for those without the advantages, lack of access to career guidance before applying for higher education leaves them exposed to making poorer choices," the survey concludes.51. The main idea of the passage is that_________.A. parents' experiences are more important for their children's educationB. parents' careers are vitally important for their children's degreesC. students' approach to higher education correlates with their parents' educational experienceD. students' career and employment prospects are decided by their parents52. "HE" in the 4th paragraph probably refers to __________.A. health educationB. higher employmentC. Harriet EdgeD. higher education53. A young person coming from a non-professional household ____________.A. is less likely to get financial aid to go to universityB. is more likely to choose vocational educationC. may think learning for pleasure is a good ideaD. may choose to study for a professional degree54. In which of the following aspects do Kim Burnett and Harriet Edge have in common?A. They both chose their majors because of their family influence.B. They are both the first-year students in university.C. Both of their parents lack college degrees.D. Both of them chose degrees for job security.55. It is implied that ____________.A. the cost of a degree in medicine is very highB. higher education investment in medicine is not worthwhileC. a student without family medical tradition is less likely to choose medicineD. medicine is a field where every degree-holder can get a job56.Those with graduate parents may _________.A. make poorer choices when choosing their majorsB. make better choices when applying for higher educationC. not need career guidance before graduationD. have no problems in applying for a collegePassage TwoLast month, the public address system at Earl's Court subway station in London was ordered to get the noise down. Passengers, it seems, had had enough of being told the blindingly obvious: "Stand back or the train will run you over." "Don't lean on the doors." "Stand back from the opening doors." "Do this." "Don't do that."Bossiness is not just aural. It is also written. As a commuter, I'm continually bombarded by notices on car walls. "Please take your feet off the seat." "Please turn down your personal stereo." And when I drive past the local primary, a sign flashes: "School. Slow down!"The presumption behind these signs is that Britons must have everything spelled out because we are tow, uncivilized people who were raised by wolves.Britain didn't use to be so bossy. When I was a boy, for instance, the local cinema put a warning on screen before we settled down to watch. "Don't," it said, "make noises." In those days, long before mobile phones, it was the only bossiness we saw in the cinema. Since then, bossiness has become more commonplace. Television, that strongest guide to public morals and lifestyles in this country, is alive with dominant people. On screen, we see health experts holding some poor woman's breasts and demanding that she get in shape. Cooking programs tell us not to think of leaving toast crumbs on the kitchen table.There is no point in blaming TV for this new bossiness. We want to be bossed. We have behaved badly and now we yearn to feel the whip to correct us. On July 1, smoking will be banned in public places in England. My local government told churches in the area last week that no-smoking posters must be prominently displayed by church entrances.I love this: the governments are bossing people to make them more bossy. They are insisting that priests tell their congregations (教区的教民) what to do.My local government isn't the only source of bossiness. I find it everywhere. But the rise in bossiness does not seem to have been accompanied by a rise in socially well-adjusted behavior. In fact, the opposite. Perhaps this is because, if you feel as though you are treated with contempt, you will respond with the same.57. The case at Earl's Court subway station shows that _________.A. it is very noisy in public placesB. it is necessary to warn the passengers of their safetyC. people have realized the importance of public orderD. people have been tired of being bossed58. It is presumed that bossiness is everywhere because Britons__________.A. need to be bossed to behave themselvesB. want to be reminded of how to behave wellC. must have everything spelled outD. are raised in uncivilized society59. It is suggested in the passage that____________.A. now Britons behave much better than they did in the pastB. in the past Britons behaved much better than they do nowC. the dominant people on screen should be blamed for the new bossinessD. television has misguided the public morals and lifestyles in Britain60. According to the passage, which of the following statemens is true?A. Television should play a role in enhancing public morals.B. The local government has got involved in the church activities.C. The governments want to make themselves more authoritative by bossing people.D. The rise in bossiness has helped the improvement of people's behavior.61. The author writes this passage in a _________.A. funny toneB. criticizing toneC. friendly toneD. radical tone62. What is the appropriate title of this passage?A. British People Have Had Enough Bossiness AroundB. British People Want to Be BossedC. Bossiness in Great Britain: Its Past and PresentD. Bossiness in Great Britain Should Be IgnoredPassage ThreeIt began as just another research project, in this case to examine the effects of various drugs on patients with a severe mood disorder. Using an advanced brain scanning technology--the clumsily named echo-planar magnetic resonance spectroscopic imaging (磁共振光谱成像) procedure, or EP-MRSI--researchers at Boston's McLean Hospital scanned the medicated and un-medicated brains of 30 people with bipolar disorder in order to detect possible new treatments for the more than 2 million American adults who suffer from the disease.But something unexpected happened. A patient who had been so depressed that she could barely speak became ebullient after the 45-minute brain scan. Then a second patient, who seemed incapable of even a smile, emerged actually telling jokes. Then another and another. Was this some coincidence? Aimee Parow, the technician who made these observations didn't think so. She mentioned the patients' striking mood shifts to her boss and together they completely refocused the study: to see if the electromagnetic fields might actually have a curative effect on depressive mood.As it turns out, they did. As reported last month in the American Journal of Psychiatry, 23 of the 30 people who were part of the study reported feeling significantly less depressed after the scan. The most dramatic improvements were among those who were taking no medication. The researchers are cautious. Says Bruce Cohen, McLean's president and psychiatrist in chi ef: “I want to emphasize that we are not saying this is the answer but this is a completely different approach in trying to help the brain than anything that was done before."It's a completely different approach because of the way the magnetism is applied to the brain. But it's an example of new research on an old idea: that the brain is an electromagnetic organ and that brain disorders might result from disorder in magnetic function. The idea has huge appeal to psychiatrists and patients alike, since for many people the side effects of psychiatric (精神的) drugs are almost as difficult to manage as the disease itself. And 30 percent of the nearly 18.8 million people who suffer from depression do not respond to any of the antidepressants available now. People with other severe mental disorders might benefit as well. And while no one fully understands exactly why or how the brain responds as it does to electrical currents and magnetic waves, fascinating new research is offering some possible explanations.63. The first paragraph describes a project aimed at finding ____________.A. who has bipolar disorderB. what improves people's moodsC. whether magnetic scanning is a treatmentD. how some patients respond to some drugs64. What does the passage say about bipolar disorder?A.It mainly affects males.B. It may cause drug addiction.C. It is a mental problem.D.It is hard to detect.65. The word "ebullient" in Paragraph 2 can be best replaced by________.A. considerateB. quietC. excitedD. sorrowful66. The researchers' attitude toward the new finding can be described as_________.A. confusedB. amusedC. carefulD. skeptical67. The new finding is significant because it shows that electromagnetic fields mayA.treat mental disordersB. cause mental disordersC. increase the effectiveness of some drugsD. reduce the effectiveness of some drugs68. The passage mainly_________.A. reports a discoveryB. challenges a discoveryC. explains the problems with a discoveryD. describes the backgound of a discovery Passage FourMy kids tell me that I am "so 20th century", which troubles me. A person likes to feel that he is "with it", as we used to say in the 20th century.So I have been thinking how I might change myself into a true 21st-century man. Clearly, in my advanced state of age I would be foolish to attempt some wild leap into the contemporary fashion. And anyway, my distinctive taste attracts much favourable comment.But if my clothing is too characteristic to change, perhaps I should do something about my lifestyle. So last week I took myself to the NEC for the Smart Home Show which is "the exhibition dedicated to all the latest trends in smart home technology".It was a shock. How could I have lived for half a century without a fingerprint-operated front door? ("Never lock yourself out of your home again!") Or vacuum cleaners that suck dust straight into a dustbin, via a system of pipes in your house walls? (All you have to do is rebuild your entire home.) Or automatic garden sprinklers which are so smart that they turn themselves off when it starts to rain? Of course, you could just look out of the window, observe that it's raining and turn them off yourself, but that would be so 20th century.Besides, those were just the simpler things. For the true smart-home owner, a plasma (等离子) TV fireplace is a must. At first glance it's just an electric fire with a mantelpiece，but press your remote and a giant TV screen rises from the mantelpiece. "Thieves won't even know it's there," a spokesman claimed. Just as well. At £5,280，it would be a pity to have it broken. But the real revolution has happened in the bathroom. Never again need you feel cut off from world events as you go about your washing. Forget the mirrors that turn into TV screens. They're old hat. The buzz in bathrooms now is all about heated towel-racks that turn into TVs.Enough! I was convinced: I want a smart home. There's only one problem: The cost. You are looking at £18,000 to £25,000 for an average home. Hmm. I won't be entering the 21st century just yet, then.69. To be "21st century", the author decided to___________.A. move to a new houseB. change the way he livedC. improve his dressing styleD. talk in the most trendy fashion70. The author's comment on the vacuum cleaner implies that___________.A. he believed that it was uselessB. he wanted to purchase one himselfC. he hated to cause inconvenienceD. he thought that it was not worth the effort71. What is the most revolutionary smart home technology according to the author?A. The plasma TV fireplace.B. The automatic garden sprinkler.C. Mirrors that turn into TV screens.D. Heated towel-racks that turn into TVs.72. The Smart Home Show__________.A. seemed too good to be trueB. was a true eye-opener for the authorC. left a negative impression on the authorD. appealed less to the middle- and old-aged73. What does the author think of buying the smart home products?A. He was interested, but found them too expensive.B. He was fascinated, and determined to buy them.C. He wasn't attracted, and wouldn't buy them.D. He wasn't sure, so he would rather wait and see.74. Which of the following words could best describe the author's tone?A. Overstated.B. Objective.C. Ironic.D. Passionate.Passage FiveNever before has flying been so controversial. In the space of two years, the environmental damage done by planes has gone from being something quietly discussed by scientists and committed environmentalists, to a headline-grabbing issue no one can ignore.Even those who fly once or twice a year on holiday can't help but feel a growing sense of guilt, while those opting for trips by car, train or ferry have a self-righteous spring in their steps.Now, however, the backlash is beginning. The tourism and aviation industries are mobilizing, and pointing out some awkward facts. Did you know that some ferries emit far more carbon dioxide than some planes'? That driving can release twice as much carbon as flying? A new report from Balpa, the pilot's union, even claims that planes can be better than train.While there are the campaigners who plot their camp at Heathrow to protest the air travel, in Kenya plans are being drawn up for a very different camp. Looking out from a cliff over the deserts of Samburuland is a stunning hotel, the O1 Malo Eco-Lodge. Revenue from the small number of visiting tourists has allowed the 5,000 acres around it to be transformed from over-grazed cattle ranch to a conservation site. More impressive still is the O1 Malo eye project. Up to 80 per cent of adults in the area suffer sight loss, so the O1 Malo Trust runs regular surgical camps, bringing doctors from the UK to treat them. In January, the camp gave 102 people back their sight. "It's very simple--all of our visitors fly here," said Julia Francombe, the founder. "If they stopped coming, it would kill us."One thing on which all sides agree is that aviation is booming, so it becomes crucial to develop new and less polluting aircraft. Airbus's claim that it can save the world with the A380 may be far-fetched, but its "gentle giant" plane is far more efficient and quieter than those of 20 years ago.Some environmentalists, however, scorn these advances, saying such measures are a "delusion." "The aviation industry is likely to vastly overstate the gains that can be made from technological improvements but sadly a climate friendly plane isn't on the horizon," says Emily Armistead of Greenpeace.So the question is: who do you believe?75. Pollution caused by planes used to _____________.A. be heatedly debated in the scientific communityB. be a controversial issue no one could ignoreC. draw little attention among the general publicD. divert people's attention from more important issues76. Compared with people who fly, those who choose cars or trains for travel_________.A. feel equally guilty of causing environmental damagesB. seem to care more about the environment than about timeC. believe that they are doing the right thing for the environmentD. are more troubled by the latest facts on environmental pollution77. The camps in Kenya are mentioned to_________.A. demonstrate the necessity of flyingB. emphasize the problems of flyingC. persuade people to turn to flyingD. present the two sides of flying78. Emily Armistead suggests that the aviation industry___________.A. has not made great efforts to develop environmentally friendly planesB. cannot come up with environmentally friendly planes in the near futureC. should not use environmentally friendly planes to solve their problemsD. will not save the world even with environmentally friendly planes79. What is the author's position on air travel?A. Air travel should be avoided if possible.B. Air travel is not as problematic as people believe.C. It is too early to say that air travel has caused damages.D. It is hard to decide whether we should continue air travel80. The best title for the passage is “___________”.A. Should We Stop Flying?B. When Can We Stop Flying?C. What Will Happen If We Stop Flying?D. Will Stopping Flying Make a Difference?PART V TRANSLATION (30 minutes, 20 points)Section A (15 minutes, 10 points)British previous colonial policies led to the spread of English across the world. This wide use of English has been reinforced by the sweeping influence of the U.S.. However, the dominance of English as an international language is considered both a blessing and a curse. For one thing, it has accelerated the extinction of some languages. People have been wondering about the possibility of creating a global language which might hold promises for an end to language-caused troubles and conflicts. Unfortunately, attempts to harmonize world languages have met with little success as a result of the reluctance of native speakers of a particular language to adopt another language as their mother tongue. To discard one's native language is to have the distinct features of his nation erased. Section B (15 minutes, 10 points)根据最新统计，67％的美国人能上网，该比例是中国的6倍。
200801月MBA联考-英语(二)真题跟答案
2008年全国硕士研究生——管理类专业学位联考（二）2008年联考英语真题与答案Section I VocabularyDirections: There are 20 incomplete sentences in this section. For each sentence there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that best completes the sentence and mark your answers onANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)1.Oil is an important ______material which can be processed into many different products, includingplastics.A rawB bleakC flexibleD fertile2.The high living standards of the US cause its present population to ____ 25 percent of the world’soil.A assumeB consumeC resumeD presume3. You shouldn’t be so ___ ---I didn’t mean anything bad in what I said.A sentimentalB sensibleC sensitiveD sophisticated4. Picasso was an artist who fundamentally changed the ___ of art for later generations.A. philosophy B concept C viewpoint D theme5. Member states had the option to ____ from this agreement with one year’s notice.A denyB objectC suspectD withdraw6. The two countries achieved some progress in the sphere of trade relations, traditionally a source of____ irritation.A mutualB optionalC neutralD parallel7. Williams had not been there during the ___ moments when the kidnapping had taken place.A superiorB rigorousC vitalD unique8. Travel around Japan today, and one sees foreign residents a wide ____ of jobs.A rangeB fieldC scaleD area9. Modern manufacturing has ___ a global river of materials into a stunning array of new products.A translatedB transformedC transferredD transported10. Lightning has been the second largest storm killer in the US over the past 40 years and is ____ onlyby flood.A exceededB excelledC excludedD extended11. V oices were ____as the argument between the two motorists became more bad-tempered.A.swollenB. increasedC. developedD. raised12. Some sufferers will quickly be restored to prefect health, ___others will take a longer time.A. whichB. whereC. whenD. whereas13. My brother likes eating very much but he isn’t very ___about the food he eats.A. specialB. peculiarC. particularD. unusual14. Britain might still be part of France if it weren’t ____a disastrous flood 200.000 years ago,according to scientists from Imperial College in London.A. uponB. withC. inD. for15. The water prize is an international award that __outstanding contributions towards solving globalwater problems.A. recognizesB. requiresC. releasesD. relays16. In its 14 years of _____, the European Union has earned the scorn of its citizens and skepticismfrom the United States.A. enduranceB. emergenceC. existenceD. eminence17. His excuse for being late this morning was his car had __ in the snow.A. started upB. got stuckC. set backD. stood by18.____widespread belief cockroaches (螳螂) would not take over the world if there were no around tostep on them.A. In view ofB. Thanks toC. In case ofD. Contrary to19. Consciously or not, ordinary citizens and government bureaucrats still _____the notion thatJapanese society is a unique culture.A. fit in withB. look down onC. cling toD. hold back20. As you can see by yourself, things ____to be exactly as the professor had foreseen.A . turned in B. turned out C. turned up D. turned downSection II Cloze (10 points)Directions: Read the following passage. For each numbered blank there are four choices marked A, B, C and D.Choose the best one and mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)Olympic Games are held every four years at a different site, in which athletes _21__different nations compete against each other in a __22_ of sports. There are two types of Olympics, the Summer Olympics and the winter Olympics.In order to __23__the Olympics, a city must submit a proposal to the international Olympic committee (IOC). After all proposals have been _24___, the IOC votes. If one city is successful in gaining a majority in the first vote, the city with the fewest votes is eliminated, and voting continues with __25__rounds, until a majority winner is determined. Typically the Games are awarded several years in advance, __26__the winning city time to prepare for the Games. In selecting the _27__of the Olympic Games, the IOC considers a number of factors, chief among them which city has, or promises to build, the best facilities, and which organizing committee seems most likely to _28__the Games effectively.The IOC also _29__which parts of the world have not yet hosted the Games. _30__,Tolkyo, Japan, the host of the 1964 Summer Games, and Mexico city, Mexico, the host of the 1968 summer Games , were chosen _31__to popularize the Olympic movement In Asia and in Latin America._32__the growing importance of television worldwide, the IOC in recent years has also taken into _33__the host city’s time zone. _34__the Games take place in the United States or Canada, for example, American television networks are willing to pay _35___ higher amounts for television rights becausethey can broadcast popular events __36____, in prime viewing hours.___37__the Games have been awarded. It is the responsibility of the local organizing committee to finance them. This is often done with a portion of the Olympic television ___38_ and with corporate sponsorships, ticket sales, and other smaller revenue sources. In many __39___ there is also direct government support.Although many cities have achieved a financial profit by hosting the Games, the Olympics can be financially __40___. When the revenues from the Games were less than expected, the city was left with large debts.21. A. in B. for C. of D. from22. A. lot B. number C. variety D. series23. A. host B. take C. run D. organize24. A. supported B. submitted C. substituted D. subordinated25. A. suggestive B. successful C. successive D. succeeding26. A. letting B. setting C. permitting D. allowing27. A. site B. spot C. location D. place28. A. state B. stage C. start D. sponsor29. A. thinks B. reckons C. considers D. calculates30. A. For instance B. As a result C. In brief D. On the whole31. A. in time B. in part C. in case D. in common32. A. Since B. Because C. As for D. Because of33. A. amount B. account C. accord D. acclaim34. A. However B. Whatever C. Whenever D. Wherever35. A. greatly B. handsomely C. meaningfully D. significantly36. A. live B. living C. alive D. lively37. A. Until B. Unless C. Whether D. Once38. A. incomes B. interests C. revenues D. returns39. A. cases B. conditions C. chances D. circumstances40. A. safe B. risky C. tempting D. feasibleSection Ⅲ Reading ComprehensionDirections:There are four passages in this section. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B,C, and D. Youshould decide on the best choice and blacken the corresponding letter on ANSWERSHEET 1 . (40 points)Questions 41 to 45 are based on the following passage:Last weekend Kyle MacDonald in Montreal threw a party to celebrate the fact that he got his new home in exchange for a red paper clip. Starting a year ago, MacDonald bartered the clip for increasingly valuable stuff, including a camp stove and free rent in a Phoenix flat. Having announced his aim (the house) in advance, MacDonald likely got a boost from techies eager to see the Internet pass this daringtest of its networking power. “My whole motto (座右铭) was ‘Start small, think big, and have fun’, ” says MacDonald, 26, “I really kept my effort on the creative side rather than the business side. ”Yet as odd as the MacDonald exchange was, barter is now big business on the Net. This year more than 400,000 companies worldwide will exchange some $10 billion worth of goods and services on a growing number of barter sites. These Web sites allow companies to trade products for a virtual currency, which they can use to buy goods from other members. In Iceland, garment-maker Kapusalan sells a third of its output on the booming Vidskiptanetid exchange, earning virtual money that it uses to buy machinery and pay part of employee salaries. The Troc-services exchange in France offers more than 4,600 services, from math lessons to ironing.This is not a primitive barter system. By creating currencies, the Internet removes a major barrier—what Bob Meyer, publisher of BarterNews, calls “the double coincidence of wants.” That is, two parties once not only had to find each other, but also an exchange of goods that both desired. Now, they can price the deal in virtual currency.Barter also helps firms make use of idle capacity. For example, advertising is “hugely bartered” because many media, particularly on the Web can supply new ad space at little cost. Moreover, Internet ads don’t register in industry-growth statistics, because many exchanges are arranged outside the formal exchanges.Like eBay, most barter sites allow members to “grade” trading partners for honesty quality and so on.. Barter exchanges can allow firms in countries with hyperinflation or nontradable currencies to enter global trades. Next year, a nonprofit exchange called Quick Lift Two (QL2) plans to open in Nairobi, offering barter deals to 38,000 Kenyan farmers in remote areas. Two small planes will deliver the goods. QL2 director Gacii Waciuma says the farmers are excited to be “liberated from corrupt middlemen.” For them, barter evokes a bright future, not a precapitalist past.41. The word “techies” (Line 4, Para 1) probably refers to those who are ＿＿＿.A. afraid of technologyB. skilled in technologyC. ignorant of technologyD. incompetent in technology42. Many people may have deliberately helped Kyle because they ＿＿＿.A. were impressed by his creativityB. were eager to identify with his mottoC. liked his goal announced in advanceD. hoped to prove the power of the Internet43. The Internet barter system relies heavily on ＿＿＿.A. the size of barter stiesB. the use of virtual currencyC. the quality of goods or servicesD. the location of trading companies]44. It is implies that Internet advertisements can help ＿＿＿.A. companies make more profitB. companies do formal exchangesC. media register in statisticsD. media grade barter sites45. Which of the follow is true of QL2 according to the author?A. It is criticized for doing business in a primitive way.B. It aims to deal with hyperinflation in some countries.C. It helps get rid of middlemen in trade and exchange.D. It is intended to evaluate the performance of trading partners.Questions 46 to 50 are based on the following passage:The lives of very few Newark residents are untouched by violence: New Jersey’s biggest city has seen it all. Yet the murder of three young people, who were forced to kneel before being shot in the back of the head in a school playground on August 4th, has shaken the city. A fourth, who survived, was stabbed and shot in the face. The four victims were by all accounts good kids, all enrolled in college, all with a future. But the cruel murder, it seems, has at last forced Newarkers to say they have had enough.Grassroots organizations, like Stop Shooting, have been flooded with offers of help and support since the killings. Yusef Ismail, its co-founder, says the group has been going door-to-door asking people to sign a pledge of non-violence. They hope to get 50,000 to promise to “stop shooting, start thinking, and keep living.” The Newark Community Foundation, which was launched last month, announced on August 14th that it will help pay for Community Eye, a surveillance(监视) system tailored towards gun crime.Cory Booker who became mayor 13 months ago with a mission to revitalize the city , believes the surveillance program will be the largest camera and audio network in any American city. More than 30 cameras were installed earlier this summer and a further 50 will be installed soon in a seven-square mile area where 80% of the city’s recent shootings have occurred. And more cameras are planned.When a gunshot is detected, the surveillance camera zooms in on that spot. Similar technology in Chicago has increased arrests and decreased shootings. Mr. Booker plans to announce a comprehensive gun strategy later this week.Mr. Booker, as well as church leaders and others, believes(or hopes)that after the murder the city will no longer stand by in coldness. For generations, Newark has been paralyzed by poverty ----almost one in three people lives below the poverty line----and growing indifference to crime.Some are skeptical .Steve Malanga of the conservative Manhattan Institute notes that Newark has deep social problems: over 60% of children are in homes without fathers. The school system, taken over by the state in 1995, is a mess. But there is also some cause for hope. Since Mr. Booker was elected, there has been a rise in investment and re-zoning for development. Only around 7% of nearby Newark airport workers used to come from Newark; now, a year, the figure is 30%.Mr Booker has launched a New York-style war on crime. So far this year, crime has fallen 11% and shootings are down 30 %( through the murder rate looks likely to match last year’s high).46. What happened in Newark, New Jersey on August 4th?A. The Newark residents witnessed a murder.B. Four young people were killed in a school playground.C. The new mayor of Newark took office.D. Four college students fell victim to violence.47. Judging from the context, the “Community Eye”(Line5,Para 2)is_____A. a watching system for gun crimeB. a neighborhood protection organizationC. an unprofitable community businessD. a grassroots organization48.We learn from the passage that Newark has all the following problems EXCEPT_____A. violenceB. floodC. povertyD. indifference49. Mayor Booker’s effort against crime seem to be ______A. idealisticB. impracticalC. effectiveD. fruitless50. The best title for the passage may be _____A. Stop Shooting, Start Thinking, and Keep LivingB. Efforts to Fight against Gun CrimesC. A Mission to Revitalize the CityD. Violent Murders in NewarkQuestions 51 to 55 are based on the following passage:According to a recent survey on money and relationships, 36 percent of people are keeping a bank account from their partner. While this financial unfaithfulness may appear as distrust in a relationship , in truth it may just be a form of financial protection.With almost half of all marriages ending in divorce, men and women are realizing they need to be financially savvy, regardless of whether they are in a relationship.The financial hardship on individuals after a divorce can be extremely difficult, even more so when children are involved. The lack of permanency in relationships, jobs and family life may be the cause of a growing trend to keep a secret bank account hidden from a partner; in other words, an ”escape fund”. Margaret’s story is far from unique. She is a representative of a growing number of women in long-term relationships who are becoming protective of their own earnings.Every month on pay day, she banks hundreds of dollars into a savings account she keeps from her husband. She has been doing this throughout their six-year marriage and has built a nest egg worth an incredible $100,000 on top of her pension.Margaret says if her husband found out about her secret savings he’d hurt and would interpret this as a sign she wasn’t sure of the marriage.” He’d think it was my escape fun so that financially I could afford to get out of the relationship if it went wrong. I know you should approach marriage as being forever and I hope ours is, but you can never be sure.”Like many of her fellow secret savers, Margaret was stung in a former relationship and has since been very guarded about her own money.Coming clean to your partner about being a secret saver may not be all that bad. Take Colleen for example, who had been saving secretly for a few years before she confessed to her partner. ”I decided to open a savings account and start building a nest egg of my own. I wanted to prove to myself that I could put money in the bank and leave it there for a rainy day.”“When John found out about my secret savings, he was a little suspicious of my motives. Ireassured him that this was certainly not an escape fund that I feel very secure in out relationship. I have to admit that it does feel good to have my own money on reserve if ever there are rainy days in the future. It’s sensible to build and protect your personal financial security.”51. The trend to keep a secret bank account is growing because______A. escape fund helps one through rainy daysB. days are getting harder and harderC. women are money sensitiveD. financial conflicts often occur52. The word “savvy”(Line2,Para 2)probably means_______A. suspiciousB. secureC. shrewdD. simple53. Which inference can we make about Margaret?A. She is a unique woman.B. She was once divorced.C. She is going to retire.D. She has many children.54. The author mentions Colleen’s example to show_____A. any couple can avoid marriage conflictsB. privacy within marriage should be respectedC. everyone can save a fortune with a happy marriageD. financial disclosure is not necessarily bad55. Which of the following best summary this passage?A. Secret SaversB. Love Is What It’s WorthC. Banking HonestyD. Once Bitten, Twice ShyQuestions 56 to 60 are based on the following passage:“The word ‘protection’ is no longer taboo (禁忌语)”. This short sentence, uttered by French President Nicolas Sarkozy last month, may have launched a new era in economic history. Why? For decades, Western leaders have believed that lowering trade barriers and tariffs was a natural good. Doing so, they reasoned, would lead to greater economic efficiency and productivity, which in turn would improve human welfare. Championing free trade thus became a moral, not just an economic, cause.These leaders, of course, weren’t acting out of unselfishness. They knew their economies were the most competitive, so they’d profit most from liberalization. And developing countries feared that their economies would be swamped by superior Western productivity. Today, however, the tables have turned---though few acknowledge it. The West continues to preach free trade, but practices it less and less. Asian, meanwhile, continues to plead for special protection but practices more and more free trade.That’s why Sarkozy’s words were so important: he finally injected some honesty into the trade debates. The truth is that large parts of the West are losing faith in tree trade, though few leaders admit it. Some economists are more honest. Paul Krugman is one of the few willing to acknowledge that protectionist arguments are returning. In the short run, there will be winners and losers under free trade. This, of course, is what capitalism is all about. But more and more of these losers will be in the West,Economists in the developed world used to love quoting Jonoph Schumpeter, who said that ‘creative destruction” was an essential part of capitalist growth. But they always assumed that destruction would happen over there. When Western workers began losing jobs, suddenly their leaders began to lose faith in their principles, Things have yet to reverse completely. But there’s clearly a negative trend in a Western theory and practice.A little hypocrisy (虚伪) is not in itself a serious problem. The real problem is that Western governments continue to insist that they retain control of the key global economic and financial institutions while drifting away from global liberalization. Lock at what’s happening at the IMF (International Monetary Fund) The Europeans have demanded that they keep the post of managing director. But all too often, Western officials put their own interests above everyone else’s when they dominate these global institutions.The time has therefore come for the Asians-who are clearly the new winners in today’s global economy-to provide more intellectual leadership in supporting free trade: Sadly, they have yet to do so. Unless Asians speak out, however, there’s a real danger that Adam Smith’s principles, which have brought so much good to the world, could gradually die. And that would leave all of us, worse off, in one way or another.56. It can be inferred that “protection” (Line 1, Para.1) means________A. improving economic efficiency.B. ending the free-trade practiceC. lowering moral standardD. raising trade tariffs57. The Western leaders preach free trade because________A. it is beneficial to their economiesB. it is supported by developing countriesC. it makes them keep faith in their principlesD. it is advocated by Joseph Schumpeter and Adam Smith58. By “the tables have turned” (Line 3-4,Para.2) the author implies that________A. the Western leaders have turned self-centeredB. the Asian leaders have become advocates of free tradeC. the developed economies have turned less competitiveD. the developing economies have become more independent59. The Western economies used to like the idea of “creative destruction” because it________A. set a long-term rather than short-turn goalB. was an essential part of capitalist developmentC. contained a positive rather than negative mentalityD. was meant to be the destruction of developing economies60. The author uses “IMF” was an example to illustrate the point that_______A. European leaders are reluctant to admit they are hypocriticalB. there is an inconsistency between Western theory and practiceC. global institutions are not being led by true globalization advocatesD. European countries’ interests are being ignored by economic leadersSection IV TranslationDirections: In this section there is a paragraph in English .Translate it into Chinese and write your translation on ANSWER SHEET 2 . (20 points)The term ”business model” first came into widespread use with the invention of personal computer and the spreadsheet(空白表格程序).Before the spreadsheet, business planning usually meant producing a single forecast. At best, you did a little sensitivity analysis around the projection. The spreadsheet ushered in a much more analytic approach to planning because every major line item could be pulled apart, its components and subcomponents analyzed and tested. You could ask what- if questions about the critical assumptions on which. your business depended-for example, what if customers are more price-sensitive than we thought?-and with a few keystrokes, you could see how any change would play out on every aspect of the whole. In other words, you could model the behavior of a business. Before the computer changed the nature of business planning, most successful business models were created more by accident than by elaborate design. By enabling companies to tie their marketplace insights much more tightly to the resulting economics, spread sheet made it possible to model business before they were launched.Section V WritingDirections: In this part, you are asked to write a composition according to the information below. You should write more than 150 words neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2 . (20 points) 以往许多人报考成人高校，是为了圆文凭梦。
2008年1月
2008/1 Listening Comprehension1. A. His paper has been published with the help of his adviser.B. His paper his won an award with the help of his adviser.C. His paper has been revised by his adviser.D. His paper has got the approval from his adviser.2. A. Tom is terribly ill.B. Tom is in low spirits.C. Tom is bad-tempered.D. Tom is nervous at the moment.3. A. He saw his boss in person for the first time.B. He is now complaining in a different way.C. He has made his boss change his attitude.D. He has changed his opinion of his boss.4. A. He was not fond of the concert.B. He didn’t like the tea offered at the concert.C. He left early to have some tea with somebody else.D. He doesn’t want to tell the woman why he was no t there.5. A. He always looks down upon others.B. He always lowers the value of others.C. He always judges people by their appearance.D. He is always reluctant to take newcomers.6. A. She is always stupid.B. She is always concentrated.C. She is always careless.D. She is always absent-minded.7. A. She wants to leave a way out.B. She doesn’t trust her boss.C. She wants to repay her boss.D. She wants to stay with her boss as long as possible.8. A. She should let her daughter decide.B. She should choose what the teacher is interested in.C. She should make the same choice as the other parents.D. She should choose what she is interested in.9. A. She felt very cold because of the weather.B. She was frightened by the scene.C. She sent the two boys to the hospital.D. She went to help the injured immediately.10. A. He went mountain climbing.B. He went camping.C. He went to a party.D. He went to a concert.11. A. He was lost in the forest.B. He was caught in a natural disaster.C. He was woken up in the middle of the night.D. He burned his dinner.12. A. Because it was too noisy.B. Because he wanted to join the party.C. Because he was too tired.D. Because he turned on some music.13. A. They may be overweight.B. They may earn less money.C. They may suffer from serious diseases.D. They may have lasting damage in their brain.14. A. Improving children’s nutrition in their country.B. Providing their people with cleaner conditions.C. Improving health care for their people.D. Providing their people with better education.15. A. Preschool period.B. Teenage period.C. Between birth and 15 years old.D. Between pregnancy and two years old.16. “Facebook” and “MySpace” are some of the most popular blog sitesfor __________.17. Blogs offer young people a place to show their writings and__________.18. Personal information puts teenagers at risk of being sought out bydangerous people who __________.19. When teenagers include information on their blogs that can be seen asa threat to others, they can __________.20. Parents are advised to read their children’s blogs to make sure theyare not giving out __________.Transcript (Jan 06, 2008)1. W: You look very happy. Any good news?M: My paper has got the thumbs up from my adviser.Q: What does the man mean?1. A. His paper has been published with the help of his adviser.B. His paper his won an award with the help of his adviser.C. His paper has been revised by his adviser.D. His paper has got the approval from his adviser.2. W: Tom performed poorly this morning. I want to talk to him.M: You can’t do that now. He is in a bad mood.Q: Why can’t the woman talk to Tom now?2. A. Tom is terribly ill.B. Tom is in low spirits.C. Tom is bad-tempered.D. Tom is nervous at the moment.3. W: You used to complain a lot about your boss, but t oday it’s different.M: We had a heart-to-heart talk and I saw him with new eyes.Q: What does the man mean?3. A. He saw his boss in person for the first time.B. He is now complaining in a different way.C. He has made his boss change his attitude.D. He has changed his opinion of his boss.4. W: I didn’t see you at the concert last night. What’s wrong with you? M: That’s not my cup of tea.Q: What does the man mean?4. A. He was not fond of the concert.B. He didn’t like the tea offered at the concert.C. He left early to have some tea with somebody else.D. He does n’t want to tell the woman why he was not there.5. M: Oh, my gosh, the new comer must be a nuisance.W: Don’t forget that you always take someone at face value.Q: What does the woman think about the man?5. A. He always looks down upon others.B. He always lowers the value of others.C. He always judges people by their appearance.D. He is always reluctant to take newcomers.6. M: Herald made mistakes in the experiment again.W: That’s too bad. She always has her head in the clouds.Q: What does the woman think about Herald?6. A. She is always stupid.B. She is always concentrated.C. She is always careless.D. She is always absent-minded.7. M: Why don’t you tell your boss that you are going to work in a newcompany? He knows nothing about it.W: I don’t want to burn my bridges at this time. I’ll tell him when all is set.Q: Why doesn’t the woman want to tell her boss now?7. A. She wants to leave a way out.B. She doesn’t trust her boss.C. She wants to repay her boss.D. She wants to stay with her boss as long as possible.8. W: There are many summer programs, but I don’t know what activitiesmy daughter should take part in.M: You can talk with the teacher and other children’s parents and follow suit.Q: What does the man suggest the woman do when choosing summer programs for her daughter?8. A. She should let her daughter decide.B. She should choose what the teacher is interested in.C. She should make the same choice as the other parents.D. She should choose what she is interested in.9. M: Did you see the car accident at the street corner?W: Yes, I went cold all over. The two boys were seriously injured and they were sent to the hospital immediately.Q: How did the woman respond when she saw the car accident?9. A. She felt very cold because of the weather.B. She was frightened by the scene.C. She sent the two boys to the hospital.D. She went to help the injured immediately.Mini-Talk OneQuestions 10 to 12 are based on the following conversation.W: Hi, Tom. How was your camping trip last weekend?M: It was a disaster.W: A disaster? What was so bad?M: Well, I went camping but you wouldn’t believe the bad luck I had. W: Yeah? What happened?M: Well, I went to Pine Hills. I got there Saturday afternoon, and the weather was really nice so I went for a hike.W: Yeah?M: You know that big forest there?W: HmmM: I got lost. I had absolutely no idea where I was.W: Lost? That’s too bad. So what happened?M: Well, I finally found my way back to the campsite. It was like 8 or 8:30 at night. I was really tired and hungry, so I was going to fix dinner. I brought a long and nice juicy steak. I was cooking it over the campfire.W: That sounds good.M: Well, yeah, so I cooked it. Well, I tried to cook it. R eally couldn’t see much even with a flash light. I burned the thing.W: Oh, you burned the steakM: Too crisp. I could hardly eat it, but anyway, I really didn’t mind muchbecause I was so tired I just wanted to get some sleep. So I went to bed early. Then about 11 o’clock the people next to me turned on some music and started to have a party. I couldn’t get back to sleep at all.W: You must have been angry.M: I was really angry. I sat up awake until about two in the morning. It started to rain. I mean it poured.W: Oh, no!M: I figured the weekend was ruined anyway, so I decided to leave.10. What did Tom do last weekend?10. A. He went mountain climbing.B. He went camping.C. He went to a party.D. He went to a concert.11. What was his second stroke of bad luck?11. A. He was lost in the forest.B. He was caught in a natural disaster.C. He was woken up in the middle of the night.D. He burned his dinner.12. Why did Tom sit up awake until two in the next morning?12. A. Because it was too noisy.B. Because he wanted to join the party.C. Because he was too tired.D. Because he turned on some music.Mini-Talk TwoQuestions 13 to 15 are based on the following passage.A new World Bank report warns that children who do not get enough good food in the first two years of life suffer lasting damage. They may be underdeveloped or underweight. They may suffer from poor health or limited intelligence. In addition, poorly nourished children are more likely to drop out of school and earn less money as adults. The report notes that too little food is not the only cause of poor nutrition. Many children who live in homes with plenty of food suffer for other reasons. For example, the study says that mothers often fail to give their newly born babies their first breast milk. This milk is full of nutrients that improve a baby's ability to fight infections and disease. The study also links malnutrition to economic growth in poor countries. A lack of nutrition in early childhood can cost developing nations up to 3% of their yearly earnings. The study suggests that poor countries could possibly double their economic growth if they improved nutrition. The study recommends that developing countries change their policies to deal with malnutrition. Instead of directly providing food, the study suggests educational programs in health and nutrition for mothers with youngbabies. It also recommends cleaner living conditions and improvements in health care. World Bank nutrition specialists said the period of life between pregnancy and two years is extremely important. Governments with limited resources should take direct action to improve nutrition for children during this period.13. What probably happens when the poorly nourished children grow up?13. A. They may be overweight.B. They may earn less money.C. They may suffer from serious diseases.D. They may have lasting damage in their brain.14. What should the governments of underdeveloped countries do toboost their economic growth?14. A. Improving children’s nutrition in their country.B. Providing their people with cleaner conditions.C. Improving health care for their people.D. Providing their people with better education.15. As to our nutrition, which period of life is extremely important?15. A. Preschool period.B. Teenage period.C. Between birth and 15 years old.D. Between pregnancy and two years old.Section CPersonal Internet websites, or blogs, are becoming more and more popular among young people. But the risks to personal privacy are also increasing. Millions of young people are creating blogs. Millions of others are reading them. The word “blog” is a short way of saying “web log”.Many popular websites now offer free, easy ways to create personal web pages and fill them with writings and pictures. Websites called “Facebook” and “MySpace” are some of the most popular blog sites for young people. Many young adults use their blogs to write about daily activities and events in their lives. They also provide a place for people to write their ideas and opinions and react to the ideas of others.Blogs offer young people a place to show their writings and other forms of self-expression. Blogs can also be helpful to connect young people with larger social groups.But some researchers say the seemingly harmless blogs can become dangerous when read on the Internet by millions of people all over the world.People are concerned that students are including information in their blogs that creates a threat to their own privacy and safety. Recent studies show that young people often provide their name, age and where they live. This personal information puts them at risk of being sought out bydangerous people who want to harm them. Many students do not know about privacy and are surprised to learn that adults can easily read their personal daily records.Students can also get into trouble when they include information on their blogs that can be seen as a threat to others. In several American states, students have been expelled from their schools or even arrested after their blogs were found to include threats against other students or teachers.As a result, many schools have banned the use of blogging websites on school computers. Many schools have also begun teaching parents about the websites. Researchers say parents should know what their children are doing online and should read their blogs to make sure they are not giving out private information. One way to avoid these problems is by using prog rams that permit blogs to be read by “friends only.” These blogs permit people to read the website only if they know a secret word chosen by the blogger.。
2008年考研英语真题Text1解析
国内的，家庭的
情况，形势
不幸地
命运，财富
幸运的
只有一次的
The wear-and-tear that comes from these longer relationships
can be quite devastating.”
zhexiechan这些长期的人际关系产生的摩擦具有很大的破坏力。
but was determined to finish college.
她十八岁结婚，生有一个儿子，
但她决心要完成大学学业。
be determined to
determine
下决心做…
决心，确定
“I struggled a lot to get the college degree.
为了拿到大学文凭我拼命的努力。
frustration
frustrate
escape
get ahead
挫折
挫败（的）
逃跑，逃避
获得成功
Later, her marriage ended
and she became a single mother.
后来，他的婚姻结束了，成为了单身母亲。
“It’s the hardest thing to take careof a teenager,
对动物和人的研究结果表明，
性激素会以某种方式影响压力，
在同等条件下，
雌性在承受压力时比雄性分泌更多触发不良反应的化学物质。
somehow
somewhat
somewhere
affect
affection
trigger
chemical
chemist
chemistry
英语一08年真题答案解析
英语一08年真题答案解析随着英语考试的普及，很多考生对于如何高效备考英语成了很大的困扰。
08年的英语一真题作为一个典型样本，我们可以通过仔细分析解题技巧和答题方法来帮助考生更好地备考，提升英语水平。
阅读理解部分（A、B、C类）阅读理解是英语考试中的常见部分，它考察考生对文章内容的理解和推理能力。
08年的英语一真题中，涉及了两篇文章，一篇是关于儿童阅读的重要性，另一篇是关于网络虚拟世界的讨论。
对于这两篇文章，我们可以采用以下策略来解题：1.扫读题目：在开始阅读文章之前，先扫读一下题目，了解题目的要求以及关键词，这样在阅读文章的时候可以更加有针对性地寻找答案。
2.理解文章大意：在阅读文章时，要先理清文章的主旨，并且抓住每一个段落的主题句或者关键词，这样可以更好地理解文章内容。
3.注意引用相关具体细节：有一些题目可能需要考生引用文章中的具体细节来回答，因此在阅读文章时要关注这些细节，可以在文章中做标记或者划线，便于回答相关问题。
4.推理判断：有一些题目需要考生通过对文章的推理判断来回答，这要求考生具备一定的逻辑推理能力，可以通过排除法、对比法等方法来帮助解答。
总体来说，阅读理解涉及到考生对文章内容的理解和推理能力，针对题目的要求，采用有针对性的策略和方法来解答能够更好地阅读文章，并且提高解题效率。
完形填空部分完形填空是考察学生对词汇、语法和修辞手法等方面的综合运用能力的一种题型。
08年的英语一真题中，完形填空涉及到真爱和虚假爱情的主题。
对于这部分题型，我们可以采用以下策略来解题：1.读懂文章大意：在开始填空之前，先通读全文，理解文章的大意、主题和情节，这样可以帮助我们更好地理解空格前后的上下文。
2.根据上下文选择正确答案：在选择答案时，要结合上下文的意思，根据语境和逻辑来判断填入的词语是否与文章的内容相符合。
3.注意语法和词汇：考生在填写答案时要注意语法和词汇的正确使用，特别是一些常见的词性变换或者固定搭配，可以帮助我们更好地理解文章的含义和作者的写作意图。
2008年1月MBA联考写作真题分析及英语试题
2008年1月MBA联考写作真题及分析61、下面是一段关于中医的辩论。
请分析甲乙双方的论辩在概念、论证方法、论据及结论等方面的有效性。
600字左右。
（30分）甲：有人以中医不能被西方人普遍接受为理由，否定中医的科学性，我不赞同。
西方人不能普遍接受中医是因为他们不理解中国的传统文化。
乙：世界上有不同的文化，但科学标准是相同的。
科学研究的对象是普适的自然规律，因此，科学没有国界，科学的发展不受民族或文化因素的影响。
将中医的科学地位不为西方科学界认可归咎于西方人不了解中国文化，是荒唐的。
甲：科学无国界是广为流传的谬误，如果科学真的无国界，为什么外国制药公司会诉讼中国企业侵犯其知识产权？乙：从科学角度看，现代医学以生物学为基础，而生物学又建立在物理、化学等学科的基础之上。
但中医的发展不以这些科学为基础，因此，它与科学不兼容，这样的东西只能是伪科学。
甲：中医有几千年的历史了，治好了那么多人，怎么可能是伪科学？人们为什么崇尚科学？是因为科学对人类有用。
既然中医对人类有用，凭什么说它不是科学？西医自然有长于中医的地方，但中医同样有长于西医之处。
中医体现了对人体完整系统的把握，强调整体观念，系统思维，这是西医所欠缺的。
乙：我去医院看西医，人家用现代科技手段从头到脚给我检查一遍，怎么能说没有整体观念、系统思维呢？中医在中国居于主导地位的时候，中国人的平均寿命在古代和近代都只有三十岁左右；现代中国人平均寿命提高到七十岁左右，完全是拜现代医学之赐。
62、原则，就是规矩，就是准绳。
而在日常生活和工作中，常见的表达方式是：原则上.....但是....... 请以“原则”于“原则上”为议题写一篇论说文，题目自拟，700字左右。
（35分）论证有效性分析参考要点：1、甲认为：西方人不能普遍接受中医是因为他们不理解中国的传统文化。
”这其中的理由是不成立的，正如乙所论述的，中医是否有科学性主要取决于科学的标准，不取决于文化的标准。
SAT考试数学历年真题全解2024年版
SAT考试数学历年真题全解2024年版在备考SAT考试过程中，熟悉并掌握历年真题是一项重要的任务。
通过解析历年真题，考生可以了解考试的出题风格、难度以及考察的知识点，有助于提高备考效果。
本文将为您提供2024年版本的SAT考试数学部分历年真题全解，帮助您更好地备考。
下面将根据考试的各个部分，逐一解析2024年版SAT数学部分的历年真题。
第一部分：选择题解析选择题是SAT数学部分最主要的题型，考生需要在给定的选项中选择正确答案。
以下是2024年版SAT数学选择题的解析：1. 题目描述2. 解析3. 答案解释4. 解题思路通过对每个选择题的详细解析，考生可以了解题目的解题思路、关键步骤以及答案的解释。
在解析选择题过程中，本文将注重解题思路的讲解，帮助考生更好地理解解题的方法和技巧。
第二部分：填空题解析填空题是SAT数学部分的另一种题型，与选择题不同的是，填空题要求考生填写一个具体的数值或表达式。
以下是2024年版SAT数学填空题的解析：1. 题目描述2. 解析3. 答案解释4. 解题思路通过对每个填空题的详细解析，考生可以了解填空题的解题方法和技巧。
在解析填空题过程中，本文将注重解题思路的讲解，帮助考生更好地理解解题的方法和技巧。
第三部分：解答题解析解答题是SAT数学部分的较难题型，要求考生根据题目给出的条件和要求，用数学方法进行解答。
以下是2024年版SAT数学解答题的解析：1. 题目描述2. 解答步骤3. 解答思路4. 结论通过对每个解答题的分步解析，考生可以了解解答题的解题方法和技巧。
在解析解答题过程中，本文将注重解答步骤和思路的讲解，帮助考生更好地理解解题的方法和技巧。
结语通过对2024年版SAT数学部分历年真题的全面解析，考生可以更加深入地了解考试的出题方式和要求，提高备考效果。
同时，解析中的解题思路和技巧也可以帮助考生更好地掌握数学知识和解题方法。
在备考过程中，考生可以结合解析内容进行针对性的练习和复习，提高数学部分的得分。
2008年普通高等学校招生全国统一考试英语试题及答案-全国1
2008年普通高等学校招生全国统一考试英语本试卷分第一卷（选择题）和第二卷（非选择题）两部分。
第一卷1至14页。
第二卷15-18页。
考试结束，将本试卷和答题卡一并交回。
第一卷注意事项。
1.答题前，考生在答题卡上务必用直径0.5毫米黑色墨水签字笔将自己的姓名、准考证号填写清楚，并贴好条形码。
请认真核准条形码上的准考证号、姓名和科目。
2.每小题选出答案后，用2B铅笔把答题卡上对应题目的答案标号涂黑，如需改动，用橡皮擦干净后，再选涂其他答案示号，在试题卷上作答无效。
第一部分听力（共两节，满分30分）做题时先将答案标在试卷上，录音内容结束后，你将有两分钟的时间将试卷上的答案转涂到答题卡上。
第一节（共5小题；每小题1.5分，满分7.5分）听下面5段对话，每段对话后有一个小题，从题中所给的A、B、C三个选项中选出最佳选项，并标在试卷的相应位置。
听完每段对话后，你都有10秒钟的时间来回答有关小题和阅读下一小题。
每段对话仅读一遍。
例：Howmuchistheshirt?A.ξ19.15B.ξ9.15C.ξ9.18案是B。
1.Whatistheweatherlike?A.It’sraining.B.It’scloudy.C.It’ssunny.2.WhowillgotoChinanextmonth?A.Lucy.B.Alice.C.Richard.3.Whatarethespeakingtalkingabout?A.Themen’sB.AfilmC.Anactor4.Wherewillthespeakersmeet?A.InRoom340B.InRoom314C.InRoom2235.Wheredoestheconversnienmostprobablytakeplace?A.InarestaurantB.InanofficeC.Athome第二节（共15小题；每小题1.5分，满分22.5分）听下面5段对话或独白，每段对话或独白后有几个小题，从题中所给的A、B、C三个选项中选出最佳选项，并标在试卷的相应位置。
08---09全年SAT真题(作文)
81. (2008.1) Is it always better to be original than to imitate or use the ideas of others?82. (2008.1) Is the effort involved in pursuing any goal valuable, even if the goal is not reached?83. (2008.1) Should people always prefer new things, ideas, or values to those of the past?84. (2008.1) Is there any value for people to belong only to a group or groups with which they have something in common?85. (2008.3) Are organizations or groups most successful when their members pursue individual wishes and goals?86. (2008.3) Should people always be loyal?87. (2008.3) Do people learn more from losing than from winning?88. (2008.5) Are there benefits to be gained from avoiding the use of modern technology, even when using it would make life easier?89. (2008.5) Do people place too much emphasis on winning?90. (2008.5) Are people’s actions motivated primarily by a desire for power over other things?91. (2008.5) Do incidents from the past continue to influence the present?92. (2008.6) Does fame bring happiness, or are people who are not famous more likely to be happy?93. (2008.6) Is it better for a society when people act as individuals rather than copying the ideas and opinions of others?94. (2008.6) Are widely held views often wrong, or are such views more likely to be correct?95. (2008.10) Is compromise always the best way to resolve a conflict?96. (2008.10) Are decisions made quickly just as good as decisions made slowly and carefully?97. (2008.10) Can a group of people function effectively without someone being in charge?98. (2008.10) Do actions, not words, reveal a person or group’s true attitudes and intentions?99. (2008.11) Do we value only what we struggle for?100. (2008.11) Do we put too much emphasis on self-reliance and independence, and are we afraid of admitting that we need other people in our lives?101. (2008.11) Is it always essential to tell the truth, or are there circumstances in which it is better to lie?102. (2008.11) What gives us more pleasure and satisfaction: the pursuit of our desires or the attainment of them?103. (2008.12) Does persistence more important than ability in determining a person's success?104. (2008.12) Is acting(consciously assuming a role in order to achieve some purpose)an essential part of everyday life?105. (2008.12) Can people have too much enthusiasm?106. (2008.12) Do people help others only to help themselves?107. (2009.1) Does planning interfere with creativity?108. (2009.1) Do highly accomplished people achieve more than others mainly because they expect more of themselves?109. (2009.1) Should people change their decisions when circumstances change, or is itbest for them to stick with their original decisions?110. (2009.1) Is striving to achieve a goal always the best course of action, or should people give up if they are not making progress?111. (2009.3) Does being ethical make it hard to be successful？112. (2009.3) Is it sometimes necessary to be impolite?113. (2009.3) Should we limit our use of the term "courage" to acts in which people risk their own well-being for the sake of others or to uphold a value?114. (2009.5) Should we pay more attention to people who are older and more experienced than we are?115. (2009.5) Should people let their feelings guide them when they make important decisions?116. (2009.5) Has today's abundance of information only made it more difficult for us to understand the world around us?117. (2009.5) Are people best defined by what they do?118. (2009.6) Do we benefit from learning about the flaws of people we admire and respect?119. (2009.6) Is it best for people to accpet who they are and what they have, or should people always strive to better themselves?120. (2009.6) Can common sense be trusted and accpeted, or should it be questioned? 121. (2009.6) When some people win, must others lose, or are there situations in which everyone wins?122. (2009.10) Is using humor the best way to approach difficult situations and problems? 123. (2009.10) Does everyone, even people who choose to live alone, need a network or family?124. (2009.10) Do books, newspapers, and other media focus too much on bad news? 125. (2009.10) Is it better for people to know everything they can about something before taking action, or should they act first and get more information later?126. (2009.11) Are the values of a society most clearly revealed in its popular culture? 127. (2009.11) Do society and other people benefit when individuals pursue their own goals?128. (2009.11) Is it better for people to stop trying when they feel certain they will not succeed?129. (2009.11) Should new ideas be questioned?130. (2009.12) Is it easier now to form friendships than ever before?131 (2009.12) Should people give up their privacy in exchange for convenience or free services?132 (2009.12) Is it better for people to work out their own ideas on a problem or issue before learning how others have approached it?。
2008考研英语(一)真题及答案解析
2008考研英语（一）真题及答案解析Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)The idea that some groups of people may be more intelligent than others is one of those hypotheses that dare not speak its name. But Gregory Cochran is 1 to say it anyway. He is that 2 bird, a scientist who works independently 3 any institution. He helped popularize the idea that some diseases not 4 thought to have a bacterial cause were actually infections, which aroused much controversy when it was first suggested.5 he, however, might tremble at the6 of what he is about to do. Together with another two scientists, he is publishing a paper which not only7 that one group of humanity is more intelligent than the others, but explains the process that has brought this about. The group in8 are a particular people originated from central Europe. The process is natural selection.This group generally do well in IQ test, 9 12-15 points above the 10 value of 100, and have contributed 11 to the intellectual and cultural life of the West, as the 12 of their elites, including several world-renowned scientists,13 they also suffer more often than most people from a number of nasty genetic diseases, such as breast cancer. These facts, 14 ave previously been thought unrelated. The former has been 15 social effects, such as a strong tradition of 16 ucation. The latter was seen as a (an) 17 genetic isolation. Dr. Cochran suggests that the intelligence and diseases are intimately18 is argument is that the unusual history of these people has 19 em to unique evolutionary pressures that have resulted in this 20 ate of affairs.1.[A] selected[B] prepared[C] obliged[D] pleased2.[A] unique[B] particular[C] special[D] rare3.[A] of[B] with[C] in[D] against4.[A] subsequently[B] presently[C] previously[D] lately5.[A] Only[B] So[C] Even[D] Hence6.[A] thought[B] sight[C] cost[D] risk7.[A] advises[B] suggests[C] protests[D] objects8.[A] progress[B] fact[C] need[D] question9.[A] attaining[B] scoring[C] reaching[D] calculating10.[A] normal[B] common[C] mean[D] total11.[A] unconsciously[B] disproportionately[C] indefinitely[D] unaccountably12.[A] missions[B] fortunes[C] interests[D] careers13.[A] affirm[B] witness[C] observe[D] approve14.[A] moreover[B] therefore[C] however[D] meanwhile15.[A] given up[B] got over[C] carried on[D] put down16.[A] assessing[B] supervising[C] administering[D] valuing17.[A] development[B] origin[C] consequence[D] instrument18.[A] linked[B] integrated[C] woven[D] combined19.[A] limited[B] subjected[C] converted[D] directed20.[A] paradoxical[B] incompatible[C] inevitable[D] continuousSection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points)Text 1While still catching-up to men in some spheres of modern life, women appear to be way ahead in at least one undesirable category. “Women are particularly susceptible to developing depression and anxiety disorders in response to stress compared to men,”according to Dr. Yehuda, chief psychiatrist at New York’s Veteran’s Administration Hospital.Studies of both animals and humans have shown that sex hormones somehow affect the stress response, causing females under stress to produce more of the trigger chemicals than do males under the same conditions. In several of the studies, when stressed-out female rats had their ovaries (the female reproductive organs) removed, their chemical responses became equal to those of the males.Adding to a woman’s increased dose of stress chemicals, are her increased “opportunities”for stress. “It’s not necessarily that women don’t cope as well. It’s just that they have so much more to cope with,”says Dr. Yehuda. “Their capacity for tolerating stress may even be greater than men’s,”she observes, “it’s just that they’re dealing with so many more things that they become worn out from it more visibly and sooner.”Dr. Yehuda notes another difference between the sexes. “I think that the kinds of things that women are exposed to tend to be in more of a chronic or repeated nature. Men go to war and are exposed to combat stress. Men are exposed to more acts of random physical violence. The kinds of interpersonal violence that women are exposed to tend to be in domestic situations, by, unfortunately, parents or other family members, and they tend not to be one-shot deals. The wear-and-tear that comes from these longer relationships can be quite devastating.”Adeline Alvarez married at 18 and gave birth to a son, but was determined to finish college. “I struggled a lot to get the college degree. I was living in so much frustration that that was my escape, to go to school, and get ahead and do better.”Later, her marriage ended and she became a single mother. “It’s the hardest thing to take care of a teenager, have a job, pay the rent, pay the car payment, and pay the debt. I lived from paycheck to paycheck.”Not everyone experiences the kinds of severe chronic stresses Alvarez describes. But most women today are coping with a lot of obligations, with few breaks, and feeling the strain. Alvarez’s experience demonstrates the importance of finding ways to diffuse stress before it threatens your health and your ability to function.21.Which of the following is true according to the first two paragraphs[A] Women are biologically more vulnerable to stress.[B] Women are still suffering much stress caused by men.[C] Women are more experienced than men in coping with stress.[D] Men and women show different inclinations when faced with stress.22.Dr. Yehuda’s research suggests that women[A] need extra doses of chemicals to handle stress.[B] have limited capacity for tolerating stress.[C] are more capable of avoiding stress.[D] are exposed to more stress.23.According to Paragraph 4, the stress women confront tends to be[A] domestic and temporary.[B] irregular and violent.[C] durable and frequent.[D] trivial and random.24.The sentence “I lived from paycheck to paycheck.”(Line 6, Para. 5) shows that[A] Alvarez cared about nothing but making money.[B] Alvarez’s salary barely covered her household expenses.[C] Alvarez got paychecks from different jobs.[D] Alvarez paid practically everything by check.25.Which of the following would be the best title for the text[A] Strain of Stress: No Way Out[B] Responses to Stress: Gender Difference[C] Stress Analysis: What Chemicals Say[D] Gender Inequality: Women Under StressText 2It used to be so straightforward. A team of researchers working together in the laboratory would submit the results of their research to a journal. A journal editor would then remove the authors’names and affiliations from the paper and send it to their peers for review. Depending on the comments received, the editor would accept the paper for publication or decline it. Copyright rested with the journal publisher, and researchers seeking knowledge of the results would have to subscribe to the journal.No longer. The Internet - and pressure from funding agencies, who are questioning why commercial publishers are making money from government-funded research by restricting access to it - is making access to scientific results a reality. The Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) has just issued a report describing the far-reaching consequences of this. The report, by John Houghton of Victoria University in Australia and Graham Vickery of the OECD, makes heavy reading for publishers who have, so far, made handsome profits. But it goes further than that. It signals a change in what has, until now, been a key element of scientific endeavor.The value of knowledge and the return on the public investment in research depends, in part, upon wide distribution and ready access. It is big business. In America, the core scientific publishing market is estimated at between $7 billion and $11 billion. The International Association of Scientific, Technical and Medical Publishers says that there are more than 2,000 publishers worldwide specializing in these subjects. They publish more than 1.2 million articles each year in some 16,000 journals.This is now changing. According to the OECD report, some 75% of scholarly journals are now online. Entirely new business models are emerging; three main ones were identified by the report’s authors. There is the so-called big deal, where institutional subscribers pay for access to a collection of online journal titles through site-licensing agreements. There is open-access publishing, typically supported by asking the author (or his employer) to pay for the paper to be published. Finally, there are open-access archives, where organizations such as universities orinternational laboratories support institutional repositories. Other models exist that are hybrids of these three, such as delayed open-access, where journals allow only subscribers to read a paper for the first six months, before making it freely available to everyone who wishes to see it. All this could change the traditional form of the peer-review process, at least for the publication of papers.26.In the first paragraph, the author discusses[A] the background information of journal editing.[B] the publication routine of laboratory reports.[C] the relations of authors with journal publishers.[D] the traditional process of journal publication.27.Which of the following is true of the OECD report[A] It criticizes government-funded research.[B] It introduces an effective means of publication.[C] It upsets profit-making journal publishers.[D] It benefits scientific research considerably.28.According to the text, online publication is significant in that[A] it provides an easier access to scientific results.[B] it brings huge profits to scientific researchers.[C] it emphasizes the crucial role of scientific knowledge.[D] it facilitates public investment in scientific research.29.With the open-access publishing model, the author of a paper is required to[A] cover the cost of its publication.[B] subscribe to the journal publishing it.[C] allow other online journals to use it freely.[D] complete the peer-review before submission.30.Which of the following best summarizes the main idea of the text[A] The Internet is posing a threat to publishers.[B] A new mode of publication is emerging.[C] Authors welcome the new channel for publication.[D] Publication is rendered easier by online service.Text 3In the early 1960s Wilt Chamberlain was one of only three players in the National Basketball Association (NBA) listed at over seven feet. If he had played last season, however, he would have been one of 42. The bodies playing major professional sports have changed dramatically over the years, and managers have been more than willing to adjust team uniforms to fit the growing numbers of bigger, longer frames.The trend in sports, though, may be obscuring an unrecognized reality: Americans have generally stopped growing. Though typically about two inches taller now than 140 years ago, today’s people - especially those born to families who have lived in the U.S. for many generations - apparently reached their limit in the early 1960s. And they aren’t likely to get any taller. “In the general population today, at this genetic, environmental level, we’ve pretty much gone as far as we can go,”says anthropologist William Cameron Chumlea of Wright State University. In the case of NBA players, their increase in height appears to result from the increasingly common practice of recruiting players from all over the world.Growth, which rarely continues beyond the age of 20, demands calories and nutrients -notably, protein - to feed expanding tissues. At the start of the 20th century, under-nutrition and childhood infections got in the way. But as diet and health improved, children and adolescents have, on average, increased in height by about an inch and a half every 20 years, a pattern known as the secular trend in height. Yet according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, average height - 5′9″for men, 5′4″for women - hasn’t really changed since 1960.Genetically speaking, there are advantages to avoiding substantial height. During childbirth, larger babies have more difficulty passing through the birth canal. Moreover, even though humans have been upright for millions of years, our feet and back continue to struggle with bipedal posture and cannot easily withstand repeated strain imposed by oversize limbs. “There are some real constraints that are set by the genetic architecture of the individual organism,”says anthropologist William Leonard of Northwestern University.Genetic maximums can change, but don’t expect this to happen soon. Claire C. Gordon, senior anthropologist at the Army Research Center in Natick, Mass., ensures that 90 percent of the uniforms and workstations fit recruits without alteration. She says that, unlike those for basketball, the length of military uniforms has not changed for some time. And if you need to predict human height in the near future to design a piece of equipment, Gordon says that by and large, “you could use today’s data and feel fairly confident.”31.Wilt Chamberlain is cited as an example to[A] illustrate the change of height of NBA players.[B] show the popularity of NBA players in the U.S..[C] compare different generations of NBA players.[D] assess the achievements of famous NBA players.32.Which of the following plays a key role in body growth according to the text[A] Genetic modification.[B] Natural environment.[C] Living standards.[D] Daily exercise.33.On which of the following statements would the author most probably agree[A] Non-Americans add to the average height of the nation.[B] Human height is conditioned by the upright posture.[C] Americans are the tallest on average in the world.[D] Larger babies tend to become taller in adulthood.34.We learn from the last paragraph that in the near future[A] the garment industry will reconsider the uniform size.[B] the design of military uniforms will remain unchanged.[C] genetic testing will be employed in selecting sportsmen.[D] the existing data of human height will still be applicable.35.The text intends to tell us that[A] the change of human height follows a cyclic pattern.[B] human height is becoming even more predictable.[C] Americans have reached their genetic growth limit.[D] the genetic pattern of Americans has altered.Text 4In 1784, five years before he became president of the United States, George Washington, 52,was nearly toothless. So he hired a dentist to transplant nine teeth into his jaw - having extracted them from the mouths of his slaves.That’s a far different image from the cherry-tree-chopping George most people remember from their history books. But recently, many historians have begun to focus on the roles slavery played in the lives of the founding generation. They have been spurred in part by DNA evidence made available in 1998, which almost certainly proved Thomas Jefferson had fathered at least one child with his slave Sally Hemings. And only over the past 30 years have scholars examined history from the bottom up. Works of several historians reveal the moral compromises made by the nation’s early leaders and the fragile nature of the country’s infancy. More significantly, they argue that many of the Founding Fathers knew slavery was wrong - and yet most did little to fight it.More than anything, the historians say, the founders were hampered by the culture of their time. While Washington and Jefferson privately expressed distaste for slavery, they also understood that it was part of the political and economic bedrock of the country they helped to create.For one thing, the South could not afford to part with its slaves. Owning slaves was “like having a large bank account,”says Wiencek, author of An Imperfect God: George Washington, His Slaves, and the Creation of America. The southern states would not have signed the Constitution without protections for the “peculiar institution,”including a clause that counted a slave as three fifths of a man for purposes of congressional representation.And the statesmen’s political lives depended on slavery. The three-fifths formula handed Jefferson his narrow victory in the presidential election of 1800 by inflating the votes of the southern states in the Electoral College. Once in office, Jefferson extended slavery with the Louisiana Purchase in 1803; the new land was carved into 13 states, including three slave states.Still, Jefferson freed Hemings’s children - though not Hemings herself or his approximately 150 other slaves. Washington, who had begun to believe that all men were created equal after observing the bravery of the black soldiers during the Revolutionary War, overcame the strong opposition of his relatives to grant his slaves their freedom in his will. Only a decade earlier, such an act would have required legislative approval in Virginia.36.George Washington’s dental surgery is mentioned to[A] show the primitive medical practice in the past.[B] demonstrate the cruelty of slavery in his days.[C] stress the role of slaves in the U.S. history.[D] reveal some unknown aspect of his life.37.We may infer from the second paragraph that[A] DNA technology has been widely applied to history research.[B] in its early days the U.S. was confronted with delicate situations.[C] historians deliberately made up some stories of Jefferson’s life.[D] political compromises are easily found throughout the U.S. history.38.What do we learn about Thomas Jefferson[A] His political view changed his attitude towards slavery.[B] His status as a father made him free the child slaves.[C] His attitude towards slavery was complex.[D] His affair with a slave stained his prestige.39.Which of the following is true according to the text[A] Some Founding Fathers benefit politically from slavery.[B] Slaves in the old days did not have the right to vote.[C] Slave owners usually had large savings accounts.[D] Slavery was regarded as a peculiar institution.40.Washington’s decision to free slaves originated from his[A] moral considerations.[B] military experience.[C] financial conditions.[D] political stand.Part BDirections:In the following article, some sentences have been removed. For Questions 41-45, choose the most suitable one from the list A-G to fit into each of the numbered blanks. There are two extra choices, which do not fit in any of the blanks. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)The time for sharpening pencils, arranging your desk, and doing almost anything else instead of writing has ended. The first draft will appear on the page only if you stop avoiding the inevitable and sit, stand up, or lie down to write. (41)Be flexible. Your outline should smoothly conduct you from one point to the next, but do not permit it to railroad you. If a relevant and important idea occurs to you now, work it into the draft.(42) Grammar, punctuation, and spelling can wait until you revise. Concentrate on what you are saying. Good writing most often occurs when you are in hot pursuit of an idea rather than in a nervous search for errors.(43) Your pages will be easier to keep track of that way, and, if you have to clip a paragraph to place it elsewhere, you will not lose any writing on the other side.If you are working on a word processor, you can take advantage of its capacity to make additions and deletions as well as move entire paragraphs by making just a few simple keyboard commands. Some software programs can also check spelling and certain grammatical elements in your writing. (44) These printouts are also easier to read than the screen when you work on revisions.Once you have a first draft on paper, you can delete material that is unrelated to your thesis and add material necessary to illustrate your points and make your paper convincing. The student who wrote “The A & P as a State of Mind”wisely dropped a paragraph that questioned whether Sammy displays chauvinistic attitudes toward women. (45)Remember that your initial draft is only that. You should go through the paper many times - and then again - working to substantiate and clarify your ideas. You may even end up with several entire versions of the paper. Rewrite. The sentences within each paragraph should be related to a single topic. Transitions should connect one paragraph to the next so that there are no abrupt or confusing shifts. Awkward or wordy phrasing or unclear sentences and paragraphs should be mercilessly poked and prodded into shape.[A]To make revising easier, leave wide margins and extra space between lines so that you can easily add words, sentences, and corrections. Write on only one side of the paper.[B]After you have clearly and adequately developed the body of your paper, pay particularattention to the introductory and concluding paragraphs. It’s probably best to write the introduction last, after you know precisely what you are introducing. Concluding paragraphs demand equal attention because they leave the reader with a final impression.[C]It’s worth remembering, however, that though a clean copy fresh off a printer may look terrific, it will read only as well as the thinking and writing that have gone into it. Many writers prudently store their data on disks and print their pages each time they finish a draft to avoid losing any material because of power failures or other problems.[D]It makes no difference how you write, just so you do. Now that you have developed a topic into a tentative thesis, you can assemble your notes and begin to flesh out whatever outline you have made.[E]Although this is an interesting issue, it has nothing to do with the thesis, which explains how the setting influences Sammy’s decision to quit his job. Instead of including that paragraph, she added one that described Lengel’s crabbed response to the girls so that she could lead up to the A & P “policy”he enforces.[F]In the final paragraph about the significance of the setting in “A & P,”the student brings together the reasons Sammy quit his job by referring to his refusal to accept Lengel’s store policies.[G]By using the first draft as a means of thinking about what you want to say, you will very likely discover more than your notes originally suggested. Plenty of good writers don’t use outlines at all but discover ordering principles as they write. Do not attempt to compose a perfectly correct draft the first time around.Part CDirections:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written clearly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (10 points) In his autobiography, Darwin himself speaks of his intellectual powers with extraordinary modesty. He points out that he always experienced much difficulty in expressing himself clearly and concisely, but (46) he believes that this very difficulty may have had the compensating advantage of forcing him to think long and intently about every sentence, and thus enabling him to detect errors in reasoning and in his own observations. He disclaimed the possession of any great quickness of apprehension or wit, such as distinguished Huxley. (47) He asserted, also, that his power to follow a long and purely abstract train of thought was very limited, for which reason he felt certain that he never could have succeeded with mathematics. His memory, too, he described as extensive, but hazy. So poor in one sense was it that he never could remember for more than a few days a single date or a line of poetry. (48) On the other hand, he did not accept as well founded the charge made by some of his critics that, while he was a good observer, he had no power of reasoning. This, he thought, could not be true, because the “Origin of Species”is one long argument from the beginning to the end, and has convinced many able men. No one, he submits, could have written it without possessing some power of reasoning. He was willing to assert that “I have a fair share of invention, and of common sense or judgment, such as every fairly successful lawyer or doctor must have, but not, I believe, in any higher degree.”(49) He adds humbly that perhaps he was “superior to the common run of men in noticing things which easily escape attention, and in observing them carefully.”Writing in the last year of his life, he expressed the opinion that in two or three respects hismind had changed during the preceding twenty or thirty years. Up to the age of thirty or beyond it poetry of many kinds gave him great pleasure. Formerly, too, pictures had given him considerable, and music very great, delight. In 1881, however, he said: “Now for many years I cannot endure to read a line of poetry. I have also almost lost my taste for pictures or music.”(50) Darwin was convinced that the loss of these tastes was not only a loss of happiness, but might possibly be injurious to the intellect, and more probably to the moral character.Section IIIWritingPart A51.Directions:You have just come back from Canada and found a music CD in your luggage that you forgot to return to Bob, your landlord there. Write him a letter to1) make an apology, and2) suggest a solution.You should write about 100 words on ANSWER SHEET 2.Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter. Use “Li Ming”instead.Do not write the address. (10 points)Part B52.Directions:Write an essay of 160-200 words based on the following drawing. In your essay, you should1) describe the drawing briefly,2) explain its intended meaning, and then3) give your comments.You should write neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (20 points)真题详解完型填空1、答案：B解析：本题测试语义逻辑衔接。
2008年普通高等学校招生统一考试(江西卷)英语解析
2008年普通高等学校招生统一考试（江西卷）英语试题解析第二部分：英语知识运用（共两节，满分45分）第一节：单项填空；共15小题；每小题1分，满分15分21. –I think you’d better type this letter again before Mr. Smith see it.-- Oh, dear!___A. Who cares?B. No problemC. I don’t mind at allD. Is it as ba d as that?答案解析：D 此题考察英语交际用法，根据所提供的信息，后者对前者的话表示了惊讶的反映，随后说出惊讶的原因。
22. My English teacher’s humor was ____ make every student burst into laughter.A. so as toB. such as toC. such thatD. so that答案解析：B此题考察such的用法，“表示到如此程度，如此..以至于” eg: The nature of the job was such that he felt obliged to tell no one about it. His manner was such as to offend everyone who he met. 而so作表语表示是“真的。
对的，这样的”意思.23. Isn’t it amazing how the human body heals ____ after an injury?A. himselfB. himC. itselfD. it答案解析：C此题考察代词的用法,itself指身体本身。
24. I hear they’ve promoted Tom, but he didn’t mention _____ when we talked on the phone.A. to promoteB. having been promotedC. having promotedD. to be promoted答案解析：B, 此题考察非谓语动词的用法, 用动名词的完成式表示他未提到的过去已经发生的事情。
SAT阅读解析2008 May
SAT阅读解析2008 MAY By 兽Section5SPPP1 现 对miniseries 负P2: 绍 ⻢马戏团单词dearth: an insufficient quantity or number;shrewd: marked by practical hardheaded intelligence.9C line3-4说 you cant pay me to watch that…line6: they just the wrong amount of time… 说 对miniseries 负 评 you’ve logged too many hours in front of the television 调 语调10B like 标 词 词语还 parallel/ comparison/ simile/ metaphor/ figurative language11A line1 说太阳⻢马戏团是hardly a conventional circus 认为 ⻢马戏团 创 ⻢马戏团12D Line7 eliminate one of the most costly…parts of any circus.Line10-11 adult theatregoers…paying steeper ticket prices.B选项中的parents 细 错误LSP转 发 经历单词grotesque:art characterized by an incongruous mixture of parts of humans and animals interwoven with plants;sureness: freedom from doubt; belief in yourself and your abilities;13C She never touched it, not for food or fuel or clothes. 亲攒 这 钱 这 钱 为 MAY14D Sleepy 键词 说 该 较15C Cried bitterly the entire trip all of my litter girl fears evaporated 现 转换16E Fantastic fanciful17C Believe/ in my trust heart/ specifically 对 说 话 态18B这题考得是在特殊语境下词汇的外延含义。
2008年综合类A级考试真题答案
2008年综合类A级考试真题答案1.B【解析】第一步：我们首先确定目标词，本题的目标词是：immense。
第二步：接下来在词典中找到immense的同义词，词典中immense的同义词有：huge, large, enormous等.....。
第三步：最后看选项，选项中B选项enormous是immense的同义词，所以本题的正确答案为B。
2.A【解析】第一步：我们首先确定目标词，本题的目标词是：accumulate。
第二步：接下来在词典中找到accumulate的同义词，词典中accumulate的同义词有：collect, compile, gather等.....。
第三步：最后看选项，选项中A选项collect是accumulate的同义词，所以本题的正确答案为A。
3.B【解析】第一步：我们首先确定目标词，本题的目标词是：overtake。
第二步：接下来在词典中找到overtake的同义词，词典中overtake的同义词有：exceed, overrun, pass等.....。
第三步：最后看选项，选项中B选项pass是overtake的同义词，所以本题的正确答案为B。
4.D【解析】第一步：我们首先确定目标词，本题的目标词是：advisable。
第二步：接下来在词典中找到advisable的同义词，词典中advisable的同义词有：wise, appropriate, desirable等.....。
第三步：最后看选项，选项中D选项wise是advisable的同义词，所以本题的正确答案为D。
5.B【解析】第一步：我们首先确定目标词，本题的目标词是：puzzle。
第二步：接下来在词典中找到puzzle的同义词，词典中puzzle的同义词有：confusion, dilemma, mystery等.....。
第三步：最后看选项，选项中B选项mystery是puzzle的同义词，所以本题的正确答案为B。
2008年高考试题——英语(全国卷1)解析版
2008年高考全国卷Ⅰ英语试题分析第二部分英语知识运用（共两节，满分45分）第一节单项填空（共15小题：每题1分，满分15分）从A、B、C、D四个选项中，选出能够填入空白处的最正确选项，并在答题卡大将该项涂黑。
例：We ______ last night, but we went to the concert instead.A. must have studiedB. might studyC. should have studiedD. would study答案是C。
21. —Would you like to join me for a quick lunch before class?— ______, but I promised Nancy to go out with her.A. I’d like toB. I like it.C. I don’tD. I will【标准答案】A。
【试题分析】从对话上文可知是回答对方的恳求。
I’d like to 与上文响应。
【高考考点】情形社交。
22.—What fruit is in season now?—Pears and apples, ______.A. I knowB. I thinkC. I seeD. I feel【标准答案】B。
.【试题分析】依据对话上文可知,对他人提出问题的发布自己的见解应用I think(我以为) 【高考考点】在社交中发布自己的见解。
23. The performance _______ nearly three hours, but few people left the theatre early.A. coveredB. reachedC. playedD. lasted【标准答案】D。
【试题分析】题意是“只管演出连续了快要3小时，但仍是极罕有人提早走开。
”last才有“连续”之意。
【高考考点】动词词义辨析。
2008年1月MBA联考综合真题及答案汇总
2008年1月MBA联考逻辑真题三、逻辑推理(本大题共30小题，每小题2分，共60分，从下面每小题所列的5个备选答案中选取一个，多选为错。
31 只要不起雾，飞机就能起飞以下哪项正确的表达了上述断定(1)如果飞机按时起飞，则一定没有起雾(2)如果飞机不按时起飞，则一定起雾(3)除非起雾，否则飞机按时起飞A 只有(1) B只有(2)C 只有(3)D 只有(2)和(3)E (1) (2)和(3)参考答案：D32 以下哪项如果为真，说明上述断定不成立？(1)没起雾，但飞机没按时起飞(2)起雾，但飞机仍然按时起飞(3)起雾，飞机航班延期A只有(1) B 只有(2)C 只有(3)D 只有(2)和(3)E (1)(2)和(3)参考答案：A33、南口镇仅有一中和二中俩所中学，一中学生的学习成绩一般比二中的学生好，由于来自南口镇的李明乐在大学一年级的学习成绩是全班最好的，因此，他一定是南口镇二中毕业的以下哪项与题干的论述方式最为类似？A如果父母对孩子的教育得当，则孩子在学校的表现一般都较好，由于王征在学校的表现不好，因此他的家长一定教育失当。
B如果小孩每天背诵诗歌1小时，则会出口成章，郭娜每天背诵诗歌不足1小时，因此，它不可能出口成章。
C如果人们懂得赚钱的方法，则一般都能积累更多的财富，因此，彭总的财富是来源与他的足智多谋。
D儿童的心理教育比成年人更重要，张青是某公司心里素质最好的人，因此，他一定在儿童时获得良好的心理教育E北方人个字通常比南方人高，马林在班上最高，因此，他一定是北方人。
参考答案：E34 现在能够纠正词汇、语法和标点符号使用错误的中文电脑软件越来越多，记者们即使不具备良好的汉语基础也不妨碍撰稿。
因此培养新闻工作者的学校不必重视学生汉语能力的提高，而应注重新闻工作者其它素质的培养。
A、避免词汇、语法和标点符号的使用错误并不一定能够确保文稿的语言质量。
B、新闻学课程一直强调并要求学生能够熟练应用计算机并熟悉各种软件。
2008年1月联考综合能力真题 (含答案)
11、如果数列 an 的前 n 项的和 sn A an 2( n n 1) D an 2 3
n 2
3 an 3 ， 那么这个数列的通项公式是： 2
B
an 3 2n
E 以上都不是
C an 3n 1
12、以直线 y x 0 为对称轴且与直线 y 3 x 2 对称的直线方程为： A y
16．本学期某大学的 a 个学生或者付 x 元的全额学费或者付半额学费，付全额学费的学生
工商管理硕士
[综合能力]试卷
第 4 页 共 14 页
所付的学费占 a 个学生所付学费总额的比率是 （1）在这 a 个学生中 20%的人付全额学费 （2）这 a 个学生本学期共付 9120 元学费 17、两直线 y x 1, y ax 7 （1） a 3 18、 f ( x)有最小值2 （1） f ( x ) x
3
B. 0.7 0.7
3
C. 0.3 0.7
3
D. 0.9 0.7
3
E.以上都不对
二、条件充分性判断（本大题共 15 小题，每小题 2 分，共 30 分）
解题说明： 本大题要求判断所给出的条件能否充分支持题干中陈述的结论。阅读条件（1）和条 件（2）后，请在答题卡上将所选项的字母涂黑。 A：条件（1）充分，但条件（2）不充分 B：条件（2）充分，但条件（1）不充分 C：条件（1）和（2）单独都不充分，但条件（1）和条件（2）联合起来充分 D：条件（1）充分，条件（2）也充分。 E：条件（1）和条件（2）单独都不充分，条件（1）和条件（2）联合起来也不充分。
绝密★ 启用前
2008 年攻读硕士学位全国联考 工商管理硕士
综合能力试卷
2008年1月高级英语答案
2008年1月自学考试高级英语试题参考答案一、选择题1、G2、A3、F4、X5、O6、V7、P8、B9、W 10、H11、C 12、U 13、D 14、T 15、I 16、M 17、R 18、N 19、K 20、J21、Q 22、S 23、E 24、L二、选择题25、N 26、B 27、E 28、D 29、O 30、T 31、F 32、G 33、X 34、Q35、S 36、V 37、M 38、I 39、H三、40、B 41、B 42、B 43、A 44、B 45、A 46、A 47、B 48、A 49、B50、A 51、B 52、A 53、B 54、B四、55、D 56、C 57、B 58、D 59、C 60、A 61、A 62、D 63、A 64、B五、65、B 66、A 67、A 68、C 69、D70、一个人不是因为自己的过错，而经常是因为那些迫使别人等待的人低效率而受惩罚。
71、除了无聊和身体上的不舒服之外，等待更难以形容的痛苦就是知道一个人最宝贵的资源——时间，其生命的一部分在被夺走，无可挽回地失去了。
72、当然，美国人饱受等待之苦——等待有时与富裕和闲暇有关。
73、在美国使穷人更加沮丧的事情之一就是没完没了地排队领福利和失业救济金。
74、富人不用排长队买食品或飞机票，有人帮助处理。
76、Our cities will continue to become more crowded and noisome. The landscape will get more cluttered, the air andwater even dirtier.77. When we walked in the back door which hung open, we saw people standing in the kitchen.78. Each of them can name at least one superior in the company who he feels has a grudge against him and isdetermined to wreck his career.79. Perhaps she would never see again those familiar objects from which she had never dreamed of being divided.80. He was standing at the gate, his peaked cap pushed back on his head and his hair tumbled forward over a face ofbronze.81. Old age is neither inherently miserable nor inherently sublime——like every stage of life it has problems, joys,fears and potentials. The process of aging and eventual death must ultimately be accepted as the natural progression of the life cycle, the old completing their prescribed life spans and making way for the young. Much。
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2008年1月份SAT考题分析By SATbbs是国内首个SAT考生自发建设的公益交流平台，无任何中介背景，致力于国内学生SAT考试交流，分享SAT考试经验，真题及美国本科申请交流。
第一部分：填空题section 21. 扣voting rights, 只有suffrage表示“选举权”之意。
restitution：赔偿solace：n 安慰levy：n 征税2. 冒号题，对后文解释的总结，statistical data所以就是demographic（人口统计）。
conjectural：a 推测的anecdotal：a 逸闻趣事的qualitative：a 性质上的3. and构成小连接，能和independence相匹配的只有autonomy。
independent:: autonomouscompromise: v 妥协servility: n 奴性persevere: v 坚持competence: n 能胜任acquiesce: v 默许banality: n 陈腐recant: v 放弃conformity: n 墨守成规。
4. 冒号题，对后面的总结，“只具有形式而没有功用”对应的单词是vestigial（遗迹的）。
ostentatious: a. 假装的，虚伪的prodigious: a. so great in size or force or extent as to elicit awe相当大的invasive: a 侵略性的kinetic: a 有活力的5. 特殊人物（idealist）或者说取反:idealistic（理想主义的）<> pragmatic（注重实效的）。
condone：原谅，indulgent：放纵的6. in contrast to引起取反，strident（说话严厉的）<> gentle（待人温柔和善的），容易错选的是stoic：坚忍的（表示禁欲，相当于ascetic，temperate等）conciliatory：a. doing something that is intended to make someone stop arguing with you 调和的，conciliatory <> confronting（对抗性的）7. 冒号题，找对应，与arguing about对应起来的只有polemical（爱争吵的）和quarrelsome，第一空填反义词，而haphazard（偶然的）没任何意义，只有resolute（坚决的）可以。
philanthropic：慈善的； steadfast：a 坚定的；acquiescent：默许的8. 逗号题，现在分词进行解释，能与unadorned words相匹配的只有economical（节约的）。
incantatory：a 咒语的，魔咒的disaffected：a 不满的unstinting：a 无限制的evenhanded：a 公平的section 51.读一下顺一遍，就知道第二空不会填好词。
endorse：v 背书支持； abridge：缩短；backlash：n. an adverse reaction to some political or social occurrence反对2. 分号题，找对应，dull对顶tedious（冗长而乏味的）disjointed：a 杂乱的；unsettling：a 使人不安的3. 题目难度5，全部是熟词僻意，题目意思容易理解，但选项不好选，因为contain，check 的考察义是我们可能不是很熟悉的。
contain: lessen the intensity of; temper; hold in restraint; hold or keep within limits 控制check: lessen the intensity of; temper; hold in restraint; hold or keep within limits阻止unleash：解开4. 分号题，从后面找对应；同时逗号提示相反，第二空应填vehement（激烈）的反义词，只有perfunctory（敷衍的，不太重视的），同时第一空填perfunctory的同义词为nonchalant（不关心的）。
scathing：a 严厉的，尖刻的；pugnacious：a 好斗的；bombastic：a 夸张的5. such…that引起因果关系，能引起daunting（吓人的）的只有convoluted（令人费解的），而culpable（有罪的）不和语境，小说不能是有罪的。
enthralling：a 吸引人的；felicitous：a 得体的，合适的section 91. unlike引起取反，和rarely vary取反，只有improvise（即兴创作）和ad-lib（即兴表演）以及extemporize（即兴创作），但D的rehearse正好与rarely vary相同了，而E 的bungle根本不合适，所以排除。
satirize：v 讽刺；ad-lib: v即兴表演；bungle：v失败2. 现在分词做原因状语，因果关系，只有B的因果比较合适，其他均不构成因果，其实可以猜出第二空应为“压制”，这样可以直接选出suppress所对应的B。
3. because引起因果关系，只有D能构成因果。
malfeasance：失职； redemptive：a 该赎罪的；transgression：n 犯罪；foible：n过错4. offset引起小连接，取反，能和advance来offset（抵消），只有E了regressive（倒退的）。
5. 难度5+，这道题题目很简单，但是很容易选错答案，是conservationist（环保主义者）特殊人，但是一定要注意定语从句，定的是legislation，所以应该和conservationist取反了，对应diversify而不选mandate（统治，管理）。
6. because引起因果关系，daily attendance取反，只能放弃的是以前非daily 的习惯了，只有itinerant合适。
sedentary：久坐的；nomadic：a游牧的；glorify：v赞美；relinquish：v放弃第二部分：阅读理解Section 2第一篇---双短篇对比阅读——议论文+记叙文—文章难度E词与句：Chimpanzee：n. 黑猩猩Ape: n. 猿Empathy: n. the ability to understand other people's feelings and problems 体会别人感情的状态Scientist observing them in the wild often develop a degree of empathy with the individuals being studied.Cue: n. 暗示Subtle communication cues among chimpanzees are more readily detected and recorded.Guard against: 防止,防范Scientists must guard against the constant dangers of automatically interpreting what they see as if chimps act from human motications.Toddler: n. 初学走路的孩子Nibble: v 轻咬Blissful: a. 幸福的Prompt: v 推动，激起Their actions are prompted by strong psychological urges. Chide: v. to tell someone that you do not approve of something that they have done or said斥责Chiding the author for not submitting findings for scientific review.Verify: v. to discover whether something is correct or true 证明…的正确性Cautioning the author against failing to verify a conclusion. 警告作者没有证明结论的有效性读文章：Passage 1：…empathy…not a bad thing…However…guard against…danger…their observations must be as objective as possible…这个小短篇属于议论文性质的，第一段讲empathy帮助了科学家对黑猩猩的观察，第二段警告这些人一定要防止咋科学观察中的主观主义。
Passage 2:…richer and more satisfying…obviously similar to ours……I was moved by….这个小短篇是记叙文性质的，就记叙了作者第一天观察黑猩猩的非常快乐的心情（当然以及为什么会快乐）做题：9. 难度1—line2：similar to；line 22：similar to10.难度2—中心题，第二篇就是为了表达自己快乐的心情，所以选D。
11.难度4—交叉题，这道题的难度就在对题干的理解上，the experience described in passage 2 most directly suggests that the statement about the “danger”….[第二篇文章描述的经验直接现实了关于“danger”的陈述….]，显然这种danger是因为empathy而导致了subjective，也即human impulse的作用，即A。
12. 难度5—交叉题，扣中心，我们知道第一篇文章的作者guard against这种danger，也即caution agaist…failing to …..（veryify a conclusion验证自己作出的结论是否正确）第二篇文章—自然科学类—生物类—文章难度M词与句：Emit: v 释放Luminescent: a. 发冷光的Euphoria: n. an extremely strong feeling of happiness and excitement which usually only lasts for a short time幸福愉快感Euphoric: feeling very happy and excitedQuiescent: a. 静止的,不活动的Jerk: n肌肉缩动Pounce: v. 猛扑,突然袭击Copepods move in jerks, pouncing on yet smaller prey.Explode: v. 爆炸,爆发Scratchy: a发刮擦声的Grab it, it explodes into light in their scratchy little arms, and they drop it. Nasty: a 气味令人作呕的Chomp: v 大声咀嚼Chomp down the alga 大声咀嚼海藻It is a far bet that: 比较合理的猜测是…It’s a far bet that luminescence serves as an identification signal, a means of bringing the sexes together in places.Seductive: a. 引诱的Cavernous: a. 大洞穴的Abyssal: a 极深的Wave seductively in front of cavernous mouths, invisible in the abyssal dark. Devious: a. 遥远的One outstandingly devious group of deep-sea predatory fish.Penetrate: v 刺透，穿透Read light hardly penetrates beyond the first few meters of water. Camouflage: n 伪装Feeble: a 虚弱的，柔弱的Silhouette: a dark image, shadow, or shape that you see against a light background 背光的影子Spot: v. to notice someone or something, especially when they are difficult to see or recognize注意到，甄别It reduced the range at which planes could be spotted from a dozen miles to around two.Obsolete: a. 过时的Radar became commonplace, and lights became obsolete.Predispose: v. to make someone more likely to behave or think in a particular way 倾向于His early training predisposed him to a life of adventure.他早年所受的教养使他热衷於冒险活动.Deter: v 威慑Flashing serves to deter potential predators.Drawback: n 缺陷，缺憾Aquatic animals: 水生动物读文章：第一段：叙述自己的经历—关于观察到海生动物发光的问题，作用引起下文。