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HND大二经济学导论报告参考Outcome三

An Evaluation of UK Government Policy on Mentalhealth and behavior in schoolsTable of Contents1 Introduction (1)2 Market failure (2)2.1 Merit goods (2)2.2 Public goods (2)2.3 Impertfect competition (2)2.4 Externalities (2)3 UK Governments policy (1)3.1 Introduction to the policy (2)3.2 instruments used (2)3.3 Justification of the performance of policy (2)4 Conclusion (2)References (5)Appendices (6)Appendix I: (6)Appendix II: (6)1IntroductionThis report aims to explain the‘market failure’and the role of government in relative to merit goods, public goods, imperfect composition and externalities.The policy about mental health and behavior in school will also be introduced.Then it will describe the instruments used to achieve the policy and evaluate the policy.2Market failureMarket fail, that is, they do not provide all of the goods and services needed by the government,nor by society(SQA,2013a p184).2.1Merit goodsThe government provides services that might not be provided by the private sector in sufficient quantities or of a sufficient quantity (SQA,2013a p188).For instance,medical services,education and so on.In China,the government provides the public universities and nine year education,which support children to go to school and get a better education.2.2Public goodsThese are commodities, which would not be provided by the private sector because they would find that many people, even if they benefited from them, would refuse to pay(SQA,2013b p190), for example, grills in the park and Automatic Pet Water Fountain and so on.In many countries, the government provides the Automatic Pet Water Fountain, which is convenient for passerby to drink water whenever they want.2.3Imperfect competitionA company which control their own market , and they have no rival. A monoplist can adjust prices output in the market.for example, on February 5, 1991, pierpont Morgan bought Andrew Carnegie, Rockefeller,several iron ore and all the steel business,became the largest steel company , 65% of steel production by their control.The government could establish perfect competition through the establishment of enterprise competition policy (Peter,2013)2.4ExternalitiesAn externality is an effect of a purchase or use decision by one set of parties on others who did not have a choice and whose interests were not taken into account (SQA,2013d p188).For example, the negative externalities include car exhaust, smoking, kara OK noisy,which will do harm to the environment and people’health.As far as I am concerned, the government should have odd-and-even license plate rule and provide new energy electric vehicle.The positive externalities include new technology like purify the water and restoration of historical buildings.I think the government should support the enterprise to create more new technology.3UK Governments policy3.1 Introduction to the policy--Mental health and behavior in schoolsThe purpose of this policy is to let all pupils benefit from learning and developing in a well ordered school environment that fosters and rewards good behaviour and sanctions poor and disruptive behaviour. Their behaviour and discipline in schools advice sets out the powers and duties for school staff and approaches they can adopt to manage behaviour in their schools. It also says that schools should consider whether continuing disruptive behaviour might be a result of unmet educational or other needs. Published on16 June 2014，last updated on18 March 2016(Gov,UK,16 June 2014)3.2 Instruments usedInstruments- economic variables that governments can control directly for example, tax, public spending(SQA,2013e p194).The government take actions via government spending and relevant regulation.They found the Child and Adolescent Mental Health Services to deal with it.The specific services offered by CAMHS vary depending on the needs of the local area. The best way to influence those services overall is to get involved with the local health and wellbeing board.The government take actions to help them in referring pupils effectively to specialist CAMHS and otherwise working well with the service for the benefit of their vulnerable pupils. These include:1.The government hire some people documenting evidence of the symptoms or behaviour that are causing concern,encouraging the pupil and their parents/carers to speak to their GP2.The government spent some money working with local specialist CAMHS to make the referral process as quick and efficient as possible(Spence, S.H. 2003)3.1Justification of the performance of the policyI think the policy is successful, the mental health care benefits can make children to have a happier life.Thanks to the policy, children now have the ability to develop psychologically, emotionally, intellectually and spiritually.However,I think the policy also has some disadvantages.It has greatly increased government pressure.For example,Set up the CAMHS organization to support the school and some public organization。

HND商法导论Outcome2 案例+答案

Case study 1Samir sees a set of golf clubs displayed in a shop window for £500. He enters the shop and states he will take the clubs. The shopkeeper however says the clubs are no longer for sale. Samir is demanding that he be sold the clubs and at the price displayed.Identify the essential requirements of a contract and discuss whether a contract exists here.A contract is an agreement between parties having the capacity to make it, in the form demanded by the law, to perform, on one side or both, acts which are not trifling, indeterminate, impossible or illegal, creating an obligation enforceable in a court of law. A valid contract has three essential features: there must be a agreement on all material aspects; at least two contracting parties and legal obligations.A contract consists of an offer and an acceptance. If there is no offer in the first place then there can be no contract. The basic elements of a contract include an offer and an acceptance.In the case Samir sees a set of golf clubs displayed in a shop window for £500. He enters the shop and states he will take the clubs. But shopkeeper says the clubs are no longer for sale. Samir is demanding that he be sold the clubs and at the price displayed.According to this case we can say that these is not exist a contract. In the case that a set of golf clubs are exhibited in a shop window, thus it is not an offer. Because the goods displayed in a shop window as a invitation to treat, we can know that goods displayed in a shop window (even when priced) are classed as a willingness to negotiate on the shops part. Invitations to treat also is considered to inquiry the price of goods, means a party to invite the other person to make offers. Different an offer, a willingness to negotiate only as prepared to make a contract of behavior on the issue who is not legally binding. The customer will make the offer to buy the goods which the shop are perfectly within their rights to refuse. The invitations to treat are not legally classed as offers and therefore cannot be accepted.Before the party who gave off the invitations to treat could not accept the other people’s offers they can revocation, and then the contract is not build. When Samir asked to buy the golf clubs the shopkeeper refused hin, and there was no acceptance. So when the shopkeeper refused Samir which is a set of golf clubs are not the good for sale, it just be used as ornament, and attracted the consumers interested. So an offer in this case is not found, either nor acceptance.A contract consists of an offer and an acceptance, we can know that there is on offer and there is on contract.Case study 2Tom is the top salesman for ABC Motors. He has been offered a job by a rivalcompany but is concerned because there is a clause in his contract which prevents him from working for any other car company for five years.Tom is the top salesman because he regularly tells potential customers what they like to hear rather than the facts. He has done this in relation to ages of vehicles, odometer readings and vehicle service histories.Tom recently completed a deal to buy a vintage sports car for ABC Motors from Barry.ABC now discover that Barry (not his real name) had stolen the vehicle. Question 1What is a restrictive covenant? Advise Tom as to the legality of the clause in his contract.You can refer to Bluebell Apparel Ltd v Dickinson (1980) on page 146Question 2How would you classify Tom’s statements to the customers and what are the possible consequences for Tom and ABC motors in relation to these statements?You can refer to Smith v Sim(1954) on page 161Question 3What is the legal position with regard to the vehicle which Tom has purchased from Barry?You can refer to Morrison v Robertson(1908) on page 1531 Restrictive covenant is a agreement which restrict the party liberty to work and trade. Such contracts are VOID unless the restriction can be shown to be reasonable to both parties involved and to the general public. There are three types of restrictive covenants: contracts between employer and employee, contracts between sellers and purchaser of a business and ‘solus’agreements. For all three types, the party attempting to enforce the agreement must prove that it is reasonable to both parties concerned and to the general public. If they are unable to do this then the contract will be considered void and unenforceable. (from the text bookP142-142) This contract are legality, and the restriction was fair in this contract. Because the relationship of Tom and ABC motor is employer and employee, when enter employment and employee may agree to some restriction being placed on his future employment or trade. Later the employee may feel the restriction is unfair and therefore he may break it. In such circumstances it would be up to the employer take him to court and seek an ‘interdict’ forbidding the employee to break the agreement. They will consider the factor the nature of the job the employee was doing(from the text book P142). If Tom worked for any other company within the validity period of the contract that he would be in a position to harm his ex employers.2 The 4 main causes of error are: innocent misrepresentation, fraudulent misrepresentation, negligent misrepresentation and concealment of facts. And Tom’s statements to customers classify fraudulent misrepresentation,A false and material statement which induces a party to enter into a contract this is misrepresentation. Because he regularly tells potential customers what they like to hear rather than the facts and him without caring whether it is true or false. Fraudulent misrepresentation can lead a contract being made void if it involved these points,first is fraudulent misrepresentation causes error in the substantials. Second is the other party relied on the misrepresentation and it was a major influence on them entering the contract, third is the other party can offer restitutio in integrum. So the contracts between Tom and customers is void, he relied on the misrepresentation and it was a major influence on them entering the contract, thus customers can acquire compensation. Or cancel the contract or both of them.3 Tom brought a car from Barry,but Tom discovered that Barry had stolen the vehicle. And in this contract has a error which made the contract void, the Barry stolen the car but Tom did not know before him brought, so he can not get the car’s ownership. An error concerning the identity of the parties. Barry stolen the car so he haven’t ownership of this car and sold car, therefore, he can not give ownership to Tom, and Tom does not get the car’ ownership actually. And in this case Tom can only lodge a claim to Barry.Case study 3Martina recently attended an auction for the first time. She was very keen(渴望的) on a particular painting and when the bidding commenced（开始）she got so carried away that she bid much more than she intended. Martina won the auction but with fees（费用）and commissions（佣金）added on to the price, she cannot pay the full amount for the painting.Question 1What do you understand by the term ‘breach of contract’? Give two examples. Question 2List the main remedies available for breach of contract.Question 3What is the most appropriate remedy for the auctioneer（拍卖商）in this case?1、Where one party fails to fulfil his or her legal obligation under a contract.(from the text book P183)example1Tony and Jane have a contract where Tony will pay June $100 for her car and delivery. Tony pays the $100 but Jane fails to delivery.(from the text book P197)In this case study there has been a Breach of Contract by Jane as she has failed to delivery the car.Example2Shirley and Oliva have a contract where Shirley brought a cake from Oliva for her friend and asked Oliva sent the cake to her friend on 12th December 2012 , but on that day her friend did not receive the cake.In this case study there has been a breach od contract by Oliva as she failed to sent the cake.2、If there is a breach of contract then the innocent party will have the right to seek a remedy for the breach.(from the text book P184)Damages as a remedy for breach of contract. The object of awarding damages to someone is to place them in the position they would have been in had the contract been completed.So damages are really awarded as compensation- if the party has actually lost money as a result of the breach then he will be awarded ‘substantial’ or ‘compensatory’ damages.In some cases no actually loss may have been incurred as a result of the breach. If is still possible that damages may be awarded for trouble and inconvenience-these are know as ‘nominal’damages.(from the text book P185)Specific implement as a remedy for breach of contractSpecific implement is to stop someone for acting in breach of contract. So specific implement may be positive---forcing someone who has been in breach to fulfil their obligations or negative ---forcing someone who has been in breach to stop doing something. (from the text book P191-192)Rescission as remedy for breach of contract.Rescission means cancellation . With this remedy, the innocent party has the right to rescind(cancel) the contract if the other party has been guilty of a material breach of contract.The main factor to be considered is what is meant by a material of contract. If the breach is not material but only partial then the right of rescission does not exist.Many contracts contains a number of conditions, some of which are more important than others. If the contract specifically states that some are material then breach of these will mean that rescission can be taken as a remedy.(from the text book P193-194)The Defensive Remedies for breach od contractThere are two defensive remedies that can be taken by the party who is not in breach.①Lien:If a person has possession(占有) of an article(物品) on which he has been employed to do work then he can refuse to return the article to its owner until payment is made for the work done. Example of situations where lien could be used as a remedy for breach of contract include:②Retention:This is the right to refuse to pay a debt which is due(到期的).Retention can only be used under the following two circumstances:ⅰwhere compensation can be pleaded.(债权确定、到期)ⅱwhere both claims arise under the same contract.P195-197What is the most appropriate remedy for the auctioneer（拍卖商）in this case?3、in this case the defensive remedies in the most appropriate method for the auctioneer. The defensive remedies include lien and retention, the auctioneer should take lien measure. If a person has possession of an article on which he has been employed to do work then he can refuse to return the article to its owner until payment is made for the work done.As a result of Martina won the auction but with fees and commissions added on to the price, she cannot pay the full amount for the painting, the auctioneer can keep the painting until Martina paid off the rest of money.。

HND商法导论outcome3PPT课件

any act, carrying on in the usual way, bind
-
10
the firm and their partners.
Advantages :
❖ greater continuity than sole trader ❖ more possible capital contributors than
❖ There are no formal legal requirements for setting up a partnership.
❖ All partners have an equal say in the
running of the business and in decision
making. The acts of every partner who does
❖ To set up as a sole traders does not require any formalities（手续）- .They need not mak5e any business information public.
❖ 有限责任是与无限责任相对而言的，二者是投资者对其投资企业的债务承担责任的形式。
❖ If the business fails, the sole trader is said to have unlimited liability for all debts .
❖ Owner to find all capital
❖ Difficulty to expand because of unlimited liability.
❖ Lack of continuity
❖ Pressure from larger units.

HND商法导论outcome3

❖ If the sole trader becomes insolvent（无力偿还的）, his personal assets（资产） can be used to satisfy the creditors（债权人） .He∕She has unlimited liability（无限责任）.
又称“有限责任公司”。指由法律规定的一定人数的股
东所组成，股东以其出资额为限对公司债务承担责任，公司以其全部资产对其债务承担责任的企业法人。
► 有限责任公司是企业法人，公司的股东以其出资额对公司承担责任，公司以其全部资产对公司的债务承担责任。
► 有限责任公司的股东人数是有严格限制的。各国对有限责任公司股东数的规定不尽相同。
➢ The shareholders of a public limited company are free to sell their shares at any time, this does not require the permission of the board of directors.18
Outcome 3
1. Legal Differences between Sole Traders, Partnerships and Incorporated Bodies
1
Legal Differences between Sole Traders, Partnerships and
Incorporated Bodies
List and explain the key advantages and
disadvantages of Mary’s businesl authority Mary has in taking

hnd经济学1微观经济学outcome1

Table of Contents1.0Introduction (1)2.0 Oligopoly (1)Entry barriers (1)Non-price competition (2)3.0 Explanation for Diagram in Oligopoly (2)4.0 Pure Competitive Market (3)Lower prices (3)Low barriers to entry (4)5.0 Explanation for Diagram in Pure Competitive Market 46.0 Roles of Profit in Market Economy (6)Demand for factor resources (6)Market Entry (6)7.0 The other two alternatives to profit maximization (7)Satisficing behaviour (7)Sales revenue maximization (7)8.0 Influences on a Firm in the Short Run (8)9.0 References (9)1.0I ntroductionMarco and Micro economic knowledge we had learned in this period is mainly to discuss about some major market structures in the entire market now. And they are oligopoly, monopoly and pure competitive market and so on. In this case, the Virgin Mobile had entered in mobile phone market in the UK, which is an oligopoly market. In this market, Orange, Vodafone, BT Cellnet and One2One are the oligopolists.2.0O ligopolyWhen a market or industry is dominated by a small number of sellers, we usually believe an oligopoly appears. And there are two main features of oligopoly:Entry barriers: It’s a great block for the new company to be a long-run part of an oligopoly market. Usually, many smaller firms operate on the periphery on such s market, which means these companies cannot reach the supernormal profits or affect much to market prices and output. Take Virgin Mobile (VM) as an example: Before VM engaged in the mobile phone market in the UK, there were some industrial giants conquered the market-Orange, Vodafone, BT Cellnet and One2One, which account for a large market share. Although VM is making profit, the money it earned is far less than any one of these oligopolist.Non-price competition:As a few company be dominant to an industrial, pricing can be no longer an effective competitiveness for those oligopolistic firms. Compared with pricing, after-sales service, extension of new market and advertising seem to be more emphasized by them. In this case, the VM is better to promote the competitiveness in such ways -- improving the after-sales quality, expanding into new markets , building their own brand and so on.3.0E xplanation for Diagram in OligopolyIn the oligopolistic market, the oligopolists may react diversely to the different price variation trend of their rivals. If one oligopolist raises the price and other companies will not follow it to maintain the market share, however, if the company reduce the price and other companies must follow, which is to keep more market shares. It can be seen in the kinked demand curve below.Before the price is higher than P1, the product demand is elastic that means the price raises and the total revenue will reduce. But when the price is lower than P1, the product demand is inelastic -- the price reduces and the total revenue will also do. Thus, the company may able to reach a stable profit-maximizing equilibrium at the point G, so the companies in the oligopolistic market can not change the price optionally.4.0Pure Competitive MarketIn the pure competitive market structure, the company can compete with each other perfectly. There are two common characteristics that are considered to be “competitive”are:Lower prices: Generally, a perfectly competitive market existswhen every participant is a "price taker"which means thesuppliers will have not able to raise price for facing elasticdemand curves, and no participant influences the price of theproduct it buys or sells.( /wiki/Perfect_competition#Basic_structural_characteristics ) .So simply raising price will make a loss of demand and totalrevenue. The cross-price elasticity of demand can reflect thecustomers’attitude towards some particular goods. Thedemand of substitute goods is holding pace with the pricewhen it has any change. Conversely, the demand ofcomplementary goods would decrease when the price increase.In this condition, customers will always find the most propergoods for themselves.Low barriers to entry: Compared with oligopoly, the new firms would be easier to enter in the pure competitive market. Andthe entry of new participants will probably providecompetition and ensure price is kept low in the long run.5.0Explanation for Diagram in Pure Competitive MarketIt is known to all that each individual firm is considered as a pricetaker. Customers may not prefer to buy a product with a higher price. Because of the characteristic (perfect knowledge) of pure competitive market, neither buyers nor sellers can gain an advantage and firm may sell their goods at the point where they have the maximized profit.From the short run view of a firm in a pure competitive market structure, the explanation of the diagram is as follow:The price in a pure competitive market structure is decided by demand and supply, which can be seen in panel on the right. When demand rises from D1 to D2, the equilibrium point goes from A to B and P2 is the established price. Because of the price which a firm use stays at P2, marginal revenue is equal t o P2 at last average revenue is equal to P2 as well. When MC=MR, pr ofit maximization is achieved, so the point which firms will stop prod ucing should be C which ordinate is P2 and abscissa is Q2. Accordingto the diagram above, when quantity is Q2, ATC is equal to P1. So P2 subtract P1 is average profit and then multiply by Q2 can obtain tot al profit.6.0Roles of Profit in Market Economy●Demand for factor resourcesScarce factor resources to flow where the expected rate of return or profit is highest. In the mobile phone market, when Richard Branson started to get profit in 2002, VM has 1,445,492 customers, which means stronger demands, more labour and capital are committed.With more scarce factor resources, VM may able to earn more profit.However, in a recession, the output, incomes and investment for VM must all fall, which may cause the profit loss. Thus the company should take action (for example cutting costs) to preserve its market position.●Market EntryIf an individual company gets more profit than others, it must be a signal to other producers within a market that profitable entry may possible. After three-year efforts, Richard Branson made VM profiting.When it comes, many other firms would be attracted to enter the industry. Thus, the competition would be increased and new products,technologies would be also updated in a higher speed.7.0The other two alternatives to profit maximization●Satisficing behaviourSatisficing behaviour can be the substitute to profit maximization behaviour. This behavioural method lays stress on how decisions are taken within the firm. When a decision is making, satisficing explains that individuals and groups should choose the first option that is good enough to address most needs rather all. Based on Herbert Simon’s work concerning behaviour --“people possess limited cognitive ability and can exercise only ‘bounded rationality’when making decision in complex, uncertain situations”, satisficing behaviour encourages individuals and groups to attain a more realistic goal.If VM set a goal that expending their customers to 2 million in a year, finally it reaches 2.5 million. Thus wise we can take the goal for a receivable.●Sales revenue maximizationThe goal of sales revenue maximization is to maximize the sales other than profits. The managers decision price and strategy of products. In this pattern of management, business can grow or sustain marketshare, ensure survival, discourage competitors, achieve bonuses and build the prestige of the senior management.For the VM, when it initially entered the mobile phone market, it is a great approach that selling their products as many as possible with the lowest profit to enlarge their market share.8.0Influences on a Firm in the Short RunFrom the diagram above, which can be seen are total cost (TC) is the sum of fixed (TFC) and variable costs (TFC).In the beginning, when nothing is being produced ,the fixed costs will be equal to the total cost. The TC and TVC increase concurrently with the quantity, but they are paralleled and the distance between them is TFC which is always invariable. And total cost is an upward trend.The diagram is about the short run cost curves. One time the fixed cost is excessively used, which will lead to the progressive decrease of marginal product, meanwhile the marginal product reduce will lead to the decrease of marginal revenue. Leading the reducing of the ATC when MC<ATC, on the opposite, it will lead to the ATC's increasing. Making the short-run ATC curve look like U-shaped, on the other side, the law of diminishing returns will lead to the rise of marginal cost of pr oduction as output increases.When AVC increasing higher than the fall in AFC one time the output in creases , which the marginal cost is rising will lead to the average total c ost rising9.0References( /wiki/Perfect_competition#Basic_structural_char实用文案acteristics ) .标准文档。

hnd商法导论outcome2

商法导论outcome21.s看见橱窗展示了一套高尔夫球具，他走进店要求购买该球具，店主不卖，a坚持要以展示的价格来买。

问：合同要素是什么，该案中合同存在吗？A valid contract has three essential features.Firstly,the parties must agree on the terms of the contract. For all aspects of the content of contract，the parties reach a consensus through consultation. Sencondly, the conclusion of the contract shall be attended by at least two parties, only one of the parties does not exist the problem of conclusion of the contract.Thirdly,observation of law. In concluding and performing a contract,the parties shall observe tha law and administrative regulations, respect social ethics and they disrupt public and economic order or impair public interests.In case,the contract is not established.Because the essential of contract is not incomplete. The display window demonstration is an important contract invitation merely,the n the customer could be able to walk in and demand the goods.F or example,Pharmaceutical Society of Great Britain v Boots The Chemists(1952). A sales of a listed poisons must have a registered pharmacist to supervision. If the goods on the shelf is an offer,then the goods in the basket is completed by sales and this behavior is illegal. The judgment of the court is not breaking. The goods on the shelfis an invitation to offer but not an offer.2.t是汽车公司的销售员，竞争公司挖墙角，要他跳槽，但是雇佣合同中有一个条款禁止他为其他任何汽车公司工作在离职后的五年内。

HND经济学导论OUTCOME3_共2页

Market Failure and Government PolicySCN: 177099996GTB4Li WenxuanTutor: Lou QiuyinNovember 6 , 2016thContent 1.0 introduction2.0 Market Failure2.1 Merit Goods2.2 Public Goods2.3 Imperfect Competition2.4 Externalities3.0 Welfare Policy3.1 Some important welfare3.1.1 child benefits3.2 Case of welfare3.3 Instrument4.0 ConclusionReference1.0 IntroductionEconomy is human activity that consists in producing exchanging, distributing, and consuming goods and services, studied by economics and realized inside on. In this report, discussing the reasons for market failure and probe government roles in relation to each of the following and government policy.2.0 Market FailureThe market is a set of buyers and sellers with the potential to trade with each other. But when the market cannot distribution goods and labor efficiency that is market failure.2.1 Merit goodsMerit goods are products whose consumption or production creates social benefits that exceed the private benefit. Just like education, healthcare, public transport. Because many people cannot know anything the advantages, so the government should intervene people choice. Government can get to make a law. For Chinese, have ‘Nine-year compulsor y education law’. That can help people choose merit goods and benefits of people.2.2 Public GoodsPublic goods are ready for societal members enjoy the items together, strict sense of the public goods with non-competitive and non-exclusive. It is a public thing just like the Park bench or civil defense siren. Someone used it that do not hinder others use it. The government should build this goods, because do not have someone could even want to build build but the society need it. The government use tax to build and maintain it.2.3 Imperfect CompetitionImperfect competition is monopolistic competition and oligopoly. It is meant by perfect competition cannot maintain. Because have some buyers or sellers could affect the market price. The market cannot change the price. Because the imperfect competition will decrease the market efficiency. The government should change it to adjust a market to a new environment. For example make a law. Just likes Antitrust Law.2.4 ExternalitiesThe following sentences are from Wikipedia. In economics, an externality is the cost or benefit that affects a party who did not decide to incur that cost or benefit. Economists often urge all governments adopt policies that "internalize" an externality, so that costs and benefits will affect mainly parties who choose to incur them. Just like the pollution, government thinks who take this who should solve this. If there are external benefits, such as in communal safety, less of the good may be produced thanwould be the case if the producer were to receive payment for the external benefits to others. Thus, unregulated markets in goods or services with significant externalities generate prices that do not take into account the full social cost or benefit of their transactions; such markets are therefore inefficient. So government should make some laws or rules to standard it.3.0 WelfareThe UK as a long-term capitalist country. It is a long and perfect social welfare safeguard system. Society welfare including the benefits of family, child benefits, death and benefits etc.3.1 Some important welfare3.1.1 Child BenefitsThe child benefits in the UK, government ensures that every child can receive education and life even they do not have kinsfolks. From child to adult, government subsidies, aid, guarantee the smooth growth of children. The British government's children's welfare, both in terms of welfare, welfare content and service level, its integrity and comprehensiveness is exemplary. first of all, British children welfare legislation perfect, various kinds of laws and regulations, not only covers the grand, and established the principle of "children's welfare is the highest", for children's right to survival and development, such as participation rights protection are made a detailed regulations and emphasis. second, the completion of the "welfare state" for citizens "from cradle to grave tomb" comprehensive social security, the benefit of children mainly include: the national health insurance, children can enjoy besides dental surgery, visual acuity and glasses all free medical care. Family subsidy system, covering maternity benefits, birth allowance, children stick, Tianjin, children, child care allowance, single special allowance, etc.; Education funding, children receive primary and secondary school education for free, with free books, stationery, lunch at school; Social services, set up the children's home within the community, for too busy to take care of the child's family to provide help and received orphans and abandoned children, and is responsible for their life and education. Again, the whole society to found a multi-level, vertical and comprehensive child welfare system. This way is mainly under the government's macro management, association for the disabled, charitable organizations, social service machine structure, all kinds of schools and community organizations and groups, within their respective fields to carry out the child welfare services, formed a multi-level, three-dimensional type, a full range of child welfare services network. The British not only built up social relief, social insurance, social security, basic education, medical service content such as children's social welfare system, and children's rights in government policies, laws and institutions for medical treatment and teaching education practice of occupies more and more important position.3.2 Case of welfareIn the UK, child benefit is operated by Her Majesty's Revenue and Customs (HMRC). As of April 2015, This is £20.70 per week for the first child (including the eldest of a multiple birth) and £13.70 per week for each additional child.The system was also implemented in August 1946 as "family allowances" under the Family Allowances Act 1945, at a rate of 5s (= £0.25) per week per child in a family, except for the eldest. This was raised from September 1952, by the Family Allowances and National Insurance Act 1952, to 8s (= £0.40), and from October 1956, by the Family Allowances Act and National Insurance Act 1956, to 8s for the second child with 10s (= £0.50) for the third and subsequent children.By 1955, some 5,000,000 allowances were being paid, to about 3,250,000 families.It was revised in 1977, with the payments being termed "child benefit" and given for the eldest child as well as the younger ones; by 1979 it was worth £4 per child per week. In 1991, the system was further altered, with a higher payment now gave the first child than for their younger siblings. In October 2010, the Conservative-Liberal Democrat coalition government announced that Child Benefit would be cancelled from households containing a higher-rate taxpayer from January 2013.After some controversy this was amended so that any householder with a least one person with prescribed income over £50,000 would lose Child Benefit by a taper which removed it altogether when the income reached £60,000. This came into force on 7 January 2013.3.3 InstrumentIn the UK, child benefit is administered by Her Majesty's Revenue and Customs (HMRC)4.0 ConclusionOver the years, the welfare policy help stabilize the social order, ensure the people's living standards, the general improvement of social material and cultural level. Close the gap between the rich and the poor area, ease social contradictions in all walks of life. However,, at the same time, the years of high welfare, let government deficitcontinue to increase, and weakening the enthusiasm of people to work, make social efficiency is low, and the resulting a series of struggle between the parties.ReferenceExternalities https:///wiki/Externality Buchanan, James; Wm. Craig Stubblebine (November 1962). "Externality". Economical. 29 (116): 371–384. doi:10.2307/2551386Case of welfare，https:///wiki/Child_benefit，Https:///government/publications/tax-and-tax-credit-rates-and-thresholds- for-2015-16/tax-and-tax-credit-rates-and-thresholds-for-2015-16#child-benefit-and- guardians-allowanceJump up ^ Whitaker's Almanack: For the year 1958, p. 1127. J. Whitaker & Sons, London, 1957Jump up ^ "Spending Review, October 2010, United Kingdom HM Treasury, Oct 2010. Jump up ^ "HMRC High Income Child Benefit chargeRedo:3.1.1 Child Benefits. No matter how much you earn or how much insurance you pay, you are eligible for Child Benefit as long as you have a duty to caring for the child. Benefits apply to children under 16 years of age and are eligible if children aged 16 to 18 are still enrolled in non-tertiary institutions.How to Apply: Request by the hospital or the Social Security Office.British university before the stage of education is free, university stage, 90% of college students are eligible for government subsidies. Therefore, for low-income families, from kindergarten to university education is a loose way.。

HND商法导论outcome3

Case 11The main business organization recognized by scot law are: sole trader, partnership, p rivate limited company, public limited company.2Lisa do a small business so only have herself. So it is sole trader. Sole trader is someone who manages by herself and owns the business. The can take all benefits but also need face all the losses. Indeed, if the sole trader becomes insolvent his personal assets can be used to satisfy her creditors e.g. house, car etc. she is personally liable for all business debts i.e. they have unlimited liability.To set up as a sole trader does not require any formalities. They need not make any business information public.3Advantages:Sole trader is independence for ownerSole trader is Personal contact between business and customers Disadvantages:Sole trader is unlimited liabilitySole trader’s scale is difficult to expand because of limited capitalCase 21The piece of legislation which governs partnerships is the partnership Act 1890. the limited liability partnership Act 2000.Partnership have unlimited liability in respect partnership debts.Limited liability partnership members enjoy limited in respect of limited liability partnership debts traditional partnership is unincorporated body, Limited liability partnership is corporate body2The interests of limited liability is that person do not have to repay company debt.3Trust relationship. pillan brother V pillans. The court held that made in this business he had to account to the partnership for the profits.Case 31Objects of the company is outlining what type of work the company will be participat e in and can lawfully do. If it needed, staffs can change the objects clause after format ion by special resolution. The company terms should have reason, otherwise the comp any activities is invalid。

(完整word版)HND经济学导论OUTCOME3

Market Failure and Government PolicySCN: 177099996GTB4Li WenxuanTutor: Lou QiuyinNovember 6th, 2016Content 1.0 introduction2.0 Market Failure2.1 Merit Goods2.2 Public Goods2.3 Imperfect Competition2.4 Externalities3.0 Welfare Policy3.1 Some important welfare3.1.1 child benefits3.2 Case of welfare3.3 Instrument4.0 ConclusionReference1.0 IntroductionEconomy is human activity that consists in producing exchanging, distributing, and consuming goods and services, studied by economics and realized inside on. In this report, discussing the reasons for market failure and probe government roles in relation to each of the following and government policy.2.0 Market FailureThe market is a set of buyers and sellers with the potential to trade with each other. But when the market cannot distribution goods and labor efficiency that is market failure.2.1 Merit goodsMerit goods are products whose consumption or production creates social benefits that exceed the private benefit. Just like education, healthcare, public transport. Because many people cannot know anything the advantages, so the government should intervene people choice. Government can get to make a law. For Chinese, have ‘Nine-year compulsory education law’. That can help people choose merit goods and benefits of people.2.2 Public GoodsPublic goods are ready for societal members enjoy the items together, strict sense of the public goods with non-competitive and non-exclusive. It is a public thing just like the Park bench or civil defense siren. Someone used it that do not hinder others use it. The government should build this goods, because do not have someone could even want to build build but the society need it. The government use tax to build and maintain it.2.3 Imperfect CompetitionImperfect competition is monopolistic competition and oligopoly. It is meant by perfect competition cannot maintain. Because have some buyers or sellers could affect the market price. The market cannot change the price. Because the imperfect competition will decrease the market efficiency. The government should change it to adjust a market to a new environment. For example make a law. Just likes Antitrust Law.2.4 ExternalitiesThe following sentences are from Wikipedia. In economics, an externality is the cost or benefit that affects a party who did not decide to incur that cost or benefit. Economists often urge all governments adopt policies that "internalize" an externality, so that costs and benefits will affect mainly parties who choose to incur them. Just like the pollution, government thinks who take this who should solve this. If there are external benefits, such as in communal safety, less of the good may be produced thanwould be the case if the producer were to receive payment for the external benefits to others. Thus, unregulated markets in goods or services with significant externalities generate prices that do not take into account the full social cost or benefit of their transactions; such markets are therefore inefficient. So government should make some laws or rules to standard it.3.0 WelfareThe UK as a long-term capitalist country. It is a long and perfect social welfare safeguard system. Society welfare including the benefits of family, child benefits, death and benefits etc.3.1 Some important welfare3.1.1 Child BenefitsThe child benefits in the UK, government ensures that every child can receive education and life even they do not have kinsfolks. From child to adult, government subsidies, aid, guarantee the smooth growth of children. The British government's children's welfare, both in terms of welfare, welfare content and service level, its integrity and comprehensiveness is exemplary. first of all, British children welfare legislation perfect, various kinds of laws and regulations, not only covers the grand, and established the principle of "children's welfare is the highest", for children's right to survival and development, such as participation rights protection are made a detailed regulations and emphasis. second, the completion of the "welfare state" for citizens "from cradle to grave tomb" comprehensive social security, the benefit of children mainly include: the national health insurance, children can enjoy besides dental surgery, visual acuity and glasses all free medical care. Family subsidy system, covering maternity benefits, birth allowance, children stick, Tianjin, children, child care allowance, single special allowance, etc.; Education funding, children receive primary and secondary school education for free, with free books, stationery, lunch at school; Social services, set up the children's home within the community, for too busy to take care of the child's family to provide help and received orphans and abandoned children, and is responsible for their life and education. Again, the whole society to found a multi-level, vertical and comprehensive child welfare system. This way is mainly under the government's macro management, association for the disabled, charitable organizations, social service machine structure, all kinds of schools and community organizations and groups, within their respective fields to carry out the child welfare services, formed a multi-level, three-dimensional type, a full range of child welfare services network. The British not only built up social relief, social insurance, social security, basic education, medical service content such as children's social welfare system, and children's rights in government policies, laws and institutions for medical treatment and teaching education practice of occupies more and more important position.3.2 Case of welfareIn the UK, child benefit is operated by Her Majesty's Revenue and Customs (HMRC).As of April 2015, This is £20.70 per week for the first child (including the eldest of a multiple birth) and £13.70 per week for each additional child.The system was also implemented in August 1946 as "family allowances" under the Family Allowances Act 1945, at a rate of 5s (= £0.25) per week per child in a family, except for the eldest. This was raised from September 1952, by the Family Allowances and National Insurance Act 1952, to 8s (= £0.40), and from October 1956, by the Family Allowances Act and National Insurance Act 1956, to 8s for the second child with 10s (= £0.50) for the third and subsequent children.By 1955, some 5,000,000 allowances were being paid, to about 3,250,000 families.It was revised in 1977, with the payments being termed "child benefit" and given for the eldest child as well as the younger ones; by 1979 it was worth £4 per child per week. In 1991, the system was further altered, with a higher payment now gave the first child than for their younger siblings. In October 2010, the Conservative-Liberal Democrat coalition government announced that Child Benefit would be cancelled from households containing a higher-rate taxpayer from January 2013.After some controversy this was amended so that any householder with a least one person with prescribed income over £50,000 would lose Child Benefit by a taper which removed it altogether when the income reached £60,000. This came into force on 7 January 2013.3.3 InstrumentIn the UK, child benefit is administered by Her Majesty's Revenue and Customs (HMRC)4.0 ConclusionOver the years, the welfare policy help stabilize the social order, ensure the people's living standards, the general improvement of social material and cultural level. Close the gap between the rich and the poor area, ease social contradictions in all walks of life. However,, at the same time, the years of high welfare, let government deficit continue to increase, and weakening the enthusiasm of people to work, make socialefficiency is low, and the resulting a series of struggle between the parties.ReferenceExternalities https:///wiki/Externality Buchanan, James; Wm. Craig Stubblebine (November 1962). "Externality". Economical. 29 (116): 371–384. doi:10.2307/2551386Case of welfare，https:///wiki/Child_benefit，Https:///government/publications/tax-and-tax-credit-rates-and-thresholds-for-2015-16/tax-and-tax-credit-rates-and-thresholds-for-2015-16#child-benefit-and-guardians-allowanceJump up ^ Whitaker's Almanack: For the year 1958, p. 1127. J. Whitaker & Sons, London, 1957Jump up ^ "Spending Review, October 2010, United Kingdom HM Treasury, Oct 2010. Jump up ^ "HMRC High Income Child Benefit chargeRedo:3.1.1 Child Benefits. No matter how much you earn or how much insurance you pay, you are eligible for Child Benefit as long as you have a duty to caring for the child. Benefits apply to children under 16 years of age and are eligible if children aged 16 to 18 are still enrolled in non-tertiary institutions.How to Apply: Request by the hospital or the Social Security Office.British university before the stage of education is free, university stage, 90% of college students are eligible for government subsidies. Therefore, for low-income families, from kindergarten to university education is a loose way.。

HND经济学导论Outcome1考试题及翻译

Assessment task instructionsRead the following passage and answer the questions which follow.SteamScot is a privately run rail company, which provides steam train journeys in Scotland. At present they operate three specific rail journeys in various parts of Scotland. These journeys are aimed at the tourist market and operate throughout the summer months. Around 70% of passengers are domestic tourists with the other 30% overseas visitors.The company has been fairly profitable over the last decade, and with the help of various grants available, they are considering an expansion of its operations. However, it is also aware that within the next five years a major overhaul of its capital stock as well as major repairs will have to be undertaken. It is this dilemma that the board of the company faces.It is estimated that in the coming year it will have £2.5 million to spend. This money could be used to open a new line between Inverness and Fort William, or to begin the repair and replacement plan on its current routes.A recent report has highlighted that following recent terrorist threats, visitors from the USA are expected to fall within the next three years, but that European visitors are likely to increase as the Euro rises in value. It is also expected that Visit Scotland (the tourist organization) will mount a major advertising campaign in England to encourage more visitors from that country.The boards of directors of SteamScot are also considering a change in their pricingbut are unsure if this is a wise move. At present the average price of a journey is £4 and 60,000 tourists use the services. A report commissioned by the board on price, supply and demand is shown on the following table.1 SteamScot face a ‘basic economic problem’!What is this ‘problem’ and what is the opportunity cost of the replace and repair programme?2 From the table in the previous passage, construct a demand and supply schedule ona diagram and identify the equilibrium price and quantity.3 (a) Calculate, using total revenue, the price elasticity of demand when: (i) price rises from £4 to £5(ii) price falls from £4 to £3(b) If you were a member of the SteamScot board, what would you recommend the company does in both situations? Give reasons for your advice.4 How would the advertising campaign by Visit Scotland affect demand for SteamScot journeys?Show the effect on a diagram.5 Apart from an increase in price, what other determinant would encourage SteamScotto increase its supply of rail journeys?6 If the Chancellor of the Exchequer was to reduce income tax, would this affect demand for SteamScot’s product s? Explain your answer with reference to income elasticity of demand.7 Using a diagram, show what would happen to the equilibrium if the Scottish Executive gave SteamScot a subsidy. Explain any changes and how the market would return to equilibrium.评估任务说明阅读下面的文章,回答下列问题。

HND2013经济学outcome1答案框架

Answer the following questions in relation to WJE1 Economics revolves around the nature of choice and the availability of Resources. With reference to WJE’s current situation, explain what is meant by the term ‘the bas ic (central) economic problem’.经济学围绕所选择的性质和资源的可用性。

参考Wje的现状，解释什么是“基本经济问题”（中央）。

回答：在这里涉及到基本经济问题中的两种，一种是稀缺资源，另一种是选择。

稀缺资源：定义（看书）+ 文章中的例子（金钱，材料等等具体说出来）；机会：定义（看书）+ 文中的例子（在introduce a new model和upgrade the Tiger2 at a modest cost中选一个）2 In relation to WJE’s current situation explain what is meant by the term opportunit y cost. 在关系到Wje现状的解释什么是短期机会成本。

回答：机会成本的定义（书上）+联系例子（文中选择了introduce a new model，因此文中的机会成本便是upgrade the Tiger2 at a modest cost）3 Figure 1 shows the demand and supply curves for performance sports cars similar to those offered by WJE. The quantity demanded is illustrated by line D, and the quan tity firms are prepared to supply is illustrated by line S.图1显示性能跑车所提供的类似的需求和供给曲线Wje。

hnd经济学导论outcome2【最新】

Assessment task 2Assessment task instructions The UK economy is made up of millions of people and billions of economic activities. Within these activities, goods and services are created and exchanged. It can be complicated at times but a simple model explaining in general terms how an economy is organised and how those involved interact is a good start.Question 1 Draw a diagram showing the participants of the Circular Flow of Income and explain how it operates. The simple model is sufficient for a beginning, but an economy is more complex and involves external influences, which can raise or lower economic activity.Question 2 Identify three injections and three withdrawals from the Circular Flow of Income; give examples of each, and how they affect levels of economic activity. In the following table, there are examples of the growth rate of various countries over nine years Country United Kingdom United States Bulgaria Switzerland 1994 4.7 4.0 1.8 0.3 1995 2.9 2.7 2.1 0.6 1996 2.63.6 -9.4 0.3 1997 3.44.4 -5.6 1.7 1998 3.0 4.3 4.0 2.4 1999 2.14.1 2.3 1.6 2000 3.1 3.85.4 3.0 2001 1.9 0.3 4.0 1.3 2002 1.6 2.4 3.5 0.6Question 3 Choose any two of the following questions: (a)Explain at least three difficulties encountered in measuring the National Income of a country. (b) Explain (using at least three reasons) why it is difficult to compare the growth rates of the countries in the table above. (c) Explain how the multiplier effect could substantially raise the level of National Income. (d) Explain the difference between real and nominal growth using the table above.Assessment task 2 Outcome(s) covered 2 Suggested solution and making an assessment decisionQuestion 1 A circular flow diagram clearly identifying the following in their correct places: Firms: Households: Markets for factors of production: Land, labour, capital and wages, rent, profit and income. revenue spending Goods and services sold Goods and services bought Firms Households Production inputs Land, labour, capital Wages, rent, profit income （PPT 书P74）Question 2Injections: Investment Withdrawals: Savings Government spending Taxation Exports Imports Appropriate examples: Investments: New factory being built 【built a new private enterprise (grow)】Government spending: New hospital being built (not PFI or PPP)【built public schools (grow)】Exports: Firm wins order to supply new computers to foreign firm 【In cooperation with foreign sales (grow)】Savings: High interest rates result in more savings【a country saves too much of its income (decline)】Taxation: Imports: Government raise level of income tax 【government raise income tax (decline)】Record numbers of holidaymakers go on overseas holidays 【spending on foreign goods by more national】（PPT书P73）Question 3(a) Any three from the following: Errors/omissions from the data gathered，Black economy，Non-recorded items，eg DIY, housework, barter，Transfer income，Double counting.(b) Methods may change over time. Accuracy of figures，Inflation adjustments，Social conditions，Work conditions，Unequal distribution of income. Spending patterns eg defence.(c) Explanation of multiplier either in words or through use of algebra（书P199.200）. Explanation should show that an initial injection to National Income results in a larger level of NI than the original injection. Propensity to save and consume.(d) An explanation of the difference between real and nominal growth, identifying that in real terms inflation is taken into account. In 1998 the growth rate is shown as 3%. If this figure is the nominal rate and inflation is measured at 3.1%, then there is no real growth in the economy. Any similar example will suffice.【GDP=Consumption +Capital investment spending +GeneralGovernment spending +Exports +Imports of Goods(Services) GNP=GDP+NPIA(Net property income from abroad) National Income=GNP-Capital Consumption Real Growth Rate=Nominal Growth Rate-Inflation Rate (Real Growth is the grow adjusted for inflation, Nominal Growth is the grow in the current value of money, Inflation Rate is measure of rate of change in price index)2000: 3.1-3.2=-0.1 no real growth 】附加工作总结一篇，不需要的朋友下载后可以编辑删除，谢谢安全生产监管执法工作方案5篇第一篇一、指导思想2014年，全区安全生产监管执法工作要以科学发展观为指导，全面贯彻落实《国务院关于进一步加强企业安全生产工作的通知》和《省政府关于进一步加强企业安全生产工作的意见》文件精神，进一步规范安全生产监管执法行为，落实行政执法责任制，提高依法行政水平，严厉打击安全生产领域的非法违法行为，及时消除事故隐患，促进全区安全生产形势进一步稳定好转。

HND 商务会计 Outcome 4 (2)

Most obvious way to solve a short-term cash-flow problem；A fairly cheap form of finance with the added advantage of flexibility.
Interest charged on the size of the overdraft.
而从法律的理念看，商业信用具有四个特点：
1、商业信用具有财产性，也就是说，它是一种物化的信用，衡量商事主体信用程度高低的一个重要标准就是其拥有财产的多寡，因此，我国公司法确立了严格的法定资本制，其旨在维护和保障商事活动中商业信用的财产基础。
2、商业信用具有外在性，商事交易奉行外观主义，以交易双方当事人表示的外部行为为准，根据外部行为来推定内心意思，其目的在于保护交易安全，促进交易效率，也有利于社会的稳定。
Before granting the overdraft, the bank will probably insist that the business produce forecasts and budgets and the lender will require these forecasts to be monitored and updated regularly.
卖方信贷通常用于机器设备、船舶等出口。由于这些商品出口所需的资金较大时间较长，进口厂商一般都要求采用延期付款的方式。出口厂商为了加速资金周转，往往需要取得银行的贷款。出口厂商付给银行的利息、费用有的包括在货价内，有的在货价外另加，转嫁给进口厂商负担。
因此，卖方信贷是银行直接资助本国出口厂商向外国进口厂商提供延期付款，以促进商品出口的一种方式。
3、商业信用具有制度依赖性，它需要许多具体的制度安排来促进。商业信用是由各种商业习惯在长期的交易过程中所形成的一种信赖，这些习惯在现代社会逐渐制度化，比如，信息披露制度，公示制度，信托制度等等。

精选-HND经济学导论Outcome1考试题及翻译

Assessment task instructionsRead the following passage and answer the questions which follow. SteamScot is a privately run rail company, which provides steam train journeys in Scotland. At present they operate three specific rail journeys in various parts of Scotland. These journeys are aimed at the tourist market and operate throughout the summer months. Around 70% of passengers are domestic tourists with the other 30% overseas visitors. The company has been fairly profitable over the last decade, and with the help of various grants available, they are considering an expansion of its operations. However, it is also aware that within the next five years a major overhaul of its capital stock as well as major repairs will have to be undertaken. It is this dilemma that the board of the company faces. It is estimated that in the coming year it will have £2.5 million to spend. This money could be used to open a new line between Inverness and Fort William, or to begin the repair and replacement plan on its current routes.A recent report has highlighted that following recent terrorist threats, visitors from the USA are expected to fall within the next three years, but that European visitors are likely to increase as the Euro rises in value. It is also expected that Visit Scotland (the tourist organization) will mount a major advertising campaign in England to encourage more visitors from that country.The boards of directors of SteamScot are also considering a change in their pricing but are unsure if this is a wise move. At present the average price of a journey is £4 and 60,000 tourists use the services. A report commissioned by the board on price, supply and demand is shown on the following table.1 SteamScot face a ‘basic economic problem’!What is this ‘problem’ and what is the opportunity cost of the replace and repair programme?2 From the table in the previous passage, construct a demand and supply schedule on a diagram and identify the equilibrium price and quantity.3 (a) Calculate, using total revenue, the price elasticity of demand when:(i) price rises from £4 to £5(ii) price falls from £4 to £3(b) If you were a member of the SteamScot board, what would you recommend the company does in both situations? Give reasons for your advice.4 How would the advertising campaign by Visit Scotland affect demand for SteamScot journeys?Show the effect on a diagram.5 Apart from an increase in price, what other determinant would encourage SteamScot to increase its supply of rail journeys?6 If the Chancellor of the Exchequer was to reduce income tax, would this affect demand for SteamScot’s product s? Explain your answer with reference to income elasticity of demand.7 Using a diagram, show what would happen to the equilibrium if the Scottish Executive gave SteamScot a subsidy. Explain any changes and how the market would return to equilibrium.评估任务说明阅读下面的文章,回答下列问题。

HND商法导论Outcome2_案例+答案

Case study 1Samir sees a set of golf clubs displayed in a shop window for £500. He enters the shop and states he will take the clubs. The shopkeeper however says the clubs are no longer for sale. Samir is demanding that he be sold the clubs and at the price displayed.Identify the essential requirements of a contract and discuss whether a contract exists here.A contract is an agreement between parties having the capacity to make it, in the form demanded by the law, to perform, on one side or both, acts which are not trifling, indeterminate, impossible or illegal, creating an obligation enforceable in a court of law. A valid contract has three essential features: there must be a agreement on all material aspects; at least two contracting parties and legal obligations.A contract consists of an offer and an acceptance. If there is no offer in the first place then there can be no contract. The basic elements of a contract include an offer and an acceptance.In the case Samir sees a set of golf clubs displayed in a shop window for £500. He enters the shop and states he will take the clubs. But shopkeeper says the clubs are no longer for sale. Samir is demanding that he be sold the clubs and at the price displayed.According to this case we can say that these is not exist a contract. In the case that a set of golf clubs are exhibited in a shop window, thus it is not an offer. Because the goods displayed in a shop window as a invitation to treat, we can know that goods displayed in a shop window (even when priced) are classed as a willingness to negotiate on the shops part. Invitations to treat also is considered to inquiry the price of goods, means a party to invite the other person to make offers. Different an offer, a willingness to negotiate only as prepared to make a contract of behavior on the issue who is not legally binding. The customer will make the offer to buy the goods which the shop are perfectly within their rights to refuse. The invitations to treat are not legally classed as offers and therefore cannot be accepted.Before the party who gave off the invitations to treat could not accept the other people’s offers they can revocation, and then the contract is not build. When Samir asked to buy the golf clubs the shopkeeper refused hin, and there was no acceptance. So when the shopkeeper refused Samir which is a set of golf clubs are not the good for sale, it just be used as ornament, and attracted the consumers interested. So an offer in this case is not found, either nor acceptance.A contract consists of an offer and an acceptance, we can know that there is on offer and there is on contract.Case study 2Tom is the top salesman for ABC Motors. He has been offered a job by a rivalcompany but is concerned because there is a clause in his contract which prevents him from working for any other car company for five years.Tom is the top salesman because he regularly tells potential customers what they like to hear rather than the facts. He has done this in relation to ages of vehicles, odometer readings and vehicle service histories.Tom recently completed a deal to buy a vintage sports car for ABC Motors from Barry.ABC now discover that Barry (not his real name) had stolen the vehicle. Question 1What is a restrictive covenant? Advise Tom as to the legality of the clause in his contract.You can refer to Bluebell Apparel Ltd v Dickinson (1980) on page 146Question 2How would you classify Tom’s statements to the customers and what are the possible consequences for Tom and ABC motors in relation to these statements?You can refer to Smith v Sim(1954) on page 161Question 3What is the legal position with regard to the vehicle which Tom has purchased from Barry?You can refer to Morrison v Robertson(1908) on page 1531 Restrictive covenant is a agreement which restrict the party liberty to work and trade. Such contracts are VOID unless the restriction can be shown to be reasonable to both parties involved and to the general public. There are three types of restrictive covenants: contracts between employer and employee, contracts between sellers and purchaser of a business and ‘solus’agreements. For all three types, the party attempting to enforce the agreement must prove that it is reasonable to both parties concerned and to the general public. If they are unable to do this then the contract will be considered void and unenforceable. (from the text bookP142-142) This contract are legality, and the restriction was fair in this contract. Because the relationship of Tom and ABC motor is employer and employee, when enter employment and employee may agree to some restriction being placed on his future employment or trade. Later the employee may feel the restriction is unfair and therefore he may break it. In such circumstances it would be up to the employer take him to court and seek an ‘interdict’ forbidding the employee to break the agreement. They will consider the factor the nature of the job the employee was doing(from the text book P142). If Tom worked for any other company within the validity period of the contract that he would be in a position to harm his ex employers.2 The 4 main causes of error are: innocent misrepresentation, fraudulent misrepresentation, negligent misrepresentation and concealment of facts. And Tom’s statements to customers classify fraudulent misrepresentation,A false and material statement which induces a party to enter into a contract this is misrepresentation. Because he regularly tells potential customers what they like to hear rather than the facts and him without caring whether it is true or false. Fraudulent misrepresentation can lead a contract being made void if it involved these points,first is fraudulent misrepresentation causes error in the substantials. Second is the other party relied on the misrepresentation and it was a major influence on them entering the contract, third is the other party can offer restitutio in integrum. So the contracts between Tom and customers is void, he relied on the misrepresentation and it was a major influence on them entering the contract, thus customers can acquire compensation. Or cancel the contract or both of them.3 Tom brought a car from Barry,but Tom discovered that Barry had stolen the vehicle. And in this contract has a error which made the contract void, the Barry stolen the car but Tom did not know before him brought, so he can not get the car’s ownership. An error concerning the identity of the parties. Barry stolen the car so he haven’t ownership of this car and sold car, therefore, he can not give ownership to Tom, and Tom does not get the car’ ownership actually. And in this case Tom can only lodge a claim to Barry.Case study 3Martina recently attended an auction for the first time. She was very keen(渴望的) on a particular painting and when the bidding commenced（开始）she got so carried away that she bid much more than she intended. Martina won the auction but with fees（费用）and commissions（佣金）added on to the price, she cannot pay the full amount for the painting.Question 1What do you understand by the term ‘breach of contract’? Give two examples. Question 2List the main remedies available for breach of contract.Question 3What is the most appropriate remedy for the auctioneer（拍卖商）in this case?1、Where one party fails to fulfil his or her legal obligation under a contract.(from the text book P183)example1Tony and Jane have a contract where Tony will pay June $100 for her car and delivery. Tony pays the $100 but Jane fails to delivery.(from the text book P197)In this case study there has been a Breach of Contract by Jane as she has failed to delivery the car.Example2Shirley and Oliva have a contract where Shirley brought a cake from Oliva for her friend and asked Oliva sent the cake to her friend on 12th December 2012 , but on that day her friend did not receive the cake.In this case study there has been a breach od contract by Oliva as she failed to sent the cake.2、If there is a breach of contract then the innocent party will have the right to seek a remedy for the breach.(from the text book P184)Damages as a remedy for breach of contract. The object of awarding damages to someone is to place them in the position they would have been in had the contract been completed.So damages are really awarded as compensation- if the party has actually lost money as a result of the breach then he will be awarded ‘substantial’ or ‘compensatory’ damages.In some cases no actually loss may have been incurred as a result of the breach. If is still possible that damages may be awarded for trouble and inconvenience-these are know as ‘nominal’damages.(from the text book P185)Specific implement as a remedy for breach of contractSpecific implement is to stop someone for acting in breach of contract. So specific implement may be positive---forcing someone who has been in breach to fulfil their obligations or negative ---forcing someone who has been in breach to stop doing something. (from the text book P191-192)Rescission as remedy for breach of contract.Rescission means cancellation . With this remedy, the innocent party has the right to rescind(cancel) the contract if the other party has been guilty of a material breach of contract.The main factor to be considered is what is meant by a material of contract. If the breach is not material but only partial then the right of rescission does not exist.Many contracts contains a number of conditions, some of which are more important than others. If the contract specifically states that some are material then breach of these will mean that rescission can be taken as a remedy.(from the text book P193-194)The Defensive Remedies for breach od contractThere are two defensive remedies that can be taken by the party who is not in breach.①Lien:If a person has possession(占有) of an article(物品) on which he has been employed to do work then he can refuse to return the article to its owner until payment is made for the work done. Example of situations where lien could be used as a remedy for breach of contract include:②Retention:This is the right to refuse to pay a debt which is due(到期的).Retention can only be used under the following two circumstances:ⅰwhere compensation can be pleaded.(债权确定、到期)ⅱwhere both claims arise under the same contract.P195-197What is the most appropriate remedy for the auctioneer（拍卖商）in this case?3、in this case the defensive remedies in the most appropriate method for the auctioneer. The defensive remedies include lien and retention, the auctioneer should take lien measure. If a person has possession of an article on which he has been employed to do work then he can refuse to return the article to its owner until payment is made for the work done.As a result of Martina won the auction but with fees and commissions added on to the price, she cannot pay the full amount for the painting, the auctioneer can keep the painting until Martina paid off the rest of money.。

hndsqa经济学outcome3

政府开支的必要性，四个角度：1公共物品：因为它的特征，非竞争性，非排他性，证明政府的必要（Public goods non-competitive, non-exclusive govement is necessary）（私人提供不了1.盈利困难(Private companies profit difficult)2.提供公共产品确定目标消费者非常困(Provision of public goods is Very difficult to determine the target consumers)，无法确定消费群体，受益对象非常广泛，无法收费(Unable to determine consumer groups, beneficiaries is very wide and can not charge)）有益性的，除了私人公司无法生产，是有益的。

2.搭顺风车：由于有人想享受公共商品的成果，但又不想付出代价，这就是搭顺风车的心理(Some people want to enjoy the fruits of public goods, but do not want to pay the price)。

导致这个产品会生产不足，没有计划的资金购买完整的商品(This leads to lack of commodity production, program money can not buy the full of Goods)，导致供应不足，生产不充分(under-production non-production)可以责任转给政府，克服这个弱点（Private companies can shift responsibility to the government, to overcome these weaknesses）。

3.外部性：正（Positive externalities）负外部性：属于市场失灵现象market failave。

HND经济学导论Outcome考试题及翻译

Assessment task instructionsRead the following passage and answer the questions which follow. SteamScot is a privately run rail company; which provides steam train journeys in Scotland. At present they operate three specific rail journeys in various parts of Scotland. These journeys are aimed at the tourist market and operate throughout the summer months. Around 70% of passengers are domestic tourists with the other 30% overseas visitors.The company has been fairly profitable over the last decade; and with the help of various grants available; they are considering an expansion of its operations. However; it is also aware that within the next five years a major overhaul of its capital stock as well as major repairs will have to be undertaken. It is this dilemma that the board of the company faces.It is estimated that in the coming year it will have ￡2.5 million to spend. This money could be used to open a new line between Inverness and Fort William; or to begin the repair and replacement plan on its current routes.A recent report has highlighted that following recent terrorist threats; visitors from the USA are expected to fall within the next three years; but that European visitors are likely to increase asthe Euro rises in value. It is also expected that Visit Scotland the tourist organization will mount a major advertising campaign in England to encourage more visitors from that country.The boards of directors of SteamScot are also considering a change in their pricing but are unsure if this is a wise move. At present the average price of a journey is ￡4 and 60;000 tourists use the services. A report commissioned by the board on price; supply and demand is shown on the following table.1 SteamScot face a ‘basic economic problem’What is this ‘problem’ and what is the opportunity cost of the replace and repair programme2 From the table in the previous passage; construct a demand and supply schedule on a diagram and identify the equilibrium price and quantity.3 a Calculate; using total revenue; the price elasticity of demand when: i price rises from ￡4 to ￡5ii price falls from ￡4 to ￡3b If you were a member of the SteamScot board; what would you recommend the company does in both situations Give reasons for your advice.4 How would the advertising campaign by Visit Scotland affect demand for SteamScot journeysShow the effect on a diagram.5 Apart from an increase in price; what other determinant would encourage SteamScot to increase its supply of rail journeys6 If the Chancellor of the Exchequer was to reduce income tax; would this affect demand for SteamScot’s products Explain your answer with reference to income elasticity of demand.7 Using a diagram; show what would happen to the equilibrium if the Scottish Executive gave SteamScot a subsidy. Explain any changes and how the market would return to equilibrium.评估任务说明阅读下面的文章;回答下列问题..SteamScot是一个私有的铁路公司; 在苏格兰提供蒸汽火车旅行..他们目前在苏格兰各部操作三个具体铁路旅程..这些旅行目的是旅游市场并在夏季经营几个月..大约有70%的旅客国内游客与其他30%的外地游客..公司在的过去十年来一直相当有利可图;借助各种可用的奖助金;他们正在考虑扩大其运营..然而;它也知道在未来五年内主要检修的资本存量以及大修必须实行..这种进退两难的局面;是该公司的董事会面对的..据估计;在未来的一年里会有￡2500000可用..这笔钱可以用来在因弗内斯堡和威廉之间打开一个新线;或在其目前的路线开始修复和更换计划..最近的一份报告强调;伴随着最近恐怖分子的威胁; 来自美国的游客预计将跌在3年内减少;但欧洲游客可能由于欧元的升值而上涨..但同时预期Visit Scotland 旅游组织将在英国安排一个重要的广告宣传活动;以吸引更多英国游客..SteamScot的董事会也正在考虑改变他们的价格;但不确定这是一个明智的做法..目前的平均价格是一个旅程￡4并且60000名游客使用我们的服务..一份报告董事会委托价格、供给与需求显示在下面的表格..1 SteamScot面临一个基本经济问题”这个问题是什么;更换和维修计划的机会成本是什么2从先前的表格中;构建供给和需求图表;并确定均衡价格和数量..3a用总收益计算下列情况的价格需求弹性..i价格从￡4上涨至5￡ii价格从￡4下跌至￡3b如果你是一个SteamScot董事会的成员;你会建议公司在这两种情况下如何做呢给出理由;听听你的意见..4 Visit Scotland的广告如何影响SteamScot旅行的需求量在图形显示作用..5 除了涨价之外;还有什麽其他决定性会鼓励SteamScot增加铁路旅行的供应6如果财政大臣将减少所得税;是否会影响SteamScot的需求请解释你的答案;参照收入需求弹性..7使用一个图表;显示如果苏格兰行政院给SteamScot一种补贴平衡会发生什么..解释如何变化;市场会回到平衡..。

HND商法outcome2_我的总结（汇编）

HND商法outcome2_我的总结（汇编）第一篇：HND 商法outcome2_我的总结Case 11．Can Samir spend only 150 pounds to buy the golf set? 首先 Samir本没有与Fairways公司就购买Matsumoto golf成立合同，假使他想要购买那套高尔夫球具，那么他必须支付1500英镑，这是因为橱窗展示的仅仅是一个要约要请，而不是要约。

一下选一个案例来区分一下要约要请与要约的不同Carlill v Carbolic Smokeball co【1893】Harvey v Facey 【1893】Fisher v Bell 【1961】Pharmaceutical Society of Great Britain v Boots Cash Chemists 【1953】2．What are the chances of Susan being successful if she goes ahead and sues Samir for the cost of her new designer outfit, the cost of her taxi fare and the disappointment caused? Susan 假使决定要起诉Samir并要求赔偿他的服装费用，乘出租车的费用以及精神损失费的话，那么Susan 将不可能获得胜诉，这是因为Susan 和Samir 的晚餐约定属于一个社会交往关系（social agreement）而不是合同关系合同关系事当双方要约与承诺结合的时候，便成立了一种对双方有效的并有约束力的关系，更因为Susan与Samir 的约定不属于合同关系，自然地，Susan 就不能从Samir 那边得到法律救济（legal remedy）类似Susan 与 Samir 的约定的关系有Agreements binding in honor only（授予荣誉称号的约定）Domestic agreements（家庭协议）Gambling or wagering agreements（打赌或赌博的合同）Social agreements（社会交往的承诺）从以下案例中选一个来说明以上这些关系Jones v Vernon’s pools [1938] Robertson v Balfour 【1938】3．Is Dougie Campbell entitled to cancel its offer the build a conservatory and patio for Samir? Dougie Campbell 可以向Samir 取消这个要约，这是因为一个合同的成立必须是承诺人将承诺的通知有效的通知到要约人的手里才能成立，特别是当使用了instantaneous methods（瞬间）的方式通知对方的时候，例如使用了传真，电报，email 或者电话等方式发出承诺时，必须确认对方已收到了你的信息才能成立，本案中，Samir并没有将承诺的通知有效通知到Dougie Campbell，导致了要约人没有收到要约，双方因此并不成立的合同。