HND经济学2

Q1:1. 原因In article unemployment is structural unemployment. Liverpool was originally a port city, dominated by heavy industry. The industry will shift to the tertiary industry,because of the development of tourism, the unemployment rate in 1996 rose by 22%.And in the supermarket Linda passed the Diploma in hotel management that explain the concern of the hotel industry is also increasing. Structural unemployment is changes in industry demand result of long-term unemployed, people's incomes and consumption levels will have a certain impact. The hazards of unemployment for different age groups are not the same. New industry needs to work experience, pre-employment training, and learning ability of young people is barrier-free. While the elderly will not be able to learn new skills for re-employment, so the structure unemployment for the old age is larger impact. The original industry recession because impact of international competitiveness; such as the American impact of heavy industry, Japan impact of the automotive industry.2. The New Deal is a programmer of active labor market policies. The purpose is to reduce unemployment by providing training. The New Deal has include: New Deal for Young People, New Deal 25+, New Deal for Lone Parents, New Deal for the Disabled, New Deal 50+, New Deal for Partners and New Deal for Musicians.New deal for unemployed young people is In order to provide policy support for young people 18-24 years of age out of unemployment, promotion of employment. Participate in the project more Dole six months is mandatory. Specifically divided into three stages.A. Gateway stage: this stage no more than four months, every participant can get job-seekers allowance. This training is provided by an external organization such as CSV, YMCA Training.B. Options stage: After the gateway stage, also unemployed young people can choose training. 1) Employment option, The subsidy is £60 per week, and lasts 6 months; a £750 training allowance.2) Full time education and training, this is basic vocational skills and human resources to strengthen.time up to 12 months. the people can get NVQ and subsidies. 3) V oluntary sector option, to gain work experience and skills.it maintain at least 13 months, participants can get outside in addition to grants of £ 400 to support. 4) Environment task force option, there is work experience, career awareness and the common development of the ecological environment. This is a continuous six months, and will get two weeks officially recognized vocational training oriented courses.C. Follow-through: this is personalized tracking courses. This phase lasted for four months, if you have not found work after 26 weeks to re-enter the New Deal.New Deal 50+ is for the crowd is over 50 years of age but not yet reached retirement age, middle-aged unemployed. This policy is not mandatory, participants must be at least 50 years . The government will send a personal adviser employment assistance to help participants : (1) An established employment plans. (2) to help them find employment for job preparation.(3) Improve their skills, seek training opportunities.(4) seek any voluntary activities. (5) in the plan adjusted to meet market demand.3. From a personal point of view, unemployment will lose a lot; salaries, and self-esteem, partners and friends. family members are consciously cut spending. Long-term unemployment will cause a decline in the level of consumption.From the analysis of the impact of the family,then the status will plummet because of the guilt caused by emotional distress, violence and their children, family atmosphere more tense. unemployment pressure of lead to marital separation or divorce, or even a family murder. Young boy in the face of domestic unemployment situation easier to have a negative impact. Brothers and sisters will be influential, not only to face the difficulties will be further deterioration of the family atmosphere. A lot of families affected, not married to delay marriage, married may delay childbearing plansForm a firm point of view, In terms of training costs, the unemployed person before a crowd of heavy industry unemployment, because the conversion of the industry cannot be immediately re-employment. Structural unemployment has led to high-tech talent difficulties of the enterprise employment-related skills, enterprise re-training costs will rise.From the change in sales. The unemployed are also consumers, loss of economic resources, then the company's products will be unmarketable. Lead to the liquidity tensions because of the slow-moving, and finally was forced to cut prices or promotions, thus reducing the profits .4.1）1983-1984, the unemployment rate fell%. from the 1981-82 economic recovery, increase in production along with increase in productivity, while corporate profits also continued to recover in the unemployment situation began to improve.2) 1984-1986, rising unemployment,due to the impact of structural unemployment. the tertiary industry is a late start, the slow development of the less competitive in the international market. Therefore, fewer employment opportunities, high inflation led to UK manufacturing production costs are higher , but the efficiency is low, making position in international trade is becoming less and less. In 1983, costs increased, exports declined by 2%, a hundred years for the first time deficit.1983 , UK manufacturing sector fixed capital investment total of 1.392 billion pounds, down 4% over the same period in 1982, the UK manufacturing sector consecutive decline.3) 1986-1990, decline in unemployment: 1985 oil prices of about $ 30 a barrel down to below $ 10 a barrel in 1986, in this regard to the trend of pressure below the inflation rate of the industrialized countries as a whole;Nevertheless, Lawson decided to further income tax reduced by 29%, in 1987 the basic rate of income tax 29% to 27% in the 1988 Budget, Lawson further the tax cuts to further promote the increase in demand in the economy.1987 and 1988, rapid economic growth, falling unemployment. Stable at 4.5% by 1987-1988 GDP growth, called Lawson prosperity.4) 1990-1993, rising unemployment: 90 early rising inflation, economic recession, the cyclical unemployment has risen.5) 1993 to 2003,Unemployment decreased from: economic recovery: unemployment insurance system, including the unemployment benefit replacement rate, the provisions of the duration of unemployment benefits, active labor market policies.Q2:1.In order to achieve the target of regulatory needs, from 2001-2005 there has been a fiscal stimulus to the UK economy through substantial increases in government spending on transport, and in particular heavier spending in the twin areas of health and education,To achieve the increase in aggregate demand.The expansionary fiscal policy is the main way of tax, in order to achieve stability and adjustment needs of target. Government can increase or decrease in taxes, to increase or decrease in the type of marketing needs in order to ensure social stability.Government to increase revenue, and cause people to have more money to meet their needs. Increased consumer demand, improve cash flow in the marketing. The government can also reduce the tax on interest from savings. This means that people save money, less net savings. Finally, the increase in consumer demand, increase cash flow in the marketing.2.in the UK, Government spending each year takes up over 40% of gross domestic product. Spending by the public sector can be broken down into three main areas:Transfer Payments,Current Government Spending and Capital Spending. These expenses in order to ensure the protection of social welfare, government social security system to improve the benefits of public expenditure on goods and services provided by the State, to ensure their quality. Government spending must provide the necessary infrastructure, transportation, education and health facilities.government spending may influence factors is defence. currently the UK is a major contributor to the Coalition Forces in Iraq. the chancellor has indicated that he has had to take money from the contingency fund to the tune of 6 billion up to date. we need to be aware that many of our technological advances have been derived from the needs of military requirements and also space exploration.the current Chancellor has indicated higher spending on Health ,Education and Transport. There can be good effects and not so good effects.If the money is spent upon Capital goods e.g. Hospitals, Schools,Rail and Road Systems then suppliers should do well .Building the new facilities with better quality materials and improved layouts should see a considerable rise in effectiveness e.g.treatment of patients in hospitals.Technology advances should enhance methods and efficiency e.g. E-line ticketing and Internet booking.Improved transport systems should mean faster times and better experiences for businesses .All of these things should mean great increases in productivity and quality of output.3.1) 1979-1996, In the late 1970s, the government has begun to set to the money supply growth targets.They began a few years the money supply growth targets forward. In the 1980s, they began, rather than narrow money. They also studied a range of other indicators. More and more exchange rate became an important goal, especially the Louvre Accord in 1987. In 1990, the United Kingdom joined the European Exchange Rate Mechanism. In 1980, the British Government's medium-term fiscal strategy. Low taxes, low public spending.2) 1997-1998, Monetary Policy of UK since 1990s. The 1990s saw the first time an explicit inflation target. Initially, it was set in the 1-4% target in 1997 in the range of low-end. At that time, it changed to 2.5%. The new Prime Minister to the bank's 'operational independence'. They areresponsible for setting interest rates in order to achieve the inflation target set by the government. Monetary policy came.In2003 years, the official measures of inflation to change the CPI target rate from RPI the age of 2%.3) 1998-1999, Loose monetary policy: inflation was 2.3%, has seven lower interest rates, reduced from 7.5% to 5%. Stimulate investment and consumption.Loose fiscal policy: to increase government spending, strengthen training and education spending to solve the problem of structural unemployment.In 1999.4) 1999-2000, Tight monetary policy: four to raise interest ratesfrom5% to6%,inflationdroppedfrom2.3%to2.1%.Tight fiscal policy: to reduce government spending, try to cut welfare effort, the problem has not been alleviated.The unemployment rate dropped from 5.8% to 5.3%.5) 2000-2001, Loose monetary policy: seven times successively lower interest rates, reduced from 6% to 4%.Tight fiscal policy: to reduce government spending.6）2001-2003，Loose monetary policy: the second has lower interest rates, reduced from 4% to 3.5%, inflation rose from 2.1% to 2.8%.Loose fiscal policy 2001-2002 economic recession, the unemployment rate rose from 5.0% to 5.3%.7）2003-2005, Tight monetary policy: five to raise interest rates from 3.5% to 4.75%.Tight fiscal policy: to reduce government spending, the economic downturn in 2004.Q3:RSA is a national grant scheme administered by Scottish Enterprise. It is aimed at encouraging investment and job creation in specific areas of Scotland. Businesses of all sizes can apply for RSA, whether they are Scottish-owned or owned or headquartered outside Scotland. Encourage small to medium sized enterprises (SMEs) to develop new products and processes. If people want to start your own business, then they might be eligible for some form of financial assistance but this is likely to depend on which type of business and the geographical location. Small enterprises can apply for a grant equivalent to up to 20% of the capital expenditure costs of the project, while medium-sized enterprises can apply for a grant equivalent to up to 10%. RSA grants of up to £50,000 are typically paid in a lump sum, while grants of over £50,000 are paid in installments. RSA enabling foreign-owned businesses, and in particular financial services, in an increasingly competitive global economy. RSA in Scotland has a positive effect on the growth of supported firms and that it is cost effective. Regional unemployment reduces. Foreign-owned firms were improved management of innovation processes, reduced costs and increased productivity. Small businesses better able to accept grants and survive. The policy is too centralized management cannot effectively help the region.。