自动化专业毕业设计外文翻译

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自动化专业毕业论文外文文献翻译

目录Part 1 PID type fuzzy controller and parameters adaptive method (1)Part 2 Application of self adaptation fuzzy-PID control for main steam temperature control system in power station (7)Part 3 Neuro-fuzzy generalized predictive control of boiler steam temperature ..................................................................... (13)Part 4 为Part3译文：锅炉蒸汽温度模糊神经网络的广义预测控制21Part 1 PID type fuzzy controller and Parametersadaptive methodWu zhi QIAO, Masaharu MizumotoAbstract: The authors of this paper try to analyze the dynamic behavior of the product-sum crisp type fuzzy controller, revealing that this type of fuzzy controller behaves approximately like a PD controller that may yield steady-state error for the control system. By relating to the conventional PID control theory, we propose a new fuzzy controller structure, namely PID type fuzzy controller which retains the characteristics similar to the conventional PID controller. In order to improve further the performance of the fuzzy controller, we work out a method to tune the parameters of the PID type fuzzy controller on line, producing a parameter adaptive fuzzy controller. Simulation experiments are made to demonstrate the fine performance of these novel fuzzy controller structures.Keywords: Fuzzy controller; PID control; Adaptive control1. IntroductionAmong various inference methods used in the fuzzy controller found in literatures , the most widely used ones in practice are the Mamdani method proposed by Mamdani and his associates who adopted the Min-max compositional rule of inference based on an interpretation of a control rule as a conjunction of the antecedent and consequent, and the product-sum method proposed by Mizumoto who suggested to introduce the product and arithmetic mean aggregation operators to replace the logical AND (minimum) and OR (maximum) calculations in the Min-max compositional rule of inference.In the algorithm of a fuzzy controller, the fuzzy function calculation is also a complicated and time consuming task. Tagagi and Sugeno proposed a crisp type model in which the consequent parts of the fuzzy control rules are crisp functional representation or crisp real numbers in the simplified case instead of fuzzy sets . With this model of crisp real number output, the fuzzy set of the inference consequence willbe a discrete fuzzy set with a finite number of points, this can greatly simplify the fuzzy function algorithm.Both the Min-max method and the product-sum method are often applied with the crisp output model in a mixed manner. Especially the mixed product-sum crisp model has a fine performance and the simplest algorithm that is very easy to be implemented in hardware system and converted into a fuzzy neural network model. In this paper, we will take account of the product-sum crisp type fuzzy controller.2. PID type fuzzy controller structureAs illustrated in previous sections, the PD function approximately behaves like a parameter time-varying PD controller. Since the mathematical models of most industrial process systems are of type, obviously there would exist an steady-state error if they are controlled by this kind of fuzzy controller. This characteristic has been stated in the brief review of the PID controller in the previous section.If we want to eliminate the steady-state error of the control system, we can imagine to substitute the input (the change rate of error or the derivative of error) of the fuzzy controller with the integration of error. This will result the fuzzy controller behaving like a parameter time-varying PI controller, thus the steady-state error is expelled by the integration action. However, a PI type fuzzy controller will have a slow rise time if the P parameters are chosen small, and have a large overshoot if the P or I parameters are chosen large. So there may be the time when one wants to introduce not only the integration control but the derivative control to the fuzzy control system, because the derivative control can reduce the overshoot of the system's response so as to improve the control performance. Of course this can be realized by designing a fuzzy controller with three inputs, error, the change rate of error and the integration of error. However, these methods will be hard to implement in practice because of the difficulty in constructing fuzzy control rules. Usually fuzzy control rules are constructed by summarizing the manual control experience of an operator who has been controlling the industrial process skillfully and successfully. The operator intuitively regulates the executor to control the process by watching theerror and the change rate of the error between the system's output and the set-point value. It is not the practice for the operator to observe the integration of error. Moreover, adding one input variable will greatly increase the number of control rules, the constructing of fuzzy control rules are even more difficult task and it needs more computation efforts. Hence we may want to design a fuzzy controller that possesses the fine characteristics of the PID controller by using only the error and the change rate of error as its inputs.One way is to have an integrator serially connected to the output of the fuzzy controller as shown in Fig. 1. In Fig. 1,1K and 2K are scaling factors for e and ~ respectively, and fl is the integral constant. In the proceeding text, for convenience, we did not consider the scaling factors. Here in Fig. 2, when we look at the neighborhood of NODE point in the e - ~ plane, it follows from (1) that the control input to the plant can be approximated by(1)Hence the fuzzy controller becomes a parameter time-varying PI controller, itsequivalent proportional control and integral control components are BK2D and ilK1 P respectively. We call this fuzzy controller as the PI type fuzzy controller (PI fc). We can hope that in a PI type fuzzy control system, the steady-state error becomes zero.To verify the property of the PI type fuzzy controller, we carry out some simulation experiments. Before presenting the simulation, we give a description of the simulation model. In the fuzzy control system shown in Fig. 3, the plant model is a second-order and type system with the following transfer function:)1)(1()(21++=s T s T K s G (2) Where K = 16, 1T = 1, and 2T = 0.5. In our simulation experiments, we use thediscrete simulation method, the results would be slightly different from that of a continuous system, the sampling time of the system is set to be 0.1 s. For the fuzzy controller, the fuzzy subsets of e and d are defined as shown in Fig. 4. Their coresThe fuzzy control rules are represented as Table 1. Fig. 5 demonstrates the simulation result of step response of the fuzzy control system with a Pl fc. We can see that the steady-state error of the control system becomes zero, but when the integration factor fl is small, the system's response is slow, and when it is too large, there is a high overshoot and serious oscillation. Therefore, we may want to introduce the derivative control law into the fuzzy controller to overcome the overshoot and instability. We propose a controller structure that simply connects the PD type and the PI type fuzzy controller together in parallel. We have the equivalent structure of that by connecting a PI device with the basic fuzzy controller serially as shown in Fig.6. Where ~ is the weight on PD type fuzzy controller and fi is that on PI type fuzzy controller, the larger a/fi means more emphasis on the derivative control and less emphasis on the integration control, and vice versa. It follows from (7) that the output of the fuzzy controller is(3)3. The parameter adaptive methodThus the fuzzy controller behaves like a time-varying PID controller, its equivalent proportional control, integral control and derivative control components are respectively. We call this new controller structure a PID type fuzzy controller (PID fc). Figs. 7 and 8 are the simulation results of the system's step response of such control system. The influence of ~ and fl to the system performance is illustrated. When ~ > 0 and/3 = 0, meaning that the fuzzy controller behaves like PD fc, there exist a steady-state error. When ~ = 0 and fl > 0, meaning that the fuzzy controller behaves like a PI fc, the steady-state error of the system is eliminated but there is a large overshoot and serious oscillation.When ~ > 0 and 13 > 0 the fuzzy controller becomes a PID fc, the overshoot is substantially reduced. It is possible to get a comparatively good performance by carefully choosing the value of αandβ.4. ConclusionsWe have studied the input-output behavior of the product-sum crisp type fuzzy controller, revealing that this type of fuzzy controller behaves approximately like a parameter time-varying PD controller. Therefore, the analysis and designing of a fuzzy control system can take advantage of the conventional PID control theory. According to the coventional PID control theory, we have been able to propose some improvement methods for the crisp type fuzzy controller.It has been illustrated that the PD type fuzzy controller yields a steady-state error for the type system, the PI type fuzzy controller can eliminate the steady-state error. We proposed a controller structure, that combines the features of both PD type and PI type fuzzy controller, obtaining a PID type fuzzy controller which allows the control system to have a fast rise and a small overshoot as well as a short settling time.To improve further the performance of the proposed PID type fuzzy controller, the authors designed a parameter adaptive fuzzy controller. The PID type fuzzy controller can be decomposed into the equivalent proportional control, integral control and the derivative control components. The proposed parameter adaptive fuzzy controller decreases the equivalent integral control component of the fuzzy controller gradually with the system response process time, so as to increase the damping of the system when the system is about to settle down, meanwhile keeps the proportional control component unchanged so as to guarantee quick reaction against the system's error. With the parameter adaptive fuzzy controller, the oscillation of the system is strongly restrained and the settling time is shortened considerably.We have presented the simulation results to demonstrate the fine performance of the proposed PID type fuzzy controller and the parameter adaptive fuzzy controller structure.Part 2 Application of self adaptation fuzzy-PID control for main steam temperature control system inpower stationZHI-BIN LIAbstract: In light of the large delay, strong inertia, and uncertainty characteristics of main steam temperature process, a self adaptation fuzzy-PID serial control system is presented, which not only contains the anti-disturbance performance of serial control, but also combines the good dynamic performance of fuzzy control. The simulation results show that this control system has more quickly response, better precision and stronger anti-disturbance ability．Keywords：Main steam temperature；Self adaptation；Fuzzy control；Serial control1. IntroductionThe boiler superheaters of modem thermal power station run under the condition of high temperature and high pressure, and the superheater’s temperature is highest in the steam channels．so it has important effect to the running of the whole thermal power station．If the temperature is too high, it will be probably burnt out. If the temperature is too low ,the efficiency will be reduced So the main steam temperature mast be strictly controlled near the given value．Fig l shows the boiler main steam temperature system structure.Fig.1 boiler main steam temperature systemIt can be concluded from Fig l that a good main steam temperature controlsystem not only has adequately quickly response to flue disturbance and load fluctuation, but also has strong control ability to desuperheating water disturbance. The general control scheme is serial PID control or double loop control system with derivative. But when the work condition and external disturbance change large, the performance will become instable. This paper presents a self adaptation fuzzy-PID serial control system. which not only contains the anti-disturbance performance of serial control, but also combines the good dynamic character and quickly response of fuzzy control ．1. Design of Control SystemThe general regulation adopts serial PID control system with load feed forward ．which assures that the main steam temperature is near the given value 540℃in most condition ．If parameter of PID control changeless and the work condition and external disturbance change large, the performance will become in stable ．The fuzzy control is fit for controlling non-linear and uncertain process. The general fuzzy controller takes error E and error change ratio EC as input variables ．actually it is a non-linear PD controller, so it has the good dynamic performance ．But the steady error is still in existence. In linear system theory, integral can eliminate the steady error. So if fuzzy control is combined with PI control, not only contains the anti-disturbance performance of serial control, but also has the good dynamic performance and quickly response.In order to improve fuzzy control self adaptation ability, Prof ．Long Sheng-Zhao and Wang Pei-zhuang take the located in bringing forward a new idea which can modify the control regulation online ．This regulation is:]1,0[,)1(∈-+=αααEC E UThis control regulation depends on only one parameter α.Once αis fixed ．the weight of E and EC will be fixed and the self adaptation ability will be very small ．It was improved by Prof. Li Dong-hui and the new regulation is as follow;]1,0[,,,3,)1(2,)1(1,)1(0,)1({321033221100∈±=-+±=-+±=-+=-+=ααααααααααααE EC E E EC E E EC E E EC E UBecause it is very difficult to find a self of optimum parameter, a new method is presented by Prof ．Zhou Xian-Lan, the regulation is as follow:)0(),ex p(12>--=k ke αBut this algorithm still can not eliminate the steady error ．This paper combines this algorithm with PI control ，the performance is improved ．2. Simulation of Control System3.1 Dynamic character of controlled objectPapers should be limited to 6 pages Papers longer than 6 pages will be subject to extra fees based on their length ．Fig .2 main steam temperature control system structureFig 2 shows the main steam temperature control system structure ，)(),(21s W s W δδare main controller and auxiliary controller,)(),(21s W s W o o are characters of the leading and inertia sections,)(),(21s W s W H H are measure unit.3.2 Simulation of the general serial PID control systemThe simulation of the general serial PID control system is operated by MATLAB, the simulation modal is as Fig.3.Setp1 and Setp2 are the given value disturbance and superheating water disturb & rice .PID Controller1 and PID Controller2 are main controller and auxiliary controller ．The parameter value which comes from references is as follow ：667.37,074.0,33.31)(25)(111111122===++===D I p D I p p k k k s k sk k s W k s W δδFig.3. the general PID control system simulation modal3.3 Simulation of self adaptation fuzzy-PID control system SpacingThe simulation modal is as Fig 4.Auxiliary controller is:25)(22==p k s W δ.Main controller is Fuzzy-PI structure, and the PI controller is:074.0,33.31)(11111==+=I p I p k k s k k s W δFuzzy controller is realized by S-function, and the code is as fig.5.Fig.4. the fuzzy PID control system simulation modalFig 5 the S-function code of fuzzy control3.4 Comparison of the simulationGiven the same given value disturbance and the superheating water disturbance，we compare the response of fuzzy-PID control system with PID serial control system. The simulation results are as fig.6-7.From Fig6-7,we can conclude that the self adaptation fuzzy-PID control system has the more quickly response, smaller excess and stronger anti-disturbance．4. Conclusion(1)Because it combines the advantage of PID controller and fuzzy controller, theself adaptation fuzzy-PID control system has better performance than the general PID serial control system.(2)The parameter can self adjust according to the error E value. so this kind of controller can harmonize quickly response with system stability．Part 3 Neuro-fuzzy generalized predictive controlof boiler steam temperatureXiangjie LIU, Jizhen LIU, Ping GUANAbstract: Power plants are nonlinear and uncertain complex systems. Reliable control of superheated steam temperature is necessary to ensure high efficiency and high load-following capability in the operation of modern power plant. A nonlinear generalized predictive controller based on neuro-fuzzy network (NFGPC) is proposed in this paper. The proposed nonlinear controller is applied to control the superheated steam temperature of a 200MW power plant. From the experiments on the plant and the simulation of the plant, much better performance than the traditional controller is obtained.Keywords: Neuro-fuzzy networks; Generalized predictive control; Superheated steam temperature1. IntroductionContinuous process in power plant and power station are complex systems characterized by nonlinearity, uncertainty and load disturbance. The superheater is an important part of the steam generation process in the boiler-turbine system, where steam is superheated before entering the turbine that drives the generator. Controlling superheated steam temperature is not only technically challenging, but also economically important.From Fig.1,the steam generated from the boiler drum passes through the low-temperature superheater before it enters the radiant-type platen superheater. Water is sprayed onto the steam to control the superheated steam temperature in both the low and high temperature superheaters. Proper control of the superheated steam temperature is extremely important to ensure the overall efficiency and safety of the power plant. It is undesirable that the steam temperature is too high, as it can damage the superheater and the high pressure turbine, or too low, as it will lower the efficiency of the power plant. It is also important to reduce the temperaturefluctuations inside the superheater, as it helps to minimize mechanical stress that causes micro-cracks in the unit, in order to prolong the life of the unit and to reduce maintenance costs. As the GPC is derived by minimizing these fluctuations, it is amongst the controllers that are most suitable for achieving this goal.The multivariable multi-step adaptive regulator has been applied to control the superheated steam temperature in a 150 t/h boiler, and generalized predictive control was proposed to control the steam temperature. A nonlinear long-range predictive controller based on neural networks is developed into control the main steam temperature and pressure, and the reheated steam temperature at several operating levels. The control of the main steam pressure and temperature based on a nonlinear model that consists of nonlinear static constants and linear dynamics is presented in that.Fig.1 The boiler and superheater steam generation process Fuzzy logic is capable of incorporating human experiences via the fuzzy rules. Nevertheless, the design of fuzzy logic controllers is somehow time consuming, as the fuzzy rules are often obtained by trials and errors. In contrast, neural networks not only have the ability to approximate non-linear functions with arbitrary accuracy, they can also be trained from experimental data. The neuro-fuzzy networks developed recently have the advantages of model transparency of fuzzy logic and learning capability of neural networks. The NFN is have been used to develop self-tuning control, and is therefore a useful tool for developing nonlinear predictive control. Since NFN is can be considered as a network that consists of several local re-gions, each of which contains a local linear model, nonlinear predictive control based onNFN can be devised with the network incorporating all the local generalized predictive controllers (GPC) designed using the respective local linear models. Following this approach, the nonlinear generalized predictive controllers based on the NFN, or simply, the neuro-fuzzy generalized predictive controllers (NFG-PCs)are derived here. The proposed controller is then applied to control the superheated steam temperature of the 200MW power unit. Experimental data obtained from the plant are used to train the NFN model, and from which local GPC that form part of the NFGPC is then designed. The proposed controller is tested first on the simulation of the process, before applying it to control the power plant.2. Neuro-fuzzy network modellingConsider the following general single-input single-output nonlinear dynamic system:),1(),...,(),(),...,1([)(''+-----=uy n d t u d t u n t y t y f t y ∆+--/)()](),...,1('t e n t e t e e (1)where f[.]is a smooth nonlinear function such that a Taylor series expansion exists, e(t)is a zero mean white noise and Δis the differencing operator,''',,e u y n n n and d are respectively the known orders and time delay of the system. Let the local linear model of the nonlinear system (1) at the operating point )(t o be given by the following Controlled Auto-Regressive Integrated Moving Average (CARIMA) model:)()()()()()(111t e z C t u z B z t y z A d ----+∆= (2) Where )()(),()(1111----∆=z andC z B z A z A are polynomials in 1-z , the backward shift operator. Note that the coefficients of these polynomials are a function of the operating point )(t o .The nonlinear system (1) is partitioned into several operating regions, such that each region can be approximated by a local linear model. Since NFN is a class of associative memory networks with knowledge stored locally, they can be applied to model this class of nonlinear systems. A schematic diagram of the NFN is shown in Fig.2.B-spline functions are used as the membership functions in theNFN for the following reasons. First, B-spline functions can be readily specified by the order of the basis function and the number of inner knots. Second, they are defined on a bounded support, and the output of the basis function is always positive, i.e.,],[,0)(j k j j k x x λλμ-∉=and ],[,0)(j k j j k x x λλμ-∈>.Third, the basis functions form a partition of unity, i.e.,.][,1)(min,∑∈≡j mam j k x x x x μ(3)And fourth, the output of the basis functions can be obtained by a recurrence equation.Fig. 2 neuro-fuzzy network The membership functions of the fuzzy variables derived from the fuzzy rules can be obtained by the tensor product of the univariate basis functions. As an example, consider the NFN shown in Fig.2, which consists of the following fuzzy rules: IF operating condition i (1x is positive small, ... , and n x is negative large),THEN the output is given by the local CARIMA model i:...)()(ˆ...)1(ˆ)(ˆ01+-∆+-++-=d t u b n t y a t y a t yi i a i in i i i a )(...)()(c i in i b i in n t e c t e n d t u b c b -+++--∆+ (4)or )()()()()(ˆ)(111t e z C t u z B z t yz A i i i i d i i ----+∆= (5) Where )()(),(111---z andC z B z A i i i are polynomials in the backward shift operator 1-z , and d is the dead time of the plant,)(t u i is the control, and )(t e i is a zero mean independent random variable with a variance of 2δ. The multivariate basis function )(k i x a is obtained by the tensor products of the univariate basis functions,p i x A a nk k i k i ,...,2,1,)(1==∏=μ (6)where n is the dimension of the input vector x , and p , the total number of weights in the NFN, is given by,∏=+=nk i i k R p 1)( (7)Where i k and i R are the order of the basis function and the number of inner knots respectively. The properties of the univariate B-spline basis functions described previously also apply to the multivariate basis function, which is defined on the hyper-rectangles. The output of the NFN is,∑∑∑=====p i i i p i ip i i i a y aa yy 111ˆˆˆ (8) 3. Neuro-fuzzy modelling and predictive control of superheatedsteam temperatureLet θbe the superheated steam temperature, and θμ, the flow of spray water to the high temperature superheater. The response of θcan be approximated by a second order model:The linear models, however, only a local model for the selected operating point. Since load is the unique antecedent variable, it is used to select the division between the local regions in the NFN. Based on this approach, the load is divided into five regions as shown in Fig.3,using also the experience of the operators, who regard a load of 200MW as high,180MW as medium high,160MW as medium,140MW as medium low and 120MW as low. For a sampling interval of 30s , the estimated linear local models )(1-z A used in the NFN are shown in Table 1.Fig. 3 Membership function for local modelsTable 1 Local CARIMA models in neuro-fuzzy modelCascade control scheme is widely used to control the superheated steam temperature. Feed forward control, with the steam flow and the gas temperature as inputs, can be applied to provide a faster response to large variations in these two variables. In practice, the feed forward paths are activated only when there are significant changes in these variables. The control scheme also prevents the faster dynamics of the plant, i.e., the spray water valve and the water/steam mixing, from affecting the slower dynamics of the plant, i.e., the high temperature superheater. With the global nonlinear NFN model in Table 1, the proposed NFGPC scheme is shown in Fig.4.Fig. 4 NFGPC control of superheated steam temperature with feed-for-ward control.As a further illustration, the power plant is simulated using the NFN model given in Table 1,and is controlled respectively by the NFGPC, the conventional linear GPC controller, and the cascaded PI controller while the load changes from 160MW to 200MW.The conventional linear GPC controller is the local controller designed for the“medium”operating region. The results are shown in Fig.5,showing that, as expected, the best performance is obtained from the NFGPC as it is designed based on a more accurate process model. This is followed by the conventional linear GPC controller. The performance of the conventional cascade PI controller is the worst, indicating that it is unable to control satisfactory the superheated steam temperature under large load changes. This may be the reason for controlling the power plant manually when there are large load changes.Fig.5 comparison of the NFGPC, conventional linear GPC, and cascade PI controller.4. ConclusionsThe modeling and control of a 200 MW power plant using the neuro-fuzzy approach is presented in this paper. The NFN consists of five local CARIMA models.The out-put of the network is the interpolation of the local models using memberships given by the B-spline basis functions. The proposed NFGPC is similarly constructed, which is designed from the CARIMA models in the NFN. The NFGPC is most suitable for processes with smooth nonlinearity, such that its full operating range can be partitioned into several local linear operating regions. The proposed NFGPC therefore provides a useful alternative for controlling this class of nonlinear power plants, which are formerly difficult to be controlled using traditional methods.Part 4 为Part3译文：锅炉蒸汽温度模糊神经网络的广义预测控制Xiangjie LIU, Jizhen LIU, Ping GUAN摘要：发电厂是非线性和不确定性的复杂系统。

机械自动化类毕业设计外文翻译--电子设计自动化

附录B 翻译原文Electronic design automation Keyword EDA; IC;VHDL language; FPGAPROCESS DESCRIPTIONThree obstacles in particular bedevil ic designers in this dawn of the system on a chip. The first is actually a shortfall-the hardware and software components of the design lack a unifying language. Then, as the number of logic gates per chip passes the million marks, verification of a design's correctness is fast becoming more arduous than doing the design itself. And finally, not only gate counts but chip frequencies also are climbing, so that getting a design to meet its timing requirements without too many design iterations is a receding goal.As is the wont of the electronic design automation (EDA) community, these concerns are being attacked by start-up companies led by a few individuals with big ideas and a little seed money. PARLEZ-VOUS SUPERLOG?A system on a chip comprises both circuitry and the software that runs on it. Such a device may contain an embedded processor core running a software modem. Most often, after the chip'sfunctionality is spelled out, usually on paper, the hardware com- potent is handed off to the circuit designers and the software is given to the pro- grammars, to meet up again at some later date.The part of the chips functionality that will end up as logic gates and transistors is writ- ten in a hardware design language-Virology or VHDL, while the part that will end up as software is most often described in the programming language C or C++. The use of these disparate languages hampers the ability to describe, model, and debug the circuitry of the IC and the software in a coherent fashion.It is time, many in the industry believe, for a new design language that can cope with both hardware and software from the initial design specification right through to final verification. Just such a new language has been developed by Co-Design Automation Inc., San Jose, Calif.Before launching such an ambitious enterprise, cofounders Simon Davidmann, who is also chief operating officer, and Peter Flake ruled out the usefulness of extending an existing language to meet system-on-chip needs. Among the candidates for extension were C, C++, Java, and Verilog.A design language should satisfy three requirements, maintained Davidmann. It should unify the design process. It should make designing more efficient. And it should evolve out of an existing methodology. None of the existing approaches filled the bill. So Davidmann and Flake set about developing new co-design language called Superlog.A natural starting point was a blend of Virology and C since "from an algorithm point of view, a lot of Virology is built on C," explained Davidmann. Then they spiced the blend with bits and pieces of VHDL and Java. From Virology and VHDL, Superlog has acquired the ability to describe hardware aspects of the design, such as sequential, combinatorial, and multivalued logic. From C and Java it inherits dynamic processes and other software constructs. Even functions like interfaces, protocols, and state machines, which till now have often been done on paper, can be described in the new language. To support legacy code written in a hardware description or programming language, Superlog allows both Virology and C modules to be imported and used directly.It is important for the language to be in the public domain, according to Davidmann. The company has already begun to work with various standards organizations to this end.Not to be overlooked is the need for a suite of design tools based on the language. Recently Co-Design identified a number of electronic design automation companies, among them Magma Design Automation, Sente, and Viewlogic, that will develop tools based on Superlog. Co-Design will also develop products for the front end of the design process.ARACE TO THE FINISHNot everyone is convinced that a new language is needed. SystemC, a modeling platform that extends the capabilities andadvantages of C/C++ into the hardware domain has been proposed as an alternative. Such large and powerful companies as Synopsys, Coware, Lucent Technologies, and Texas Instruments have banded together under the Open SystemC Initiative to promote their version of the next-generation design platform. To get SystemC off to a running start, the group offers a modeling platform for download off their Web site free of charge. Their hope is also to make their platform the de facto standard.The rationale for developing SystemC was straightforward, according to Joachim Kunkel, general manager and vice president of the System Level Design Business Unit at Synopsys. It was to have a standard language in which semiconductor vendors, IP vendors, and system houses could exchange system-level IP and executable specifications, and the electronic design automation industry could develop interoperable tools.Supporters of SystemC believe that the would-be standard has to be based on C++ because it allows capabilities to be added to it without leaving the language standard, Kunkel told JEEE Spectrum. Most software developers use C++ and many systems developers use C++ already to describe their systems at a behavioral level. But till now it has not been possible to describe hardware using the language.The developers of SystemC have solved that problem by defining new C++ class libraries and a simulation kcrne1 that bring to C++ all of the capabilities needed to describe hardware. "These new classes implement new functionality," explained Kunkel. "Forexample, bit vectors-strings of zeros and ones-and all the operations that you would do on them." The SystemC developers also provided a class of signed and unsigned numbers, the notion of a signal, and other concepts needed to model hardware.There are still some holes, however. For example, it is still not possible to synthesize a gate-level netlist from a SystcmC description. Rut synthesis tools for SysteniC would he a natural result of broad acceptance of the language within the user community, according to Kunkel.It remains to be seen whether SystemC or Superlog wins out in the end. Least desirable would be an outcome like the impasse between Virology and VHDL, in which both prevailed, forcing electronic design automation vendors to support both platforms in a wasteful duplication of effort.THE VERIFICATION NIGHTMAREIf today's complex ICs are tough to design, they are very much tougher to verify. A variety of tools are available, each with its pros and cons. Emulation translates a design into field-programmable gate arrays (FPGAs). Presumably, if the array works as planned, the final chip will also. The emulation platform also enables designers to try 0111 the software that will run on the ASIC.The approach, though, is slow. Typical emulation systems run at a few megahertz. "At roughly one million cycles per second, designers arc not getting cnough performance out of their emulation systems toverify or understand some of the things that are going on with video generation or high bandwidth communications," said John Gallagher, director of marketing for Synplicity Inc., Sunnyvale, Calif. They must process a large number of operations to ensure their functionality is correct, he added.The reason that emulation systems are so slow, according to Gallagher, is that they route the design through many FPGAs and many boards. Simplicity solution is to use a few high-end FPGAs having over one million gates running at 100 MHz. Typically, a million FPGA gates translates into 200 000 ASIC gates. Putting nine such chips on a board in a three-by-three array allows designers to represent up to 1.8million ASlC gates. And routing delays are greatly curtailed because each chip is no more than two hops away from any other chip in the array.The company% product, called Certify, is not intended to compete with reconfigurable emulation systems, which are very effective at debugging designs during the internal design process, explained Gallagher. Rather, it is a true prototype of the system, running at speeds that may approach the real thing.Certify handles three fundamental operations, said Gallagher. The first is partitioning, or breakings up the ASIC register transfer level (RTL) code into different FPGAs. It does synthesis, turning the RTL code into ASIC gates equivalent to the final ASIC gates. Then it does timing analysis. "We haven't just linked togeth er the different tools,” he explained. 'We have taka our synthesis algorithms, between thepartitioning capabilities, and laid the timing analysis across that."In addition to emulation, two complementary approaches to design verification are simulation and model checking, a type of formal verification. Simulation applies vectors to a software model of a design and checks to sec if the output has the correct value. The approach is straightforward, but is becoming increasingly tortuous as designs become more complicated and the number of possible test vectors mushrooms. So recently, electronic design automation companies have been turning to model checking to prove that designs are correctly done.The sticking point with model checking is its great difficulty of use. "It is not for most engineers," said Simon Napper, chief operating officer OF Innol-ogic Systems Inc., San Jose, Calif. "The usage model is very difficult-it checks properties. But the designer isn't familiar with what P property is-he is used to simulation and static timing."As a remedy, InnoLogic developed a symbolic simulation tool, which blends simulation and formal verification. It is a Virology simulator except instead of sending Is and Os through the logic, the too1 propagates symbol or symbols plus binary values.The user gains improved functional coverage dong with much faster verification.To illustrate, to completely verify a fourbit adder would require 256 binary vectors-and take 256 simulation cycles. With symbols, it takes just one cycle.Just as with formal verification, there are limits to the complexity ofthe circuits that symbolic simulation can completely verily. Both have trouble with multipliers, for example. "A model checker will grind and grind and never produce a result," explained Napper. "But in our tool we take some symbol inputs and switch them to binary values, that reduces the job from a 32- to a 16-bit multiplier. And we report to the user that we were able to verify the upper the operands."InnoLogic has announced two Versifies of symbolic simulation. ESI'-XV verifies designs written in Virology. EXP-CV is meant for custom designs and memory blocks.THE TIME IS RIGHTThough the design of ICs with semiconductor geometries below 0.25 pm face challenges throughout development, some of the biggest hurdles occur during physical design, when the gates are placed on the chip and the interconnects are routed between them Problems occur here for a number of reasons. First, the capacitance, resistance, and inductance of the interconnects cannot be ignored, as they were in older, larger technologies. Crosstalk between interconnects; now closer together, must also be controlled. Several iterations through synthesis and placement may be necessary to achieve the required timing, if it can be accomplished at all.The solution proposed by Monterey Design Systems Inc., Sunnyvale, Calif., is called global design technology. This proprietary computing approach simultaneously explores, analyzes, and optimizes all aspects of the physical design. The tint productcontaining the technology is Dolphin, which was announced in April of last year. Dolphin simultaneously places and router each gate and flip-flop using the results or the analysis and maintaining all specified constraints. (Most place- and-route tools sequentially analyze the layout for each type of constraint.) It performs timing and logic optimization for every placement move.Timing closure is top priority for developers of the Blast Fusion physical design system from Magma Design Automations., Cupertino, Calif. Its methodology, called FixedTiming, brings timing within specified limits without iterating between synthesis and physical design .Basically, he approach fixes timing first, then adjusts cell sizes to achieve the timing requirements. Varying the cell sizes always he tool to supply the right drive strength or the load.EDA ON THE WEBAs established electronic design automation companies try to sort out how to utilize the internet in their product Inks, smaller, more agile companies and start-ups arc coining up with innovative products and services, mainly in the areas or design management. A pioneer in this area is Synchronicity Inc., a virtual company headquartered in Marlboro, Mass. Synchronicity is now being joined by other companies seeking to use the internet to advantage.The concern of , Milpitas, Calif a provider of Web-based engineering tools 'for; design automation, is the extraction of useful information about ICs, chip sets, and boards from suppliers'Web sites.The issue, according to Michael Bitzko, president of the company, is that designers of products based on there components need to be able to obtain information about them quickly and route it to their engineering, manufacturing, and procurement departments as quickly as possible. "In a nutshell,” said Bitzko, "people used to take weeks to get data sheets. Then along cane the Web and PDF-formatted documents. But in order to create, ray, schematic symbols and footprints fur printed circuit boards, information from PDF documents must often be reentered-a costly and time-consuming process when time to infarct is a concern.'s products are based on the electronic component interchange (ECIX) standard developed by EDA standards organization SI, Austin, Texas, and on the Extensible Markup Language (XML), that allows the creation or Web-bask documents having (more functionality than with the conventional Hypertext Markup Language (H TM1.). The company’s products include QuickData Server, a parametric search engine for electronic component information, and Quickdata Miner, which transform information contained in PDF data sheets into a usable form.The mission or Genedax Inc., Portland, Ore. is to use the Web to increase designed ability to create and manage large, complex designs, to iron design ICLISC, and to improve access to intellectual property. The company plans to announce a product in the first quarter or the year. John Ott, vice president of sales and marketing,told Sprctmni that its products will be based on the operating systems and browsers developed by Microsott Corp., Redmond, Wash. Also, the company supports a collaborative Web site, that shows what the technology can do. The site includes a search engine based on AltaVista technology that searches the Web sites of companies related to design auto illation. Ott elaborated, "We also have a free Internet locator server that lets people use Netmeeting a Microsoft product for remote sharing of computer desktops] and a Web board where you can post questions and get answers."Other aspects of electronic design on the Webs have been slower in taking off than design and information management. But Transim Corp also bared in Portland, Ore, has taken a big step toward Web-based design tools. Its product, Websim, is an interface between a Web browser and Simples, the company’s power-supply simulator. Websim allows designers, using Simplis, to simulate designs over the Internet. So rather than poring over data sheets and looking at ranges of values, designers can see actual waveforms, explained Ncls Gahbert, Transim president and chief executive officer.Transim is working with suppliers to set up component models so that designers can log on to the supplies Web rite, select parts for their power supply, enter setup or test conditions, and run the simulation on line. Users need nothing more than a Web browser. The simulation is run on Transim's "ranch" of six strivers from Sun Microsystems.The company has teamed up with National Semiconductor Corp, Santa Clara, Calif., to provide this service for National's customers. The cost is on a per-use basis and is a minimal US $10.附录C 翻译中文电子设计自动化关键字电子设计自动化；集成电路；VHDL语言；现场可编程门阵列在这个片上系统开始出现的时候，有三个问题一直困扰着集成电路设计者。

机械设计制造及其自动化毕业设计外文翻译

英文原文名Automatic production line PLC control中文译文：自动化生产线自动上料站的PLC控制自动生产线是由工件传送系统和控制系统，将一组自动机床和辅助设备按照工艺顺序联结起来，自动完成产品全部或部分制造过程的生产系统，简称自动线。

二十世纪20年代，随着汽车、滚动轴承、小电机和缝纫机和其他工业发展,机械制造业开始出现在自动生产线,第一个是组合机床自动线。

在20世纪20年代,第一次出现在汽车工业流水生产线和半自动生产线,然后发展成自动生产线。

第二次世界大战后,在机械制造工业发达国家,自动生产线的数量急剧增加。

采用自动生产线生产的产品应该足够大,产品设计和技术应该是先进的、稳定的和可靠的,基本上保持了很长一段时间维持不变。

自动线用于大,大规模生产可以提高劳动生产率,稳定和提高产品质量,改善劳动条件,降低生产区域,降低生产成本,缩短生产周期,保证生产平衡、显著的经济效益。

自动生产线的一个干预指定的程序或命令自动操作或控制的过程,我们的目标是稳定、准确、快速。

自动化技术广泛用于工业、农业、军事、科学研究、交通运输、商业、医疗、服务和家庭,等自动化生产线不仅可以使人们从繁重的体力劳动、部分脑力劳动以及恶劣、危险的工作环境,能扩大人的器官功能,极大地提高劳动生产率,提高人们认识世界的能力,可以改变世界。

下面我说下它的应用范围：机械制造业中有铸造、锻造、冲压、热处理、焊接、切削加工和机械装配等自动线，也有包括不同性质的工序，如毛坯制造、加工、装配、检验和包装等的综合自动线。

加工自动线发展最快,应用最广泛的机械制造。

主要包括:用于处理盒、外壳、各种各样的部件,如组合机床自动线;用于加工轴、盘部分,由通用、专业化、或自动机器自动专线;转子加工自动线;转子自动线加工过程简单、小零件等。

1.确保节拍时间:无论什么样的产品,都必须完成的时间生产。

2.单元过程:只有一个产品,单位部分处理、组装、加工和材料。

自动化专业毕业设计方案中英文翻译

自动化毕业设计英文翻译

自动化毕业设计英文翻译Automatic Graduation Project TranslationIntroductionIn today's fast-paced world, automation has become an integral part of various industries. It has revolutionized the way we work and has significantly improved efficiency and productivity. As a result, automation has become a popular choice for graduation projects among engineering students. In this article, we will delve into the topic of automatic graduation project translation and explore its significance and benefits.The Significance of Automatic Graduation Project TranslationAutomatic graduation project translation refers to the use of automated tools and techniques to translate project documentation and reports from one language to another. This process eliminates the need for manual translation, saving time and effort for students. Moreover, it ensures accuracy and consistency in the translation, reducing the risk of misinterpretation.Benefits of Automatic Graduation Project Translation1. Time-saving: Manual translation can be a time-consuming task, especially when dealing with lengthy project documents. By utilizing automatic translation tools, students can significantly reduce the time spent on translation, allowing them to focus on other important aspects of their project.2. Improved accuracy: Automated translation tools use advanced algorithms and machine learning techniques to ensure accurate translations. These tools havethe ability to learn from previous translations and improve their accuracy over time. This reduces the chances of errors and ensures the quality of the translated content.3. Cost-effective: Hiring professional translators can be expensive, especially for students on a limited budget. Automatic translation tools provide a cost-effective solution, as they are often available for free or at a minimal cost. This allows students to allocate their resources efficiently and invest in other project requirements.4. Enhanced collaboration: Automatic translation tools facilitate seamless collaboration among team members who may speak different languages. By translating project documentation, everyone can understand and contribute to the project without any language barriers. This promotes effective teamwork and improves overall project outcomes.Challenges and LimitationsWhile automatic graduation project translation offers numerous benefits, it is important to acknowledge its challenges and limitations. Some of these include: 1. Language nuances: Automated translation tools may struggle to accurately capture the nuances and subtleties of a language. This can result in the loss of context and potential misinterpretation of the translated content. Therefore, it is crucial for students to review and edit the translated material to ensure its accuracy.2. Technical jargon: Engineering projects often involve complex technical jargonand terminology. Automated translation tools may not have the capability to accurately translate these specialized terms. Students must be cautious and manually review the translated content to ensure the technical accuracy of their project documentation.3. Cultural differences: Different cultures have unique ways of expressing ideas and concepts. Automated translation tools may not always be able to capture these cultural nuances, leading to misunderstandings or misinterpretations. Students should be aware of these differences and make necessary adjustments to ensure effective communication.ConclusionAutomatic graduation project translation offers students a convenient and efficient way to translate project documentation. It saves time, improves accuracy, and promotes collaboration among team members. However, it is important to recognize the limitations of automated translation tools and take necessary precautions to ensure the quality and accuracy of the translated content. By leveraging the benefits of automatic translation while being mindful of its limitations, students can enhance their graduation projects and contribute to the advancement of automation in the engineering field.。

自动化专业毕业设计外文翻译--现地控制单元在水电厂自动化中的应用

英文资料及翻译Location Control Unit In Hydroelectric PowerPlant Automation Application1. ForewordThe hydraulic electricity generation compares with burns coal, the fuel oil, the nuclear power electricity generation, the energy is renewable, the never exhaustible clean energy. The country gives priority to development the hydraulic electricity generation achievement to do well at present the energy balance the strategic measure, and appeared a row measure to encourage to advance the hydroelectric power plant construction vigorously. In the water and electricity profession, was on duty " along with hydroelectric power plant " nobody (few person value to defend) and the condition overhaul work thoroughly develops unceasingly, adds water the power plant production to move and to manage set a higher request; “Separated take the factory net, competes the price to access the net” also adds water as the foundation electric power system reform the power plant automation technology to set the new request. Computer technology, information technology, networking, industry control technology rapid development, for hydroelectric power plant synthesis automated system regardless of in the structure in the function, has all provided a broad development space.The 70's intermediate stages, the overseas hydroelectric power plant starts the advanced computer technology to apply in the hydro-electric power station industrial control, raised the hydroelectric power plant automated level greatly, has obtained the good economic efficiency. At the end of the 70's, the original electric power department science and technology committee managed held “the national hydroelectric power plant automation technical background meeting”, formulated the hydroelectric power plant automation science and technology to develop 7 years plan, our country starts to introduce and the domestic independent research and development hydroelectric power plant computer supervisory system technology and to obtain the huge success. Through many year endeavors, the domestic independent development hydroelectric power plant automation technology development experienced had tried to find out, the experiment site, the promotion, enhanced these four stages, has obtained the very big result. In the recent 20 years, the domestic hydroelectric power plant automation level development are specially rapid, at present entered the world advanced ranks.The hydroelectric power plant computer supervisory system usually may divide into two major parts, one is carries on the common control to the entire factory equipment the part, calls it the factory level or the factory station level supervisory system; Another part is located the water wheel electricity generation level, the switching house and so on the equipment nearby control sections, is called the location control system. The location control system main constituent is location control unit LCU (Local Control Unit), the early on once has used with electrical network dispatch remote terminal RTU (Remote Terminal Unit) the similar name, considered LCU the meaning is more accurate, since 1991 “location control unit academic conference”, basically unifies calls it LCU. Now makes several discussions on LCU in Our country Hydroelectric powerplant automated system application and the development.2. LCU applicationIn the hydroelectric power plant computer supervisory system LCU with the power plant production process connection, is directly in the system most has the object-oriented distribution characteristic the control device. The location control unit controlled member mainly includes following several parts:(1) power plant generating set, mainly has the hydraulic turbine, the generator, the auxiliary engine, the transformer and so on;(2) switching house, mainly has the generatrix, the circuit breaker, the isolator, the earth knife switch and so on;(3) public utility, mainly has the factory to use electricity the system, the oil system, the aqueous system, the direct current system and so on;(4) strobe, mainly has the water inlet strobe, the flood discharge strobe and so on.The LCU general arrangement nearby the power plant production equipment, to is accused the object movement operating mode to carry on the real-time surveillance and the control, is the power plant computer supervisory system compares the first floor control section. The primary data carries on gathering and the pretreatment in this, each kind of control adjustment order all sends out and completes the control closed loop through it, it is in the entire supervisory system very important, to the reliable request very high control device. Uses in the hydroelectric power plant LCU may divide into unit LCU, public LCU, switching house LCU according to the monitoring object and the installment position and so on. But and disposes according to the LCU itself structure divides, then may divide into the single trigger --linear structure LCU, take programmable controller (PLC) as foundation LCU, the intelligent location controller and so on three kinds. First kind of LCU many for hydroelectric power plant automation initial period product, at present basic no longer has used in the new system. Moreover still had few small hydroelectric power plants to use based on industry PC machine (called labor controlled machine IPC) the control system, below only discussed is in the mainstream status PLC and the intelligent location controller (the recent several years still had is called PCC (Programmable Computer Controller), PAC (Programmable Automation Controller) product, should also be possible to classify).2.1 programmable controller (PLC)The PLC definition has many kinds. International electrician committee (IEC) to PLC the definition is: The programmable controller is one kind of digital operation electronic system, for designs specially in the industry environment application. It uses the programmable the memory, uses in its internally stored program, carries out the logic operation, the sequential control, fixed time, counts with the arithmetic operation and so on face user's instruction, and through digital, the simulation input and the output, controls each kind of type the machinery or the production process. The programmable controller and the related equipment, all should according to easy form a whole with the industry control system, easy to expand its function the principle design.At first, needed to produce as a result of the American automobile industry has been possible to say was primitive PLC. Although the PLC being published time does not calculate long too, but along with the microprocessor appearance, large-scale, the ultra large scale integrated circuit technique of manufacture and the data communication technology rapid development, the PLC application and the technology also obtained the rapid development, its developing processapproximately separable three stages:(1) early time PLC (at the end of 60's -70's intermediate stages): Early PLC is called the programmable logical controller generally.(2) intermediate stage PLC (in 70's intermediate stage - 80's, later period): Starts in the 70's to use the microprocessor to take PLC the central processing element (CPU). Thus, causes PLC to result in the function big enhancement. In the software aspect, in the original logic operation, fixed time, counted and so on in the function foundations to increase functions and so on arithmetic operation, data processing and data communication, from diagnosis. In the hardware aspect, has developed the simulation quantity module, the long-distance I/O module as well as each kind of special function module, enables PLC the application scope to expand rapidly to needs the automatic control very many professions.(3) near future PLC (in the 80's, later period until now) enters in for the 80's, the later period, because the microprocessor hardware technique of manufacture rapid development, simultaneously the market price large scale drop, will cause each PLC manufacturer to be possible to use a higher scale the microprocessor. In order to further enhance PLC the processing speed, the very many manufacture manufacturer also developed has developed the special-purpose logical processing chip. Afterwards PLC has also integrated Ethernet, technologies and so on Web Server, has provided the function rich necessary software, causes the user community to use handily.On the century 80's to the 90's intermediate stages, are PLC develops the quickest time, the yearly rate continuously maintenance is 30%~40%. In this time, the PLC data acquisition handling ability, the numeral operational capability, the man-machine connection and network traffic capacity all obtains the large scale enhancement, PLC enters the process control domain gradually, unified after the partial industry control device substitutes gradually in certain applications has been at the dominant position in the process control domain the DCS system. Because PLC has the versatility strongly, the reliability high, the easy to operate, the programming simple, the adaptation surface broad and so on the characteristics, caused it is specially in the sequential control obtained the extremely widespread application in the industrial automation control.Applies PLC in the hydroelectric power plant production equipment monitoring begins in on the century 80's, because PLC defers to the industry use environment the standard to carry on the design generally, the reliability high, antijamming ability strong, the programming simple practical, met inserts the performance good very quickly accepts by the power plant user and system integration business, obtained the good application. At present includes in Our country Hydroelectric power plant use widespread PLC: GE Fanuc Corporation's GE Fanuc 90 series, German Siemens Corporation's S5, S7 series, French Schneider Corporation's Modicon Premium, Atrium and Quantum, American Rockwell Corporation PLC5, Control Logix, Japanese OMRON Corporation's SU-5, SU-6, SU-8, Japanese MITSUBISHI Corporation's FX2 series and so on. Because each kind of PLC principle of design difference is big, the product function, the performance as well as may constitute the location system scale to have the very big difference. Generally speaking, according to the different power plant in the security performance (including reliability, maintainable and so on), aspect and so on application function, control scale, system structure actual demands carries on the choice, may find appropriate PLC. At present there is big part of power plants the automated system all uses the PLC constitution location control section, and matches through the reasonable disposition, they basically all can shoulder the corresponding responsibility in the system, completes the corresponding function.But PLC took but one kind of general automated installment, is by no means designs specially for the hydroelectric power plant automation, this has in the special request profession application in the water and electricity automation also to be able to have some not suitable place inevitably, presently lists following several points:(1) PLC by “scanning”the way work, cannot satisfy the event resolution and the system clock synchronization request. The hydroelectric power plant computer supervisory system all is a multi-computer system, in order to guarantee the event resolution should have certain event besides PLC itself to respond ability and the high accuracy clock, but also requests in the overall system between various part of main equipment clock synthesis precision also to have to guarantee in a millisecond level. But take PLC as the foundation location control device if does not take the special measure, is unable to guarantee the hydroelectric power plant safe operation to the event resolution and the system clock synchronization request.(2) general PLC origin mainly aims at the machine-finishing profession, later gradually will expand all the various trades and occupations. Although present PLC has strongly from diagnosis function, but regarding the input, the output unit, it only from diagnoses the module level. This produces this kind of emphasis regarding our country electric power “the safety first” the profession said that, has certain being short of, often needs to add seperately the special security measure.(3) general PLC all has certain surge suppression ability generally, basically may suit the majority of profession application. But says regarding the hydroelectric power plant automated system, as a result of the equipment working conditions particularity, three level of surge suppression ability which the general PLC surge suppression ability and the technology standard request also has some disparities.2.2 intelligent location controllerApplies the many another kind of location control unit in Hydroelectric power plant automated system to be supposed to be the intelligent location controller, like ABB Corporation AC450, south auspicious group's SJ-600 series, Elin Corporation's SAT1703 and so on.AC450 is being suitable which ABB Corporation produces in industry environment Advant Controller series location control unit one kind, mainly applies in other profession DCS. It has included the module which by Motorola 68040 primarily processor CPU modules and I/O, MasterBus and so on many kinds of may elect, supports centralized I/O and distributional I/O, may act according to the different application demand to use the different module to constitute the suitable location subsystem.SAT1703 is the multi-processor system which Austrian Elin Corporation produces, it is loaded with different connection processor subsystem AK1703, AME1703 and AM1703 including 3. Each sub-system by the host processor, the connection template (module), constitutions and so on connection module, can realize the data processing, the control and the correspondence function, uses SMI in the LCU interior (Serial Module Interconnector) to carry on the correspondence. SAT1703 location control unit uses OS/2 operating system, the movement control software is ToolBox.SJ-600 series is on the international telegram automation research institute the century at the end of 90's for the domestically produced intelligence distributional location control unit which moves under the bad industry environment produces, by the master control module, the intelligent I/O module, the power source module as well as connects various modules and the master controlmodule scene bus network is composed. Moved reliably in the national dozens of large and middle scale hydroelectric power plants. Below SJ-600 has the main characteristic:(1), the master control module uses conforms to IEEE1996.1's embedded module standard PC104, has the reliability high, the scene environment compatibility strong and so on the characteristics. Uses low power loss embedded CPU, may choose the CPU model from 486 to the Pentium series.(2) 32 intelligence I/O module. All modules use 32 embedded CPU, this CPU designs specially for the embedded control, on the software uses the board level real-time operating system and the unification procedure code, only is different moves the corresponding duty according to the module. Has used large-scale programmable logic chip (EPLD) and the Flash memory, simplified the system design, enhanced the reliability. The intellectualized I/O module except may complete the data acquisition and the pretreatment independently, but also has very strongly from the diagnosis function, has provided the reliable control security and the convenience breakdown localization ability.(3) has the field bus network system structure, the system uses two network architectures, first is the factory cascade control network, connects LCU and the factory level computer, constitutes the distributed computer supervisory system; Second is I/O main line network, the connection master control module and the intelligent I/O module (location or long-distance), constitutes the distributional location control subsystem. All I/O module provides two field bus network connection, these modules all may disperse the arrangement, forms the redundant reliable distributional redundant system.(4) LCU direct connection high speed network. The network has become in the computer supervisory system the important part, it involves to the power plant control strategy and the movement way. Beforehand location controller many is the use private network carries on the connection with on position machine system, but conforms to the open standard network. If AC450 uses MB300 network with on position machine system connection, but with uses TCP/IP agreement the system connection only to be able to carry on through the special-purpose module by the VIP way the data transmission which limits.(5) has provided the direct GPS synchronized clock connection, does not need to program and the establishment. GPS to when may go directly to the module level, satisfied had the special request situation to the clock, like SOE and so on.(6) provides based on IEC61131-3 standard control language, in retained trapezoidal programming language in and so on the chart, structure text, instruction list foundations, developed the use “to see namely obtained”the technical design visualization flow chart programming language. The support control flow online debugging and playbacking, suits the complex control flow extremely the production and the maintenance.(7) in view of hydroelectric power plant automation specialized application development special-purpose function module.现地控制单元在水电厂自动化中的应用1. 前言水力发电与燃煤、燃油、核能发电相比，能源是可再生的、永不枯竭的清洁能源。

毕业设计自动化英文翻译

DESIGN AND IMPLEME.NTATION OF A VARIABLE FREQUENCY REGULATORY SYSTEM FOR WATER SUPPL YABSTRACTThe designs of the variable frequency constant pressure water supply for a single hydraulic pump and high power multiple hydraulic motors systems are presented in this paper. This system can save energy by controlling the speed of the pipe motors which depend upon the number of consumers in use. This system was also uccessfully implemented in most of the modern buildings in. Shanghai, China. Finally, the choice criteria for variable frequency regulators for water supply system will be discussed.INTRODUCTIONIt is inevitable to install high level water storage systems or reservoirs for a multiple story building or residential areas. This kind of system results in increasing construction cost and cleaning problems. Nevertheless, hydraulic pumps are used toraise the energy level of the water. The conventional high level reservoir system is in fact a pressure regulatory system. This pressure (head) is proportional to the height of the reservoir. Resistance of pipes is varying from time to time. When number of users increases, that means number of relief valves to be open is increased. It in turn reduces the resistance of the pipes. In order to reduce the construction cost, eliminate the cleansing problem of the high level reservoirs, and make the system simple, a variable frequency constant pressure closed loop system is presented to control the speeds of the hydraulic pumps.In this paper, the designs of the variable frequency constant pressure water supply for a single hydraulic pump and high power multiple hydraulic motors systems are presented. From static characteristics of water flow system, the critical point canbe obtained to achieve the minimization of energy consumed. The implementation of this system is also discussed. The choice of variable frequency regulators for water supply system is finally presented.ADVANTAGESOFTHEPROPOSEDSYSTEMIn short, the advantages of this proposed variable frequency constant pressure system for water supply are1. In a 3 hydraulic motors system, the capacity of the variable frequency regulator is just one-third of the capacity of the overall system. The cost is much reduced.2. Since the system consists of multiple pumping motors, they can be controlled by PLC such that the system is more reliable.3. Energy saving can be achieved by controlling the speed of pump motors, pressure can be kept constant no matter what water flow is (from zero to its maximum capacity)4. Each pumping imotor can be started smoothly by using this variable frequency regulator, it reduces pulse current. This kind of water supply system could become a new trend in modern multiple-story building design.PRINCIPLE OF OPERATIONThe principle of operation was initially illustrated by a single pump system. Fig. 1 shows a block diagram of a variable frequency constant pressure system which is suitable for single pump or small scale water flow system. The model type is JS.5-P1. The pressure sensor (PS) transducers the water pressure in pipes to e1ectrical signals. This signal will go to pressure regulator (PR) through an amplifier (A)and a comparator compared with the set value of waterpressure. The difference will come to the PID control to regulate the output frequency as well as the speeds of electric motors and hydraulic pumps. The constant pressure can then be achieved. Fig. 2 shows static characteristics of this constant pressure water supply system. Curves 1 and 2 represent relationship between the pressure head (H) and flow rate (Q) for different speeds of the pump. Curves 3 and 4 represent for different values of resistance of pipe. To simply the exposition, per unit values are adopted in the Fig. 2. Hence,H*=H/H N, Q*=Q/Q Nwhere H N and Q N are the set values of head and flow rate.In this system, both flow rate and the resistance of pipes are varying because the flow rate is proportional to number of valves to be opened. Curve 3 represents the resistance of pipe when the flow rate reaches the maximum point. It intercepts with the H* - Q* at point a , which is the set point for operation. Curve 4is for resistance of pipe when the flow rate is less and only part of valves to be opened.If there is no frequency regulator, it works at point b' only. At this moment, the head pressure exceeds the set value. The flow rate Q is proportional to the speed of the pump, n. Head pressure H is thus proportional to the square of the speed, n2. The speed of the pump can be controlled by the frequency regulator. It becomes the curve 2, which intercepts curve 4at point b, it is a new set (working) point. At this time, the set speed should be n*= n/nN = K (K<l). Obviously, the point b is lower than point b'. It in turn means that H at point b is less than that at point b'.Hb < Hb'It achieves the purpose of energy saving.FURTHER MODIFICATIONThis JSS-P1 model was suitable for single pump water supply system. When the flowrate is little, the pressure can be much reduced. For example, Hp* varies from 1 to Hp-* which is less than 1 (Hp-* < 1). It is able to save much energy. From thisworking principle, it was modified to suit a large scale multiple pumping water supply system. A new model of JS5-P2 was then developed. Fig. 3shows a block diagram of a variable frequency constant pressure system consisting of 3 same capacity pumps. It was modified from the JSS-P1 model. It is designed for multi- pumps water supply system which programmable logic control (PLC) is involved such that the number of hydraulic motors in operation can be determined by the flow rate. The rest of motors are in stand-by mode and the energy saving can be realized. From Fig. 3, the system was composed of pressure sensor (PS), pressure amplifier (A), pressure regulator (AP), signal identifier (AI), programmable logic control (PLC), and frequency regulator. The main feature of this system is that one set of variable frequency regulator is in use to control one hydraulic motor. The rest is idling at starting. If the water flow is within the preset range. This motor is running according its characteristic curve. When the flow rate is increased, The second motor will be smoothly started. The preset value of pressure in pipes can be maintained. There arethree values for operating these motors, 0-33.3%, 33.3-66.6% and 66.6-100%.In brief, the first pump motor will work if the flow rate falls within 33.3% of operation. The operating region is within curves 1 and 4in the Fig. 4.When the flow rate increases, beyond 33.3%, frequency regulator keeps the output frequency at 50 Hz, PLC will control of on-off state of the motors such that the first pump motor is supplied by the mains. The speed of the first pump motor runs at rated speed. The frequency regulator also set the second pump motor in stand-by mode. The operating region of the second motor is within curves 2and 5in the Fig. 4.When the flow rate is continuously increased and beyond 66.6%, and the frequency regulator reaches its rated frequency 50 Hz, PLC will command the second motor to connect to the mains again and the third one at stand-by mode. The operating region of the third one fallswithin curves 3and 6 in the Fig. 4. If the flow rate is reduced from 66.6% to 33.3%, PIX will command to one of the pump motors cut off from the mains. When the flowrate further reduces, and less than 33.3%, there will be only one motor connected to the mains. From the working principle, the three pump motors are operated in turnto meet the requirement of energy saving.CRITERIA FOR FREQUENCY, REGULATORFor the load of the hydraulic pump, the torque is proportional to the square of the motor speed, it is also proportional to the square of the supply frequency, f2. To a electric motor, the torque is equal to C m *Φm*I2*cosα, where C m, is a constant, Φm, is the magnetic flux of rotating field, I2 is the rotor current, and cosα is the power factor of rotor circuit. I2normally cannot exceed its rated value.If the voltage drop in the stator is negligible, $, will be proportional to supply voltage V. In order to maintain, the supply voltage V should be required to be proportional to the square of the frequency. Therefore, the characteristic of V versus f should be set to be a quadratic relationship.CONCLUSIONThis type of variable frequency constant pressure closed loop system for water supply was designed and implemented in Shanghai, China. The performance was proven satisfactory. A copy of a photograph of this system was shown in Fig. 5. All four advantages of this proposed system were fully realized. This system is one of the energy saving methods in tall building design.Automation System S7-300:Getting Started CPU 31xC: Commissioning1. Step: Installing the mounting rail and modulesRail installation sequenceFrom left to right: Power supply PS 307 - CPU 313C.The synopsis will provide you with an overview of the overall configuration.Install and ground the mounting rail1. Screw on the mounting rail (screw size: M6) so that at least 40 mm space remains above and below the rail. When mounting it on a grounded metallic panel or on a grounded device mounting panel made of steel sheet, make sure you have a low impedance connection between the mounting rail and the mounting surface.2. Connect the rail to the protective conductor. An M6 screw is provided on the rail for this purpose. Minimum cross-section from the cable to the protective conductor: at least 10 mm2. Installing modules on the mounting rail1. Hook the power supply module onto the rail, slide it until it reaches the grounding screw of the rail and then screw it tight.2. Hook the CPU onto the rail (1),slide it along as far as the module on the left (2), and swing it down into place (3).3. Bolt the CPU tight, applying a torque of between 0.8 and 1.1 Nm.4. Insert the micro memory card into the CPU (4); this is essential for operation. If you do not know the content of the micro memory card, erase it first on the programming device.2. Step: Wiring modulesWiring the power supply and the CPU1. Open the front panel covers of the power supply module and CPU.2. Unscrew the strain relief clamp on the power supply module.3. Remove the insulation from the power cord, attach the cable end sleeves (for stranded conductors), and connect them to the power supply.4. Screw the strain-relief assembly tight.5. Insert two short connecting cables between the power supply and the CPU and screw them tight.6. Check that the line voltage selector switch is set to the correct line voltage.The default line voltage setting for the power supply module is 230 VAC. To label a front connector, follow the steps outlined below: To change the voltage, remove the protective cap with a screwdriver, set the switch to the required line voltage and replace the protective cap. Wiring the front connectors of the DI and DO1. Open the right front panel of the CPU 313C.2. Place the front connector into wiring position. You do this by pushing a front connector into the CPU until it latches. In this position, the front connector still protrudes from the CPU. In the wiring position a wired front connector has no contact with the module.3. Remove 6 mm of the insulation from the ends of the wires that go into the front connector. Attach cable end sleeves to these ends.4. Wire the front connector (DI side) as follows:– Terminal 1: L+ of the power supply– Terminal 3: Button 1– Terminal 4: Button 2– Terminal 20: M of the power supply5. Wire the front connector (DO side) as follows:– Terminals 21 and 31: L+ of the power supply– Terminal 30: M of the power supply.6. Wire the free cable ends of the button with L+ of the power supply.7. Lead the wires downwards out of the front connector.8. Secure the front connector with the screws (this establishes contact with the module).9. Close the front panel covers of the power supply module and the front panel of the CPU.3. Step: Commissioning hardwareProcedure1. Use the PG cable to connect the programming device to the CPU. When using a cable with PROFIBUS connectors, remember to switch on the integrated terminating resistors. Close the front panel cover of the CPU, then set the mode selector switch on the CPU to STOP.2. Connect the mains cable, then switch on the power supply module PS 307.The DC24V LED on the power supply is lit. All the LEDs on the CPU light up briefly; the SF LED and the DC5V LED stay lit. The STOP LED then flashes slowly to indicate a CPU memory reset.3. Perform a CPU memory reset:– Turn the mode switch to MRES. Hold the mode selector at this position until the STOP LED lights up for the second time and then remains lit (approx. 3 seconds). Then release it.– You must press the mode switch back to MRES within 3 s. The STOP LED begins to flash rapidly and the CPU performs a reset. You can now release the mode switch.The CPU has completed the memory reset when the STOP LED remains permanently lit again.4. Start your programming device, then run SIMATIC Manager from your Windows Desktop.A window opens with SIMATIC Manager.5. Select button 1.The LED of I124.1 lights up. No DO LED lights up.6. Select button 2. The LED of I124.2 lights up. No DO LED lights up.4. Step: Programming the circuitProcedure1. Follow the instructions of the STEP 7 "New Project" wizard on the programming device and set up a new project with the following data:– CPU type: CPU 313C– Block to be created: OB 1– Project name: S7_Pro1A window, divided into two parts, opens with the title S7_Pro1 -- .2. Double-click the OB1 icon in the right-hand part of the window. The editor for editing the OB 1 block opens.3. In the "View" menu, select "LAD" to change to the ladder logic programming language. At the bottom of the left-hand window, a current path is displayed in network 1.4. Carefully click on the horizontal line representing the current path. The line is highlighted.5. On the toolbar, click twice on the --||-- icon (normally-open contact) and then once on the –( ) icon (coil). The icons are inserted into the current path.6. Click on the red question mark for the left-hand normally- open contact in the current path. The normally-open contact is highlighted and the question mark is replaced with a text input box containing the cursor.7. Enter I124.1 and press Return. The left-hand normally-open contact is now called I124.1.8. Label the right button in the same way with I124.2 and the coil with Q124.0.9. Close the editor and click Yes when you are prompted to save. The editor is closed and OB 1 is saved.5. Step: Configuring hardwareProcedure1. In SIMATIC Manager, click on SIMATIC 300 Station in the left-hand part of the window. The Hardware and CPU 313C icons appear in the right-hand part of the window.2. Double-click the Hardware icon in the right-hand part of the window.The editor for editing the hardware opens.3. If the catalog is not shown in the right section of the window, you can activate it by selecting Catalog in the View menu.4. Expand SIMATIC 300 and CPU-300 until you see CPU 313C.5. Insert the CPU 313C by dragging it to slot 2 (top or bottom left-hand window).6. Check that the order number displayed for slot 2 in the lower left-hand part of the window matches the order number of your CPU. You may need to expand the width of the order number column to see the entire number. If it does: Skip to the next step. If it does not: Expand CPU-300 in the catalog until you see CPU 313C and replace the CPU in slot 2 by dragging the CPU with the correct order number from the catalog.7. Perform steps 3 and 4 for the power supply module PS 307 too. You insert the PS 307 in slot 1.8. Go to the Station menu and select Save and compile. The hardware configuration is compiled and saved.9. Close the editor. The editor is closed.6. Step: Trial runProcedure1. Use the SIMATIC 300 station and CPU 313C to browse to the S7 program. In SIMATIC Manager click on Blocks in the right-hand part of the window. Blocks will now be highlighted.2. Select Download from the PLC menu to transfer the program and hardware configuration to the CPU. Confirm all windows with Yes. The program and configuration are downloaded from the programming device to theCPU. The program is now stored on the Micro Memory Card (in the load memory), where it is unaffected by power failures and resets.3. Set the CPU's mode switch to RUN. The STOP LED is switched off. The RUN LED starts to flash and then assumes a continuous signal.4. Press each of the buttons alternately. The LEDs of inputs I124.1 and I124.2 light up alternately. The LED of output Q124.0 is not lit.5. Press both buttons simultaneously. The LEDs of inputs I124.1 and I124.2 light up simultaneously. The LED of output Q124.0 is lit. This would switch on a connected finalcontrolling element or indicator.Further InformationDiagnostics/Correction of ErrorsWrong operation, faulty wiring or a faulty hardware configuration may cause errors which the CPU, CP or IE/PB-Link indicate with the SF group error LED after CPU memory reset. How to analyze such errors and alarms is described in the CPU31xC and CPU 31x operating instructions, Setup and Programming with STEP 7 manuals.Manuals containing further informationFor more in-depth Getting Started information, we recommend Getting Started and Exercises with STEP 7Service & Support on the InternetIn addition to our documentation, we offer a comprehensive online knowledge base on the Internet at:/automation/service&supportThere you can find:• A newsletter containing the latest information on your Siemens products.• The documents you need using our search engine in Service & Support.• the bulletin board, a worldwide knowledge exchange for users and experts.• your local contact for Automation & Drives in our contact database.• Information about on-site services, repairs, spare parts. You will find much more under "Services".第一部分供水专用变频器的设计和应用摘要:本文提出了一种用于变频恒压供水的单个液压泵和高功率多液压电机系统的设计方法。

自动化专业毕业设计翻译正文

Universal Serial Communication Interface – SPI ModeThe universal serial communication interface (USCI) supports multiple serial communication modes withone hardware module. This chapter discusses the operation of the synchronous peripheral interface (SPI)16.1 mode.Universal Serial Communication Interface (USCI) OverviewThe universal serial communication interface (USCI) modules support multiple serial communication modes. Different USCI modules support different modes. Each different USCI module is named with a different letter. For example, USCI_A is different from USCI_B, etc. If more than one identical USCI module is implemented on one device, those modules are named with incrementing numbers. For example, if one device has two USCI_A modules, they are named USCI_A0 and USCI_A1. See the device-specific data sheet to determine which USCI modules, if any, are implemented on which devices.USCI_Ax modules support:•UART mode•Pulse shaping for IrDA communications•Automatic baud-rate detection for LIN communications•SPI modeUSCI_Bx modules support:I2mode•C•SPI mode16.2 USCI Introduction – SPI ModeIn synchronous mode, the USCI connects the device to an external system via three or four pins:UCxSIMO, UCxSOMI, UCxCLK, and UCxSTE. SPI mode is selected when the UCSYNC bit is set, and SPI mode (3-pin or 4-pin) is selected with the UCMODEx bits.SPI mode features include:•7-bit or 8-bit data length•LSB-first or MSB-first data transmit and receive•3-pin and 4-pin SPI operation•Master or slave modes•Independent transmit and receive shift registers•Separate transmit and receive buffer registers•Continuous transmit and receive operation•Selectable clock polarity and phase control•Programmable clock frequency in master mode•Independent interrupt capability for receive and transmit•Slave operation in LPM4Figure16-1 shows the USCI when configured for SPI mode.16.3 USCI Operation – SPI ModeIn SPI mode, serial data is transmitted and received by multiple devices using a shared clock provided by the master. An additional pin, UCxSTE, is provided to enable a device to receive and transmit data and is controlled by the master.Three or four signals are used for SPI data exchange:•UCxSIMO slave in, master out Master mode: UCxSIMO is the data output line. Slave mode: UCxSIMO is the data input line.•UCxSOMI slave out, master in Master mode: UCxSOMI is the data input line. Slave mode: UCxSOMI is the data output line.•UCxCLK USCI SPI clock Master mode: UCxCLK is an output. Slave mode: UCxCLK is an input.•UCxSTE slave transmit enable. Used in 4-pin mode to allow multiple masters on a single bus.Not used in 3-pin mode. Table 16-1 describes the UCxSTE operation.16.3.1 USCI Initialization and ResetThe USCI is reset by a PUC or by the UCSWRST bit. After a PUC, the UCSWRST bit is automatically set,keeping the USCI in a reset condition. When set, the UCSWRST bit resets the UCRXIE, UCTXIE,UCRXIFG, UCOE, and UCFE bits, and sets the UCTXIFG flag. Clearing UCSWRST releases the USCI for operation.Note: Initializing or reconfiguring the USCI moduleThe recommended USCI initialization/reconfiguration process is:1. Set UCSWRST ( BIS.B #UCSWRST, & UCxCTL1 ).2. Initialize all USCI registers with UCSWRST = 1 (including UCxCTL1).3. Configure ports.4. Clear UCSWRST via software ( BIC.B #UCSWRST, & UCxCTL1 ).5. Enable interrupts (optional) via UCRXIE and/or UCTXIE.16.3.2 Character FormatThe USCI module in SPI mode supports 7-bit and 8-bit character lengths selected by the UC7BIT bit. In 7-bit data mode, UCxRXBUF is LSB justified and the MSB is always reset. The UCMSB bit controls the direction of the transfer and selects LSB or MSB first.Note: Default character formatThe default SPI character transmission is LSB first. For communication with other SPI interfaces, MSB-first mode may be required.Note: Character format for FiguresFigures throughout this chapter use MSB-first format.16.3.3 Master ModeFigure 16-2 shows the USCI as a master in both 3-pin and 4-pin configurations.The USCI initiates data transfer when data is moved to the transmit data buffer UCxTXBUF. The UCxTXBUF data is moved to the transmit (TX) shift register when the TX shift register is empty, initiating data transfer on UCxSIMO starting with either the MSB or LSB, depending on the UCMSB setting. Data on UCxSOMI is shifted into the receive shift register on the opposite clock edge. When the character is received, the receive data is moved from the receive (RX) shift register to the received data buffer UCxRXBUF and the receive interrupt flag UCRXIFG is set, indicating the RX/TX operation is complete.A set transmit interrupt flag, UCTXIFG, indicates that data has moved from UCxTXBUF to the TX shift register and UCxTXBUF is ready for new data. It does not indicate RX/TX completion.To receive data into the USCI in master mode, data must be written to UCxTXBUF, because receive and transmit operations operate concurrently.16.3.4 Slave ModeFigure 16-3 shows the USCI as a slave in both 3-pin and 4-pin configurations. UCxCLK is used as the input for the SPI clock and must be supplied by the external master. The data-transfer rate is determined by this clock and not by the internal bit clock generator. Data written to UCxTXBUF and moved to the TX shift register before the start of UCxCLK is transmitted on UCxSOMI. Data on UCxSIMO is shifted into the receive shift register on the opposite edge of UCxCLK and moved to UCxRXBUF when the set number of bits are received. When data is moved from the RX shift register to UCxRXBUF, the UCRXIFG interrupt flag is set, indicating that data has been received. The overrun error bit UCOE is set when the previously received data is not read from UCxRXBUF before new data is moved to UCxRXBUF.16.3.5 SPI EnableWhen the USCI module is enabled by clearing the UCSWRST bit, it is ready to receive and transmit. In master mode, the bit clock generator is ready, but is not clocked nor producing any clocks. In slave mode, the bit clock generator is disabled and the clock is provided by the master.A transmit or receive operation is indicated by UCBUSY = 1.A PUC or set UCSWRST bit disables the USCI immediately and any active transfer is terminated.Transmit EnableIn master mode, writing to UCxTXBUF activates the bit clock generator, and the data begins to transmit.In slave mode, transmission begins when a master provides a clock and, in 4-pin mode, when the UCxSTE is in the slave-active state.Receive EnableThe SPI receives data when a transmission is active. Receive and transmit operations operate concurrently.16.3.6 Serial Clock ControlUCxCLK is provided by the master on the SPI bus. When UCMST = 1, the bit clock is provided by the USCI bit clock generator on the UCxCLK pin. The clock used to generate the bit clock is selected with the UCSSELx bits. When UCMST = 0, the USCI clock is provided on the UCxCLK pin by the master, the bit clock generator is not used, and the UCSSELx bits are don't care. The SPI receiver and transmitter operate in parallel and use the same clock source for data transfer.The 16-bit value of UCBRx in the bit rate control registers (UCxxBR1 and UCxxBR0) is the division factor of the USCI clock source, BRCLK. The maximum bit clock that can be generated in master mode is BRCLK. Modulation is not used in SPI mode, and UCAxMCTL should be cleared when using SPI mode for USCI_A. The UCAxCLK/UCBxCLK frequency is given by:BitClock f = BRCLK f /UCBRxSerial Clock Polarity and PhaseThe polarity and phase of UCxCLK are independently configured via the UCCKPL and UCCKPH control bits of the USCI. Timing for each case is shown in Figure 16-4 .16.3.7 Using the SPI Mode With Low-Power ModesThe USCI module provides automatic clock activation for use with low-power modes. When the USCI clock source is inactive because the device is in a low-powermode, the USCI module automatically activates it when needed, regardless of the control-bit settings for the clock source. The clock remains active until the USCI module returns to its idle condition. After the USCI module returns to the idle condition, control of the clock source reverts to the settings of its control bits.In SPI slave mode, no internal clock source is required because the clock is provided by the external master. It is possible to operate the USCI in SPI slave mode while the device is in LPM4 and all clock sources are disabled. The receive or transmit interrupt can wake up the CPU from any low-power mode.16.3.8 SPI InterruptsThe USCI has only one interrupt vector that is shared for transmission and for reception. USCI_Ax and USC_Bx do not share the same interrupt vector.SPI Transmit Interrupt OperationThe UCTXIFG interrupt flag is set by the transmitter to indicate that UCxTXBUF is ready to accept another character. An interrupt request is generated if UCTXIE and GIE are also set. UCTXIFG is automatically reset if a character is written to UCxTXBUF. UCTXIFG is set after a PUC or when UCSWRST = 1. UCTXIE is reset after a PUC or when UCSWRST = 1.Note: Writing to UCxTXBUF in SPI modeData written to UCxTXBUF when UCTXIFG = 0 may result in erroneous data transmission.SPI Receive Interrupt OperationThe UCRXIFG interrupt flag is set each time a character is received and loaded into UCxRXBUF. An interrupt request is generated if UCRXIE and GIE are also set. UCRXIFG and UCRXIE are reset by a system reset PUC signal or when UCSWRST = 1. UCRXIFG is automatically reset when UCxRXBUF is read.UCxIV, Interrupt Vector GeneratorThe USCI interrupt flags are prioritized and combined to source a single interrupt vector. The interrupt vector register UCxIV is used to determine which flag requested an interrupt. The highest-priority enabled interrupt generates a number in the UCxIV register that can be evaluated or added to the program counter (PC) to automatically enter the appropriate software routine. Disabled interrupts do not affect the UCxIV value.Any access, read or write, of the UCxIV register automatically resets the highest-pending interrupt flag. If another interrupt flag is set, another interrupt is immediately generated after servicing the initial interrupt.UCxIV Software ExampleThe following software example shows the recommended use of UCxIV. The UCxIV value is added to the PC to automatically jump to the appropriate routine. The following example is given for USCI_B0.、USCI_SPI_ISRADD & UCB0IV, PC ; Add offset to jump tableRETI ; Vector 0: No interruptJMP RXIFG_ISR ; Vector 2: RXIFGTXIFG_ISR ; Vector 4: TXIFG... ; Task starts hereRETI ; ReturnRXIFG_ISR ; Vector 2... ; Task starts hereRETI ; ReturnSPI串行同步通讯接口模式这个 5 系列通用串行通信接口支持一个硬件模块下的多通道串行通信模式。

自动化专业外文翻译----温度控制简介和PID控制器

毕业设计（论文）外文资料翻译系别：电气工程系专业：电气工程及其自动化班级：姓名：学号：外文出处：Specialized English For ArchitecturalElectric Engineering and Automation附件：1、外文原文；2、外文资料翻译译文。

1、外文原文Introductions to temperature control and PID controllersProcess control system.Automatic process control is concerned with maintaining process variables temperatures pressures flows compositions, and the like at some desired operation value. Processes are dynamic in nature. Changes are always occurring, and if actions are nottaken, the important process variables-those related to safety, product quality, and production rates-will not achieve design conditions.In order to fix ideas, let us consider a heat exchanger in which a process stream is heated by condensing steam. The process is sketched in Fig.1Fig. 1 Heat exchangerThe purpose of this unit is to heat the process fluid from some inlet temperature, Ti(t), up to a certain desired outlet temperature, T(t). As mentioned, the heating medium is condensing steam.The energy gained by the process fluid is equal to the heat released by the steam, provided there are no heat losses to surroundings, iii that is, the heat exchanger andpiping are well insulated.In this process there are many variables that can change, causing the outlet temperature to deviate from its desired value. [21 If this happens, some action must be taken to correct for this deviation. That is, the objective is to control the outlet process temperature to maintain its desired value.One way to accomplish this objective is by first measuring the temperature T(t) , then comparing it to its desired value, and, based on this comparison, deciding what to do to correct for any deviation. The flow of steam can be used to correct for the deviation. This is, if the temperature is above its desired value, then the steam valve can be throttled back to cut the stearr flow (energy) to the heat exchanger. If the temperature is below its desired value, then the steam valve could be opened some more to increase the steam flow (energy) to the exchanger. All of these can be done manually by the operator, and since the procedure is fairly straightforward, it should present no problem. However, since in most process plants there are hundreds of variables that must be maintained at some desired value, this correction procedure would required a tremendous number of operators. Consequently, we would like to accomplish this control automatically. That is, we want to have instnnnents that control the variables wJtbom requ)ring intervention from the operator. (si This is what we mean by automatic process control.To accomplish ~his objective a control system must be designed and implemented.A possible control system and its basic components are shown in Fig.2.Fig. 2 Heat exchanger control loopThe first thing to do is to measure the outlet temperaVare of the process stream. A sensor (thermocouple, thermistors, etc) does this. This sensor is connected physically to a transmitter, which takes the output from the sensor and converts it to a signal strong enough to be transmitter to a controller. The controller then receives the signal, which is related to the temperature, and compares it with desired value. Depending on this comparison, the controller decides what to do to maintain the temperature at its desired value. Base on this decision, the controller then sends another signal to final control element, which in turn manipulates the steam flow.The preceding paragraph presents the four basic components of all control systems. They are(1) sensor, also often called the primary element.(2) transmitter, also called the secondary element.(3) controller, the "brain" of the control system.(4) final control system, often a control valve but not always. Other common final control elements are variable speed pumps, conveyors, and electric motors.The importance of these components is that they perform the three basic operations that must be present in every control system. These operations are(1) Measurement (M) : Measuring the variable to be controlled is usually done bythe combination of sensor and transmitter.(2) Decision (D): Based on the measurement, the controller must then decide what to do to maintain the variable at its desired value.(3) Action (A): As a result of the controller's decision, the system must then take an action. This is usually accomplished by the final control element.As mentioned, these three operations, M, D, and A, must be present in every control system.PID controllers can be stand-alone controllers (also called single loop controllers), controllers in PLCs, embedded controllers, or software in Visual Basic or C# computer programs.PID controllers are process controllers with the following characteristics:Continuous process controlAnalog input (also known as "measuremem" or "Process Variable" or "PV")Analog output (referred to simply as "output")Setpoint (SP)Proportional (P), Integral (I), and/or Derivative (D) constantsExamples of "continuous process control" are temperature, pressure, flow, and level control. For example, controlling the heating of a tank. For simple control, you have two temperature limit sensors (one low and one high) and then switch the heater on when the low temperature limit sensor tums on and then mm the heater off when the temperature rises to the high temperature limit sensor. This is similar to most home air conditioning & heating thermostats.In contrast, the PID controller would receive input as the actual temperature and control a valve that regulates the flow of gas to the heater. The PID controller automatically finds the correct (constant) flow of gas to the heater that keeps the temperature steady at the setpoint. Instead of the temperature bouncing back and forth between two points, the temperature is held steady. If the setpoint is lowered, then the PID controller automatically reduces the amount of gas flowing to the heater. If the setpoint is raised, then the PID controller automatically increases the amount of gas flowing to the heater. Likewise the PID controller would automatically for hot, sunnydays (when it is hotter outside the heater) and for cold, cloudy days.The analog input (measurement) is called the "process variable" or "PV". You want the PV to be a highly accurate indication of the process parameter you are trying to control. For example, if you want to maintain a temperature of + or -- one degree then we typically strive for at least ten times that or one-tenth of a degree. If the analog input is a 12 bit analog input and the temperature range for the sensor is 0 to 400 degrees then our "theoretical" accuracy is calculated to be 400 degrees divided by 4,096 (12 bits) =0.09765625 degrees. [~] We say "theoretical" because it would assume there was no noise and error in our temperature sensor, wiring, and analog converter. There are other assumptions such as linearity, etc.. The point being--with 1/10 of a degree "theoretical" accuracy--even with the usual amount of noise and other problems-- one degree of accuracy should easily be attainable.The analog output is often simply referred to as "output". Often this is given as 0~100 percent. In this heating example, it would mean the valve is totally closed (0%) or totally open (100%).The setpoint (SP) is simply--what process value do you want. In this example--what temperature do you want the process at?The PID controller's job is to maintain the output at a level so that there is no difference (error) between the process variable (PV) and the setpoint (SP).In Fig. 3, the valve could be controlling the gas going to a heater, the chilling of a cooler, the pressure in a pipe, the flow through a pipe, the level in a tank, or any other process control system. What the PID controller is looking at is the difference (or "error") between the PV and the SP.P，I，&DDifference error PID controlprocessvariableFig .3 PIDcontrolIt looks at the absolute error and the rate of change of error. Absolute error means--is there a big difference in the PV and SP or a little difference? Rate of change of error means--is the difference between the PV or SP getting smaller or larger as time goes on.When there is a "process upset", meaning, when the process variable or the setpoint quickly changes--the PID controller has to quickly change the output to get the process variable back equal to the setpoint. If you have a walk-in cooler with a PID controller and someone opens the door and walks in, the temperature (process variable) could rise very quickly. Therefore the PID controller has to increase the cooling (output) to compensate for this rise in temperature.Once the PID controller has the process variable equal to the setpoint, a good PID controller will not vary the output. You want the output to be very steady (not changing) . If the valve (motor, or other control element) is constantly changing, instead of maintaining a constant value, this could cause more wear on the control element.So there are these two contradictory goals. Fast response (fast change in output) when there is a "process upset", but slow response (steady output) when the PV is close to the setpoint.Note that the output often goes past (over shoots) the steady-state output to get the process back to the setpoint. For example, a cooler may normally have its cooling valve open 34% to maintain zero degrees (after the cooler has been closed up and the temperature settled down). If someone opens the cooler, walks in, walks around to find something, then walks back out, and then closes the cooler door--the PID controller is freaking out because the temperature may have raised 20 degrees! So it may crank the cooling valve open to 50, 75, or even 100 percent--to hurry up and cool the cooler back down--before slowly closing the cooling valve back down to 34 percent.Let's think about how to design a PID controller.We focus on the difference (error) between the process variable (PV) and the setpoint (SP). There are three ways we can view the error.The absolute errorThis means how big is the difference between the PV and SP. If there is a small difference between the PV and the SP--then let's make a small change in the output. If there is a large difference in the PV and SP--then let's make a large change in the output. Absolute error is the "proportional" (P) component of the PID controller.The sum of errors over timeGive us a minute and we will show why simply looking at the absolute error (proportional) only is a problem. The sum of errors over time is important and is called the "integral" (I) component of the PID controller. Every time we run the PID algorithm we add the latest error to the sum of errors. In other words Sum of Errors = Error 1 q- Error2 + Error3 + Error4 + ....The dead timeDead time refers to the delay between making a change in the output and seeing the change reflected in the PV. The classical example is getting your oven at the right temperature. When you first mm on the heat, it takes a while for the oven to "heat up". This is the dead time. If you set an initial temperature, wait for the oven to reach the initial temperature, and then you determine that you set the wrong temperature--then it will take a while for the oven to reach the new temperature setpoint. This is also referred to as the "derivative" (D) component of the PID controller. This holds some future changes back because the changes in the output have been made but are not reflected in the process variable yet.Absolute Error/ProportionalOne of the first ideas people usually have about designing an automatic process controller is what we call "proportional". Meaning, if the difference between the PV and SP is small--then let's make a small correction to the output. If the difference between the PV and SP is large-- then let's make a larger correction to the output. Thisidea certainly makes sense.We simulated a proportional only controller in Microsoft Excel. Fig.4 is the chart showing the results of the first simulation (DEADTIME = 0, proportional only): Proportional and Integral ControllersThe integral portion of the PID controller accounts for the offset problem in a proportional only controller. We have another Excel spreadsheet that simulates a PID controller with proportional and integral control. Here (Fig. 5) is a chart of the first simulation with proportional and integral (DEADTIME :0, proportional = 0.4).As you can tell, the PI controller is much better than just the P controller. However, dead time of zero (as shown in the graph) is not common.Fig .4 The simulation chartDerivative ControlDerivative control takes into consideration that if you change the output, then it takes tim for that change to be reflected in the input (PV).For example, let's take heating of the oven.Fig.5The simulation chartIf we start turning up the gas flow, it will take time for the heat to be produced, the heat to flow around the oven, and for the temperature sensor to detect the increased heat. Derivative control sort of "holds back" the PID controller because some increase in temperature will occur without needing to increase the output further. Setting the derivative constant correctly allows you to become more aggressive with the P & Iconstants.2、外文资料翻译译文温度控制简介和PID控制器过程控制系统自动过程控制系统是指将被控量为温度、压力、流量、成份等类型的过程变量保持在理想的运行值的系统。

自动化专业毕业设计外文翻译1

外文资料Programmable Logic Controllers (PLC), a computing device invented by Richard E. Morley in 1968, have been widely used in industry including manufacturing systems, transportation systems, chemical process facilities, and many others. At that time, the PLC replaced the hardwired logic with soft-wired logic orso-called relay ladder logic (RLL), a programming language visually resembling the hardwired logic, and reduced thereby the configuration time from 6 months down to 6 days [Moody and Morley, 1999].Although PC based control has started to come into place, PLC based control will remain the technique to which the majority of industrial applications will adhere due to its higher performance, lower price, and superior reliability in harsh environments. Moreover, according to a study on the PLC market of Frost and Sullivan [1995], an increase of the annual sales volume to 15 million PLC per year with the hardware value of more than 8 billion US dollars has been predicted, though the prices of computing hardware is steadily dropping. The inventor of the PLC, Richard E Morley, fairly considers the PLC market as a 5-billion industry at the present time.Though PLCare widely used in industrial practice, the programming of PLC based control systems is still very much relying on trial-and-error. Alike software engineering, PLC software design is facing the software dilemma or crisis in a similar way. Morley himself emphasized this aspect most forcefully by indicating:“If houses were built like software projects, a single woodpecker could destroy civilization.”Particularly, practical problems in PLC programming are to eliminate software bugs and to reduce the maintenance costs of old ladder logic programs. Though the hardware costs of PLC are dropping continuously, reducing the scan time of the ladder logic is still an issue in industry so that low-cost PLC can be used.In general, the productivity in generating PLC is far behind compared to other domains, for instance, VLSI design, where efficient computer aided design tools are in practice. Existent software engineering methodologies are not necessarily applicable to the PLC based software design because PLC-programming requires a simultaneous consideration of hardware and software. The software design becomes, thereby, more and more the major cost driver. In many industrial design projects,more than SO0/a of the manpower allocated for the control system design and installation is scheduled for testing and debugging PLC programs [Rockwell, 1999].In addition, current PLC based control systems are not properly designed to support the growing demand for flexibility and reconfigurebility of manufacturing systems. A further problem, impelling the need for a systematic design methodology, is the increasing software complexity in large-scale projects.The objective of this thesis is to develop a systematic software design methodology for PLC operated automation systems. The design methodology involves high-level description based on state transition models that treat automation control systems as discrete event systems, a stepwise design process, and set of design rules providing guidance and measurements to achieve a successful design. The tangible outcome of this research is to find a way to reduce the uncertainty in managing the control software development process, that is, reducing programming and debugging time and their variation, increasing flexibility of the automation systems, and enabling software reusability through modularity. The goal is to overcome shortcomings of current programming strategies that are based on the experience of the individual software developer.A systematic approach to designing PLC software can overcome deficiencies in the traditional way of programming manufacturing control systems, and can have wide ramifications in several industrial applications. Automation control systems are modeled by formal languages or, equivalently, by state machines. Formal representations provide a high-level description of the behavior of the system to be controlled. State machines can be analytically evaluated as to whether or not they meet the desired goals. Secondly, a state machine description provides a structured representation to convey the logical requirements and constraints such as detailed safety rules. Thirdly, well-defined control systems design outcomes are conducive to automatic code generation- An ability to produce control software executable on commercial distinct logic controllers can reduce programming lead-time and labor cost. In particular, the thesis is relevant with respect to the following aspects.In modern manufacturing, systems are characterized by product and process innovation, become customer-driven and thus have to respond quickly to changing system requirements. A major challenge is therefore to provide enabling technologies that can economically reconfigure automation control systems in response to changing needs and new opportunities. Design and operational knowledge can be reused in real-time, therefore, giving a significant competitive edge in industrial practice.Studies have shown that programming methodologies in automation systems have not been able to match rapid increase in use of computing resources. For instance, the programming of PLC still relies on a conventional programming style with ladder logic diagrams. As a result, the delays and resources in programming are a major stumbling stone for the progress of manufacturing industry. Testing and debugging may consume over 50% of the manpower allocated for the PLC program design. Standards have been formed to fix and disseminate state-of-the-art design methods, but they normally cannot participate in advancing the knowledge of efficient program and system design.A systematic approach will increase the level of design automation through reusing existing software components, and will provide methods to make large-scale system design manageable. Likewise, it will improve software quality and reliability and will be relevant to systems high security standards, especially those having hazardous impact on the environment such as airport control, and public railroads.The software industry is regarded as a performance destructor and complexity generator. Steadily shrinking hardware prices spoils the need for software performance in terms of code optimization and efficiency. The result is that massive and less efficient software code on one hand outpaces the gains in hardware performance on the other hand. Secondly, software proliferates into complexity of unmanageable dimensions; software redesign and maintenance-essential in modern automation systems-becomes nearly impossible. Particularly, PLC programs have evolved from a couple lines of code 25 years ago to thousands of lines of code with a similar number of 1/O points. Increased safety, for instance new policies on fire protection, and the flexibility of modern automation systems add complexity to the program design process. Consequently, the life-cycle cost of software is a permanently growing fraction of the total cost. 80-90% of these costs are going into software maintenance, debugging, adaptation and expansion to meet changing needs中文翻译1968年，Richard E. Morley创造出了新一代工业控制装置可编程逻辑控制器(PLC),现在，PLC已经被广泛应用于工业领域，包括机械制造也、运输系统、化学过程设备、等许多其他领域。

自动化专业毕业设计外文翻译5

附录：中英文翻译英文Simulation-based Comparisons of Tahoe, Reno, and SACK TCPKevin Fall and Sally Floyd1 IntroductionIn this paper we illustrate some of the benefits of adding selective acknowledgment (SACK) to TCP. Current implementations of TCP use an acknowledgment number field that contains a cumulative acknowledgment, indicating the TCP receiver has received all of the data up to the indicated byte. A selective acknowledgment option allows receivers to additionally report non-sequential data they have received. When coupled with a selective retransmission policy implemented in TCP senders, This work was supported by the Director, office of Energy Re-search, Scientific Computing Staff, of the U.S. Department of Energy under considerable savings can be achieved Several transport protocols have provided for selective acknowledgment (SACK) of received data. These include NETBLT [CLZ87], XTP [SDW92], RDP [HSV84] and VMTP [Che88]. The first proposals for adding SACK to TCP [BJ88, BJZ90] were later removed from the TCP RFCs (Request For Comments) [BBJ92] pending further research. The cur-rent proposal for adding SACK to TCP is given in [MMFR96]. We use simulations to show how the SACK option define in [MMFR96] can be of substantial benefits relative to TCP without SACK.Without SACK, Reno TCP has performance problems when multiple packets are dropped from one window of data. These problems result from the need to await aretransmission timer expiration before re-initiating data flow. Situations in which this problem occurs are illustrated later in this paper (for example, see Section 6.4).Not all of Reno's performance problems are a necessary consequence of the absence of SACK. To show why, we implemented a variant of the Reno algorithms in our simulator, called New-Reno. Using a suggestion from Janey Hoe [Hoe95, Hoe96], New-Reno avoids many of the retransmit timeouts of Reno without requiring SACK. Nevertheless, New-Reno does not perform as well as TCP with SACK when a large number of packets are dropped from a window of data. The purpose of our discussion of New-Reno is to clarify the fundamental limitations of the absence of SACK. In the absence of SACK, both Reno and New-Reno senders can retransmit at most one dropped packet per round-trip time, even if senders recover from multiple drops in a window of data without waiting for a retransmit timeout. This characteristic is not shared by Tahoe TCP, which is not limited to retransmitting at most one dropped packet per round-trip time. However, it is a fundamental consequence of the absence of SACK that the sender has to choose between the following strategies to recover from lost data:1retransmitting at most one dropped packet per round-trip time, or2retransmitting packets that might have already been successfully delivered.To illustrate the advantages of TCP with SACK, we show simulations with SACK TCP, using the SACK implementation in our simulator. SACK TCP is based on a conservative extension of the Reno congestion control algorithms with the addition of selective acknowledgments and selective retransmission. With SACK, a sender has a better idea of exactly which packets have been successfully delivered as compared with comparable protocols lacking SACK. Given such information, a sender can avoid unnecessary delays and retransmissions, resulting in improved throughput. We believe the addition of SACK to TCP is one of the most important changes that should be made to TCP at this time to improve its performance.In Sections 2 through 5 we describe the congestion control and packet retransmission algorithms in Tahoe, Reno, New-Reno, and SACK TCP. Section 6 shows simulations with Tahoe, Reno, New-Reno, and SACK TCP in scenariosranging from one to four packets dropped from a window of data. Section 7 shows a trace of Reno TCP taken from actual Internet traffic, showing that the performance problems of Reno without SACK are of more than theoretical interest. Finally, Section 8 discusses possible future directions for TCP with selective acknowledgments, and Section 9 gives conclusions.2 Tahoe TCPModern TCP implementations contain a number of algorithms aimed at controlling network congestion while maintaining good user throughput. Early TCP implementations followed a go-back-n.model using cumulative positive acknowledgment and requiring a retransmit timer expiration to re-send data lost during transport. These TCPs did little to minimize network congestion.The Tahoe TCP implementation added a number of new algorithms and refinements to earlier implementations. The new algorithms include Slow-Start, Congestion Avoidance, and Fast Retransmit [Jac88]. The refinements include a modification to the round-trip time estimator used to set retransmission timeout values. All modifications have been described elsewhere [Jac88, Ste94].The Fast Retransmit algorithm is of special interest in this paper because it is modified subsequent versions of TCP. With Fast Retransmit, after receiving a small number of duplicate acknowledgments for the same TCP segment (dup ACKs), the data sender infers that a packet has been lost and retransmits the packet without waiting for a retransmission timer to expire, leading to higher channel utilization and connection throughput.3 Reno TCPThe Reno TCP implementation retained the enhancements incorporated into Tahoe, but modified the Fast Retransmit operation to include Fast Recovery [Jac90]. The new algorithm prevents the communication path (“pipe”) from going empty after Fast Retransmit, thereby avoiding the need to Slow-Start to refill it after a single packet loss. Fast Recovery operates by assuming each dup ACK received represents a single packet having left the pipe. Thus, during Fast Recovery the TCP sender is ableto make intelligent estimates of the amount of outstanding data.In Reno, the sender's usable window becomes other gateways that fail to monitor the average queue size) until the number of dup ACKs reaches tcprexmtthresh, and thereafter tracks the number of duplicate ACKs. Thus, during Fast Recovery the sender “inflate” its window by the number of dup ACKs it has received, according to the observation that each dup ACK indicates some packet has been removed from the network and is now cached at the receiver. After entering Fast Recovery and retransmitting a single packet, the sender effectively waits until half a window of dup ACKs have been received, and then sends a new packet for each additional dup ACK that is received.4 New-Reno TCPWe include New-Reno TCP in this paper to show how a simple change to TCP makes it possible to avoid some of the performance problems of Reno TCP without the addition of SACK. At the same time, we use New-Reno TCP to explore the fundamental limitations of TCP performance in the absence of SACK.The New-Reno TCP in this paper includes a small change to the Reno algorithm at the sender that eliminates Reno's wait for a retransmit timer when multiple packets are lost from a window [Hoe95, CH95]. The change concerns the sender's behavior during Fast Recovery when a partial ACK is received that acknowledges some but not all of the packets that were out-standing at the start of that Fast Recovery period. In Reno, partial ACKs take TCP out of Fast Recovery by “deflating” the usable window back to the size of the congestion window. In New-Reno, partial ACKs do not take TCP out of Fast Recovery. Instead, partial ACKs received during Fast Recovery are treated as an indication that the packet immediately following the acknowledged packet in the sequence space has been lost, and should be retransmitted. Thus, when multiple packets are lost from a single window of data, New-Reno can recover without a retransmission timeout, retransmitting one lost packet per round-trip time until all of the lost packets from that window have been retransmitted. New-Reno remains in Fast Recovery until all of the data outstanding when Fast Recovery was initiated has been acknowledged.The implementations of New-Reno and SACK TCP in our simulator also use a “maxburst” parameter. In our SACK TCP implementation, the “maxburst” parameter limits to four the number of packets that can be sent in response to a single incoming ACK, even if the sender's congestion window would allow more packets to be sent. In New-Reno, the “maxburst” parameter is set to four packets outside of Fast Recovery, and to two packets during Fast Recovery, to more closely reproduce the behavior of Reno TCP during Fast Recovery. The “maxburst” parameter is really only needed for the first window of packets that are sent after leaving Fast Recovery. If the sender had been prevented by the receiver's advertised window from sending packets during Fast Recovery, then, without “maxburst” ,it is possible for the sender to send a large burst of packets upon exiting Fast Recovery. This applies to Reno and New-Reno TCP, and to a lesser extent, to SACK TCP. In Tahoe TCP the Slow-Start algorithm prevents bursts after recovering from a packet loss. The bursts of packets upon exiting Fast Recovery with New-Reno TCP are illustrated in Section 6 in the simulations with three and four packet drops. Bursts of packets upon exiting Fast Recovery with Reno TCP are illustrated in [Flo95].5 SACK TCPThe SACK option follows the format in [MMFR96]. From [MMFR96], the SACK option field contains a number of SACK blocks, where each SACK block reports a non-contiguous set of data that has been received and queued. The first block in a SACK option is required to report the data receiver's most recently received segment, and the additional SACK blocks repeat the most recently reported SACK blocks [MMFR96]. In these simulations each SACK option is assumed to have room for three SACK blocks. When the SACK option is used with the Timestamp option specified for TCP Extensions for High Performance [BBJ92], then the SACK option has room for only three SACK blocks [MMFR96]. If the SACK option were to be used with both the Timestamp option and with T/TCP (TCP Extensions for Transactions) [Bra94], the TCP option space would have room for only two SACK blocks.The 1990 “Sack” TCP implementation on our previous simulator is from StevenMcCanne and Sally Floyd, and does not conform to the formats in [MMFR96]. The new “Sack1”implementation contains major contributions from Kevin Fall, Jamshid Mahdavi, and Matt Mathis.The congestion control algorithms implemented in our SACK TCP are a conservative extension of Reno's congestion control, in that they use the same algorithms for increasing and decreasing the congestion window,The SACK TCP implementation in this paper, called “Sack1”in our simulator, is also discussed in [Flo96b, Flo96a].and make minimal changes to the other congestion con-trol algorithms. Adding SACK to TCP does not change the basic underlying congestion control algorithms. The SACK TCP implementation preserves the properties of Tahoe and Reno TCP of being robust in the presence of out-of-order packets, and uses retransmit timeouts as the recovery method of last resort. The main difference between the SACK TCP implementation and the Reno TCP implementation is in the behavior when multiple packets are dropped from one window of data.中文翻译：1介绍在这篇论文中，我们将介绍使用选择重发（sack）选项的TCP协议的益处，拥塞控制，算法一般分为两类：基于窗口的和基于位率的拥塞控制算法，基于窗口的控制算法是通过源端限制数据报的传送，并且不应答。

自动化专业毕业设计(论文)外文翻译-----电子动力转向系统

自动化专业毕业设计（论文）外文翻译Electronic power steering systemWhat it isElectrically powered steering uses an electric motor to drive either the power steering HYPERLINK "/infobank/epc.htm" \t "_top" hydraulic pump or the steering linkage directly. The power steering function is therefore independent of engine speed, resulting in significant energy savings.How it works :Conventional power HYPERLINK "/infobank/epc.htm" \t "_top" steering systems use an engine accessory belt to drive the pump, providing pressurized fluid that operates a piston in the power steering gear or actuator to assist the driver.In electro-hydraulic steering, one electrically powered steering concept uses a high efficiencypump driven by an HYPERLINK "/infobank/epc.htm" \t "_top" electric motor. Pump speed is regulated by an electric controller to vary pump pressure and flow, providing steering efforts tailored for different driving situations. The pump can be run at low speed or shut off to provide energy savings during straight ahead driving (which is most of the time in most world markets).Direct electric steering uses an electric motor attached to the HYPERLINK "/infobank/epc.htm" \t "_top" steering rack via a gear mechanism (no pump or fluid). A variety of motor types and gear drives is possible. A microprocessor controls steering dynamics and driver effort. Inputs include vehicle speed and steering, wheel torque, angular position and turning rate.Working In Detail:A "steering sensor" is located on the input shaft where it enters the gearbox housing. The steering sensor is actually two sensors in one: a "torque sensor" that converts steering torque input and its direction into voltage signals, and a "rotation sensor" that converts the rotation speed and direction into voltage signals. An "interface" circuit that shares the same housing converts the signals from the torque sensor and rotation sensor into signals the control electronics can process. Inputs from the steering sensor are digested by a microprocessor control unit that also monitors input from the vehicle's HYPERLINK "/infobank/epc.htm" \t "_top" speed sensor. The sensor inputs are then compared to determine how much power assist is required according to a preprogrammed "force map" in the control unit's memory. The control unit then sends out the appropriate command to the " HYPERLINK "/infobank/epc.htm" \t "_top" power unit" which then supplies the electric motor with current. The motor pushes the rack to the right or left depending on which way the voltage flows (reversing the current reverses the direction the motor spins). Increasing the current to the motor increases the amount of power assist.The system has three operating modes: a "normal" control mode in which left or right power assist is provided in response to input from the steering torque and rotationsensor's inputs; a "return" control mode which is used to assist steering return after completing a turn; and a "damper" control mode that changes with vehicle speed to improve road feel and dampen kickback.If the steering wheel is turned and held in the full-lock position and steering assist reaches a maximum, the control unit reduces current to the electric motor to prevent an overload situation that might damage the motor. The control unit is also designed to protect the motor against voltage surges from a faulty HYPERLINK "/infobank/epc.htm" \t "_top" alternator or charging problem. The electronic steering control unit is capable of self-diagnosing faults by monitoring the system's inputs and outputs, and the driving current of the electric motor. If a problem occurs, the control unit turns the system off by actuating a fail-safe relay in the power unit. This eliminates all power assist, causing the system to revert back to manual steering. A dash EPS warning light is also illuminated to alert the driver. To diagnose the problem, a technician jumps the terminals on the service check connector and reads out the HYPERLINK "/infobank/epc.htm" \t "_top" trouble codes. INCLUDEPICTURE "/infobank/images/eps-18-4.gif" \* MERGEFORMATINETHYPERLINK "/infobank/images/c01e.gif" click here to see a bigger HYPERLINK "/infobank/images/c01e.gif"INCLUDEPICTURE "/infobank/images/c01e.gif" \*MERGEFORMATINETElectric power steering systems promise weight reduction, fuel savings and package flexibility, at no cost penalty.Europe's high fuel prices and smaller vehicles make a fertile testbed for electric steering, a technology that promises automakers weight savings and fuel economy gains. And in a short time, electric steering will make it to the U.S., too. "It's just just a matter of time," says AlyBadawy, director of research and development for Delphi Saginaw Steering Systems in Saginaw, Mich. "The issue was cost and that's behind us now. By 2002 here in the U.S. the cost of electric power steering will absolutely be a wash over hydraulic." Today, electric and hybrid-powered vehicles (EV), including Toyota's Prius and GM's EV-1, are the perfect domain for electric steering. But by 2010, a TRW Inc. internal study estimates that one out of every three cars produced in the world will be equipped with some form of electrically-assisted steering. The Cleveland-based supplier claims its new steering systems could improve fuel economy by up to 2 mpg, while enhancing handling. There are true bottom-line benefits as well for automakers by reducing overall costs and decreasing assembly time, since there's no need for pumps, hoses and fluids. Another claimed advantage is shortened development time. For instance, a Delphi group developed E-TUNE, a ride-and-handling software package that can be run off a laptop computer. "They can take that computer and plug it in, attach it to the controller and change all the handling parameters -- effort level, returnability, damping -- on the fly," Badawy says. "It used to take months." Delphi has one OEM customer that should start low-volume production in '99. HYPERLINK "/adlog/c/r=12640&s=790604&o=13886:14023:13888:15399:&h=c n&p=&b=14&l=&site=23&pt=&nd=&pid=&cid=&pp=100&e=&rqid=01c17-ad-e8480771F615DF093&orh=LINE&oepartner=&epartner=&ppartner=&pdom=&cpnmod ule=&count=&ra=10.15.56.33&t=2008.04.19.09.09.02/http://cm/ck/9 998-57911-18316-1?mpt=2008.04.19.09.09.02" \t "_blank" Electric steering units are normally placed in one of three positions: column-drive, pinion-drive and rack-drive. Which system will become the norm is still unclear. Short term, OEMs will choose the steering system that is easiest to integrate into an existing platform. Obviously, greater potential comes from designing the system into an all-new platform. "We have all three designs under consideration," says Dr. Herman Strecker, group vice president of steering systems division at ZF in SchwaebischGmuend, Germany. "It's up to the market and OEMs which version finally will be used and manufactured." "The large manufacturers have all grabbed hold of what they consider a core technology," explains James Handy sides, TRW vice president, electrically assisted steering in Sterling Heights, Mich. His company offers a portfolio of electric steering systems (hybrid electric, rack-, pinion-, and column-drive). TRW originally concentrated on what it still believes is the purest engineering solution for electric steering--the rack-drive system. The system is sometimes refer to as direct drive or ball/nut drive. Still, this winter TRW hedged its bet, forming a joint venture with LucasVarity. The British supplier received $50 million in exchange for its electric column-drive steering technology and as sets. Initial production of the column and pinion drive electric steering systems is expected to begin in Birmingham, England, in 2000."What we lack is the credibility in the steering market," says Brendan Conner, managing director, TRW/LucasVarity Electric Steering Ltd. "The combination with TRW provides us with a good opportunity for us to bridge that gap." LucasVarity currently has experimental systems on 11 different vehicle types, mostly European. TRW is currently supplying its EAS systems for Ford and Chrysler EVs in North America and for GM's new Opel Astra.In 1995, according to Delphi, traditional hydraulic power steering systems were on 7596 of all vehicles sold globally. That 37-million vehicle pool consumes about 10 million gallons in hydraulic fluid that could be superfluous, if electric steering really takes off. The present invention relates to an electrically powered drive mechamsm for providing powered assistance to a vehicle steering mechanism. According to one aspect of the present invention, there is provided an electrically powered driven mechanism for providing powered assistance to a vehicle steering mechanism having a manually rotatable member for operating the steering mechanism, the drive mechanism including a torque sensor operable to sense torque being manually applied to the rotatable member, an electrically powered drive motor drivingly connected to the rotatable member and a controller which is arranged to control the speed and direction of rotation of the drive motor in response to signals received from the torque sensor, the torque sensor including a sensor shaft adapted for connection to the rotatable member to form an extension thereof so that torque is transmitted through said sensor shaft when the rotatable member is manually rotated and a strain gauge mounted on the sensor shaft for producing a signal indicative of the amount of torque being transmitted through said shaft. Preferably the sensor shaft is non-rotatably mounted at one axial end in a first coupling member and is non-rotatably mounted at its opposite axial end in a second coupling member, the first and second coupling members being inter-engaged to permit limited rotation there between so that torque under a predetermined limit is transmitted by the sensor shaft onlyand so that torque above said predetermined limit is transmitted through the first and second coupling members. The first and second coupling members are preferably arranged to act as a bridge for drivingly connecting first and second portions of the rotating member to one another. Preferably the sensor shaft is of generally rectangular cross-section throughout the majority of its length. Preferably the strain gauge includes one or more SAW resonators secured to the sensor shaft. Preferably the motor is drivingly connected to the rotatable member via a clutch .Preferably the motor includes a gear box and is concentrically arranged relative to the rotatable member. Various aspects of the present invention will hereafter be described, with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which :Figure 1 is a diagrammatic view of a vehicle steering mechanism including an electrically powered drive mechanism according to the present invention, Figure 2 is a flow diagram illustrating interaction between various components of the drive mechanism shown in Figure 1 ,Figure 3 is an axial section through the drive mechanism shown in Figure 1, Figure 4 is a sectional view taken along lines IV-IV in Figure 3,Figure 5 is a more detailed exploded view of the input drives coupling shown in Figure 3, and Figure 6 is a more detailed exploded view of the clutch showing in Figure 3. Referring initially to Figure 1 , there is shown a vehicle steering mechanism 10 drivingly connected to a pair of steerable road wheels The steering mechanism 10 shown includes a rack and pinion assembly 14 connected to the road wheels 12 via joints 15. The pinion(not shown) of assembly 14 is rotatably driven by a manually rotatable member in the form of a steering column 18 which is manually rotated by a steering wheel 19.The steering column 18 includes an electric powered drive mechanism 30 which includes an electric drive motor (not shown in Figure 1) for driving the pinion in response to torque loadings in the steering column 18 in order to provide power assistance for the operative when rotating the steering wheel 19.As schematically illustrated in Figure 2, the electric powered drive mechanism includes a torque sensor20 which measures the torque applied by the steering column 18 when driving the pinion and supplies a signal to a controller 40. The controller 40 is connected to a drive motor 50 and controls the electric current supplied to the motor 50 to control the amount of torque generated by the motor 50 and the direction of its rotation. The motor 50 is drivingly connected to the steering column 18 preferably via a gear box 60, preferably an epicyclic gear box, and a clutch 70. The clutch 70 is preferably permanently engaged during normal operation and is operative under certain conditions to isolate drive from the motor 50 to enable the pinion to be driven manually through the drive mechanism 30. This is a safety feature to enable the mechanism to function in the event of the motor 50 attempting to drive the steering column too fast and/or in the wrong direction or in the case where themotor and/or gear box have seized.The torque sensor 20 is preferably an assembly including a short sensor shaft on which is mounted a strain gauge capable of accurately measuring strain in the sensor shaft brought about by the application of torque within a predetermined range. Preferably the predetermined range of torque which is measured is 0-lONm; more preferably is about l-5Nm.Preferably the range of measured torque corresponds to about 0-1000 microstrain and the construction of the sensor shaft is chosen such that a torque of 5Nm will result in a twist of less than 2° in the shaft, more preferably less than 1 ° .Preferably the strain gauge is a SAW resonator, a suitable SAW resonator being described inWO91/13832. Preferably a configuration similar to that shown in Figure 3 of WO91/13832 is utilised wherein two SAW resonators are arranged at 45°to the shaft axis and at 90°to one another. Preferably the resonators operate with a resonance frequency of between 200-400 MHz and are arranged to produce a signal to the controller 40 of 1 MHz ± 500 KHz depending upon the direction of rotation of the sensor shaft. Thus, when the sensor shaft is not being twisted due to the absence of torque, it produces a 1 MHz signal. When the sensor shaft is twisted in one direction it produces a signal between 1.0 to 1.5 MHz. When the sensor shaft is twisted in the opposite direction it produces a signal between 1.0 to 0.5 MHz. Thus the same sensor is able to produce a signal indicative of the degree of torque and also the direction of rotation of the sensor shaft. Preferably the amount of torque generated by the motor in response to a measured torque of between 0-10Nm is 0-40Nm and for a measured torque of between l-5Nm is 0-25Nm.Preferably a feed back circuit is provided whereby the electric current being used by the motor is measured and compared by the controller 40 to ensure that the motor is running in the correct direction and providing the desired amount of power assistance. Preferably the controller acts to reduce the measured torque to zero and so controls the motor to increase its torque output to reduce the measured torque. A vehicle speed sensor (not shown) is preferably provided which sends a signal indicative of vehicle speed to the controller. The controller uses this signal to modify the degree of power assistance provided in response to the measured torque. Thus at low vehicle speeds maximum power assistance will be provided and a high vehicle speeds minimum power assistance will be provided。

电气工程及其自动化专业毕业论文外文翻译

本科毕业设计（论文）中英文对照翻译院(系部) 工程学院专业名称电气工程及其自动化年级班级 11级2班学生姓名蔡李良指导老师赵波Infrared Remote Control SystemAbstractRed outside data correspondence the technique be currently within the scope of world drive extensive usage of a kind of wireless conjunction technique，drive numerous hardware and software platform support。

Red outside the transceiver product have cost low，small scaled turn, the baud rate be quick，point to point SSL，be free from electromagnetism thousand Raos etc. characteristics，can realization information at dissimilarity of the product fast，convenience, safely exchange and transmission, at short distance wireless deliver aspect to own very obvious of advantage. Along with red outside the data deliver a technique more and more mature，the cost descend，red outside the transceiver necessarily will get at the short distance communication realm more extensive of application。

机械设计制造及其自动化毕业论文中英文资料外文翻译

机械设计创造及其自动化毕业论文外文文献翻译INTEGRATION OF MACHINERY译文题目专业机械设计创造及其自动化外文资料翻译INTEGRATION OF MACHINERY（From ELECTRICAL AND MACHINERY INDUSTRY）ABSTRACTMachinery was the modern science and technology development inevitable result, this article has summarized the integration of machinery technology basic outline and the development background .Summarized the domestic and foreign integration of machinery technology present situation, has analyzed the integration of machinery technology trend of development.Key word： integration of machinery ，technology， present situation ，product t，echnique of manufacture ，trend of development0. Introduction modern science and technology unceasing development, impelled different discipline intersecting enormously with the seepage, has caused the project domain technological revolution and the transformation .In mechanical engineering domain, because the microelectronic technology and the computer technology rapid development and forms to the mechanical industry seepage the integration of machinery, caused the mechanical industry the technical structure, the product organization, the function and the constitution, the production method and the management systemof by machinery for the characteristic integration ofdevelopment phase.1. Integration of machinery outline integration of machinery is refers in the organization new owner function, the power function, in the information processing function and the control function introduces the electronic technology, unifies the system the mechanism and the computerization design and the software which constitutes always to call. The integration of machinery development also has become one to have until now own system new discipline, not only develops along with the science and technology, but also entrusts with the new content .But its basic characteristic may summarize is: The integration of machinery is embarks from the system viewpoint, synthesis community technologies and so on utilization mechanical technology, microelectronic technology, automatic control technology, computer technology, information technology, sensing observation and control technology, electric power electronic technology, connection technology, information conversion technology as well as software programming technology, according to the system function goal and the optimized organization goal, reasonable disposition and the layout various functions unit, in multi-purpose, high grade, redundant reliable, in the low energy consumption significance realize the specific function value, and causes the overall system optimization the systems engineering technology .From this produces functional system, then becomes an integration of machinery systematic or the integration of machinery product. Therefore, of coveringtechnology is based on the above community technology organic fusion one kind of comprehensive technology, but is not mechanical technical, the microelectronic technology as well as other new technical simple combination, pieces together .This is the integration of machinery and the machinery adds the machinery electrification which the electricity forms in the concept basic difference .The mechanical engineering technology has the merely technical to develop the machinery electrification, still was the traditional machinery, its main function still was replaces with the enlargement physical strength .But after develops the integration of machinery, micro electron installment besides may substitute for certain mechanical parts the original function, but also can entrust with many new functions,like the automatic detection, the automatic reduction information, demonstrate the record, the automatic control and the control automatic diagnosis and the protection automatically and so on .Not only namely the integration of machinery product is human's hand and body extending, human's sense organ and the brains look, has the intellectualized characteristic is the integration of machinery and the machinery electrification distinguishes in the function essence.2. Integration of machinery development condition integration of machinery development may divide into 3 stages roughly.20th century 60's before for the first stage, this stage is called the initial stage .In this time, the people determination not on own initiative uses the electronic technology the preliminary achievement to consummate the mechanical product the performance .Specially in Second World War period, the war has stimulated the mechanical product and the electronic technology union, these mechanical and electrical union military technology, postwar transfers civilly, to postwar economical restoration positive function .Developed and the development at that time generally speaking also is at the spontaneouscondition .Because at that time the electronic technology development not yet achieved certain level, mechanical technical and electronic technology union also not impossible widespread and thorough development, already developed the product was also unable to promote massively. The 20th century 70~80 ages for the second stage, may be called the vigorous development stage .This time, the computer technology, the control technology, the communication development, has laid the technology base for the integration of machinery development . Large-scale, ultra large scale integrated circuit and microcomputer swift and violent development, has provided the full material base for the integration of machinery development .This time characteristic is :①A mechatronics word first generally is accepted in Japan, probably obtains the quite widespread acknowledgment to 1980s last stages in the worldwide scale ;②The integration of machinery technology and the product obtained the enormous development ;③The various countries start to the integration of machinery technology and the product give the very big attention and the support. 1990s later periods, started the integration of machinery technology the new stagewhich makes great strides forward to the intellectualized direction, the integration of machinery enters the thorough development time .At the same time, optics, the communication and so on entered the integration of machinery, processes the technology also zhan to appear tiny in the integration of machinery the foot, appeared the light integration of machinery and the micro integration of machinery and so on the new branch; On the other hand to the integration of machinery system modeling design, the analysis and the integrated method, the integration of machinery discipline system and the trend of development has all conducted the thorough research .At the same time, because the hugeprogress which domains and so on artificial intelligence technology, neural network technology and optical fiber technology obtain, opened the development vast world for the integration of machinery technology .These research, will urge the integration of machinery further to establish the integrity the foundation and forms the integrity gradually the scientific system. Our country is only then starts from the beginning of 1980s in this aspect to study with the application .The State Councilsummary had considered fully on international the influence which and possibly brought from this about the integration of machinery technology developmenttrend .Many universities, colleges and institutes, the development facility and some large and middle scale enterprises have done the massive work to this technical development and the application, does not yield certain result, but and so on the advanced countries compared with Japan still has the suitable disparity.3. Integration of machinery trend of development integrations of machinery are the collection machinery, the electron, optics, the control, the computer, the information and so on the multi-disciplinary overlapping syntheses, its development and the progress rely on and promote the correlation technology development and the progress .Therefore, the integration of machinery main development direction is as follows:3.1 Intellectualized intellectualizations are 21st century integration of machinery technological development important development directions .Theartificial intelligence obtains day by day in the integration of machinery constructor's research takes, the robot and the numerical control engine bedis to the machine behavior description, is in the control theory foundation, the absorption artificial intelligence, the operations research, the computer science, the fuzzy mathematics, the psychology, the physiology and the chaos dynamics and so on the new thought, the new method, simulate the human intelligence, enable it to have abilities and so on judgment inference, logical thinking, independent decision-making, obtains the higher control goal in order to .Indeed, enable the integration of machinery product to have with the human identical intelligence, is not impossible, also is nonessential .But, the high performance, the high speed microprocessor enable the integration of machinery product to have preliminary intelligent or human's partial intelligences, then is completely possible and essential.In the modern manufacture process, the information has become the control manufacture industry the determining factor, moreover is the most active actuation factor .Enhances the manufacture system information-handling capacity to become the modern manufacture science development a key point .As a result of the manufacture system information organization and structure multi-level, makes the information the gain, the integration and the fusion presents draws up the character, information measure multi-dimensional, as well as information organization's multi-level .In the manufacture information structural model, manufacture information uniform restraint, dissemination processing and magnanimous data aspects and so on manufacture knowledge library management, all also wait for further break through.Each kind of artificial intelligence tool and the computation intelligence method promoted the manufacture intelligence development in the manufacture widespread application .A kind based on the biological evolution algorithm computation intelligent agent, in includes thescheduling problem in the combination optimization solution area of technology, receives the more and more universal attention, hopefully completes the combination optimization question when the manufacture the solution speed and the solution precision aspect breaks through the question scale in pairs the restriction .The manufacture intelligence also displays in: The intelligent dispatch, the intelligent design, the intelligent processing, the robot study, the intelligent control, the intelligent craft plan, the intelligent diagnosis and so on are various These question key breakthrough, may form the product innovation the basic research system. Between 2 modern mechanical engineering front science different science overlapping fusion will have the new science accumulation, the economical development and society's progress has had the new request and the expectation to the science and technology, thus will form the front science .The front science also has solved and between the solution scientific question border area .The front science has the obvious time domain, the domain and the dynamic characteristic .The project front science distinguished in the general basic science important characteristic is it has covered the key science and technology question which the project actual appeared.Manufacture system is a complex large-scale system, for satisfies the manufacture system agility, the fast response and fast reorganization ability, must profit from the information science, the life sciences and the social sciences and so on the multi-disciplinary research results, the exploration manufacture system new architecture, the manufacture pattern and the manufacture system effective operational mechanism .Makes the system optimization the organizational structure and the good movement condition is makes the system modeling , the simulation and the optimized essential target .Not only the manufacture system new architecture to makes the enterprise the agility and may reorganize ability to the demand response ability to have the vital significance, moreover to made the enterprise first floor production equipment the flexibility and may dynamic reorganization ability set a higher request .The biological manufacture view more and more many is introduced the manufacture system, satisfies the manufacture system new request.The study organizes and circulates method and technique of complicated system from the biological phenomenon, is a valid exit which will solve many hard nut to cracks that manufacturing industry face from now on currently .Imitating to living what manufacturing point is mimicry living creature organ of from the organization, from match more, from growth with from evolution etc. function structure and circulate mode of a kind of manufacturing system and manufacturing process.The manufacturing drives in the mechanism under, continuously by one's own perfect raise on organizing structure and circulating mode and thus to adapt the process of[with] ability for the environment .For from descend but the last product proceed together a design and make a craft rules the auto of the distance born, produce system of dynamic state reorganization and product and manufacturing the system tend automatically excellent provided theories foundation and carry out acondition .Imitate to living a manufacturing to belong to manufacturing science and life science of"the far good luck is miscellaneous to hand over", it will produce to the manufacturing industry for 21 centuries huge of influence .机电一体化摘要机电一体化是现代科学技术发展的必然结果,本文简述了机电一体化技术的基本概要和发展背景。

自动化专业毕业设计外文翻译--输入力矩受限的机器人鲁棒自适应控制

外文文献原文Limited torque input Robust Adaptive Tracking Control ofRobotAbstractBased on input constraints, a novel robust-adaptive tracking control algorithm is proposed for robot manipulators since stability if the standard adaptive control system is problematic when some disturbance exists. The proposed controller stabilizes the system with some disturbance and guarantees asymptotic stability in the case if non-disturbance. Robust-adaptive algorithm can be received as the extension of the conventional adaptive scheme. The estimated parameters enter the controller non-linearly and the resulting closed-loop system. The algorithm provides further flexibility fir adaptive controller design and better transient performance and robustness to disturbance and error of estimated parameter-region especially. Simulation results demonstrate it effectiveness.Keywords: Adaptive control; robot manipulator; parametric uncertainties; robust-adaptive;So far, almost all of the controller design is based on joint drive to produceany torque on the basis of; and is subject to the physical conditions, the output of the drive torque is limited, so the controller may lead to the control failure or deterioration of the quality control.Therefore the controller design must take into account the limited joint drive dynamic capability.For example, the operation of the industry to help the robot, some parameters are uncertain or unknown, adaptive control is based on the estimated parameters to deal with such issues one of the main control strategy, using the robot dynamic equations of linear parametric nature, through an integral operator estimates the robot parameters. As integral part of the role in the continued interference conditions, stability control system is not easy, so appropriate to limit or adjust the integral part of the role of the adaptive system to achieve an effective means of stabilization. Son ah estimated parameters can limit the extent required, thereby increasing the robustness of adaptive control system. However, this algorithm has six switch component, a little complicated, but really is the parameter is not specified range, it cannot give the system control quality and robustness of information.This paper presents a simple robust adaptive control algorithm, when the estimated parameters field contains the parameters of the true value, the closed-loop system to achieve asymptotically stable tracking; when there is interference or the estimated parameters with the true value of free parameter that is when the error system is stable.1. MANIPULATOR DYNAMIC MODEL AND CHARACTERISTIC MODELConsider a robotic manipulator with n degrees of freedom. The continuous Lagrange dynamic model is given by()(,)()M q q C q q q G q u ++= Where q ∈R n and q ∈R nare the vector of generalized joint coordinates and velocity coordinates, respectively. The inertia matrix M(q)-M T (q)> 0 ，and there exist two constant positive scalars M min and M max such that minM ≤M ≤max M , nu R ∈is the vector of commanded generalized force, and (,)C q qq andG(q) are the terms due to Carioles, Centripetal and gravity forces. In actual application, the uncertain parameters and un-modeled dynamics usually exist in the established dynamic model in (1).When the sample time sT is small enough, at instant t=k s T q and q can be approximated by()(1)s q k q k q T --≈ and 2(1)2()(1)s q k q k q k qT +-+-≈ . Respectively Using the above relationships thediscrete-time representation of (1) becomes ()()()()()()()()()()12211S M q k q k f k q k f k q k G k u k T '∙+--+=(2a) Premultiplying(2a) by ()()21sT mM q k -results in()()()()()()()()1211q k f k q k f k q k G k k u k β'+---+- where()()()()()()112,s f k I T M q k C q k qk -=- , ()()()()()()12,s f k I T M q k C q k qk -=-+ ()()()()()()()()2121s s G k T M q k G q k k T Mq k β--'==and I denotes the unitary diagonal matrix with an appropriate dimension.If the designed (),,u t q q (),,u t q q is continuous in t ,q and q , then the solution (q,q ) of (1) will be continuously differentiable. Let()()()1,,W q qM q C q q -= and (),ij w q q be ij-th element of matrix (),ij W q q ; We define()()()()11111SF k f k f k T =--and then ΔF1(k) can be expressed as()()()()()()()1,1,1F k W q k qk W q k q k =--- For the ij-th element Δf1,ij(k) of matrix ΔF1(k)we can get()()()()()()()()1,,1,1ij ij ij f k w q k qk w q k q k =---- =()()()()()()()1111,|1ij q q k T qq k w q qq k q k q ςς=-=-∂---∂()()()()()()()1111,|1ij q q k T qq k w q qq k q k q ςς=-=-∂---∂ =()()()()()11211,|1ij s q q k T qq k w q q T q k q ςςς=-=-∂--∂ ()()()()()11311,|1ij s q q k T qq k w q qT q k q ςςς=-=-∂--∂with 0≤1ς≤1,and 2ς,3ς≈1 for a small sample time Ts . From (3), it can beseen that ΔF1(k)→0 as Ts converges to zero in a compact set of (),q q(),q q.Similar properties can also be achieved for the coefficient matrixes f2(k),()G k '()G k ' and β (k) .In a compact set of (),q q, the following properties can be deduced from (3)and the expressions of the coefficient matrixes of (2b):Property 1: If the sample time Ts is small enough,then all coefficient matrixes of (2b) are slowly time varying;Property 2: f1(k)→2I,f2(k)→ −I and f1(k)+f2(k)→I, as the sample time Ts converges to zero. Then we can define the discrete equation (2b) with Properties 1 and 2 as the robotic manipulator characteristic model.2. MULTI-VARIABLE GSA CONTROLLER WITH NN COMPENSATIONDiscrete equation (2b) can be expressed as follows:()()()()1T q k k k e k θφ+=+()()()()1T q k k k e k θφ+=+ (4) Where()()()()()12,,,Tk f k f k k G k θβ'=⎡⎤⎣⎦,()()()(),1,,1TT T T Tk q k q k u k φ⎡⎤=--⎣⎦,e(k) denotes the vector of white noise with zero mean. In the case of ()G k ' ≡0, ()k θand ()k φ can be reduced to()()()()12,,Tk f k f k k θβ=⎡⎤⎣⎦()()()(),1,,TT T Tk q k q k u k φ⎡⎤=-⎣⎦Then the elements of q(k +1) can be expressed as()()()()1i i j q k k k e k φθ+=+ (5)wherei = 1,…,n, i q (k+1)) is the element i of q(k +1), ()i e k is the element i of e(k) and ()i k θ is the column i of the matrix()()()()()()()()()()()11111T T TP k k k P k p k k p k k k P k k φφλλφφ-⎡⎤--=∙--⎢⎥+-⎢⎥⎣⎦()k Θ . When the coefficient matrixes are unknown, it can be estimated by()ˆk Θ=π (q(k),q(k−1),...,u(k−1),...) , (6a) where ()ˆk Θis the estimated coefficie nt matrix of Θ(k) at the instant t=kTs , and ()π∙ denotes an estimation operator. Considering the coefficient matrixesof the characteristic model being slowly time-varying, we can obtain the selected estimation operator by the weighted least squares method (WLS)[13], namely()()()()()()()()()()()()1ˆ111i i i i TP k k k k q k k k k k P k k φθθφθλφφ-+=+∙+-+-, ()()()()()()()()()()()11111T T TP k k k P k p k k p k k k P k k φφλλφφ-⎡⎤--=∙--⎢⎥+-⎣⎦with λ(k+1)=μ0λ(k)+(1−μ0), 0<μ0 ≤1, and ()ˆik θ the column i of the matrix ()ˆk Θ. Given a desired smooth trajectory ()d q t , the adaptive control controller is designed as follows()()()()T G c u k u k u k u k =++ (7)with the feed forward control law designedas()()()()()()()()()()112ˆˆˆ11T d d du k k k I q k f k q k f k q k βε-=+∙+---(7a) and the multi-variable GSAC feedback law as()()()()()()()()()()11122ˆˆˆˆ1Gdu k k k I L fk q k L f k q k G k βε-'=+∙--+ (7b)where ()()()d qk q k q k =- is the tracking error andε(k) >0 is a small scalar that avoids the estimated matrix ()ˆk β being singular. The term of ()cu k will be designed later; L1 and L2 are golden-section coefficients, that is,210.6182L =≈130.3822L =≈, 210.6182L =≈,which satisfy the relationship L1+L2=1 and 212L L = Substituting (7) into (2), we can get()()()()()()()()22112111s c M q k q k L f qk L f q k k T u k +---=- (8)()()()()()()()()()()()()()()()()()()()()()()()()()()()()()()()()()11121222122122ˆˆˆ11d s c k M q k M k q k M q k f M k f k L q k L q k M q k s k M q k L f k s k M q k L I f k f k q k k T u k M q k L f k s k =-+--++=----+-=- ()()()()()()()()()()()()()()()2212ˆˆˆˆ11d M q k f M k f k L q k L q k M q k G k M k G q k ---+-+-and ()()()()12ˆˆsM k T k k I βε-=+.Defining the tracking filtered error s(k +1) as and using the relationships L1+L2=1 and 212L L =,212L L = (8) can be expressed as()()()()()()()()()()()()()222121M q k s k M q k L f k s k M q k L I f k f k qk +=---- ()()21s c k T u k +- =()()()()22M q k L f k s k - (9)()()()()()()()()2212ˆˆˆs c M q k L I f k f k q k k T u k +--+- Which()()()()()()()()1212k k M q k L I f k f k qk =--- ()()()()()()212ˆˆˆM q k L I f k f k q k +-- Assuming ,()()()ˆM k M q k =,()()()()()11ˆˆM k f k M q k f k = and ()()()()()22ˆˆM k f k M q k f k =,if ()c u k is selected as ()()()()()()()2212ˆˆˆc s u k T M q k L I f k f k q k -=-- then Δ(k) = 0 , and then (9) can be written as()()()221s k L f k s k +=-()()()221s k L f k s k +=- (10)Since in Property 2 ()2f k I →-()2f k I →-as Ts → 0 in a compact set of (),q q(),q q , a small sample time Ts can be selected such that the inequality ()221L f k < can be satisfied. Therefore, the tracking filtered error s(k)asymptotically converges to zero in this case. The convergence of s(k) to zero in turn guarantees the convergence of q(k) to zero. Because of the dynamics of the estimator and the time-varying coefficients of the characteristic model, it is almost impossible to satisfy the above assumptions. Therefore, we can design a suitable compensation control law ()c u k to avoid possibly the case that the control performance is deteriorated or that the close loop system is even unstable due to the estimation errors. Hence ()c u k is designed as()()()()()()()()()()()2212ˆˆˆc s i i i u k T M k L I f k f k q k k k Ty k k ψδ-=--+=+()()()111s k q k L q k +=+-()()()()()()()()2212ˆˆˆc s u k T M k L I f k f k q k k -=--+ (11) where ()ˆkis the estimate of Δ(k) . Assuming Δ(k) is smooth enough and bounded, it then can be approximated by the linearly parameterized NN to any required degree of accuracy [6,14]. Then the element Δi(k) of Δ(k) can be expressed as()()()i i i k Ty k k ψδ=+ (12)where i= 1,…n, T n i R ψψ∈ is the column i of the optimal NN weightmatrix,1T n ψψψψ⎡⎤=⎣⎦…,.Activation functions ()()(),,Tn y k y k y k ψ⎡⎤=⎣⎦… represent the basis function vector, which can be selected as any one of Gaussian radial basis, B-spine basis, Wavelet basis, and etc. [14], and δi (k) denotes the element I of the NN reconstruction error vectork δ(k), namely()()()1,T n k k k δδδ=⎡⎤⎣⎦…, .Using compensation control law ()c u k , (9) can be written as ()()()()()()()221M q k s k M q k L f k s k +=-()()11ˆˆ,Tn n y k k ψψψψψψδ⎡⎤+--+⎣⎦… (13) Where ()ˆi k ψis the estimate of i ψ, and ()max sup i kk ψδδ=<∞ An estimate ()ˆi k ψis now obtained by minimizing the cost function ()()()()1112T J s k M q k s k =++ (14)After substituting (13) into (14), the gradient of the cost function in (14) is derived as()()1ˆT Jy k s k ψ∂=-+∂ (15) According to the gradient descent method the NN weight adaptation law can be designed as()()()()ˆˆ11T k k y k s k ψψα+=++ (16) with α > 0 . Then the compensation control law ()c u k in (11) can bewritten as()()()()()()()()2122211ˆˆTc s su k M k L I f k f k qk k y k T T ψ=--+ (17) In view of the case ()()12ˆˆ0I fk f k --≈ the term ()cu k can be simplified as()()()21ˆTc su k k y k T ψ=4. SIMULATION RESULTSConsider a planar, two-link, articulated manipulator as in [3] (as presented in Fig. 1), whose dynamics can be written explicitly as()1112111212212222210M M qq u hq h q q M M q q u hq --+⎛⎫⎛⎫⎛⎫⎛⎫⎛⎫+= ⎪ ⎪⎪ ⎪ ⎪⎝⎭⎝⎭⎝⎭⎝⎭⎝⎭Where122123242cos sin M M a a q a q ==++ 11132322cos 2sin M a a q a q =++ 222M a =3242sin cos h a q a q =-With 22211111c e e ce e a I m l I m l m l =++++,22e e ce a I m l =+31cos e ce e a m l l δ=,41sin e ce e a m l l δ=,111,1,2,30,e e m l m δ==== 110.12,0.5,0.25,c e I I I ===and 0.6ce l =. In the simulation, the sample time Ts = 2ms, the initial values and the parameters of the estimator and the controller are selected as P(0) =1×310I,λ(0) = 0.96 , μ0 = 0.98 , the anti -singularity factors(k) can be designed as ε(k) =5×610-exp(−kTs).According to the Property 2, the initial estimate values of the characteristicmodel coefficient matrixes are chosen as ()()12ˆˆ02,0f I f I ==-A basis set of activation function y(k) can be selected as in the Random Vector Function Link net [16], namely,()()()T y k V X k σ= (19) with V a randomly selected matrix and X(k) the NN input vector. ()σ∙can be chosen as the h yperbolic tangent function, and X(k) can be taken as()()()()(),1,,,1TT T T Td d X k q k q k q k q k ⎡⎤=-⎣⎦.The adaptation gain for the NN weight tuning is taken as α = 0.005 , and the initial values of the weights are set to zeros.The desired trajectory is chosen as()()()301cos 2,451cos 2T d q t t t ππ⎡⎤=--⎣⎦(20)外文翻译输入力矩受限的机器人鲁棒自适应控制摘要在输入力矩受限的情况下，提出一种全的简单鲁棒自适应控制算法。

自动化专业毕业设计外文翻译--使用连续小波变换在配电系统中故障定位(中文)

中文6710字毕业设计（论文）外文翻译On the use of continuous-wavelet transform for fault location in distributiong power systems使用连续小波变换在配电系统中故障定位出处：International Journal of Electrical Power & Energy Systems, 2006, 28(9): 608-617使用连续小波变换在配电系统中故障定位a a a ab a R L M A C S A 蒂纳雷利布莱特保罗努奇科希博尔盖蒂.,.,.,..,.,.,*a 意大利波洛尼亚viale Risorgimento 2，40136波洛尼亚大学电气工程系，b 意大利米兰 CESI收于2006年3月31日;接受2006年3月31日摘要该论文说明了连续小波变换（CWT ）为分析由于线路故障引起电压瞬变得基本步骤并讨论了其应用于配电系统故障定位。

所进行的分析实现在网络中显示存在相关典型频率的连续小波变换转换信号和特殊路径代替转换小波引起的故障。

本文提出了一种在MV 离散系统中利用以上所提到的相关性确定MV 配电系统故障定位的步骤。

在本文中分析MV 离散系统是准确地以EMPT 模型为代表，以及研究各种故障类型和网络特点。

本文介绍了一些也基本测量概念和故障定位标准系统的分布式结构。

关键词：故障测距;配电系统;连续小波变换;电磁暂态;分布式测控系统1. 导言近年来中压配电网络的故障定位是一个日益受到重视研究话题，由于既要最严的质量的要求并要提供改进测量和监测系统。

此外，在网络需检修的传统程序的基础上增加的安装分布式发电资源自动开关系统。

最有前途的解决这个大家关注问题的方法似乎是在离散系统中运用适当的信号处理技术引起电压/电流瞬变产生的短路事件并记录在一个或更多的位置。

电气自动化专业毕业设计英文翻译

Computer control technology1 Computer structure and functionThis section introduces the internal architecture of a computer and describes how instructions are stored and interpreted and explains how the instruction execution cycle is broken down into its various components.At the most basic level, a computer simply executes binary-coded results. For a general-purpose programmable computer, four necessary elements are the memory, central processing unit (CPU, or simply processor), an external processor bus, and an input/output system as indicated in Fig.3-1 A-1.Fig. 3-1A-1 Basic elements of a computerThe memory stores instructions and data.The CPU reads and interprets the instructions, reads the data required by each instruction, executes the action required by the instruction, and stores the results back in memory. One of the actions that is required of the CPU is to read data from or write data to an external device. This is carried out using the input/output system.The external processor bus is a set of electric conductors that carries data, address and control information between the other computer elements.1-1 The memoryThe memory of a computer consists of a set of sequentially numbered locations. Each location is a register in which binary information can be stored. The “number”of a location is called its address. The lowest address is 0. The manufacturer defines a word length for the processor that is an integral number of locations long. In each word the bits can represent either data or instructions. For the Intel 8086/87 and Motorola MC6800 microprocessors, a word is 16 bits long, but each memory locationhas only 8 bits and thus two 8-bit locations must be accessed to obtain each data word. In order to use the contents of memory, the processor must fetch the contents of the right location. To carry out a fetch, the processor places (enables) the binary-coded address of the desired location onto the address lines of the external processor bus. The memory then allows the contents of the addressed memory location to be read by the processor. The process of fetching the contents of a memory location does not alter the contents of that location.Instructions in memory Instructions stored in memory are fetched by the CPU and unless program branches occur, they are executed in the sequence they appear in memory. An instruction written as a binary pattern is called a machine-language instruction. One way to achieve meaningful patterns is to divide up the bits into fields as indicated in Fig. 3-1A-2, with each field containing a code for a different type of information.0001 0101 1000 XXXX 0100 0001 1000 XXXX 0011 XXXX XXXX 0100 Fields Opcode Immediate code Operand data Branch addressSet ‘5’ in location 8 Subtract ‘1’ f rom location 8 If zero, bran ch to location 416-bit instruction words... ... XXXX : not u sed (or “don ’t care”)Fig. 3-1A-2 Arrangement of program and data in memoryEach instruction in our simple computer can be divided up into four fields of 4 bits each. Each instruction can contain operation code (or opcode, each instruction has a unique opcode), operand address, immediate operands, branch address.In a real instruction set there are many more instructions. There is also a much large number of memory locations in which to store instructions and data. In order to increase the number of memory locations, the address fields and hence theinstructions must be longer than 16 bits if we use the same approach. There are a number of ways to increase the addressing range of the microprocessor without increasing the instruction length: variable instruction field, multiword instructions, multiple addressing modes, variable instruction length. We will not discuss them in detail.Data in memory data is information that is represented in memory as a code. For efficient use of the memory space and processing time, most computers provide the capability of manipulating data of different lengths and representations in memory. The various different representations recognized by the processor are called its data types. The data types normally used are: bit, binary-coded decimal digit (4-bit nibble, BCD), byte (8 bits), word (2 bytes), double word (4 bytes).Some processors provide instructions that manipulate other data types such as single-precision floating-point data types (32bits) and double-precision floating-point data types (64 bits). There is another type of data—character data. It is also usually represented in 8 bits. Each computer terminal key and key combination (such as shift and control functions) on a standard terminal keyboard has a 7-bits code defined by the American Standard Code for Information Interchange (ASCII).Type of memory In the applications of digital control system, we also concerned with the characteristics of different memory techniques. For primary memory, we need it to be stored information temporarily and to be written and got information from successive or from widely different locations. This type memory is called random-access memory (RAM). In some case we do not want the information in memory to be lost. So we are willing to use special techniques to write into memory. If writing is accomplished only once by physically changing connections, the memory is called a read-only memory (ROM). If the interconnection pattern can be programmed to be set, the memory is called a programmable read-only memory (PROM). If rewriting can be accomplished when it is necessary, we have an erasable programmable read-only memory (EPROM). An electronically erasable PROM is abbreviated EEPROM.1-2 The CPUThe CPU’s job is to fetch instructions from memory and execute these instructions. The structure of the CPU is shown in Fig. 3-1A-3. It has four main components: an arithmetic and logical unit (ALU), a set of registers, an internal processor bus and controller.Fig.3-1A-3 Central processing unit (CPU)These and other components of the CPU and their participation in the instruction cycle are described in the following sections.Arithmetic and Logical Unit (ALU) The ALU provides a wide arithmetic operations, including add, subtract, multiply, and divide. It can also perform Boolean logic operations such as AND, OR, and COMPLEMENT on binary data. Other operations, such as word compares, are also available. The majority of computer tasks involve the ALU, but a great amount of data movement is required in order to make use of the ALU instructions.Registers A set of registers inside the CPU in used to store information.Instruction register When an instruction is fetched, it is copied into the instruction register, where it is decoded. Decoding means that the operation code is examined and used to determine the steps of the execution sequence.Programmer’s model of the CPU The collection of registers that can be examined or modified by a programmer is called the programmer’s model of the CPU.The only registers that can be manipulated by the instruction set, or are visibly affected by hardware inputs or the results of operations upon data, are the registers represented in the model.Flag register The execution sequence is determined not only by the instruction but also by the results of the previous instructions. For example, if an addition is carried out in the ALU, data on the result of the addition (whether the result is positive, negative, or zero, for example) is stored in what is known as a flag register, status register, or condition register. If the next instruction is a conditional branch instruction, the flag word is tested in that instruction to determine if a branch if a branch is required.Program counter (instruction pointer)The address of the next instruction is located in a register called the program counter.Data registers When an instruction uses the registers to store data, the reference to the register in the instruction is called register addressing. The reasons of making use of the internal registers to store data are that they can make the instructions shorter and make execution faster.Address registers The internal registers can also be used for the storage of address of data in memory data. In such a case, the instruction word contains a register number (i.e. a register address). In the register is contained the address of memory data to be used in the instruction. This form of addressing is called register indirect addressing. The contents of the register are said to point to the data in memory.Internal Processor Bus The internal processor bus moves data between internal register. A bus is a set of closely grouped electric conductors that transfers data, address, and control information between functional blocks of the CPU. Data from a source register can be passed to a destination register when both are enabled onto (connected to) the bus.Controller The controller provides the proper sequence of control signals for each instruction in a program cycle to be fetched from memory. A total program cycle comprises many instruction cycle, each instruction cycle can be divided up into itscomponent machine cycles and each machine cycle comprises a number of clock cycle.In order to fetch an instruction, for example illustrated in Fig.3-1A-4, the address in the program counter is placed on the address lines of the external bus (AB) at the onset of clock cycle C1. Simultaneously, using a code on the control lines of the bus (CB), the CPU informs all devices attached to the bus that an “opcode” fetch machine cycle is being executed by the CPU. The memory allows the memory address to select the memory location containing the instruction. At C2 the controller places a “read”command onto the control bus which allows the memory data to be placed onto the data bus. The controller then gates the data into the instruction register and removes the read command from the control bus in C3. At C4, the controller removes the address from the address bus and begins to decode the operation-code portion of the instruction to see what steps are required for execution. The decoding operation may take several more clock cycle at the end of which the “opcode fetch” machine cycle.Fig. 3-1A-4 A timing diagram for "operation-code fetch "External attention requests It is often necessary to stop the normal instruction processing sequence. One type of external attention request is the reset request. In thecase of an unrecoverable error, a computer system may be required to reset itself .This would have the effect of initializing all important registers in the system and starting instruction execution from a standard memory location-usually location 0.An input that is more commonly activated during the normal course of events is the interrupt request. An interrupt request signal from an external device can cause the CPU to immediately execute a service subroutine which carries out the necessary actions. After completing the service subroutine, the processor will continue the task from which it was originally interrupted.The third type of input is the bus request, or direct memory access(DMA) request. It is possible to have a terminal interface that stores up all the characters in a line of text until it receives a "carriage return." Then the interface requests the use of the system bus, at which time the complete line of data is transferred to memory as fast as possible. In this way the processor simply becomes inactive until the transfer is completed.1-3 BusesThe bus is the most important communication system in a computer system. Under control of the CPU, a data source device and a data destination device are "enabled" onto(equivalent to being connected to) the bus wires for a short transmission.External processor bus The internal processor bus described in Sec. is connected to the external processor bus by a set of bus buffers located on the microprocessor integrated circuit.System bus The microcomputer board can communicate with other boards by connecting its bus to an external system bus through a connector.1-4Computer Input and OutputA set of registers external to the CPU is associated with what is known as the input/output (I/O) system. The I/O system is connected to the external processor bus using control, address, and data buses through an I/O registers in an interface. There are basically two ways that are used to address I/O register.In the first method, called I/O-mapped input/output, the operation code itself hasspecial I/O instructions that address a numbered register in the interface called an I/O port.The second method of addressing I/O registers gives the I/O ports addresses that lie within the memory address range of the CPU. This is called memory-mapped I/O. Of course there must not be any memory locations at the same address as I/O locations.One of the benefits of the memory-mapped approach is that the full range of memory addressing modes is available to the addressing of I/O registers.2Fundamentals of Computer and Networks2-1 Organization of Computer SystemA computer is a fast and accurate symbol manipulating system that is organized to accept, store, and process data and produce output results under the direction of a stored program of instructions. This section explains why a computer is a system and how a computer system is organized. Key elements in a computer system include input, processing, and output devices. Let's examine each component of the system in more detail.Input Devices Computer system use many devices for input purpose. Some INPUT DEVICES allow direct human/machine communication, while some first require data to be recorded on an input medium such as a magnetizable material. Devices that read data magnetically recorded on specially coated plastic tapes or flexible or floppy plastic disks are popular. The keyboard of a workstation connected directly to (or ONLINE to) a computer is an example of a direct input device. Additional direct input devices include the mouse, input pen, touch screen, and microphone. Regardless of the type of device used, all are components for interpretation and communication between people and computer systems.Central Processing Unit The heart of any computer system is the central processing unit (CPU). There are three main sections found in the CPU of a typical personal computer system: the primary storage section, the arithmetic-logic section,and the control section. But these three sections aren't unique to personal computers. They are found in CPUs of all sizes.Output Device Like input units, output device are instruments of interpretation and communication between humans and computer system of all size. These device take output results from the CPU in machine-coded form and convert them into a form that can be used (a) by people (e.g. a printed and /or displayed report) or (b) as machine input in another processing cycle.In personal computer systems, display screen and desktop printers are popular output devices. Larger and faster printers, many on-line workstations, and magnetic tape drives commonly found in large systems.The input/output and secondary storage units are sometimes called peripheral devices (or just peripherals). This terminology refers to the fact that although these devices are not a part of the CPU, they are often located near it. Besides, a computer system also includes buses, ROM(read only memory), RAM(random access memory), parallel port and serial port, hard disk, floppies and CD(compact disk)drive, and so on.2-2 Operating SystemOperating systems have developed over the past thirty years for two main purposes. First, they provide a convenient environment for the development and execution of programs. Second, operating systems attempt to schedule computational activities to ensure good performance of the computing system.The operating system must ensure correct operation of the computer system. To prevent user programs form interfering with the proper operation of the system, the hardware was modified to create two modes: user mode and monitor mode. Various instructions (such as I/O instructions and halt instructions) are privileged and can only be executed in monitor mode. The memory in which the monitor resides must also be protected from modification by the user. A timer prevents infinite loops. Once these changes (dual mode, privileged instructions, memory protection, timer interrupt) have been made to the basic computer architecture, it is possible to write a correct operating system.As we have stated, operating systems are normally unique to their manufacturers and the hardware in which they are run. Generally, when a new computer system is installed, operational software suitable to that hardware is purchased. Users want reliable operational software that can effectively support their processing activities.Though operational software varies between manufacturers, it has similar characteristics. Modern hardware, because of its sophistication, requires that operating systems meet certain specific standards. For example, considering the present state of the field, an operating system must support some form of on-line processing. Functions normally associated with operational software are:1)Job management;2)Resource management;3)Control of I/O operations4)Error recovery;5)Memory management.2-3 NetworksCommunication between distributed communities of computers is required for many reasons. At a national level, for example, computers located in different parts of the country use public communication services to exchange electronic messages (mail) and to transfer files of information from one computer to another. Similarly, at a local level within, say, a single building, distributed communities of computer-based workstations use local communication networks to access expensive shared resources—for example, printers and disks tapes and copiers, etc.—that are also managed by computers. Clearly, as the range of computer-based products and associated public and local communication networks proliferate, computer-to-computer communication will expand rapidly and ultimately dominate the field of distributed systems.Although the physical separation of the communicating computers may vary considerably from one type of application to another, or, at the heart of any computer communication network is the data communication facility which, may be a PSDN, aprivate LAN or perhaps a number of such networks interconnected together. However, irrespective of the type of data communication facility, an amount of hardware and software is required within each attached computer to handle the appropriate network-dependent protocols. Typically, these are concerned with the establishment of a communication channel access the network and with the control of the flow of messages across this channel. The provision of such facilities is only part of the network requirements, however, since in many applications the communicating computers may be of different forms of data representation interface between user (application) programs, normally referred to as application processes or APs, and the underlying communication services may be different. For example, one computer may be a small single-user computer, while another may be a large multi-user system.3 Stepper motorStepper motor is the electric pulse signals into angular displacement or linear displacement of the open-loop stepper motor control element pieces. In the case of non-overloaded, the motor speed, stop position depends only on the pulse frequency and pulse number, regardless of load changes, when the driver receives a step pulse signal, it will drive a stepper motor to Set the direction of rotation of a fixed angle, called the "step angle", which the angle of rotation is fixed step by step operation. Number of pulses can be controlled by controlling the angular displacement, so as to achieve accurate positioning purposes; the same time by controlling the pulse frequency to control the motor rotation speed and acceleration, to achieve speed control purposes.3-1 WorkInduction motor is a stepper motor, does it work is the use of electronic circuits, the DC power supply into a time-sharing, multi-phase timing control current, this current stepper motor power supply, the stepper motor to work properly , The drive is sharing power supply for the stepper motor, the polyphase timing controller.Although the stepper motor has been widely used, but the stepper motor does notlike a normal DC motor, AC motor in the conventional use. It must be double-ring pulse signal; power driver circuit composed of the control system can be used. Therefore, it is not easy with a good stepping motor, which involves mechanical, electrical, electronics and computers, and much other specialized knowledge.As the stepper motor actuators, electromechanical integration, one of the key products, widely used in a variety of automatic control systems. With the development of microelectronics and computer technology, increasing demand for stepper motor has applications in all areas of the national economy.3-2 CategoriesNow more commonly used include the reaction of step motor stepper motor (VR), permanent magnet stepper motor (PM), hybrid stepper motors (HB) and single-phase stepper motor.3-3 Permanent magnet stepper motorPermanent magnet stepper motor is generally two-phase, torque, and smaller, usually 7.5 degree step angle or 15 degrees;Permanent magnet stepper motor output torque, dynamic performance, but a large step angle.3-4 Reaction Stepper MotorReaction is generally three-phase stepping motor can achieve high torque output, step angle of 1.5 degrees is generally, but the noise and vibration are large. Reaction by the stepper motor rotor magnetic circuit made of soft magnetic materials, a number of the stator phase excitation winding, the use of permeability changes in torque.Step Motor simple structure, low production costs, step angle is small; but the dynamic performance is poor.3-5 Hybrid Stepping MotorHybrid Step Motor combines reactive, permanent magnet stepper motors of both, it's a small step angle, contribute a large, dynamic performance, is currently the highest performance stepper motor. It is also sometimes referred to as PermanentMagnet Induction Stepping Motor. It consists of two phases and the five-phase: the general two-phase step angle of 1.8 degrees and the general five-phase step angle 0.72 degrees. The most widely used Stepper Motor. Stepper motor drive for energy saving 3-6 Three-phase stepper motor drive special features:◆180% low torque output, low frequency characteristics of a good run◆Maximum output frequency 600Hz, high-speed motor control◆full range of detection of protection (over voltage, under voltage, overload)instantaneous power failure restart◆acceleration, deceleration, such as dynamic change in the stall protection functionto prevent◆Electrical dynamic parameters of automatic recognition function to ensurestability and accuracy of the system◆quick response and high-speed shutdown◆abundant and flexible input and output interface and control, versatility◆use of SMT production and three full-mount anti-paint treatment process, productstability and high◆full range of Siemens IGBT power devices using the latest, to ensure the qualityof high-quality3-7 Basic principlesUsually for the permanent magnet rotor motor, when current flows through the stator windings, the stator windings produce a magnetic field vector. The magnetic field will lead to a rotor angle of the magnetic field makes the direction of a rotor and the stator's magnetic field direction. When the stator magnetic field vector rotating at an angle. As the rotor magnetic field is also transferred from another perspective. An electrical pulse for each input, the motor turning a point forward. It is the angular displacement of the output and input the number of pulses proportional to speed and pulse frequency is proportional to. Power to change the order of winding, the motor will reverse. Therefore, the number of available control pulse, frequency and power the motor windings of each phase in order to control the stepper motor rotation.3-8 Induction Stepping Motor3-8-1 features: Induction, compared with the traditional reactive, structural reinforced with a permanent magnet rotor, in order to provide the working point of soft magnetic materials, and the stator excitation magnetic field changes only need to provide to provide the operating point of the consumption of magnetic materials energy, so the motor efficiency, current, low heat. Due to the presence of permanent magnets, the motor has a strong EMF, the damping effect of its own good, it is relatively stable during operation, low noise, low frequency vibration. Induction can be seen as somewhat low-speed synchronous motor. A four-phase motor can be used for four-phase operation, but also can be used for two-phase operation. (Must be bipolar voltage drive), while the motor is not so reactive. For example: four phase, eight-phase operation (A-AB-B-BC-C-CD-D-DA-A) can use two-phase eight-shot run. Not difficult to find the conditions for C =, D =. a two-phase motor's internal winding consistent with the four-phase motors, small power motors are generally directly connected to the second phase, the power of larger motor, in order to facilitate the use and flexible to change the dynamic characteristics of the motor, its external connections often lead to eight (four-phase), so that when used either as a four-phase motors used, can be used for two-phase motor winding in series or parallel.3-8-2 classification：Induction motors can be divided in phases: two-phase motor, three phase motor, four-phase motor, five-phase motor. The frame size (motor diameter) can be divided into: 42BYG (BYG the Induction Stepping motor code), 57BYG, 86BYG, 110BYG, (international standard), and like 70BYG, 90BYG, 130BYG and so are the national standards.3-8-3 the stepper motor phase number of static indicators of terms: very differently on the N, S the number of magnetic field excitation coil. Common m said. Beat number: complete the necessary cyclical changes in a magnetic field pulses or conducting state with n said, or that turned a pitch angle of the motor pulses needed to four-phase motor, for example, a four-phase four-shot operation mode that AB -BC-CD-DA-AB, shot eight four-phase operation mode that A-AB-B-BC-C-CD-D-DA-A. Step angle: corresponds to a pulse signal, the angulardisplacement of the rotor turned with θ said. θ = 360 degrees (the rotor teeth number of J * run shot), the conventional two, four-phase, the rotor teeth 50 tooth motor as an example. Four step run-time step angle θ = 360 ° / (50 * 4) = 1.8 degrees (commonly called the whole step), eight-shot running step angle θ = 360 ° / (50 * 8) = 0.9 degrees (commonly known as half step.) Location torque: the motor is not energized in the state, its locked rotor torque (as well as by the magnetic field profile of harmonics caused by mechanical error) static torque: the motor under the rated static electricity, the motor without rotation, the motor shaft locking torque. The motor torque is a measure of volume (geometry) standards, and drive voltage and drive power, etc. has nothing to do. Although the static torque is proportional to the electromagnetic magnetizing ampere turns, and fixed air gap between the rotor teeth on, but over-use of reduced air gap, increase the excitation ampere-turns to increase the static torque is not desirable, this will cause the motor heating and mechanical noise.3-9 Characteristics of the stepper motor1. The general accuracy of the stepper motor step angle of 3-5%, and not cumulative.2. Appearance of the stepper motor to allow the maximum temperature.Stepper motor causes the motor temperature is too high the first magnetic demagnetization, resulting in loss of torque down even further, so the motor surface temperature should be the maximum allowed depending on the motor demagnetization of magnetic material points; Generally speaking, the magnetic demagnetization points are above 130 degrees Celsius, and some even as high as 200 degrees Celsius, so the stepper motor surface temperature of 80-90 degrees Celsius is normal.3. Stepper motor torque will decrease with the increase of speed.When the stepper motor rotates, the motor winding inductance of each phase will form a reverse electromotive force; the higher the frequency the greater the back emf. In its role, the motor with frequency (or speed) increases with the phase current decreases, resulting in decreased torque.4. Low-speed stepper motor can operate normally, but if not higher than a certain speed to start, accompanied by howling.。

自动化专业毕业设计--中英文翻译

中英文翻译Classification of control systems there are three ways: by automatic classification methods in order to participate in the control mode classification, to adjust the law category.One way to control category 1, the open-loop control system if the computer output of open loop control system to exercise control of the production process, but the control results --- the state of the production process does not affect the computer control systems, computer \ controller \ production and other sectors does not constitute a closed loop, is called open-loop control system computer. the production process of the state is no feedback to the computer, but by the operator to monitor the status of the production process, decision control program, and tell the computer to control the role of exercising control. 2, closed loop control system computer to the production of an object or process control, the state can directly influence the production process computer control system, called the closed-loop control system computer. Control of the computer monitor in the operator, the automatic acceptance of the production process state test results, calculate and determine the control scheme, the direct command and control units (devices) of action, the role of exercising control of the production process. In such systems, aircraft control components under control of control information sent to control device operation, the other running equipment condition as the output, measured by the detection part, the feedback as input to the control computer; to make control Computer \ Control Components \ production \ test components form a closed loop. We will call this form of control computer control closed-loop control. Closed loop control system computer, using a mathematical model to set the value of the production process and test results of the best value of the deviation between the feedback and control the production process to run at their best. 3, line control system as long as the computer controlled production of the controlled object or process, to exercise direct control, without human intervention are called the control computer on-line control, or on-line control system. 4, offline control system control computer does not directly participate in the control object or the controlled production process. It only managed to complete the process of the controlled object or the status of testing, and testing of data processing; and then develop control programs, the output control instruction, operator reference control instructions manually controlled operation to control parts of the object or subject control process control. This control form is called off-line computer control system. 5, real-time control system control computer real-time control system iscontrolled by the control of the object or process, or request when the request processing control, the control function in a timely manner to address and control systems, commonly used in the production process is interrupted for the occasion. Such as steel, each one refining furnace steel is a process; and if the process rolling, rolling out each piece of steel considered a process, each process is repeated. Only enter the process only requires a computer control. Once control of the computer, it requires a computer from the production process information in the required time to respond to or control. Such systems often use sophisticated interrupt system and interrupt handling procedures to achieve. In summary, an online system is not necessarily a real-time system. But a real-time system must be an online system.Second, in order to participate in the control mode to Category 1, direct digital control system by the control computer to replace conventional analog instruments and direct regulation to control the production process, as the computer as digital signals, so named after the DDC control. Actually controlled the production process control components, control signals received by the process controller input / output channels of D / (D / A) converter output of the digital control computer volume to be converted into analog; analog input control machine to go through the process of input / output channels of analog / digital (A / D) converter into a digital number into the computer. DDC control systems often use a small computer or microprocessor, the time-sharing system to achieve multiple points of control. Is in fact a discrete sampling with the controller, to achieve discrete multi-point control. DDC computer control system that has become the main control computer control system forms. DDC control of the advantage of flexibility, large, focused on high reliability and low cost. Can use several forms of digital computing circuits, or even dozens of loop production process, integral to proportional --- --- differential (PID) control to maintain the industrial state of the controlled object at a given value, the deviation small and stable. And as long as the change of control algorithms and applications can achieve more complex control. Such as feedforward control and the best control. Under normal circumstances, DDC-level control often more complex as the implementation of advanced control level. 2, supervisory computer control system supervisory computer control system for a particular production process, according to the production process of various states, according to the production process of the mathematical model to calculate the best production equipment should be running a given value, and the best value automatically or manually on the DDCExecutive-level computer or analog meter to align the regulation or control of the target set. By a DDC or adjust the instrument at various points on the production process (running equipment) to exercise control. SCC system is that it can guarantee the production process is always controlled the situation in the best condition to run, so get the most benefit. SCC results directly affect the merits of the first of its mathematical model, this should always improve the operation process model, and modify the control algorithm, and application control procedures. 3, multi-level control systems in modern manufacturing enterprises in the production process not only the need to address the problem of online control, and Huan Zhi Li called for a solution of production problems, the daily product line, the number of arrangements for planning and scheduling, and Rose plans develop a long term planning, notice Xiaoshou prospects, there was multi-level control system. DDC class is mainly used for direct control of the production process, for PID, or feedforward control; SCC level is mainly used for optimal control or adaptive control or learning control calculation, and command and control the same DDC class report back to the MIS class. DDC level usually microcomputers, SCC-level general use of small computers or high-end microcomputers. MIS Workshop main function of governance is based on plant-level production of varieties issued, the number of orders and collect up the production process of the state of information, at any time reasonable schedule to achieve optimal control, command and SCC-level supervisory control. Factory management level MIS main function is to accept the company and factory production tasks assigned by the actual situation of optimized computing, Zhi Ding factory production plans and short-term (ten days or weeks or days) arrangements, and then issued to the plant-level production tasks. Corporate governance level MIS main function is to guess the market demand computing to develop strategic long-term development planning, and contract orders, raw material supply situation and the production conditions, comparison of the optimal production program selection and calculation, work out the entire company business a long time (months or ten days) of the production plan, sales plan, assigned to the task of the factory management level. MIS-level main function is to achieve real-time information processing, decision-makers at all levels to provide useful information, make on the production planning \ scheduling and management programs to plan the coordination and management control in the optimal state. This one can control the size and scope of enterprise size divided into several levels. Each level has to be addressed accordingto the size of the amount of information to determine the type of computer used. MIS generally use small computer shop class or high-grade micro-computer, the factory management level of the MIS with a medium-sized computer, and corporate governance level MIS is to use large-scale computer, or use super computer. 4, distributed control or distributed control system distributed control or distributed control, the control system is divided into a number of independent local control subsystems to complete the controlled production process control task. Since the emergence of micro-computers and rapid development of distributed control to provide for the realization of the material and technical basis, in recent years, decentralized control can be different almost normal development, and has become an important trend in the development of computer control. Since the 70's, appeared focused on distributed control system, called DCS. It is a decentralized local control of the new computer control system.Three, classified according to the law regulating 1, program control if the computer control system the division of a predetermined time function control, such control is called program control. Such as the furnace temperature-time curves Anzhao some control on the process control. Here the procedure is time-varying changes have to determine the corresponding value, rather than the computer running. 2, sequence control in the process control based on the generated sequence control, computer, over time, as can be determined according to the corresponding control value and previous results at the moment both to exercise on the production process control system, called the order of the computer control . 3, proportional - integral - differential analog PID control regulation of conventional PID control instrument can be completed. Micro-computer can also be achieved with PID control. 4, feedforward control is usually the feedback control system, have certain effects on the interference in order to generate feedback over the role of inhibitory control of interference, and thus delay the control of undesirable consequences. In order to overcome the negative lag control, with the computer accepts the interference signal after the, did not produce effects in the Huan insert a feedforward control Zuoyong, it Ganghao interference point in the interference of the control to completely offset the effect on the variable, it was Ming Wei Yin Er disturbance compensation control. 5, optimal control (optimal control) system control computer, such as to have controlled object is best known as the best run of the control system control system. Such as computer control system is limited in the existing conditions, select appropriate control law(mathematical model), the controlled object indicators in optimal running condition. Such as the largest output, consumption of the largest, highest quality standards, such as the least scrap rate. Best is determined by a set of mathematical models, sometimes several in a limited range of the best indicators of the pursuit of individual, sometimes the best indicators of comprehensive requirements. 6, the adaptive control system, optimal control, when the working conditions or qualifications change, we can not get the best control effects. If the situation changes in working conditions, the control system can still be controlled in the best state of the object's control, such control system called the adaptive system. This requires mathematical model reflects the change in the conditions, how to achieve the best state. Control computer to detect changes in terms of the information given by the laws of mathematical models to calculate, to change the control variables, the controlled objects still in the best condition. 7, self-learning control system if the computer can keep the results under the controlled object gain experience running their own change and improve the control law so that more and better control effect, this control system is called self-learning control system. Above mentioned optimal control, adaptive control and self-learning control are related to multi-parameter, multi-variable complex control systems, are all problems of modern control theory. Determine the stability of the system, many factors affect the control of complex mathematical models, have to be a production control, production technology, automation, instrumentation, programming, computer hardware, each with various personnel to be realized. Controlled object by the length of reaction time required to control the number of points and mathematical models to determine the complexity of the computer use scale. Generally speaking, a strong need to functionality (speed and computing power) of the computer can be achieved. The Zhuzhong control, can be a single type also is not single, you can combine several forms to achieve control of the production process. This should address the actual situation of the controlled object, the system analysis, system design determined at the time.Keywords ：open the control,closed loop control控制系统的分类有三种方法：以自动控制方式分类、以参于控制方式分类、以调节规律分类。