英语读音的一些基本规则

英语读音的一些基本规则

元音字母：a, e, i(y), o, u

辅音字母：b, c, d, f, g ,h, j, k l, m, n, p, q, r, s t, v, w, x, y, z

元音：①单元音，有[a:]，[?]，[?]，[e]，[i:]，[i]，[?:]，[?],[?:],[?], [u:],[u]。

②双元音，有[ai], [ei], [?i], [au], [?u], [i?], [??], [u?]。

注意区别：[?]，[ε]，[e]这三个元音的发音部位相同（[ε]仅存在于双元音[??]中），区别在于张口的大小：发[?]音时嘴巴张开达两个手指之宽，发[ε]音时嘴巴张开达一个半手指之宽，发[e]音时嘴巴张开达一个手指之宽。

辅音：①清辅音，有[p],[t],[k],[f],[s],[∫],[θ],[?],[tr],[ts] 以及[h]。

②浊辅音，有[b],[d],[g],[v],[z],[?], [e],[?],[dr],[dz],以及[l],

[j], [w], 还有鼻腔浊辅音[m], [n], [η] 。

注：上述前面10对儿为成对的清浊辅音。

音节：一个单词至少有一个或一个以上的音节。只有一个音节的单词，这个音节本身就是重读音节；一个音节以上的单词有重读音节和非重读音节。

重读开音节：在重读音节中，以元音字母本身结尾，或以辅音字母+字母e结尾的音节。

重读闭音节：在重读音节中，以辅音字母（一个或多个）结尾的音节。

一．重读音节中元音字母的读音规则

1．在重读开音节中，元音字母读字母本身的音。

即: 字母a读[ei]，如cake, make, safe, shape, waste, lazy 字母e读[i:], 如he, she, we, eve, evening, equal

字母i(y)读[ai],如I, my, why, life, shrine, driver, inside

字母o读[?u], 如home, hope, nose, sofa

字母u读[ju:], 如huge, cute, mute, nuclear

有些单词不遵循以上规则，如have[h?v], do[du:], come[k?m], gone[g?n], move[mu:v], some[s?m], love[l?v], shove[∫?v], who[hu:], whose[hu:z]

等等。

2．在重读闭音节中，元音字母的读音规则如下：

字母a读[?], 如cat, gap, match, lamp

字母e读[e], 如bed, desk, get, help, settle,

字母i(y)读[i], 如bit, ship, wig, lift, limit

字母o读[?], 如hot, soft, lost, pop

字母u读[?], 如but, cut, hut, must, lust, run 也有些单词不遵循以上规则，如put[put]，comb[k?um]。

二．一些字母及其组合的读音规则

1．元音字母组合

字母组合读音例如

ai,ay [ei] mail, praise, faith, say, lay

air [??] air, hair, fair

all [?:l] all, small, hall, wall

alk [?:k] talk, walk

ar [a:] target, arm, yard

在字母w之后读[?:] war, ward, award, reward

are [??] hare, scare, square

ask [a:sk] ask, task, mask, basket

ast [a:st] cast, fast, vast, last

注：以上两条为英国英语的读音规则，而在美国英语中，字母组合ask, ast 中的元音字母a发[?]音，遵从元音字母在重读闭音节中的读音规则。

au [?:] laud, Paul

[a:] laugh

aw [?:] draw, crawl, scrawl

ay,ey [i:] quay, key,

ea [i:] eat, heat, leave, meat, wheat

[e] head, health, wealth，threat

[i?] rhea, diarrhea

ear [i?] ear, wear, tear, clear

[?:] earn, earth

ee [i:] sheep, meet, seed, weep

er [?:] her, hermit, inert, herb

ere [i?] here, sphere

ew [ju:] hew, new, spew

[u:] Jew, drew, threw

[?u] sew

ir [?:] skirt, girl

oa [?u] coat, boat, coach, soap

oi,oy [?i] boil, boy, soybean

oo [u:] school, cool, loop

[u] cook, hook, look

or [?:] word, work

ou [au] mouth, south, loud, ground

[?] tough, rough

[u:] group, soup, youth

[?] cough （特例）

ow [au] how, tower

[?u] low, snow, show, throw, know

our [au?] our, hour, sour

[?:] court, course,

[u?] tour

ure [u?]或[ju?] sure, pure

此外，ar,er,or一般在单词词尾的非重读音节中读[?] 如 popular, poster, sailor；字母e在非重读音节中一般读[i]，如booklet, basket，或者读[?]，如quarrel。

2. 辅音字母及其组合

字母及其组合读音例如

c 在a,o,u和辅音字母前及词尾读[k] cat, coat, cut, basic

在e,i(y)前，读[s] cease, cite, cycle

cc 在a,o,u前, 读[k] account

在e,i(y)前读[ks] accept, succeed, accident

ch [?] cheat, chip, teach

[k] technology

cht [t] yacht[j?t]

ck [k] crack, stick, sick, ticket

dge [?] edge, judge

dr [dr] drive, drain,

g在a,o,u和辅音字母前读[g] gas, goat, gun, great

在e,i(y)前, 读[?] image, damage, gym

gh 在词首，读[g] ghost, ghetto

在词尾或辅音t前，不发音 high，sigh, bright, eight, night gu [g] guide, guess, guard

（偶尔） [gw] extinguish

h 一般读[h] home, heat, hit, hut

前面有辅音字母时不发音 exhibit, rhea,

j [?] jaw, Jew, joke, judge

kn [n] knife, knee, knight, know

mb [m] lamb, bomb, climb, comb

ng [η] slang, sing, long, lung

ph [f] photo, phrase, philosophy, qu [kw] quick, question, queen, square [k] quay, technique

sh [∫] sheep, shut, publish

sion [??n] illusion, vision

stion [?n] question

tion [∫n] station, evolution, relation

tch [?] match, catch, watch, itch

th 一般读[θ] think, three, teeth

在常用的代词、连词中读[e],主要有this, that, these, those, they,

them, there, though，whether tr [tr] street, tree, trip

wh 在元音字母o前读[h] who, whom, whose, whole 在其他元音字母前读[w] what, wheat, which, why

x 一般读[ks] excuse, six, text, exercise 在e后,且x后面有元音字母,读[gz] exhibit, exhaust, exotic, exist (这里ex-后面的h不发音，且exercise不遵从该规则。)

y 在词首读 [j] young, youth, yard, yellow

注意，在单词后面加s(名词的单数变复数,或动词一般现在时第三人称单数变化)时,在以清辅音结尾的单词后面加s读[s],如desks, hopes, 其中以清辅音[t]结尾的单词加s读[ts]，如cats；在以浊辅音和元音结尾的单词后面加s 读[z]，如dogs, leaves, sees,其中以浊辅音[d]结尾的单词加s读[dz]，如leads。