《英语语言学导论》课程简介-

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2012(2)语言学课程教学大纲

1.课程教学大纲课程名称：语言学导论英文名称：English Linguistics学分：2学分总学时：36学时适用专业：英语09级先修课程：词汇学、语音一、课程性质、教学任务课程类别：专业通用课课程性质：通用选修课本课程是英语专业本科学生高年级阶段的专业必修课。

本课程旨在使学生了解语言学的基本理论、流派，掌握语言学的基本术语、概念，进而指导其英语学习。

使学生掌握基本的语言学知识、概念，语言研究方法和原则，对语言学习有一个理论上的系统认识。

二、课程教学目的本课程为英语专业本科的专业必修课。

通过本课程的学习，使得学生基本了解语言学基本概念，包括英语语音学、语义学、语用学、语言的发展变化及研究方法，掌握Tem-8考试中的相关知识点，并为报考英语专业硕士研究生做好准备。

学生能了解语言学发展现状，熟悉语言学的新成果，提高语言交际能力和综合研究能力。

三、课程教学内容与要求第一章：语言学概况学习目的和要求：通过学习，使得学生理解语言学的基本概念，了解语言学的基本范畴；了解现代语言学与索绪尔的关系；熟练掌握语言的显著特点；大致了解共时语言学与同时语言学等对比概念的划分基准。

第二章：英语语音学习目的和要求：通过学习，使得学生掌握英语音声学、音素、音节、音调等语音基本概念，了解语音的发音部位；准确区分元音、辅音、半元音；基本能辨别有声音与无声音。

了解元音与辅音的分类。

第三章：英语词汇学学习目的和要求：通过学习，使得学生了解英语词汇学的概念、类型及分类方法，了解词汇学中单纯词、合成词、派生词、复合词等的基本概念；并了解英语词汇学研究的划分流派。

基本掌握从意义方面划分词汇的基本方法。

第四章：英语句法学学习目的和要求：通过学习，使得学生主要掌握英语中句法规则及句子成分的划分，了解句子的类型划分。

了解英语语法的特殊性、转换生成语法，熟练掌握直接成分分析法、X-标阶理论。

第五章：英语语义学学习目的和要求：通过学习，使得学生了解当前英语语义学的研究的范畴及研究方法；意义的种类、词汇意义关系以及句子意义关系。

英语语言学导论

Course Name:Introduction to LinguisticsSept. 2012, for Grade 2010 Classes 1-6English Undergraduate ProgramDepartment of EnglishSchool of Foreign Language StudiesNanchang University (NCU)Course Instructor: Prof./Dr. JIANGSyllabusCourse Description:This course aims at providing undergraduate juniors of English major with a fundamental and systematic account of the basic knowledge of the studies of linguistics at the modern time with explanations, illustrations, and necessary examples from the course book and also from present English and Chinese language uses, to help develop the students’ interest in this study, to facilitate their understanding of the linguistic terms and theories, and to build a systematic knowledge of the said study.Major Books Used for this Course:1)Hu, Zhuanglin 2006.Linguistics. A Course Book (Third Edition). BeijingUniversity Press, used as students’ course book.2) Robins, R. H. 1967/1997. A Short History of Linguistics (4th edn). London, NewY ork: Longman.4) Yule, George. 2000. The Study of Language.Beijing: Foreign Language Teachingand Research Press.5) Keith Brown et al. (eds.) 2006. Encyclopedia of Language and Linguistics (2nd edn),Oxford: Elsevier.6) Collinge, N. E. (ed.) 2005. An Encyclopaedia of Language. London, New Y ork:Routledge.7) Strazny, Philipp (ed.) 2005. An Encyclopedia of Linguistics.New Y ork, Oxon:Fitzroy Dearborn.8) Wikipedia. /9) Encyclopaedia Britannica. 2007. the electronic edition can be accessible on theinternet.Course Requirements:1)Attentive listening, active participation, quick note-taking and understanding,nice presentation in class and all the related activities2)Complete preview, in-class and after-class assignments3)Pass the final examinationCourse Schedule:1)General Introduction2)Chapter 1—Design features, origin, and functions of language3)Chapter 1 — Main branches, macro-linguistics, and important distinctionsin linguistics4)Chapter 2—Phonetic studies5)Chapter 2—Phonological studies6)Chapter 3—W ord and Formation7)Chapter 3—W ord/lexical changes8)Chapter 4—Syntactic relation, construction, and function9)Chapter 4—Grammatical categories, phrasing and beyond10)Chapter 5—Meaning and sense relation11)Chapter 5—Meaning analyses12)Chapter 8—Pragmatics (1)13)Chapter 8—Pragmatics (2) --Post-Gricean developments14)Chapter 11—Linguistics and foreign language teaching15)SummaryLecture 1General Introduction:Modern Linguistics and Earlier Linguistic StudiesIn this lecture, we shall make a general introduction to the development of modern linguistics and the linguistic studies before that. The students will get a general view/picture of the developments, the main linguistic schools, and their studies through attending this lecture.0.Leading in: What does your mind do most of the time? Or what do you do most ofthe time in your life including the dreaming time when you sleep? What is your major? What is English? Language is what you use most of the time in your life and is also your major. Since you are language majors, very likely you will use it for your future work. Why not learn about it then? What is language? What does it cover? …These are the questions for linguistics.1.The beginning of MODERN linguistics: 1916—(Q1. When did modern linguistics begin?)1) The first modern linguistic approacha. The ―father of modern linguistics‖-- Ferdinand de Saussure索绪尔(1857-1913)(Q2. Who was the father of modern linguistics?)b. The first modern linguistic book ―A Course on General Linguistics‖(1916).《普通语言学教程》Saussure’s two students pieced their notes takenfrom attending their teacher’s lectures and got it published in 1916/Englishversion in 1959.(Q3. What was the first modern linguistic book?)(Q4. Who published it?)2) Why is it ―modern‖?Because of the scientific views and the researchmethods introduced in this book. Eg. Language is a system of signs.Language has a sound system and a meaning system. Language has associative relation and paradigmatic relation.(Q5. In what sense is it called a ―modern‖ linguistic book?)2.What happened before Saussure?Some traditional approaches to language—there are three successive phases before Saussure’s time(Q6. Who were the earliest scholars of language? What did they study?)1) The Greek researchers and their studies--―Traditional Grammar‖ wasinstituted;Based on logic;Aiming solely at providing rules;Distinguishing correct from incorrect forms;Classic study, philosophical, logical, meaning.(Q7. What were studied about language during the Middle Ages?)2) The researches during the Middle Ages--PhilosophyAlexandria, the ―philosophical‖ school, religious, literary, linguistic;Linguistic structure is not the central concern, but meaning is;Seeking primarily to establish, interpret and comment upon texts;Applying the method of criticism;Comparison of texts of different periods and of different writers;Data—written language, exclusively Greek & Roman antiquityPrescriptive grammar;Paved the way for historical linguistics.(Q8. What were the two establishments in the 19th century?)3) Linguistic researches during 1800-1900--―Comparative grammar‖a. The establishment of linguistic family trees—The Indo-European Family Tree印欧语系The Sino-Tibetan Family Tree 汉藏语系, etc*In 1816, ―The Sanskrit Conjugation(动词变位) System‖ by Franz Bopp was a study of the connections between Sanskrit（梵文）, Germanic, Greek, Latin, andother European languages. The primitive elements that Sanskrit maintained are vital for the purposes of reconstruction of Indo-European language family.b. The establishment of the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) 国际音标and the publication in 1888, based on French teachers’ practice of teachingLatin and some other related languages.Later representatives—Max Müller, G. Curtius, A. Schleicher;Historical and comparative, etymological (语源学的);Comparativist school was the dominating study of the time.3. What does modern linguistics cover?1) Saussure and his study: the first structuralist approach2) Prague School布拉格学派The leading figure—V. Mathesius马泰休斯(1882-1946);Flourished during 1920s-30s;Mainstream structuralism; synchronic;Approach language structurally and functionally —form-functionalapproach;Followed both Polish B. de Courtenay (库尔特内) and Swiss F. de Saussure;First functionalist;Founded the International Functional Linguistic Association 1976;Distinguished contributions:a) Established the theory of phonology; distinguished between phoneticsand phonology; developed phonology as an independent study in 1939;b) Mathesius’ functional analysis of sentence components—very close tothe present division of given/new or theme/rheme, functional syntacticanalysis.3) American Structuralism/ Also called descriptive linguistics 美国结构主义/美国描写语言学Developed independently from the anthropological studies by Americanscholars such as Boas, Sapir, etc.；The representative figure—Leonard Bloomfield布龙菲尔德(1887-1946),his Language《语言论》(1933)；Flourished during 1930s-1950s；Structural and behavioral；Major focus—syntactic analysis；Contribution—IC analysis (immediate constituent analysis)4) The Chomskian approachThe leading figure—Noam Chomsky乔姆斯基(1928--);Influential during 1960s-1980s;Formal approach, deep structure/surface structure; NP VP;Psychological; we were born with LAD (language acquisition device);Innateness;Major focus—syntax;Contributions— a. Phrase Structure Theory;b. Transformational-Generative Grammar.5) London School 伦敦学派Leading figures:a. Malinowsky马林诺夫斯基(1884-1942) — anthropologist;b. Firth 弗斯(1890-1960) the 1st professor of General Linguistics in GreatBritain;c. M. A. K. Halliday韩礼德(1925-- ) Systemic-Functional Grammar;Influential from the 1980s;Functional approach and anthropological;Major focus—meaning in society and functional grammar;Contribution — functional analysis6) Cognitive Linguistics: a new perspective on how language is used; how weview the world and express it in language; how language tells different cognition of the same world in which human beings live.Leading figures: R. Langacker兰盖克; G. Lakoff 拉可夫;M. A. K. Halliday (partly);N. Chomsky (partly)7) Computational Linguistics: a branch of linguistics about how to teachcomputer to receive, comprehend, produce and translate natural languages. It reflects human ambition.4. Homework:1) Go over the questions discussed.2) Preview 1.1--1.5 of Chapter 1.3) What is language defined by different people? What is linguistics? How does asound come to have meaning?Lecture 2Design Features, Origin and Functions of LanguageIn this section, we shall mainly discuss some important features and functions of language. As widely discussed, there are four features and seven main functions.(Q9. What is linguistics? p14.What is language?p3.)0.Check students’ homework orally in class; ask them to give some presentation;offer them some different definitions (cf. Essentials of Linguistics pp.1 & 14);underline the key words in the definitions; explain them one by one with examples from English and Chinese to facilitate their understanding and memorizing.1) ―Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for humancommunication. ---It is a system since linguistic elements are arranged systematically rather than randomly. It is arbitrary in the sense that there is no intrinsic connection between a word and the object it refers to. It is symbolic because words are associated with objects, actions, ideas, etc. by convention. It is vocal because sound or speech is the primary medium for a human language. It is human in that no other animals possess such language.‖2) ―Modern linguistics is the scientific study of language. ---It studies the rules and principles whereupon human languages are constructed and operated as systems of communication. ‖(Q10. What is a design feature of language?)(Q11. How many design features are there and what are they?)1. 4 Design features of languageThe features that define human languages are called design features. (p3) (Q12. What is arbitrariness?)1)Arbitrariness 任意性There is no natural relationship between meaningand form, as well as meaning and sound of a language.Eg 1. fish (in English)le poisson (in French)鱼(in Chinese)*The above words and sounds all mean the same and all refer to the same kind of animal living in water, yet they take different forms.Eg 2. eat (in English)manger (in French)吃(in Chinese)(Q13. What is duality?)2)Duality 双重性Word is a combination of sound and meaning. Language has alevel of sounds/ a sound system and a level of meaning/ meaning system.Or: language has two systems—sound system and meaning system.(Q14. What is creativity?)3)Creativity 创造性(productivity 能产性in other linguistic books)a.W e can create new words;b.W e can create endless new sentences with limited number of words.(Q15. What is displacement?)4)Displacement 不受时空限制性a.One can refer to someone/sth. in the past, at the present or in thefuture;b.One can refer to someone/sth in another place or in another world,real or imagined.(Q16. What is convention?)*Convention 约定俗成is a community’s or society’s acceptance, use, and carrying on of a certain sound or form for a meaning.2. Origin of Language(Q17. How did language possibly begin?)1) Language is the very thing that makes us human.2) William C. Stokoe’s interpretation of language origin: language may have begunwith gestural expressions.Instrumental manual actions may have been transformed into symbolic gestures, and vision would have been the key of language evolution.(Q18. What is the possible relationship between language and gesture?)3) The relationship between language and gesture—whether it is one of unity orduality. Should we consider gesture and language as different and independent phenomena?A unity for language and gesture is a more reasonable understanding (Adam Kendon, in McNeill 2000).*Our knowledge and understanding of the nature of language and other related types of communication is limited and calls for ceaseless exploratory endeavor.(Q19. How many functions are there of human language? What are they?)(Q20. What is informative function?)3. 7 Functions of language1) Informative function: 信息功能(also understood as ideational function)Language is used to note down, to carry, and to pass information.(Q21. What is interpersonal function?)2) Interpersonal function: 人际功能Language is used for human communication/for communication amongpeople. It is used to establish and maintain people’s status in society/ orestablish and maintain social rules.(Q22. What is performative function?)3) Performative function: 行事功能W e can use language/words to do things.a. W e can use it to make others do something;b. W e do something ourselves at the time when we are saying something.(Q23. What is emotive function?)4) Emotive function: 情感功能(expressive function in other books)Language can be used to express feelings or emotions.Egs. ―My God.‖―Alas!‖―Ouch!‖―Damn it!‖―Wow.‖(Q24. What is phatic function?)5)Phatic [\feitik] function: 酬应功能Language can be used to indicate or to maintain relationship.This function originated fro m Malinowski’s study of the functions oflanguage.Egs. ―Good morning.‖―God bless you.‖―I’m sorry to hear it.‖―Good day.‖ ―Hello!‖ ―Good-bye.‖(Q25. What is recreational function?)6)Recreational function: 娱乐功能Language can be used for joy, fun, amusement, or recreation.Egs. Jokes,Chinese cross talk,songs and lyrics,poetry in general(Q26. What is metalingual function?)7)Metalingual function: 元语言功能Language can be used to talk about itself.Eg. ―book‖ is a word that we use to refer to something that we read…*What teachers do in class is mainly the use of language of this function--touse language to explain language.4. Homework:1) Go over the questions discussed.2) Preview sections 1.7 -- 1.9 of Chapter 1. Write about differences andsimilarities between phonetics and phonology, morphology and syntax, semantics and pragmatics, and hand in this homework next time.Lecture 3Main Branches, Interdisciplinary Branches and Important Distinctions0.Collect homeworkAn oral check of the questions discussed last time.(Q27. How many main branches of linguistics are there? What are they?)(Q28. What is phonetics?)1. 6 Main branches of linguistics1)Phonetics: 语音学The study of speech sounds. It studies and describes any speech sound whether it distinguishes meaning or not.Eg. three ―p‖sound s are noted in ―speak‖(un-aspirated不送气, as [p=]), ―peak‖(aspirated送气, as indicated by the diacritic h in [p h]), and ―deep‖(the neutral one [p]).(Q29. What is phonology?)2)Phonology: 音位学/音系学The study of the sound system of language--of the minimal/smallest meaningful sounds.--of the minimal sounds that distinguish meaning.Eg. the three ―p‖s in 1) above don’t distinguish meaning. They are of one meaningful phoneme.*Y et, in ―tip‖ and ―sip‖, or ―tip‖ ―dip‖ the change of ―t‖ to ―s‖ or ―t‖ to ―d‖ brings about another word. T herefore, ―t‖ and ―s‖ are two independent phonemes.(Q30. What is morphology?)3)Morphology:形态学The study of the internal structure of words or of the formation of words.Prefix, suffix, root all help to form words.Eg. ab | norm | alfriend | lyglob | al | iz | ationdialogue, monologue, onomatopoeicinternationalism, localization(Q31. What is syntax?)4)Syntax:句法学The study of the structure/formation of sentence.Eg. I speak French.traditional analysis: Chomsky’s analysis:S Pr O SNP VPV NP(Q32. What is semantics?)5)Semantics: 语义学The study of meaning.a.meaning of words and their relations;b.meaning of sentences/ or: sentence meaning.Eg1. flower ( a super-ordinate word)rose lily tulip daffodil (hyperboles)Eg2. buy/purchase; begin/commenceEg3. in/out; give/take(Q33. What is pragmatics?)6)Pragmatics: 语用学The study of meaning in context, or meaning in use.How can people understand the following utterances correctly? Pragmatics tries to explain how and why people get the inference/implied meaning ofutterances other than the superficial/literal meaning expressed by the words.Eg1. A: How do you think of my new dress?B: The one you wore last week is really beautiful.2. A: Shall we go to the cinema?B: I have to complete the homework.3. Butterflies in one’s stomach.4. Apple in one’s eye.5. John is a lion. Queen Victoria was made of iron.(Q34. What is macrolinguistics or interdisciplinary linguistics?)2.Macrolinguistics宏观语言学It is the interdisciplinary(跨学科/跨专业) studies of linguistics, the study of language involving other fields.(Q35. What is psycholinguistics?)1)Psycholinguistics心理语言学: it is the study of the interrelation betweenlanguage and mind(语言与心智), about how language is produced, understood, and acquired/learned.(Q36. What is sociolinguistics?)2)Sociolinguistics社会语言学: it is the study of the characteristics oflanguage varieties, language functions and language speakers within a speech community/society.(Q37. What is anthropological linguistics?)3)Anthropological linguistics人类语言学:it is the study of the unwrittenlanguage, the emergence of language and the divergence of languages over thousands of years through human development.(Q38. What is computational linguistics?)4)Computational linguistics计算（机）语言学: it studies the use of computersto process or produce human language, including machine translation, computer-aided teaching, corpus(语料库), information retrieval(信息提取), and artificial intelligence, etc.3. 4 Important distinctions in linguistics(Q39. What is the distinction between descriptive and prescriptive?)1)Descriptive vs. prescriptive study: 描写性/规定性The former describes how things are; the latter prescribes how thingsought to be.*The 18th century grammar books are mainly prescriptive and the modern onesare mainly descriptive.(Q40. What is the distinction between synchronic and diachronic?)2)Synchronic vs. diachronic: 共时性/历时性The former describes phenomenon of language of a certain/single period;the latter describes language by analyzing its development throughdifferent period of time.Egs: 1) the study of the development of the Chinese ―ba-construction‖;2) the development of the sound“阿”from ―[e]‖ to ―[a]‖;3) meaning changes of words (“小姐”,“老板”, ―girl‖, ―bird‖ etc).(Q41. What is the distinction between langue and parole?)3)Langue & parole: 语言/言语The former refers to the abstract innate system of language; thelatter—the outcome (words and sentences) or what we actually utter/write.(Q42. What is the distinction between competence and performance?)4)Competence & performance: 语言能力/语言使用（或语言行为）The former refers to one’s knowledge or ability of a language; the latterthe use of it.[*The difference between pairs 3) and 4) above: Langue & parole are a pairof notions distinguishing rules and production by people following the ruleswhile competence & performance are a pair of notions focusing on languageuser’s power and the performing of it.]4.Homework: 1) Go over the questions discussed.2) Preview 2.1 & 2.23) What is ―fanqie‖反切? How to use it? What is 注音字母？Howdid it occur? How to use it? When and how did ―pinyin‖拼音begin?And the significance of its occurrence?Lecture 4PhoneticsIn this section, we shall start a new chapter—discussing speech sounds. The students will learn about 1）the main areas of the study；2）the speech organs；3）the manners and places of sound production; and 4）the description of consonants and vowels of English.0.Check students’ homework in class(Q43. What are the three branches of phonetics?)1.Three main areas of phonetics1) Articulatory Phonetics发声语音学--the study of sound production2) Acoustic Phonetics声学语音学--the study of physical properties of sounds3) Auditory Phonetics听觉语音学--the study of how sounds are perceived and understood(Q44. What organs do we use in producing speech sounds?)2. Vocal organs and sound notation1) Speech organs/ vocal (of voice) organs●Lung, trachea (wind pipe), throat, nose, mouth●Tongue, palate (腭roof of the mouth)●pharynx咽, larynx喉●vocal folds (vocal cords)声带, vocal tract 声道●oral cavity, nasal cavity 口腔，鼻腔(Q45. What is a coronal, a dorsal, a radical sound? p25. What is a voiceless sound, a voiced sound? p27.)*In phonetics, the tongue is divided into five parts: the tip, the blade, the front, the back and the root. In phonology, the sound made with the tip and blade is referred to as a coronal sound, with front and back as a dorsal sound, with root as a radical sound.*When the vocal folds are apart, the air can pass through easily and the sound produced is a voiceless sound. When the vocal folds are close together, the airstream causes them to vibrate against each other the resultant sound is voiced.(Q46. What is sound/phonetic notation/transcription? What’s the principle for establishing the IPA?)2) Phonetic transcription/sound notation语音标示/音标●The use of sets of symbols for transcribing speech sounds or torepresent language sounds.●The main principles were that there should be a separate letter foreach distinctive sound, and that the same symbol should be usedfor that sound in any language in which it appears.●International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA), developed first by a group ofFrench language teachers based on their teaching experience around1930s.●Danish grammarian Otto Jesperson 叶斯柏生(1860-1943) formallyproposed it in 1886.●The first publication was in 1888.●Revised and corrected several times afterwards, widely used indictionaries and textbooks.●The very recent version came out in 2008.(Q47. What is a pulmonic sound, a non-pulmonic sound? p29)*Pulmonic sounds are produced by pushing air out of the lung, as in mostcircumstances, while non-pulmonic sounds are produced by either suckingair into the mouth or closing the glottis and manipulating the air betweenthe glottis and a place of articulation.(Q48. What are the manners of articulation? )3. Manner and place of sound production1) Manner of articulation● 1. stop/ plosive塞音/爆破音● 2. nasal 鼻音● 3. fricative 摩擦音● 4. approximant 延续音/畅音● 5. lateral 边音● 6. trill颤音●7. tap and flap触音/闪音eg. better, letter, city, pretty, bottom, button●8. affricate 塞擦音*Find examples for them from English.(Q49. What are the places of articulation? Give examples for each.)2) Place of articulation:● 1. Bilabial 双唇[b] [p] [m][w]● 2. Labio-dental唇齿[f] [v]● 3. Dental 齿[θ][δ]● 4. Alveolar 齿龈[t][d][n][s] [z][l][r]● 5. Postal velar后齿龈[∫] [з][t∫] [dз]egs. chew, true, child, tried, choose, truth, joke, drove, jam, drum● 6. Retroflex卷舌[r]●7. Palatal 颚[j]●8. Velar 软颚[k] [g] [η] eg. English, ink●9. Uvular 小舌[r] in French●10. Pharyngeal咽头Glottal 声门[?] egs. fat[f æ?t], pack[p æ? k], beaten[bi:?n], lantern, button[h] egs. glottal fricative: home, hold, hand, hat4. English speech sounds(Q50. How to describe a consonant sound of English?)1) English consonants (24 symbols according to recent revision)2) The description of consonants usually involves the place and the manner and is made with a sequence of a) the place of articulation; b) the manner.Eg 1. bilabial stop—where bilabial is the place and stop is the manner. [p] [b]Eg 2. bilabial nasal [m]Eg 3. bilabial approximant [w]*Notice: whenever there are two members in the same box in the table above,a third distinction –voice-- is needed and is mentioned in the first place:Eg 4. [p] a voiceless bilabial stop[b] a voiced bilabial stopEg 5. a voiceless labial-dental fricative [f]a voiced labial-dental fricative [v]3) English vowels (20 symbols according to recent revision)front central backhigh i: u:I umid-highз: əo:mid-low e٨ Dlow æ α:(Q51. How to describe a vowel sound of English? p37.)4) The description of English vowels is made in terms of 4 aspects:(1) the height of the tongue (high, mid, low)—tongue height(2) the position of the higher part of the tongue (front, central, back)—tongueposition(3) the length or tenseness of the sound (tense vs. lax, or long vs. short)(4) lip-rounding (rounded vs. un-rounded)Egs. [i:] high front tense un-rounded vowel[I] high front lax un-rounded vowel[α:]low back tense un-rounded[æ]low front un-rounded[ə]mid central un-rounded4. Homework:1) Go over the questions discussed.2) Find how many mistakes you make in your pronunciation of the 44 basicsounds of English. What are they and why do they occur?3) Hand in next time: What is Mandarin Chinese? How many dialects has it? Whatis the difference between language branch(语族), language, and dialect? What is a dialectic island and the significance of its existence?Lecture 5Phonological analysis0. Collect homework and check the other two parts of the homework orally inclass by asking individual students.(Q52. What is co-articulation? What is anticipatory co-articulation and perseverative co-articulation? p38.)1. Co-articulation and different transcriptions1) Co-articulation协同发音Simultaneous/overlapping articulation because of the influence of the neighbor sound(s)Eg. ―map‖ where [æ] is influenced by [m], making it a bit nasalized.―lamb‖ where [æ] becomes more like the following sound [m].*If a sound becomes more like the following sound, it is anticipatoryco-articulation. If a sound shows the influence of the preceding sound, it isperseverative co-articulation.(Q53. What is nasalization? p38.)* When a non-nasal sound carries some feature of a neighboring nasal sound,this phenomenon is called nasalization.(Q54. What is narrow/broad transcription?)2) Narrow/broad transcription: 严式标音/宽式标音The former intends to symbolize all the possible speech sounds while the latter indicates only those capable of distinguishing one word from another.Egs. 1）[p=] [p h] [p] for variations of sounds in ―speak‖ ―peak‖―deep‖2）[p] for all of them(Q55. What is a phone, a phoneme, and an allophone?)2. Phonology—some basic concepts1) Phone, phoneme, and allophone●Phone 音素—a phonetic unit or segment. Any smallest speech soundwe hear and produce.Eg. [pit] [tip] [spit] we can identify three different /p/s;It is what ―n arrow transcription‖ describes;It may or may not distinguish meaning.●Phoneme音位—a phonological unit. It has distinctive value; anabstract unit in the sound system that has no particular sound;represented by a certain phone in a certain phonetic context.Eg. /p/ is realized differently in [pit] [tip] [spi:k]./æ/is realized by an un-nasalized [æ]and a nasalized [æ].。

语言学导论-课程介绍

发音器官
语言学导论
任课教师：沈园
语音特征 • 发音位置 (place of articulation) • 发音方式 (manner of articulation) 气流通过口腔时受阻的程度和位置气流是否从鼻腔中流出声带是否振动
语言学导论任课教师：沈园
发音位置
A: 双唇音 (bilabial): • [p] as in ‘peel’ • [b] as in ‘beer’ • [m] as in ‘meat’ B: 唇齿音 (labiodental): • [f] as in ‘feel’ • [v] as in ‘veal’
语言学导论任课教师：沈园
依附形位的类型
-- 派生形位 (derivational morpheme)
(countable, reproduce) -- 屈折形位 (inflectional morpheme) (promised, friends)
语言学导论
任课教师：沈园
英语的屈折形位
-s
third person singular present -ed past tense -ing progressive -en past participle -s plural -’s possessive -er comparative -est superlative
语言学导论任课教师：沈园
辅音的描述示例
[b],[m],[f] [b] [m] [f] = voiced bilabial (oral) stop = voiced bilabial nasal (stop) = voiceless labiodental fricative
语言学导论
任课教师：沈园

《英语语言学导论》课程总结

外国语系《英语语言学导论》课程建设总结一、课程介绍《语言学导论》是英语专业高年级的英语专业知识必修课程。

教学目的在于使学生了解人类语言研究的丰富成果，提高其对语言的社会、人文、经济、科技以及个人修养等方面重要性的认识，培养语言意识，发展理性思维。

有助于拓宽学生的思路和视野，全面提高学生的素质。

教学内容主要包括：语言的性质、特征和功能；语言构造；语义研究；语言与社会、文化的关系；语用原则。

语言学理论与语言教学的关系以及现代语言学流派作为选讲内容。

开设在第6学期，3学时／周，总学时为54学时。

二、课程负责人余泽标副教授三、教学队伍余泽标副教授张安律副教授徐飞讲师四、教材及教学参考书目1、胡壮麟，《语言学教程（修订版）》，北京大学出版社，2001年第1版。

2、戴伟栋，何兆熊，《简明英语语言学教程》，上海外语教育出版社，2002年第1版。

3、王德春，《语言学概论》，上海外语教育出版社，2000年第1版。

4、胡壮麟，《语言学教程（修订版中译本）》，北京大学出版社，2002年第1版。

5、杨信彰，《语言学概论》，高等教育出版社，2005年第1版。

五、教学大纲已制订有《语言学导论》课程教学大纲六、教案（附后）七、教学改革及效果1、改革教学内容和手段，采用自制多媒体课件教学，重点突出与实际语言运用相关的内容，以利于学生接受和理解。

2、突破传统教学模式，把系统的语言理论与语言分析相结合，从根本上改变语言学教学枯燥无味的教学模式，有利地促使学生认识到了对语言学理论学习的必要性和重要性。

3、学习形式多样化，重在激发学生兴趣、扩展学生积极投入学习的空间、培养有效语言思维习惯。

课堂学习既有准备充分的讲解又有启发思维的讨论，使学生既受到系统的专业训练又获得实际操作的技能。

八、建设规划规划在2008年将该课程建设成为校级重点课程，同时加强教学内容和手段的改革，制作更完善的多媒体教学课件，提高教学效果。

《语言学导论》教学大纲

《语言学导论》教学大纲一、总纲为指导英语专业本科四年制《语言学导论》课程的教学，特制定本大纲。

本大纲的编写，是参照1990年高等学校英语专业英语教学大纲工作小组编写的《高等学校英语专业高年级英语教学大纲（试行本）》，并结合我系办学特点、教材的内容和学生的实际情况所制定的。

其中所作的各项规定，是我系本课程组织教学、使用教材与检查教学质量的基本依据。

本课程的教学对象是本科（四年制）师范英语专业三年级学生，他们在学习本课程以前，己基本掌握了英语基础语言知识，如基本语法、英语基本意念功能、英汉翻译、英语作文等，了解了讲英语国家的社会文化概况和英美文学简史。

他们己具有一定的语言综合能力和运用语言进行一般写作和阐述的能力。

教学目标：向学生讲授英语语言的属性、功能、起源和内部层次，掌握英语语言学基本特征和主要分支的基本概念，了解语言在时空中的变异及其与社会、文化、语境、思维等外部因素的关系，同时了解部分主要语言学流派。

使学生通过对该课程的学习，既能借助语言学理论整理和吸收语言知识，又能运用正确的观点评价语言，并为进一步的深造打下基础。

学时分配：本课程开设学期为第6学期。

每周2学时，共36学时。

使用教材：《英语语言学纲要》丁言仁郝克编写上海外语教育出版社出版主要参考书目：1.《语言学教程》（修订本）胡壮麟主编北京大学出版社20012.《现代语言学》何兆熊主编外语与教学出版社1999考核方式:考试二、主要内容及教学大纲要求绪论（2学时）主要内容：英语语言的属性、功能、起源和内部层次，掌握英语语言学基本特征和主要分支的基本概念，了解语言在时空中的变异及其与社会、文化、语境、思维等外部因素的关系，同时了解部分主要语言学流派重点：语言学的研究范畴；语言学研究的几个基本概念。

of the course2.Writers of the booknguage the book was written in4.The goals of this textbook5.How is the book organizedChapter One Language around us （3课时）主要内容：为何学语言学，何谓语言，语言的三个层面基本要求：理解语言学研究的对象和方法、语言学研究的各个语言层面以及语言学的各个分支，弄清语言学研究中的几对基本概念。

语言学导论课程教学大纲-

语言学导论课程教学大纲课程编号：1130222课程名称：语言学导论英文名称：An Introduction to Linguistics总学时：34，讲课学时：34学分：2授课对象：英语专业本科学生。

先修课程: 综合英语课程性质：专业必修课开课参考学期：5教材：戴炜栋，何兆熊： A New Concise Course On Linguistics For Students Of English ，上海外语教育出版社，2002年7月第一版教学参考教材：[1] Austin,J.L.：《How to Do Tings with Words》，Harvard University Press, 1962年。

[2] Chomsky,N.：《Syntactic Structures》，MIT Press, 1965年。

一、教学目的、基本要求及在教学计划中的地位【教学目的】英语语言学是英语专业的专业知识课。

语言学导论为学生提供语言学的基础理论知识，介绍半个世纪以来语言研究的各个领域所取得的重要成果，并对音系、句法、语义---即语言研究的三个层面，英语的历史演变，语言与社会的关系，母语习得和第二语言学习等作了简明扼要的阐述。

为学生提供进一步钻研语言学理论所必备的基础知识，从而加深对英语语言的理解。

【基本要求】本课程要求教师尽可能深入浅出讲解理论，使学生真正理解并能够运用基本知识分析语言现象。

【在教学计划中的地位】专业必修课二、教学时间安排三、教学基本内容本课程的教学内容分十二章。

第一章：绪论第一节：什么是语言学?第二节：什么是语言?第二章：音系学第一节：语言的声音媒介第二节：语音学第三节：音系学第三章：形态学第一节：定义第二节：语素第三节：复合法第四章：句法学第一节：定义第二节：范畴第三节：短语结构规则第四节：短语成分第五节：句子(S规则)第六节：移位规则第五章：语义学第一节：什么是语义学?第二节：语义研究的几种主要理论第三节：词汇意义第四节：句子间的意义关系第五节：意义分析第六章：语用学第一节：什么是语用学第二节：言语行为理论第三节：会话原则第七章：语言的变化第一节：介绍第二节：语音变化第三节：形态和句法变化第四节：词汇量的变化第五节：当前的一些变化趋势第六节：语言变化的原因第八章：语言与社会第一节：社会语言学的范围第二节：语言变体第三节：标准语第四节：洋泾浜语与克里奥尔语第五节：双言现象与双语现象第九章：语言与文化第一节：介绍第二节：什么是文化？第三节：语言与文化的关系第四节：Sapir-Whorf假说第五节：文化差异的语言证据第六节：文化教学和学习的意义第七节：文化重迭与扩散第八节：跨文化交际第十章：语言习得第一节：介绍第二节：儿童语言习得理论第三节：儿童语言发展中的认知因素第四节：语言环境与关键期假说第五节：儿童语言发展的阶段第六节：非典型发展第十一章：第二语言习得第一节：介绍第二节：第一语言习得与第二语言习得的关联第三节：对比分析第四节：错误分析第五节：中介语第六节：母语在二语言学习中的作用第七节：二语言学习模式和输入假说第八节：个人差异第九节：二语言习得与其教学含义第十二章：语言与大脑第一节：介绍第二节：神经语言学第三节：心理语言学。

语言学教学大纲

《语言学导论》课程教学大纲课程名称：语言学导论课程类别：专业方向选修课考核类别：考试+考查适用对象：本科适用专业：英语总学时、学分： 36 学时 2 学分一、课程教学目的本课程的教学目的有两个，即：掌握英语语言学的基础知识、以及应用英语从事语言学方面研究的能力。

（一）掌握语言学的基础知识本课程以英语为主要研究对象，重点介绍英语语言的内部结构、表现形式和意义以及与人的心理、社会、文化艺术、信息科学、教育等的关系，要求学生通过听讲与自学，对英语语言学、语言学分支、流派及其发展等有一个比较全面地了解，掌握英语语言学的基本概念、研究方法及其应用等，提高对英语的理性认识，初步具备发现问题和解决问题的能力。

（二）应用英语从事语言学研究的能力作为语言学方面的专门课程，本课程的最终目的是培养学生应用英语从事英语语言学或一般语言学研究的能力。

因此，本课程要求那些对语言学有兴趣并有意从事这方面研究的学生，能够运用英语和所学的语言学知识从事语言学或英语语言学方面的研究，用英语进行表达或撰写论文。

二、课程教学要求《语言学导论》是针对英语专业学生开设的专业方向选修课。

本课程的教学目的是使学生学习必要的语言学方面的基本理论和基本知识，掌握研究、运用语言的基本方法，为今后的工作打下坚实的基础。

在课程结束时，学生需达到以下要求：（一）了解语言的本质特征，语言的功能、语言学中的重要区别及普通语言学的主要分支。

（二）系统了解语言学各分支的知识，即语音学、音位学、词汇学、句法学、语义学、语用学等的基本内容及研究方法。

(三) 了解语言学与其他相关学科交叉所形成的学科，如心理语言学、社会语言学、应用语言学等的基本知识与研究方法。

（四）了解语言学主要流派的基本观点。

（五）能够用英语从事语言学方面的研究，撰写语言学方面的论文。

三、先修课程语音、语法、听力、口语等专业基础课程，基础英语等专业核心课程以及阅读、词汇学等专业方向课程。

四、课程教学重、难点（一）重点：1. 语言的定义特征，语言学的主要分支；2. 元音和辅音的类别以及描述方法，音位过程；3. 词素的定义和分类，词的构成方法；4. 三种句法关系，向心结构和离心结构；5. 单词与句子的涵义关系；6. 合作原则与会话含义。

英语语言学导论

Chapter 1 Introduction介绍1.语言定义What is languageLanguage is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication.First, language is a system, i.e. elements of language are combined according to rules. This explains why “iblk” is not a possible sound combination in English, and also why “Been he wounded has” is not a grammatically acceptable sentence in English.Second, language is arbitrary in the sense that there is no intrinsic connection between a linguistic symbol and what the symbol stands for, for instance, between the word “pen” and the thing we write with. Different languages have different words for the same object. Words are just symbols. “A rose by any other name would smell as sweet.” Shakespeare’s play “Romeo and Juliet”.Third, language is vocal because the primary medium for all languages is sound. All evidence points to the fact that writing systems came into being much later than the spoken forms and that they are only attempts to capture sounds and meaning on paper. The fact that children acquire spoken language before they can read or write also indicates that language is primarily vocal.2. 语言特征Design Features of LanguageDesign features refer to the defining properties of human language that distinguish it from any animal system of communication.Charles Hockett (American) in 1960 : (5 of 13)①Arbitrariness 任意性: There is no logical connection between meanings and sounds.(A good example is the fact that different sounds are used to refer to the same object in different languages.) On the other hand, language is not entirely arbitrary, such like onomatopoeic words and some compound words.②Productivity 多产性: Language is productive or creative in that it makes possible the construction and interpretation of new signals by its users.③Duality 双重性: Language is a system, which consists of two levels. The basic level is a structure of sounds, and the higher level is the units of meaning.④Displacement 移位性: Language can be used to refer to contexts removed from the immediate situations of the speaker.⑤Cultural transmission 文化传承性: Language is passed on from one generation to the next through teaching and learning, rather than by instinct.3.语言功能Function of LanguageThree main functions : the descriptive function, the expressive function and the social function.①The descriptive function: also referred to differently as the cognitive, or referential, or propositional function, is assumed to be the primary function of language.It is the function to convey factual information, which can be asserted or denied, and in some cases even verified.②The expressive function: also called the emotive or attitudinal function, supplies information about the user’s feelings, preferences, prejudices, and values.③The social function: also referred to as the interpersonal function, serves to establish and maintain social relations between people.Roman Jakobson (Russian-born) :He identifies six elements of a speech event and relates each one of them to one specific language function.①Addresser, Emotive 情感功能The addresser expresses his attitude to the topic or situation of communication.②Addressee, Conative 意动功能The addresser aims to influence the addressee’s course of action or ways of thinking.③Context, Referential 信息功能The addresser conveys a message of information.④Message, Poetic 诗性功能The addresser uses language for the sole purpose of displaying the beauty of language itself.⑤Contact, Phatic communication 寒暄功能The addresser tries to establish or maintain good interpersonal relationship with the addressee.⑥Code.Metalinguistic 元语言，纯理功能The addresser uses language to make clear the meaning of language itself, e.g. “Let me tell you what the word ‘linguist’ means.”M.A.K. Halliday (British) in the early 1970s :He explored the functions of child language, and found that as a child grew into an adult the7 functions are gradually replaced by a more abstract system of functions.①Ideational 经验功能: The ideational function is to organize the speaker or writer’sexperience of the real or imaginary world. It corresponds closely to the descriptive function, but it is broader because it also includes the expression of the speaker’s attitude, evaluation, his feelings and emotions.②Interpersonal 人际功能: The interpersonal function is to establish or maintain socialrelationships between people.③Textual 语篇功能: The textual function is to organize written or spoken texts in such amanner that they are coherent within themselves and fit the particular situation in which they are used.4.语言学定义What is LinguisticsLinguistics is generally defined as the scientific study of language.(Linguistics studies not any particular language, but it studies languages in general.)(It is a scientific study because it is based on the systematic investigation of linguistic data, conducted with reference to some general theory of language structure.)5.语言学范围the scope of linguisticsRelatively independent branches within the area of linguistics, and also the core of linguistics:①Phonetics语音学: The study of sounds used in linguistic communication.②Phonology音位学: how sounds are put together and used to convey meaning in communication.③Morphology形态学: The study of the way in which symbols are arranged and combined to form words.④Syntax 句法学: the study of rules that govern the combination of words to form grammatically permissible sentences in languages.⑤Semantics语义学: In most general terms language is used to convey meaning. The study of meaning is known as semantics.⑥Pragmatics语用学: Language communication does not occur in a vacuum, it always occurs in a context. The study of meaning in the context of language use is called pragmatics. Interdisciplinary branches of linguistic study: sociolinguistics社会语言学psycholinguistics 语言心理学applied linguistics 应用语言学。

《语言学导论》教学大纲

《语言学导论》教学大纲一、课程基本信息二、课程性质、地位和任务本课程以英语专业高年级学生为主要对象，属英语专业知识课程之一，是选修其他语言学分支课程的先决条件，也是选修其他综合文化素质课程的基础。

三、课程基本要求本课程将为人类语言本质的基本问题提供一些解答，使学生了解人类语言研究的丰富成果，提高其对语言的社会、人文、经济、科技以及个人修养等方面重要性的认识，以多种方式让学生体会领悟人类语言是一个极度复杂却仍有规可循的、迷人的心智系统，向学生展示语言学和其他学科如心理学、社会学、哲学等学科间的关系如何日趋密切以致最终逐渐发展成了一门内容浩瀚、涉及面广的交叉科学。

在对语言和语言使用的方方面面进行科学、系统的分析探讨过程中，着意培养学生的语言意识和研究兴趣，使其善于对语言现象进行观察和思考，提高语言使用和研究能力，发展以概念分析为基本的逻辑思维习惯，培养提高科学分析问题的能力和辩证的理性思维，全面提高素质。

具体而言，通过本课程的学习，学生能初步了解或掌握语言学的基本知识，了解语言的本质、功能和机制，掌握语言的语音、词汇、语法、语义规律，认识语言与社会、文化、思维、认知、语言习得等的关系，学会分析语料，了解如何进行语言学研究，由此为进一步的语言学习或研究奠定基础。

尤其是，通过本课程的学习，学生能了解语言的本质、掌握语言习得、特别是外语的教与学的实质及相关研究的科学成果，领会语言学各个层面的科研进展对外语教学的启示，以便更好地从事英语学习和教学。

四、课程内容及学时分配本课程包括：课程导学、引言、语音学与音位学、形态学、句法学、语义学、语用学、话语分析、社会语言学、文体学、心理语言学、认知语言学和应用语言学等共十三个部分。

各部分内容之间有相对的独立性，又存在有机的联系。

授课时间为一学期共18周，每周授课一次两个学时，共计36个学时。

具体课程内容与学时分配如下（各部分所列详细内容为其要点内容）：第一部分课程导学（Course Guide）,1学时：为何要学语言学？如何学？教学规划第二部分导言（Preliminaries），2学时：语言的定义、语言的本质特征、语言的功能、语言学的性质及研究范围、语言学简史第三部分语音学与音位学（Phonetics and Phonology），3学时：语音学的范围、英语语音的描述与分类、音素、音位学的范围、音位分析、超音位分析第四部分形态学（Morphology），3学时：词的定义、词位、词素、构词法第五部分句法学（Syntax），3学时：句法研究的性质与范围、词类、转换生成语法、功能句法第六部分语义学（Semantics），3学时：语义学研究范围、词义分析、词之间的意义关系、句子与命题、句子意义分析、句之间的意义关系、语义变化机制第七部分语用学（Pragmatics），3学时：语用学研究范围、指示语、预设、言语行为理论、合作原则、会话含意理论、会话分析第八部分话语分析（Discourse analysis），3学时：话语分析研究范围、信息结构、衔接与连贯、话语标记语、多模态语篇分析、批评话语分析第九部分社会语言学（Sociolinguistics），3学时：社会语言学研究范围、语言变体、语言与性别、语码选择、语言规划、社会语言学研究方法第十部分文体学（Stylistics），3学时：研究范围、文体标记、文体分析的语言学方法、实用文体学第十一部分心理语言学（Psycholinguistics），3学时：语言产生、语言理解、语言习得第十二部分认知语言学（Cognitive linguistics），3学时：范畴与范畴化、概念隐喻、概念转喻、意象图式、识解、象似性第十三部分应用语言学（Applied Linguistics），3学时：二语习得、错误分析、中介语、二语教学、语言测试五、课程教材及主要参考资料教材：文旭，《语言学导论》（Linguistics: An Introduction）。