对氨基水杨酸
药品储存与保管__对氨基水杨酸钠注射液变色了
药品储存与保管——对氨基水杨酸钠注射液变色了
【关键词】氧化反应、避光保存
【知识点】
1.避光保存药品的常识
【案例】
小李刚毕业，在静脉输液配置中心工作，他发现对氨基水杨酸钠注射液放在自然光下一会，颜色变了。
【问题】
为什么对氨基水杨酸钠注射液放在自然光下一会，颜色会变化？
【分析】
对氨基水杨酸钠是常用的抗结核病药，对氨基水杨酸钠的颜色变化主要是由于其发生脱羧反应生成褐色的间氨基酚，再被继续氧化形成二苯醌型化合物所致。
此化合物的氨基容易被羧基所取代而生成四羧基二苯醌，呈明显红棕色。
这种反应在酸性条件下尤易发生。
其中间氨基酚无治疗作用，其量的增加可进一步加速对氨基水杨酸钠的降解；而二苯醌型化合物易引起不良反应。
静脉滴注的对氨基水杨酸钠溶液应新鲜配制，滴注过程应避光，溶液变色即不得使用。
对氨基水杨酸肠溶颗粒介绍-欧盟委员会
ANNEX ISUMMARY OF PRODUCT CHARACTERISTICS1. NAME OF THE MEDICINAL PRODUCTGRANUPAS4 g gastro-resistant granules2. QUALITATIVE AND QUANTITATIVE COMPOSITIONEach sachet contains 4 g of para-aminosalicylic acid.For the full list of excipients, see section 6.1.3. PHARMACEUTICAL FORMGastro-resistant granulesThe granules are small off white/ light brown coloured approximately 1.5mm diameter.4. CLINICAL PARTICULARS4.1 Therapeutic indicationsGRANUPAS is indicated for use as part of an appropriate combination regimen for multi-drug resistant tuberculosis in adults and paediatric patients from 28 days of age and older when an effective treatment regimen cannot otherwise be composed for reasons of resistance or tolerability (see section 4.4).Consideration should be given to official guidance on the appropriate use of antibacterial agents.4.2 Posology and method of administrationPosologyAdults4 g (one sachet) three times per day.The recommended schedule is 4 g every 8 hours. GRANUPAS can be taken with food.Maximum daily dose is 12 g. Usual duration of treatment is 24 months.Paediatric populationThe optimal dose regimen in children is uncertain. Limited pharmacokinetic data suggest no substantial difference between adults and children.For infants, children and adolescents the dosage will be adapted to the patient’s weight at 150 mg/kg per day, divided in two intakes. A dosing spoon is provided to measure small doses below 4g for young children.The safety and efficacy of GRANUPAS in neonates have not been established.No data are available. DesensitizationDesensitization can be accomplished by starting with 10 mg para-aminosalicylic acid given as a single dose. The dosage is doubled every 2 days until reaching a total of 1 gram after which the dosage is divided to follow the regular schedule of administration. If a mild temperature rise or skin reaction develops, the increment is to be dropped back one level or the progression held for one cycle. Reactions are rare after a total dosage of 1.5 g.Method of administrationOral use.The contents of the sachet should be added to a glass of orange or tomato juice. They will not dissolve, but swirling the juice in the glass will help re-suspend the granules if they sink. It should be drunk at once ensuring that the granules are not left in the glass. Any granules left-over at the bottom of the glass should be swallowed immediately by adding a small quantity of liquid. Smaller doses in children should be measured using the dosing spoon and given by sprinkling on apple sauce or yogurt.The medicinal product should be swallowed immediately after mixing with orange juice, tomato juice, apple sauce and yogurt whilst the granules are intact.The granules should not be crushed or chewed.4.3 ContraindicationsHypersensitivity to the active substance or to any of the excipients listed in section 6.1.Severe renal disease. Patients with severe renal impairment should not receive GRANUPAS. Patients with severe renal disease will accumulate the inactive acetyl metabolite of para-aminosalicylic acid. 4.4 Special warnings and precautions for useMild to moderate renal impairmentGiven that the metabolites of para-aminosalicylic acid are largely excreted via glomerular filtration, caution is warranted in patients with mild to moderate renal impairment (see also section 4.3). Gastric ulcerGRANUPAS should be used with caution in patients with peptic ulcer.Hepatic impairmentGRANUPAS should be used with caution in patients with hepatic impairment.Hepatic toxicityPara-aminosalicylic acid may cause hepatitis. The first symptoms usually appear within three months of the start of therapy with a rash as the most common adverse reaction followed by fever and much less frequently by gastrointestinal disturbances of anorexia, nausea or diarrhoea. Treatment should be stopped immediately in this case.HypersensitivityThe patient must be monitored carefully during the first three months of therapy and treatment must be discontinued immediately at the first sign of a rash, fever or other premonitory signs of intolerance. See section 4.2 for posology adjustements for desensitization.Patients should be advised that the skeletons of the granules may be seen in the stools.4.5 Interaction with other medicinal products and other forms of interactionNo interaction studies have been performed with GRANUPAS.Results from literature suggest the following:Vitamin B12Vitamin B12 absorption may be reduced by para-aminosalicylic acid with clinically significant erythrocyte abnormalities developing after depletion; patients on therapy of more than one month should be considered for maintenance of vitamin B12.Malabsorption syndromeA malabsorption syndrome can develop in patients on para-aminosalicylic acid, but is usually not complete. The complete syndrome includes steatorrhoea, an abnormal small bowel pattern on x-ray, villus atrophy, depressed cholesterol, reduced D-xylose and iron absorption. Triglyceride absorption is always normal.DigoxinPara-aminosalicylic acid may decrease the gastrointestinal absorption of digoxin, by inhibiting the absorption function of intestinal cells. Serum digoxin levels should be monitored in patients on concomitant therapy.EthionamideCo-administration of para- aminosalicylic acid and ethionamide may intensify adverse reactions of para-aminosalicylic acid, mainly the gastrointestinal effects, including jaundice, hepatitis, nausea, vomiting, diarrhoea, abdominal pain or anorexia. Ethionamide should be withdrawn if these effects are significant.DiphenylhydramineThis medicinal product decreases the gastrointestinal absorption of para-aminosalicylic acid, and should not be administered concomitantly.AntiretroviralsNo drug interaction studies have been conducted in patients with HIV infection taking antiretroviral agents and para-aminosalicylic acid.Given the metabolic pathway of GRANUPAS no significant drug interaction is anticipated.4.6 Fertility, pregnancy and lactationPregnancyThere are no or limited data from the use of para-aminosalicylic acid in pregnant women. Studies in animals have shown some embryologic toxicity (see section 5.3).Literature reports on para- aminosalicylic acid in pregnant women always report co-administration of other medicinal products. As there are no adequate and well controlled studies of para- aminosalicylic acid in humans, GRANUPAS should be given to a pregnant woman only if clearly needed. BreastfeedingPara-aminosalicylic acid is excreted into breast milk, therefore breastfeeding mothers should not breastfeed during treatment.FertilityThere is no evidence available on the effect of para-aminosalicylic acid on fertility.4.7 Effects on ability to drive and use machinesPara-aminosalicylic acid has negligeable influence on the ability to drive and use machines.4.8 Undesirable effectsSummary of the safety profileMost frequent adverse reactions were related to the gastrointestinal system. Cutaneous hypersensitivity reactions were also frequent as well as adverse reactions related to the nervous system.Tabulated list of adverse reactionsIn the table below all adverse reactions are listed by system organ class and by frequency. Frequency is defined as very common (≥1/10), common (≥1/100 to <1/10), uncommon (≥1/1,000 to <1/100), rare (≥1/10,000 to <1/1,000), very rare (<1/10,000), not known (cannot be estimated from the available data). Within each frequency grouping, adverse reactions are presented in order of decreasing seriousness.System Organ Class Frequency Adverse reactionBlood and lymphatic systemdisorders Very rareThrombocytopenia, purpura, leukopenia,anemia, methemoglobinemia, agranulocytosisMetabolism and nutritiondisordersRare hypothyroidism Very rare HypoglycemiaNervous system disorders Very rareTendon pain, headache, visual abnormalities,peripheral neuropathy, dizziness Common Giddiness, vestibular syndromeGastrointestinal disordersCommonabdominal pain, vomiting, nausea, bloating,diarrhea, soft stools, Uncommon anorexia,RareMalabsorption syndrome, peptic ulcer,gastrointestinal bleeding, jaundice, metallictasteSkin and subcutaneous tissuedisorders Common Cutaneous hypersensitivity, skin rash Rare urticariaRenal and urinary disorders Very rare crystalluriaInvestigations Very rare Decreased prothrombine level, hepatocytolysis.Increased blood alkaline phosphatase,transaminases. weight lossPaediatric populationFrequency, type and severity of adverse reactions in children are expected to be the same as in adults. Reporting of suspected adverse reactionsReporting suspected adverse reactions after authorisation of the medicinal product is important. It allows continued monitoring of the benefit/risk balance of the medicinal product. Healthcare professionals are asked to report any suspected adverse reactions via the national reporting system listed in Appendix V.4.9 OverdoseNo case of overdose in adults or paediatrics has been reported. Treatment is symptomatic and supportive.5. PHARMACOLOGICAL PROPERTIES5.1 Pharmacodynamic propertiesPharmacotherapeutic group: Antimycobacterials, drugs for treatment of tuberculosis ATC code: J04AA01Mechanism of actionAminosalicylic acid is bacteriostatic against Mycobacterium tuberculosis. It inhibits the onset of bacterial resistance to streptomycin and isoniazid.The mechanism of action of para-aminosalicylic acid resembles the sulfonamides, competing with paraminobenzoic acid (PABA) for dihydropteroate synthetase (DHP), a key enzyme in the biosynthesis of folates. However, para-aminosalicylic acid appears to be a weak inhibitor of DHP invitro, raising the possibility that it may have a different target. Para-aminosalicylic acid is acetylated in the liver and converted into the inactive metabolite, N-acetyl-para-aminosalicylic acid which is devoid of bacteriostatic activity. The plasma half-life of this agent is about 1 hour, the concentration is not substantially altered in hepatic dysfunction. The concentration of the metabolite may be increased in cases of renal failure.5.2 Pharmacokinetic propertiesAbsorptionGRANUPAS is a gastro-resistant preparation and, therefore, the acid-resistant coating of the granules protects against degradation in the stomach therefore preventing the formation of meta-aminophenol (a known hepatotoxin). The small granules are designed to escape the restriction on gastric emptying of large particles. Under neutral conditions as are found in the small intestine or in neutral foods, the acid-resistant coating is dissolved within one minute.Care must be taken in the administration of these granules to protect the acid-resistant coating by maintaining the granules in an acidic food during dosage administration.Because the granules are protected by an enteric coating, absorption does not commence until they leave the stomach. The soft skeletons of the granules remain and may be seen in the stools.In a single dose (4 grams) pharmacokinetic study in healthy adult volunteers (N=11) the initial time to a 2 µg/mL serum level of aminosalicylic acid was 2 hours with a range of 45 minutes to 24 hours; the median time to peak was 6 hours with a range of 1.5 to 24 hours; the mean peak level was 20 µg/mL with a range of 9 to 35µg/mL: a level of 2µg/mL was maintained for an average of 8 hours with a range of 5 to 9.5 a level of 1 µg/mL was maintained for an average of 8.8 hours with a range of 6 to 11.5 hours.DistributionPara-aminosalicylic acid is distributed in various tissues and fluids including the lungs, kidneys, liver and peritoneal fluid. Pleural or synovial fluid concentrations are approximately equal to plasma. The drug does not cross the blood brain barrier in patients unless the meninges are inflamed, when the concentration of para-aminosalicylic acid in cerebrospinal fluid is about 10 to 50% of the plasma. It is unknown whether it passes through the placental barrier. Small amounts of this agent are distributed in the milk and bile.Plasma protein binding is about 50 to 60%, the kinetic distribution has a half-life of 0.94 hours and a volume of distribution of 1.001 L/kg.BiotransformationThe major metabolites of PAS are produced by conjugation to glycine in para-aminosalicyluric acid (PASU) for up to 25% of the dose and to N-acetyl in N-acetyl para-aminosalicylic acid (Ac-PAS) for up to 70% of the dose. Together they constitute more than 90% of the total metabolites of PAS found in urine.EliminationIn a single dose study the plasma half-life of para-aminosalicylic acid administered as GRANUPAS was 1.62±0.85 h.Para-aminosalicylic acid and its metabolites are excreted by glomerular filtration and tubular secretion. The cumulative excretion of para-aminosalicylic after 24 hours is 84% of an oral dose of 4 g, 21% as para-aminosalicylic acid and 63% as the acetylated form. The acetylation process is not genetically determined as is the case for isoniazid.5.3 Preclinical safety dataNon-clinical data reveal no special hazard for humans based on conventional studies of safety pharmacology and repeated dose toxicity.The data available from a rat embrofetal development study, where animals were given sodium aminosalicylate (3.85 to 385 mg/kg) were limited. Bone defects were observed at 77 mg/kg only.and increased fetal weight was noted at the other doses. Other malformations were observed; however, the exact nature of these findings is unknown. The lack of a dose-response relationship suggests that the findings are not of clinical relevance, but it is noted that the findings were observed at doses below those proposed clinically. In the rabbit, sodium aminosalicylate had no effects on embryofetal development; however, the doses evaluated were below those proposed clinically.Sodium aminosalicylic acid was not mutagenic in Ames test strain TA 100. In human lymphocyte cultures in-vitro clastogenic effects of achromatic, chromatid, isochromatic breaks or chromatid translocations were not seen at 153 or 600 µg /mL but at 1500 and 3000 µg/mL there was a dose related increase in chromatid aberrations. No in vivo genotoxicity study has been conducted with GRANUPAS.6. PHARMACEUTICAL PARTICULARS6.1 List of excipientsColloidal silicon dioxideDibutyl sebacateMethacrylic acid – Ethyl acrylate Copolymer (1:1) Dispersion 30%HypromelloseMicrocrystalline celluloseTalc6.2 IncompatibilitiesNot applicable.6.3 Shelf life2 years.6.4 Special precautions for storageStore in a refrigerator (2°C – 8°C).The sachets can be stored below 25°C up to 24 hours after first opening.6.5 Nature and contents of containerSachets consisting of paper/low density polyethylene/aluminium foil/primer/low density polyethylene. Pack size of 30 sachets. A calibrated measuring spoon is provided.6.6 Special precautions for disposal and other handlingThe granules should not be crushed or chewed.DO NOT USE if sachet is swollen or if the granules have lost their light brown colour, and are turning dark brown or purple.Any unused product or waste material should be disposed in accordance with local requirements.7. MARKETING AUTHORISATION HOLDERLucane Pharma,172 rue de Charonne75011 ParisFrance8. MARKETING AUTHORISATION NUMBER(S)EU/1/13/896/0019. DATE OF FIRST AUTHORISATION/RENEWAL OF THE AUTHORISATIONDate of first authorisation: 07 April 2014.10. DATE OF REVISION OF THE TEXTDetailed information on this medicinal product is available on the website of the European Medicines Agency: http://www.ema.europa.eu.ANNEX IIA. MANUFACTURER RESPONSIBLE FOR BATCH RELEASEB. CONDITIONS OR RESTRICTIONS REGARDING SUPPLY AND USEC. OTHER CONDITIONS AND REQUIREMENTS OF THE MARKETINGAUTHORISATIOND. CONDITIONS OR RESTRICTIONS WITH REGARD TO THE SAFE ANDEFFECTIVE USE OF THE MEDICINAL PRODUCTA. MANUFACTURER RESPONSIBLE FOR BATCH RELEASEName and address of the manufacturer responsible for batch releaseLucane Pharma,172 rue de Charonne75011 ParisFranceB. CONDITIONS OR RESTRICTIONS REGARDING SUPPLY AND USEMedicinal product subject to medical prescription.C. OTHER CONDITIONS AND REQUIREMENTS OF THE MARKETINGAUTHORISATION•Periodic safety update reportsThe marketing authorisation holder shall submit the first periodic safety update report for this product within 6 months following authorisation. Subsequently, the marketing authorisation holder shall submit periodic safety update reports for this product in accordance with the requirements set out in the list of Union reference dates (EURD list) provided for under Article 107c(7) of Directive 2001/83/EC and published on the European medicines web-portal.D. CONDITIONS OR RESTRICTIONS WITH REGARD TO THE SAFE ANDEFFECTIVE USE OF THE MEDICINAL PRODUCT•Risk Management Plan (RMP)The MAH shall perform the required pharmacovigilance activities and interventions detailed in the agreed RMP presented in Module 1.8.2 of the Marketing Authorisation and any agreed subsequent updates of the RMP.An updated RMP should be submitted:•At the request of the European Medicines Agency;•Whenever the risk management system is modified, especially as the result of new information being received that may lead to a significant change to the benefit/risk profile or as the result of an important (pharmacovigilance or risk minimisation) milestone beingreached.If the submission of a PSUR and the update of a RMP coincide, they can be submitted at the same time.•Additional risk minimisation measuresNone•Obligation to conduct post-authorisation measuresNoneANNEX IIILABELLING AND PACKAGE LEAFLETA. LABELLINGPARTICULARS TO APPEAR ON THE OUTER PACKAGINGCARTON BOX1. NAME OF THE MEDICINAL PRODUCTGRANUPAS 4 g gastro-resistant granulesPara-aminosalicylic acid2. STATEMENT OF ACTIVE SUBSTANCE(S)Each sachet contains 4 g of para-aminosalicylic acid3. LIST OF EXCIPIENTS4. PHARMACEUTICAL FORM AND CONTENTSGastro-resistant granules30 sachetsCalibrated measuring spoon5. METHOD AND ROUTE(S) OF ADMINISTRATIONRead the package leaflet before use.Oral use.Do not chew or crush.Warning: Do not use if sachet is swollen or the granules have lost their light brown color and are dark brown or purple6. SPECIAL WARNING THAT THE MEDICINAL PRODUCT MUST BE STORED OUT OF THE SIGHT AND REACH OF CHILDRENKeep out of the sight and reach of children.7. OTHER SPECIAL WARNING(S), IF NECESSARY8. EXPIRY DATEEXP9. SPECIAL STORAGE CONDITIONSStore in a refrigerator.10. SPECIAL PRECAUTIONS FOR DISPOSAL OF UNUSED MEDICINAL PRODUCTS OR WASTE MATERIALS DERIVED FROM SUCH MEDICINAL PRODUCTS, IF APPROPRIATE11. NAME AND ADDRESS OF THE MARKETING AUTHORISATION HOLDER Lucane Pharma172 rue de Charonne75011 ParisFrance12. MARKETING AUTHORISATION NUMBER(S)EU/1/13/896/00113. BATCH NUMBERLot14. GENERAL CLASSIFICATION FOR SUPPLYMedicinal product subject to medical prescription.15. INSTRUCTIONS ON USE16. INFORMATION IN BRAILLEGRANUPAS 4gMINIMUM PARTICULARS TO APPEAR ON SMALL IMMEDIATE PACKAGING UNITS SACHET1. NAME OF THE MEDICINAL PRODUCT AND ROUTE(S) OF ADMINISTRATION GRANUPAS 4g gastro-resistant granulesPara aminosalicylic acidOral use2. METHOD OF ADMINISTRATION3. EXPIRY DATEEXP4. BATCH NUMBERLot5. CONTENTS BY WEIGHT, BY VOLUME OR BY UNIT4 g6. OTHERWarning: Do not use if sachet is swollen or the granules have lost their light brown color and are dark brown or purple.Do not chew or crush.Read the package leaflet before use.B. PACKAGE LEAFLETPackage leaflet: Information for the patientGRANUPAS 4 g gastro-resistant granulesPara-aminosalicylic acidRead all of this leaflet carefully before you start taking this medicine because it contains important information for you.•Keep this leaflet, you may need to read it again•If you have any further questions, ask your doctor or pharmacist.•This medicine has been prescribed for you only. Do not pass it on to others. It may harm them, even if their signs of illness are the same as yours.•If you get any side effects, talk to your doctor or pharmacist. This includes any possible side effects not listed in this leaflet. See section 4.What is in this leaflet1. What GRANUPAS is and what it is used for2. What you need to know before you take GRANUPAS3. How to take GRANUPAS4. Possible side effects5.How to store GRANUPAS6. Contents of the pack and other information1.What GRANUPAS is and what it is used forGRANUPAS contains para-aminosalicylic acid which is used in adults and children aged 28 days and older to treat resistant tuberculosis in combination with other medicines, in cases of resistance or intolerability with other treatments.2.What you need to know before you take GRANUPASDo not take GRANUPAS if•you are allergic to para-aminosalicylic acid or any of the other ingredients of this medicine (listed in section 6)•you have severe kidney disease.If you are not sure, talk to your doctor or pharmacist before taking GRANUPAS.Warnings and precautionsTalk to your doctor or pharmacist before taking GRANUPAS•if you have liver problems or mild or moderate kidney disease•if you have a stomach ulcerChildrenUse of GRANUPAS is not recommended in newborn babies (under 28 days of age).Other medicines and GRANUPASTell your doctor or pharmacist if you are taking, have recently taken or are planning to take any other medicines.It is especially important to tell your doctor if you are taking any of the following: •Antituberculosis medicines or ethionamide (other treatments against tuberculosis) •Vitamin B12•Digoxin (for heart disease)•Diphenylhydramine (for allergic reactions)Pregnancy and breast-feedingIf you are pregnant or breast-feeding, think you may be pregnant or are planning to have a baby, ask your doctor or pharmacist for advice before taking this medicine.•GRANUPAS should only be used during pregnancy if advised by your physician•Do not breastfeed whilst taking GRANUPAS. This is because small amounts of the medicine can pass into mother’s milk.Driving and using machinesGRANUPAS is unlikely to affect your ability to drive and use machines.3.How to take GRANUPASAlways take this medicine exactly as your doctor has told you. Check with your doctor or pharmacist if you are not sure.AdultsThe recommended dose for adults is 1 sachet three times a day, with a schedule of 1 sachet every 8 hours. Your physician may need to start with a lower dose to prevent possible side effects.Do not take more than 3 sachets per day. Treatment is usually given for two years (24 months). •Add the contents of the sachet to a drink of tomato or orange juice.•Drink straight away•If some granules are left in the glass, add some more juice and drink straight away.Infants, children and adolescentsThe dose in infants, children and adolescents will be calculated by your doctor based on the patient’s body weight. The recommended total dose per day is 150 mg for each kg of body weight. This daily amount is divided into two doses spread out through the day.•Use the spoon that comes with the medicine to measure the dose.•To measure the dose:o Lines on the spoon indicate the amount (in milligrams of para-aminosalicylic acid).Take the correct amount as prescribed by your doctor.o Put granules directly into the spoon.o Tap the spoon once on a table to give a horizontal level of granules and continue filling if necessary.•Sprinkle the granules onto apple sauce or yogurt.•Make your child eat it straight away.Taking this medicine•Do not crush or chew the granules.•Do not use the sachet if it is swollen or the granules have lost their light brown colour. •You may notice granules appearing in your stools; this is normal.If you take more GRANUPAS than you shouldSpeak to a doctor or pharmacist.If you forget to take a dose of GRANUPASDo not take a double dose to make up for a forgotten dose. Wait until the next dose is due, then take your normal dose.If you have any further questions on the use of this medicine, ask your doctor or pharmacist.4. Possible side effectsLike all medicines, this medicine can cause side effects, although not everybody gets them.During the first 3 months of your treatment with GRANUPAS, you must be attentive to any sign of allergic reaction or hepatitis, like skin eruption and/or fever. If you experience any of these symptoms, you must talk to your doctor immediately.Common side effects (may affect more than 1 in 100 people): giddiness, stomach ache (abdominal pain), vomiting, nausea, bloating, diarrhoea, soft stools, skin redness or rash, disturbance of gait and equilibrium.Uncommon side effects (may affect more than 1 in 1,000 people): loss of appetite (anorexia)Rare side effects (may affect more than 1 in 10,000 people): thyroid gland problems, reduced ability to absorb nutrients from food ulcer, bleeding in the gut, yellowing of skin or eyes (jaundice), metallic taste, itchy rash.Very rare side effects (may affect less than 1 in 10,000 people): reduction in numbers of red or white blood cells, reduction in blood platelets, red spots on the skin, low levels of blood sugar, tendon pain, headache, visual abnormalities, nerve damage in the hands and feet, dizziness, prolonged bleeding time, elevated liver enzymes, weight loss, crystals in urine.Reporting of side effectsIf you get any side effects, talk to your doctor or pharmacist.This includes any possible side effects not listed in this leaflet.You can also report side effects directly via the national reporting system listed in Appendix V. By reporting side effects you can help provide more information on the safetyof this medicine.5. How to store GRANUPASKeep out of the sight and reach of children.Do not use after the expiry date which is stated on the carton and sachet after EXP. The expiry date refers to the last day of the month.Store in a refrigerator (2°C – 8°C). The sachets can be stored below 25°C up to 24 hours after opening.Do not use GRANUPAS if you notice the sachets are swollen or if the granules are dark brown or purple.Medicines should not be disposed of via wastewater or household waste. Ask your pharmacist how to dispose of medicines no longer required. These measures will help to protect the environment.6. Contents of the pack and other informationWhat GRANUPAS containsThe active substance is para-aminosalicylic acid.Each sachet of gastroresistant granules contains 4 g of para-aminosalicylic acid.The other ingredients are colloidal silicon dioxide, dibutyl sebacate, methacrylic acid – ethyl acrylate copolymer (1:1) dispersion 30%, hypromellose, microcrystalline cellulose, talc.What GRANUPAS looks like and contents of the packThis medicine is presented as light brown gastro-resistant granules in sachets.Each box contains 30 sachets. A calibrated measuring spoon is provided.Marketing Authorisation HolderLucane Pharma172 rue de Charonne75011 Paris - FranceManufacturerLucane Pharma,172 rue de Charonne75011 ParisFranceFor any information about this medicine, please contact the local representative of the Marketing Authorisation Holder:België/Belgique/Belgien Lucane PharmaTél/Tel: + 33 153 868 750 info@ LietuvaMedical Need Europe AB Tel: + 46 8 533 39 500 info@БългарияLucane PharmaTeл.: + 33 153 868 750 info@ Luxembourg/Luxemburg Lucane PharmaTél/Tel: + 33 153 868 750 info@Česká republika Medical Need Europe AB Tel: + 46 8 533 39 500 info@ MagyarországMedical Need Europe AB Tel.: + 46 8 533 39 500 info@DanmarkMedical Need Europe AB Tlf: + 46 8 533 39 500 info@ MaltaLucane PharmaTel: + 33 153 868 750 info@DeutschlandLucane PharmaTel: + 33 153 868 750 info@ NederlandLucane PharmaTel: + 33 153 868 750 info@EestiMedical Need Europe AB Tel: + 46 8 533 39 500 info@ NorgeMedical Need Europe AB Tlf: + 46 8 533 39 500 info@ΕλλάδαLucane PharmaΤηλ: + 33 153 868 750 info@ ÖsterreichLucane PharmaTel: + 33 153 868 750 info@。
注射用对氨基水杨酸钠
注射用对氨基水杨酸钠【药品名称】通用名称：注射用对氨基水杨酸钠英文名称：Sodium Aminosalicylate for Injection【成份】本品主要成份为：对氨基水杨酸钠。
【适应症】适用于结核分枝杆菌所致的肺及肺外结核病，静滴可用于治疗结核性脑膜炎及急性扩散性结核病。
本品仅对分枝杆菌有效。
单独应用时结核杆菌能迅速产生耐药性，因此本...【用法用量】静脉滴注一日4～12g，临用前加灭菌注射用水适量使溶解后再用5%葡萄糖注射液500ml稀释，2～3小时滴完。
小儿每日0.2～0.3g/kg。
【不良反应】1.发生率较多者：瘙痒皮疹、关节酸痛与发热、极度度疲乏或软弱，嗜酸性粒细胞增多(较常见的原因为过敏)。
2.发生率较少者：下背部疼痛、尿痛或排尿烧灼感(结晶尿)、血尿;月经失调、发冷、男性性欲减低、皮肤干燥、颈前部肿胀、体重加重(甲状腺肿，粘液水肿);眼或皮肤黄染(黄疸、肝炎);腹痛、背痛、苍白(溶血性贫血，由于G6PD缺乏);发热、头痛、皮疹、咽痛、乏力(传染性单核细胞增多样综合症)。
【禁忌】尚不明确。
【注意事项】1.交叉过敏反应，对其他水杨酸类包括水杨酸甲酯(冬青油)或其他含对氨基苯基团(如某些磺胺药或染料)过敏的患者对本品亦可呈过敏;2.对诊断的干扰：使硫酸铜法测定尿糖出现假阳性;使尿液中尿胆原测定呈假阳性反应(氨基水杨酸类与Ehrlich试剂发生反应，产生橘红色混浊或黄色，某些根据上述原理做成的市售试验纸条的结果也可受影响);使丙氨酸氨基转移酶(ALT)和门冬氨酸氨基转移酶(AST)的正常值增高;3.下列情况应慎用：充血性心力衰竭、胃溃疡、葡萄糖-6-磷酸脱氢酶(G6PD)缺乏症、严重肝功能损害、严重肾功能损害;4.静脉滴注的溶液需新配，滴注时应避光，溶液变色即不得使用。
静脉滴注久用易致静脉炎。
【孕妇及哺乳期妇女用药】对孕妇未证实有问题，同时联合疗法对于胎儿的影响目前尚不清楚，但必须权衡利弊后选用。
对氨基水杨酸的功能主治
对氨基水杨酸的功能主治1. 什么是氨基水杨酸？氨基水杨酸（Salicylamide），也被称为水杨胺，是一种具有镇痛、退热和抗炎作用的药物。
它是由水杨酸与氨基苯甲酸反应而得到的化合物。
氨基水杨酸在医学领域被广泛应用，特别是在外用药和口腔护理产品中。
2. 氨基水杨酸的主要功能•镇痛作用：氨基水杨酸具有一定的镇痛作用，可用于缓解轻至中度的头痛、牙痛、肌肉疼痛等疼痛症状。
•退热作用：氨基水杨酸能够促进体温调节中枢的降温作用，对于轻至中度的发热症状有一定的缓解效果。
•抗炎作用：氨基水杨酸能够抑制炎症反应，减少组织炎症介质的产生，从而缓解炎症引起的不适。
•止痒作用：由于其一定的抗炎作用，氨基水杨酸可用于缓解轻度皮肤瘙痒症状，如昆虫叮咬、湿疹等引起的瘙痒。
•角质软化作用：氨基水杨酸可以帮助去除角质层，增强皮肤的透明度和光泽，使皮肤更加柔软光滑。
•美白作用：氨基水杨酸能够抑制黑色素的生成，减少色素沉着，具有一定的美白效果。
3. 使用氨基水杨酸的注意事项•遵循剂量和使用说明：在使用氨基水杨酸时，应该根据医生或产品说明书的指导，遵守正确的剂量和使用频率。
使用过量可能引起不良反应。
•避免接触眼部和黏膜：氨基水杨酸具有刺激性，不应接触眼部和黏膜，避免误食。
•不适合儿童和孕妇使用：氨基水杨酸在儿童和孕妇中的使用不太安全，建议在医生指导下使用。
•不与其他药物混合使用：使用氨基水杨酸时，应避免与其他药物混合使用，以免发生不良反应。
•注意过敏反应：对氨基水杨酸过敏的人应避免使用，如出现过敏反应，应立即停止使用并就医。
4. 市面上常见的氨基水杨酸产品•止痛药物：氨基水杨酸常被用于某些止痛药物中，如一些退烧药和止痛贴膏等。
•口腔护理产品：氨基水杨酸可以在一些牙膏和口腔漱洗液中找到，用于缓解口腔疼痛和口臭等问题。
•外用护肤品：氨基水杨酸可以在一些外用护肤品中找到，如去角质产品、粉刺护理产品和美白产品等。
5. 氨基水杨酸的副作用和风险•刺激性反应：氨基水杨酸可能引起皮肤刺激，如红肿、瘙痒等不适症状。
对氨基水杨酸用途
对氨基水杨酸用途一、用于结核病的治疗什么是结核病：临床上通常用对氨基水杨酸治疗结核病，什么是结核病呢？为什么说是万恶的结核病呢？结核病是危害较大的慢性传染病之一，目前有20亿人被感染，每年有两到三百万人死于结核病。
目前我国因结核病死亡人数为每年13万，超过其他传染病死亡人数之和。
结核病的治疗：1948年，4-氨基水杨酸开始被用于临床治疗结核病。
它是链霉素之后人们发现的第二种能够治疗结核病的药物。
在人们发现利福平与吡嗪酰胺之前，氨基水杨酸是治疗结核病的标配药物之一。
目前氨基水杨酸在美国的商品则是Paser；市面上还曾经有过商品名为Pasinah或Pycamisan 33的氨基水杨酸与异烟肼组成的复方制剂。
二、用于炎症性肠病的治疗什么是炎症性肠病：广义的炎症性肠病指的是各种炎性肠病，定义较为宽泛；狭义的炎性肠病其实就是指两种：一个是溃疡性结肠炎；一个是克隆氏症，现在叫克罗恩病。
除此之外，还有一些结肠病变，无法归入这两类，称为未定型结肠炎，一般较为少见。
炎症性肠病的治疗：自1940年代起，4-氨基水杨酸被医学界发现可以用于治疗炎症性肠病，对溃疡性结肠炎和克罗恩病的医治效果较为出色，现阶段对于治疗炎症性肠病的方面，4-氨基水杨酸基本上已被柳氮磺胺吡啶和美沙拉嗪等药物所取代。
三、作为镀锌光亮剂整平剂和匀镀剂，用于碱性镀锌四、用于锰中毒的治疗4-氨基水杨酸也被研究用于锰中毒的螯合疗法，其中一项17年的随访研究显示它可能比其他常用的螯合剂（如EDTA）效果要好。
对氨基水杨酸衍生物对氨基水杨酸有一些氨基酸衍生物，它们主要为：氨基水杨酸类衍生物、氨基水杨酸衍生物赖氨酸复盐、5-苄基氨基水杨酸衍生物或其盐。
一、对氨基水杨酸类衍生物：通式：其中： R1、R2、R3、R5中至少有一个为—OH； R1、R2、R3、R5不为—OH时，为—H、—OCH3、—F、—Cl、—Br、—CF3或—NO3； R4为—OCH3、—F、—Cl、—Br、——CF3或—NO3； R6、R7为—COOH或—OH；当R6为—COOH时，R7为—OH；当R6为—OH时，R7为—COOH；用途：用于制备神经保护剂和治疗脑卒中药物；参考专利：CN 101492384A；二、对氨基水杨酸衍生物赖氨酸复盐：通式： R1为—H、—Cl或—Br；R2为—F、—Cl或—Br； R3和R4其中一个为COO，另一个为—OH或—OCOCH3；用途：用于制备治疗神经源性疼痛药物中的应用；参考专利：CN 101792399A；三、5-苄基氨基水杨酸衍生物或其盐：通式： X是CO、SO2或（CH2）n（其中n为包括1至5在内的整数）； R1是氢、烷基或烷酰基 R2是氢或烷基； R3是氢或乙酰基；并且 R4是未取代的苯基或被一个或多个选自硝基、卤素、卤代烷基及C1—C5烷氧基中的基团取代的苯基；或其药物可接受的盐；用途：用于治疗或预防应激障碍、抑郁症、焦虑性障碍等疾病；参考专利：CN 102316863A。
对氨基水杨酸钠word版
对氨基水杨酸钠片【药品名称】通用名称：对氨基水杨酸钠片英文名称：Sodium Aminosalicylate Tablets【成份】其化学名称为：4-氨基-2-羟基苯甲酸钠盐二水合物。
分子式：C7H6NNaO3·2H2O分子量：211.14【适应症】适用于结核分枝杆菌所致的肺及肺外结核病。
本品仅对分枝杆菌有效，单独应用时结核杆菌对本品能迅速产生耐药性，因此必须与其他抗结核药合用。
链霉素和异烟肼与本...【用法用量】口服成人一次4~6片，一日16~24片，一日4次；小儿按体重每日0.2~0.3g/kg，分3~4次，儿童每日剂量不超过12g。
【不良反应】1.发生率较多者：胃肠道反应有食欲不振、恶心、呕吐、腹痛、腹泻；过敏反应有瘙痒、皮疹、药物热、哮喘、嗜酸性粒细胞增多。
2.发生率较少者：引起胃溃疡及其出血、血尿、蛋白尿、肝功损害及粒细胞减少。
【禁忌】对本品过敏者禁用【注意事项】1.交叉过敏反应，对其他水杨酸类包括水杨酸甲酯（冬青油）或其他含对氨基苯基团（如某些磺胺药和染料）过敏的患者对本品亦可呈过敏。
2.对诊断的干扰：使硫酸铜法测定尿糖出现假阳性；使尿液中尿胆原测定呈假阳性反应（氨基水杨酸类与Ehrlich试剂发生反应，产生橘红色混浊或黄色，某些根据上述原理做成的市售试验纸条的结果也可受影响）；使丙氨酸氨基转移酶（ALT）和门冬氨酸氨基转移酶（AST）的正常值增高。
3.下列情况应慎用：充血性心力衰竭、胃溃疡、葡萄糖-6-磷酸脱氢酶（G6PD）缺乏症、严重肝功能损害、严重肾功能损害。
【药物相互作用】1 对氨基苯甲酸与本品有拮抗作用，两者不宜合用。
2 本品可增强抗凝药（香豆素或茚满二酮衍生物）的作用，因此在用对氨基水杨酸类时或用后，口服抗凝药的剂量应适当调整。
3 与乙硫异烟胺合用时可增加不良反应。
4 丙磺舒或苯磺唑酮与氨基水杨酸类合用可减少后者从肾小管的分泌量，导致血药浓度增高和持续时间延长及毒性反应发生。
2023年关于“对氨基水杨酸”解析
对氨基水杨酸，西药名。 为抗结核药。 常用剂型有片剂、注射剂。用于结核分枝杆菌所致的肺及肺外结核病、结核性脑膜炎、急性血行播散型结核病、 甲状腺功能亢进症。
适应症
对氨基水杨酸钙片：
1、用于结核分枝杆菌所致的肺及肺外结核病。
2、也可用于甲状腺功能亢进症。对于甲状腺功能亢进合并结核的患者，在用碘剂无效而可能影响 手术时，可短期服用。
用法用量
本品不同剂型、不同规格的用法用量可能存在差异，请阅读具体药物说明书使用，或遵医嘱。 对氨基水杨酸钙片： 1、结核病：一日8-12g，分3-4次服。 2、甲亢手术前：一日8-12g，分4次服，同时服用维生素B和维生素C。服药时间不可过长，以防毒性反应出现。 对氨基水杨酸钠片： 口服，成人一次4-6片，一日16-24片，一日4次；小儿按体重每日0.2-0.3g/kg，分3-4次，儿童每日剂量不超过12g。 注射用对氨基水杨酸钠： 静脉滴注：一日4-12g，临用前加灭菌注射用水适量使溶解后再用5%葡萄糖注射液500ml稀释，2-3小时滴完。小儿每日0.2-0.3g/kg。
药代动力学
对氨基水杨酸钠：
自胃肠道吸收良好。较其他水杨酸类吸收更为迅速。吸收后迅速分布至各种体液中，在胸水中达到很高浓度，但脑脊液中的浓度很低。本品迅 速弥散至肾、肺和肝组织，在干酪样组织中可达较高浓度。蛋白结合率低（15%）。口服后1-2小时血药浓度达峰值，持续时间约4小时，T1／ 2为45-60分钟，肾功能损害者可达23小时。本品在肝中代谢，50%以上经乙酰化成为无活性代谢物。给药后85%在7-10小时内经肾小球滤过 和肾小管分泌迅速排出；14-33%以原形经肾排出，50%为代谢物。本品亦可经乳汁排泄。血液透析能否清除本品不明。
对氨基水杨酸钠片/注射用对氨基水杨酸钠：
用药常识对氨基水杨酸钠
欣雅图表打造高品质文档用药常识对氨基水杨酸钠
世界防治结核病日
药剂名称：对氨基水杨酸钠
别名：SodiumPara-aminosalicylateAminox、PAS-Na
主要成分和含量：
性状：为白色结晶性粉末，无臭、味甜带咸。
易溶于水，略溶于乙醇。
药理和应用：本品的抗结核作用虽比异烟肼、链霉素弱，但结核菌对它产生耐药性速度很慢，一般在服药4～12个月后才逐渐产生，停药后又可恢复其敏感性。
本品一般不单独使用，常与异烟肼或链霉素合用，这不仅可延缓耐药性的产生，又可公务员之家，全国公务员共同的天地增强抗结核作用。
临床主要用于各型活动性结核病，亦用于甲状腺功能亢进等。
用法和用量：静滴：从每日3～4g开始，逐日增加至每日8～12g，用5%葡萄糖液稀释后，经3～5小时滴完，每日或隔日1次，溶液变色不能再用。
对结核性脓胸可作胸腔内注射：每次用生理盐水配成10～20%溶液10～20ml，每周2次。
一般应先用生理盐水洗涤胸腔后，再注入本品。
体内过程：
不良反应和注意：本品口服除可有胃肠道反应外，并可引起皮疹等过敏反应及影响血象，并因其乙酰化产物水溶较低，易损于肾脏。
静滴如长期公务员之家，全国公务员共同的天地用药可致静脉硬化及阻塞等。
对氨基水杨酸钠结构式
对氨基水杨酸钠结构式
最近，对氨基水杨酸钠在多个领域中发挥着非常重要的作用，因此对其结构式的研究也变得越来越重要。
本文主要讨论对氨基水杨酸钠的结构，以及它的物理和化学特性。
氨基水杨酸钠的化学式为C7H6O3Na，它是一种无色结晶粉末，具有强烈的酸性味道。
它是氨基水杨酸的钠盐，它的分子氢键结构形式为C7H6O3Na的正八面体，由四个水杨酸分子和三个钠离子构成。
在可见光谱分析中，有三个强吸收峰在315nm，356nm和455nm，这些谱线表明其它官能团的存在。
氨基水杨酸钠是一种非常有用的溶剂，在药物合成和有机结晶中有广泛的应用。
由于它的特殊的酸性属性，它也用于抗过敏、抗炎、抗病毒和抗菌剂的研究。
此外，它还用于各种抗菌性防腐剂，可以防治食物中的细菌和霉菌。
氨基水杨酸钠也用于清洁剂、染料、油漆、油墨、植物激素和植物保护剂的生产。
同时，它也用于保护食品中的细菌，以及在植物中控制害虫和病毒的生长。
氨基水杨酸钠有许多物理和化学性质。
它的熔点为206℃，沸点为361℃，溶解度为每千克水溶液的46克，并且在水、乙醇和乙醚中都能很好的溶解。
它的熔点比氨基水杨酸要高，而其他物理性质基本上是一样的。
氨基水杨酸钠在各种领域中表现出了非常重要的作用。
它对于保护和洁净环境，控制害虫和病毒，以及抗炎、抗病毒和抗菌等疾病的
治疗都有重要的作用。
未来，它的应用将会发挥更多的作用，发挥更大的作用。
对氨基水杨酸钠的稳定性实验
药物化学实验讲义（8-7）项目名称对氨基水杨酸钠的稳定性试验实验学时4实验类型验证教学目的和要求：1.加强对实验中防止药物氧化重要性的认识。
药物氧化分解的结果，使药物失效、颜色变深、颜色变深、形成沉[淀或产生有毒物质（如新胂凡纳明暴露于空气中，易氧化变质，毒性显著增加而不能供药用）。
有些注射剂其中药物虽仅极少一部分氧化，但颜色变深，以致可能成为废品2.掌握药物抗氧化的措施。
实验原理：1946年发现对结核杆菌有选择性抑制作用的对氨基水杨酸，临床上应用其钠盐，对氨基水杨酸钠为常见的抗结核药，为白色结晶性粉末，无臭，味甜带咸，易溶于水，略溶于乙醇对氨基水杨酸钠盐水溶液很不稳定，易被氧化，遇光热颜色渐变深。
（主要是由于其发生脱羧反应生成褐色的间氨基酚再被继续氧化形成红棕色的二苯醌型化合物所致）在铜离子存在下，加速氧化。
如有抗氧剂或金属络合剂存在，可有效地防止氧化。
用光电比色计测定透光率（T）可看出其变化程度。
实验药品和器材：试剂：对氨基水杨酸钠，双氧水，硫酸铜，焦亚硫酸钠，乙二胺四乙酸（EDTA，它是一种能与Mg2+、Ca2+、Mn2+、Fe2+等二价金属离子结合的螯合剂）。
仪器：100 mL锥形瓶，试管，紫外可见分光光度计。
实验内容：取5支试管，编号，各加入0.025 % PAS-Na溶液10 mL。
除1号试管外，各试管分别加入双氧水（10 mL-50 mL）12滴。
在3号试管中加入Na2S2O5试液（10 g-30 mL）20滴。
在4、5号试管中分别加入Cu2+试液（2 mg - 10 mL）6滴。
在5号试管加入EDTA试液（10 mg-10 mL）20滴。
各试管用蒸馏水稀释至刻度一致。
将所有试管同时置入80-90℃水浴中，记录置入时间，维持此温度，间隔30 min取样，放置至室温，观察颜色深浅及变化。
用722型分光光度计在440 nm处测定样品的透光率。
A=Ig（1/T）颜色越深，吸光度越大，透光率越小1、双氧水拥有较强的腐蚀性、氧化性，所以浓度较高会产生较为严重的危害性；使用双氧水要现配现用。
简析对氨基水杨酸钠药物的分析与检测
简析对氨基水杨酸钠药物的分析与检测[摘要]对氨基水杨酸是一种较好的抗结核药物，制药工业上采用多种方法制备对氨基水杨酸钠。
由于对氨基水杨酸钠的特殊理化性质，我们可以用fecl3反应、重氮化偶合反应等方法来鉴别。
对于工业生产来说，必然会带入一些杂质，我们要对杂质的含量进行检查。
与此同时，我们也要用重氮法、溴量法等方法来测定主要成分的含量，以确保药品的质量。
[关键词]对氨基水杨酸钠理化性质合成方法鉴别方法杂质检测含量测定中图分类号：r927.2 文献标识码：a 文章编号：1009-914x（2013）23-0239-011 药物介绍对氨基水杨酸钠，对结核菌的对氨基苯甲酸合成起抑制作用因而可抑制其生长。
口服吸收良好，vd为0.23l/kg。
约有50%药物在体内乙酰化，对氨基水杨酸钠80%药物（包括代谢物）由尿排出、肾功不良时应注意。
t1/2为0.5～1.5小时。
本品尚有较强的降血脂作用。
本药品适用于结核分枝杆菌所致的肺及肺外结核病，静滴可用于治疗结核性脑膜炎及急性扩散性结核病。
本品仅对分枝杆菌有效。
单独应用时结核杆菌能迅速产生耐药性，因此本品必须与其他抗结核药合用。
链霉素和异烟肼与本品合用时能延缓结核杆菌对前二者耐药性的产生。
本品对不典型分枝杆菌无效。
主要用作二线抗结核药物。
也可用于甲状腺功能亢进症。
对于甲亢合并结核患者较适用，在用碘剂无效而影响手术时，可短期服本品为手术创造条件。
2 理化性质1、固体；易溶于水；具有一定的熔点。
2、分子结构中具有苯环和氨基、羟基官能团，均具有紫外和红外特征吸收光谱，已为一些国家药典用于鉴别。
3、酸性：对氨基水杨酸钠的酸性受苯环、羧基和取代基的影响。
一般属于中等强度的酸或弱酸。
水杨酸类药物的酸性受取代基影响是因为取代基（卤素、硝基、羟基）能降低苯环电子云密度，使羧基中羟基氧原子的电子云密度降低，从而增加氧氢键极性，较易离解出质子，故酸性较苯甲酸强；而取代基（甲基、氨基）能增加苯环电子云密度从而降低氧氢键极性，使酸性较苯甲酸弱。
注射用对氨基水杨酸钠
注射用对氨基水杨酸钠说明书【药品名称】通用名：注射用对氨基水杨酸钠曾用名：商品名：英文名：Sodium Aminosalicylate for Injection汉语拼音：Zhusheyong Dui'anji Shuiyangsuanna化学名称：4-氨基-2-羟基苯甲酸钠盐二水合物化学结构式：分子式：C7H6NNaO3 ·2H2O分子量：211.14【性状】本品为白色或类白色的结晶或结晶性粉末。
【药理毒理】只对结核杆菌有抑菌作用。
本品为对氨基苯甲酸（PABA）的同类物，通过对叶酸合成的竞争抑制作用而抑制结核分枝杆菌的生长繁殖。
【药代动力学】自胃肠道吸收良好。
较其他水杨酸类吸收更为迅速。
吸收后迅速分布至各种体液中，在胸水中达到很高浓度，但脑脊液中的浓度很低。
本品迅速弥散至肾、肺和肝组织，在干酪样组织中可达较高浓度。
蛋白结合率低（15%）。
口服后1～2小时血药浓度达峰值，持续时间约4小时，半衰期（T1/2）为45～60分钟，肾功能损害者可达23小时。
本品在肝中代谢，50%以上经乙酰化成为无活性代谢物。
给药后85%在7～10小时内经肾小球滤过和肾小管分泌迅速排出；14%～33%以原形经肾排出，50%为代谢物。
本品亦可经乳汁排泄。
血液透析能否清除本品不明。
【适应症】适用于结核分枝杆菌所致的肺及肺外结核病，静滴可用于治疗结核性脑膜炎及急性扩散性结核病。
本品仅对分枝杆菌有效。
单独应用时结核杆菌能迅速产生耐药性，因此本品必须与其他抗结核药合用。
链霉素和异烟肼与本品合用时能延缓结核杆菌对前二者耐药性的产生。
本品对不典型分枝杆菌无效。
主要用作二线抗结核药物。
【用法用量】静脉滴注一日4～12g，临用前加灭菌注射用水适量使溶解后再用5%葡萄糖注射液500ml稀释，2～3小时滴完。
小儿每日0.2～0.3g/kg。
【不良反应】1. 发生率较多者：瘙痒皮疹、关节酸痛与发热、极度度疲乏或软弱，嗜酸性粒细胞增多（较常见的原因为过敏）。
对氨基水杨酸片引起急性过敏反应的探讨
对氨基水杨酸片引起急性过敏反应的探讨目的观察并探究对氨基水杨酸在治疗肺结核过程中所出现的急性过敏反应及其抢救、护理措施。
方法选取我院2012年3月～2014年7月收治的42例肺结核患者为研究对象，将其随机分为对照组与观察组，每组21例。
对照组患者在常规治疗的基础上配合应用含左氧氟沙星，观察组则在常规治疗基础上加用对氨基水杨酸片。
对两组患者的临床疗效及不良反应情况进行统计并分析。
结果经过一段时间的治疗后，对照组患者的总有效率为90.5%，观察组的总有效率为81.0%，数据差异显著，具备统计学意义（P＜0.05）；此外，对照组的不良反应发生率为0，无1例急性过敏反应，而观察组出现2例急性过敏反应情况，不良反应发生率为9.5%，两组数据差异显著，具有统计学意义（P＜0.05）。
结论应用对氨基水杨酸片对肺结核患者进行治疗时，存在发生急性过敏反应的可能。
因此，临床应注重对氨基水杨酸片的合理使用，一旦发现患者出现不良反应现象，及时采用有效的抢救及护理措施。
标签：对氨基水杨酸；肺结核；过敏反应对氨基水杨酸为一种氨基苯甲酸的同类物，其通过抑制叶酸合成，进而对结核分枝杆菌的生长与繁殖产生抑制作用。
临床治疗肺结核疾病时，通常采用对氨基水杨酸钠片联合应用异烟肼、链霉素的治疗方法，可起到一定的治疗效果。
然而经过大量实验研究得知，对氨基水杨酸钠片可导致发热、恶心呕吐、皮肤瘙痒、皮疹、腹痛、腹泻等不良反应的发生[1]。
1 资料与方法1.1一般资料选取我院2012年3月～2014年7月收治的42例肺结核患者为研究对象，将其随机分为观察组和对照组两组，每组21例。
男31例，女11例；年齡分布：32～76岁，平均（57.3±6.9）岁。
其中，13例伴有空洞，30例咳嗽咳痰，17例发热，6例咳血，4例合并霉菌感染，1例伴自发性气胸。
所有患者排除严重肝肾疾病及其他并发症。
两组患者的年龄、性别、病情等一般资料无明显差距，具有可比性（P>0.05）。
对氨基水杨酸钠合成实验
实验十四 对氨基水杨酸钠 （Sodium P-Aminosalicylate ）稳定性实验一、目的要求通过本实验，加强对实验中防止药物氧化重要性的认识。
二、实验原理对氨基水杨酸钠（PAS-Na ）用于治疗各种结核病，尤适用于肠结核、骨结核及渗出性肺结核的治疗。
对氨基水杨酸钠化学结构式为：.NH 2COONaOH 2H 2O对氨基水杨酸钠为白色或银灰色结晶性粉末，mp.142~145℃，难溶于水及氯仿，溶于乙醇及乙醚，几乎不溶于苯。
对氨基水杨酸钠盐水溶液很不稳定，易被氧化，遇光热颜 色渐变深。
在铜离子存在下，加速氧化。
如有抗氧剂或金属络合剂存在，可有效地防止氧化。
用光电比色计测定透光率（T ）可看出其变化程度。
反应如下：NH 2OH CO 2NH 2OH[O]O HO H 2N O OH NH 2[O]O HO HO O OH OH三、实验方法取5支试管，编号，各加入0.025 % PAS-Na溶液10 mL。
除1号试管外，各试管分别加入双氧水（10 mL ~50 mL）12滴。
在3号试管中加入Na2S2O5试液（10 g ~ 30 mL）20滴。
在4、5号试管中分别加入Cu2+试液（2 mg ~ 10 mL）6滴。
在5号试管加入EDTA试液（10 mg ~ 10 mL）20滴。
各试管用蒸馏水稀释至刻度一致。
将所有试管同时置入80~90℃水浴中，记录置入时间，维持此温度，间隔30 min取样，放置至室温，用722型分光光度计在440 nm处测定各样品的透光率。
思考题：1. 药物被氧化着色与哪些因素有关，如何采取措施防止药物氧化？2. PAS-Na氧化后生成何物？写出反应式。
对氨基水杨酸钠药物的分析与检测
对氨基水杨酸钠药物的分析与检测摘要：对氨基水杨酸是一种较好的抗结核药物，制药工业上采用多种方法制备对氨基水杨酸钠。
由于对氨基水杨酸钠的特殊理化性质，我们可以用FeCl3反应、重氮化偶合反应等方法来鉴别。
对于工业生产来说，必然会带入一些杂质，我们要对杂质的含量进行检查。
与此同时，我们也要用重氮法、溴量法等方法来测定主要成分的含量，以确保药品的质量。
关键字：对氨基水杨酸钠理化性质合成方法鉴别方法杂质检测含量测定正文：<1>药物介绍：对氨基水杨酸钠，对结核菌的对氨基苯甲酸合成起抑制作用因而可抑制其生长。
口服吸收良好，Vd为0.23L／kg。
约有50％药物在体内乙酰化，对氨基水杨酸钠80％药物（包括代谢物）由尿排出、肾功不良时应注意。
t1/2为0.5～1.5小时。
本品尚有较强的降血脂作用。
本药品适用于结核分枝杆菌所致的肺及肺外结核病，静滴可用于治疗结核性脑膜炎及急性扩散性结核病。
本品仅对分枝杆菌有效。
单独应用时结核杆菌能迅速产生耐药性，因此本品必须与其他抗结核药合用。
链霉素和异烟肼与本品合用时能延缓结核杆菌对前二者耐药性的产生。
本品对不典型分枝杆菌无效。
主要用作二线抗结核药物。
也可用于甲状腺功能亢进症。
对于甲亢合并结核患者较适用，在用碘剂无效而影响手术时，可短期服本品为手术创造条件。
<2>理化性质：1、固体；易溶于水；具有一定的熔点。
2、分子结构中具有苯环和氨基、羟基官能团，均具有紫外和红外特征吸收光谱，已为一些国家药典用于鉴别。
3、酸性：对氨基水杨酸钠的酸性受苯环、羧基和取代基的影响。
一般属于中等强度的酸或弱酸。
水杨酸类药物的酸性受取代基影响是因为取代基（卤素、硝基、羟基）能降低苯环电子云密度，使羧基中羟基氧原子的电子云密度降低，从而增加氧氢键极性，较易离解出质子，故酸性较苯甲酸强；而取代基（甲基、氨基）能增加苯环电子云密度从而降低氧氢键极性，使酸性较苯甲酸弱。
<3>药物合成方法：对氨基水杨酸钠的合成路线有多条，其中以间氨基苯酚为原料的生产工艺较为普遍。
对氨基水杨酸钠肠溶片
利福平胶囊【药品名称】通用名称：利福平胶囊英文名称：Rifampicin Capsules【成份】本品主要成分为利福平，其化学名为3-[[（4-甲基-1-哌嗪基）亚氨基]甲基]-利福霉素。
【适应症】1本品与其他抗结核药联合用于各种结核病的初治与复治，包括结核性脑膜炎的治疗。
2本品与其他药物联合用于麻风、非结核分枝杆菌感染的治疗。
3本品与万古霉素（静...【用法用量】1 抗结核治疗成人：口服，一日0.45g～0.60g，空腹顿服，每日不超过1.2g；1个月以上小儿每日按体重10～20mg/kg，空腹顿服，每日量不超过0.6g。
2 脑膜炎奈瑟菌带菌者：成人5mg/kg，每12小时1次，连续2日；1个月以上小儿每日10mg/kg，每12小时1次，连服4次。
3 老年患者，口服，按每日10mg/kg，空腹顿服。
【不良反应】1 消化道反应最为多见，口服本品后可出现厌食、恶心、呕吐、上腹部不适、腹泻等胃肠道反应，发生率为1.7%～4.0%，但均能耐受。
2 肝毒性为本品的主要不良反应，发生率约1%。
在疗程最初数周内，少数患者可出现血清氨基转移酶升高、肝肿大和黄疸，大多为无症状的血清氨基转移酶一过性升高，在疗程中可自行恢复，老年人、酗酒者、营养不良、原有肝病或其他因素造成肝功能异常者较易发生。
3 变态反应大剂量间歇疗法后偶可出现"流感样症候群"，表现为畏寒、寒战、发热、不适、呼【禁忌】1 对本品或利福霉素类抗菌药过敏者禁用。
2 肝功能严重不全、胆道阻塞者和3个月以内孕妇禁用。
【注意事项】1 酒精中毒、肝功能损害者慎用。
婴儿、3个月以上孕妇和哺乳期妇女慎用。
2 对诊断的干扰：可引起直接抗球蛋白试验（Coombs试验）阳性；干扰血清叶酸浓度测定和血清维生素B12浓度测定结果；可使磺溴酞钠试验滞留出现假阳性；可干扰利用分光光度计或颜色改变而进行的各项尿液分析试验的结果；可使血液尿素氮、血清碱性磷酸酶、血清丙氨酸氨基转移酶、门冬氨酸氨基转移酶、血清胆红素及血清尿酸浓度测定结果增高。
对氨基水杨酸钠稳定性实验
思考题
PH梯度萃取的原理是什么？ 大黄中各蒽醌化合物的酸性及极性强弱顺序如何？ 根据大黄中所含五种羟基蒽醌的结构，说明为什么它们可以分别被不同强度的碱性水溶液提取出来？
思考题： 药物被氧化着色与哪些因素有关，如何采取措施防止药物氧化？
（一）概述 芦丁（Rutin）广泛存在于植物界中，现已发现含芦丁的植物至少在70种以上，如烟叶、槐花、荞麦和蒲公英中均含有。尤以槐花米（为植物Sophora japonica的未开放的花蕾）和荞麦中含量最高，可作为大量提取芦丁的原料。芦丁是由斛皮素（Quercetin）3位上的羟基与芸香糖（Rutinose）〔为葡萄糖（Glucose）与鼠李糖（Rhamnose）组成的双糖〕脱水合成的苷。
02
实验目的和要求
通过芦丁的提取与精制掌握碱-酸法提取黄酮类化合物的原理及操作。
通过芦丁结构的检识，了解苷类结构研究的一般程序和方法。
了解UV及NMR在黄酮类化合物结构鉴定中的应用。
01
02
03
04
1、芦丁的提取、精制
槐米粗粉（40g）
置1000ml烧杯中，加水600ml，搅拌下加入石灰乳，调pH8—9，加热至微沸，保持30分钟，趁热抽滤。
对氨基水杨酸钠为白色或银灰色结晶性粉末，mp.142~145℃，难溶于水及氯仿，溶于乙醇及乙醚，几乎不溶于苯。
01
对氨基水杨酸钠盐水溶液很不稳定，易被氧化，遇光热颜 色渐变深。在铜离子存在下，加速氧化。如有抗氧剂或金属络合剂存在，可有效地防止氧化。用光电比色计测定透光率（T）可看出其变化程度。
减压回收乙醇至糖浆状，将浓缩物转移至250ml三角瓶中
乙醇总提物
放冷，加入乙醚60ml冷浸，振摇20′将乙醚液倾入500ml三角瓶中
对氨基水杨酸钠和溴反应比例
对氨基水杨酸钠和溴反应比例嘿，朋友们！今天咱们来聊聊对氨基水杨酸钠和溴的反应比例，这就像是一场超级有趣的化学“约会”呢。
你看啊，对氨基水杨酸钠就像是一个有点害羞的小绅士，而溴呢，那就是个热情似火的“小辣椒”。
当它们要发生反应的时候，比例就很关键啦。
就好比是一场舞会，得有合适的男女人数比例才能跳得起来。
如果溴太多，那就像是一群热情的舞者把那个小绅士给淹没了，完全没有了对氨基水杨酸钠的“话语权”。
对氨基水杨酸钠和溴的反应比例啊，大概就像做菜时盐和糖的比例。
要是盐放多了或者糖放多了，那道菜的味道就会变得超级奇怪。
对氨基水杨酸钠和溴也是这样，合适的比例才能产生完美的“化学反应”。
如果溴的量是对氨基水杨酸钠的两倍，那就像是给小绅士找了两个超级热情的舞伴，这个小绅士可能会被转得晕头转向，反应出来的结果可能就不是我们想要的啦。
想象一下，对氨基水杨酸钠是个小小的城堡里的居民，溴是来攻城的士兵。
如果士兵太多，城堡一下子就被攻破了，整个场面就会变得乱糟糟的。
可要是士兵太少呢，城堡里的居民就会觉得这群士兵没什么威胁，反应也就不温不火的。
这反应比例还像搭积木呢。
对氨基水杨酸钠是一种形状的积木，溴是另一种。
你得按照一定的比例把它们组合起来，才能搭出一个漂亮又稳定的建筑。
要是溴的积木太多，那整个建筑可能就会歪歪扭扭，甚至直接垮掉。
从另一个角度看，对氨基水杨酸钠和溴就像两个性格不同的歌手。
对氨基水杨酸钠是个轻柔的民谣歌手，溴是个摇滚歌手。
当他们要合唱的时候，得有合适的比例，不然摇滚歌手的声音太大，就把民谣歌手的声音给盖住了，观众听到的就只有嘈杂的摇滚，听不到民谣的优美旋律了。
就好像一场拔河比赛，对氨基水杨酸钠和溴在两边拉扯。
如果溴这边的力量是对氨基水杨酸钠的三倍，那对氨基水杨酸钠肯定会被一下子拉过去，这场拔河比赛就会很快结束，而且结果是一边倒的，反应也就失去了平衡。
对氨基水杨酸钠像个安静的小画家，溴像个浓烈的颜料。
要是颜料倒得太多，画就会变得一团糟。